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-{{Babel|id|en|ms-2|nl-2|de-1|jv-1|}}

-I'm a 100% born and xx% bred Indonesian. At age 21 I've spent most of my life travelling; countries I've lived in include Indonesia, USA, Australia, Netherlands, and Belgium. I'm a multilingual college dropout with a passion for adventure and an aspiring author currently working on a novel (tentatively due autumn 2007). My interests include business, music, networking, health & wellness.
-
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-{{Userpage}}
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-[[Category:Wikipedians in Indonesia|Gc susetyo]]
-[[Category:Wikipedians in Belgium|Gc susetyo]]
-[[Category:Wikipedians interested in music|Gc susetyo]]
-[[Category:Wikipediholics|Drew]]
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-#REDIRECT [[New York Film Critics Circle Awards 2004]]
+{| class="infobox" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 rules=rows align="right" font="3" style="font-size:85%; width:260px; margin: 0 0 01em 1 em; border:1px dark grey;"
+|- ! style="background:LightGrey;"
+| style="font-size: larger;" align="center" colspan="2" | '''Space Mountain'''
+|-
+| align="center" colspan="2" | [[image:Disneyland_New_Space_Mountain_Poster.png|250px]]
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Land'''
+| [[Tomorrowland]]
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Theme Parks'''
+| [[Walt Disney Parks and Resorts|Walt Disney Parks]]
+|-
+|- ! style="background:LightGrey;"
+| style="font-size: larger;" align="center" colspan="2" | '''Locations and Opening Dates'''
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Magic Kingdom'''
+| [[January 15]], [[1975]]
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Disneyland'''
+| [[May 27]], [[1977]]
+[[July 15]], [[2005]]
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Tokyo Disneyland'''
+| [[April 13]], [[1983]]
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Disneyland Paris'''
+| [[June 1]], [[1995]]
+|-
+| align="left" | '''Hong Kong Disneyland'''
+| [[September 12]], [[2005]]
+|-
+|}
+
+'''Space Mountain''' is the name given to a popular [[genre]] or [[series]] of [[Enclosed roller coaster|enclosed]] [[roller coaster]] rides at five Disney theme parks around the [[world]]. The name is derived from the so-called "mountain ranges" that appear at all the [[Disneyland]] or [[Magic Kingdom]] style theme parks. Because Space Mountain appears in either [[Tomorrowland]] or [[Discoveryland]], the large [[cone]] shaped structure has the appearance of looking like a futuristic or other worldy mountain, thus giving the name Space Mountain, however guests really enter a Space Station, and board and exit at a Space Port.
+
+The enclosed design allows controlled lighting to selectively hide portions of the track. This greatly increases the element of surprise experienced by riders, which can compensate for the absence of some of the track elements typically required to make outdoor coasters exciting. The building has the distinctive feature of having the roof supports on the outside. This allows the ceiling inside to provide a flat surface for projecting stars and elements onto it. It also gives the building a very modern look that has stood the test of time.
+
+Space Mountain premiered at the [[Walt Disney World Resort]] in 1975, the [[Disneyland Resort]] in 1977, [[Tokyo Disneyland Park|Tokyo Disneyland]] in 1983, [[Disneyland Paris]] in 1995, and [[Hong Kong Disneyland]] in 2005. When the Paris installation opened, it became the first completely enclosed, themed roller coaster with a synchronized sound track. The Disneyland installation was upgraded in 1996, making it the first completely enclosed, themed roller coaster with a synchronized sound track in America. The layouts and soundtracks vary from installation to installation. For example, the Magic Kingdom version has two intertwined tracks, and its construction is similar to the Matterhorn rollercoaster in Disneyland Park. The Paris version features a launch and two [[Roller coaster inversions|inversions]].
+
+== Space Mountain at the Walt Disney World Resort==
+[[Image:TomorrowlandWDW.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The Magic Kingdom's Space Mountain, as seen from the Swiss Family Treehouse.]]
+
+The first in the Space Mountain series of roller coasters, Walt Disney World's Space Mountain began with many different proposals and designs. Originally, Walt Disney World's Space Mountain was to be positioned in the southern portion of Tomorrowland, just as Disneyland did with the second version of Space Mountain in 1977.
+
+When it was decided that Space Mountain would be in the northeastern portion of Tomorrowland, designs ranged from an entire enclosed Tomorrowland/Space Port complex to a Space Mountain that would have rollercoaster riders weaving both inside and outside the structure. When it was finally decided upon to build the current structure, inspiration was taken from Imagineer John Hench's initial sketch of the originally proposed Space Port (or prototype Space Mountain) proposed by Walt Disney for a later expansion to Disneyland's New Tomorrowland that opened in 1967. Also, various designs for the inside of the structure, ranging from the queue, roller coaster track(s), and postshow went through various design changes before the current layout was selected upon.
+
+===Track Design and Layout===
+
+Walt Disney World's Space Mountain is the only Space Mountain that has two roller coaster tracks within the iconic Space Mountain structure. They are mirror images of each other, with the exception of one track being slightly longer than the other, in order to cross over the other track. The left side track is called Alpha. while the right side track is called Omega. Both tracks offer the same experience for guests, with effects equally shared and duplicated for both tracks. The tracks are designed and laid out in a similar but not identical fashion to the [[Matterhorn Bobsleds]] at Disneyland.
+
+Walt Disney World's Space Mountain has 13 trains for each side, done in pairs of two small vehicles, totaling 26 small vehicles for both the left side (Alpha) and right side (Omega) track(s). However there are two versions of these vehicles. From 1975-1989 the 26 respective ride vehicles for each
+respective track consisted of two vehicles joined together, with the layout of each respective vehicle divided in half, with two actual seats, but would fit four passengers due to two of the four passengers having to place themselves directly in front of the other two passengers, who were comfortably sitting on an actual seat, unlike the other two passengers, who were at the mercy of the other passengers' legs and lap. Passengers were placed single file (one passenger behind the other). In 1975 these vehicles were simply furnished with four seat belts for the four passengers.
+
+In 1978 the vehicles were modified with lap bars. However, in 1989 all 52 vehicles were replaced with 52 new vehicles. These new vehicles (26 for each track), externally and cosmetically looked the same as the original vehicles, and still consisted of two vehicles joined together. Each vehicle now consisted of three seats that could now comfortably sit three guests, once again single file. By once again having two vehicles connected to each other however, capacity decreased from eight guests to six guests. The 1989 vehicles also used the 1978 lap bars, but in 1998 the lap bars were replaced with a new T-bar design, rather than the 1978 square design.
+
+===The Roller coaster===
+
+The roller coaster itself consists of guests boarding their vehicles in the Space Port. In Walt Disney World's version, the Space Port is visibly inside the iconic Space Mountain structure. There is no ceiling on Walt Disney World's version of the Space Port. Instead, guests and passengers aboard the nearby [[WEDway Peoplemover]], now called the [[Tomorrowland Transit Authority]], can see and are surrounded by all the effects used to make the roller coaster portion in the dark. Guests can also see the [[glow-in-the-dark]] vehicles traveling along the respective left and right side tracks. When Walt Disney World's Space Mountain must make an emergency stop or breaks down, lights turn on, allowing guests to see the roller coaster itself.
+
+As the vehicles on both the left and right side tracks leave their respective part of the Space Port, they travel past the loading area, the Space Port queue, the Mission Control Booth for the Space Port, and the Space Station 75 queue, where they make a brief stop ( in the Space Station 75 queue), to allow the vehicles in front of them to proceed up the lift hill. During this time, an open hexagon window frame allows guests on both the roller coaster and Space Station 75 queue to see each other. After this brief stop, the vehicles wind down a small slope and enter a tunnel of circular and flashing blue and white lights, while a repetitive sound, meant to signify an energy surge, propels guests toward and eventually up the lift hill of both the Space Port and Space Station 75. As the vehicles proceed up the lift hill, guests may be able to see the Tomorrowland Transit Authority pass below them, or see the other vehicles climbing the lift hill on the other side. Above guests are two astronauts, upside down and working on a fictitious RCA Explorer vehicle, currently held in the bay
+for repairs. Meanwhile, Mission Control workers in a booth along the lift hill observe the lift hill approach, and other vehicles (known as space shuttles, which one travels on as their roller coaster vehicle), can be seen entering Space Station 75 from their trip through time and space. A projection of Earth, stars, comets, and asteroids can also be seen overhead when looking past the lift hill bay's open ceiling.
+
+The space shuttles then make a small and quick dip before plunging into numerous twists and turns as the shuttles hurtle around Space Station 75 on a journey through time and space. The space shuttles eventually encounter a red and swirling worm hole that brings them to safety as they approach the unloading area of Space Station 75.
+
+===The storyline===
+
+There is no official story for Walt Disney World's Space Mountain, or any of the Space Mountain roller coasters, however there are generally accepted ideas of a possible storyline.
+
+For Walt Disney World's Space Mountain, guests enter Space Mountain through an entrance in Tomorrowland, and while we may be on Earth, entering the queue to Walt Disney World's Space Mountain quickly sends guests into a storyline as guests entering Space Station 75 (so called because it was built in 1975). Space Station 75 can only be experienced sometime in the future where space travel will be as frequent as air travel. We come to Space Station 75 from an unknown mode of transportation that brought us from Earth. Space Station 75 is placed somewhere near the Moon. Entering the spacious lobby of Space Station 75, guests curve down a ramp, past a mural of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Guests then enter the Star Corridor. On our right, windows look out into swirling stars, galaxies and other depictions. On our left are large photographs and descriptions of various space related subjects such as nebulae, galaxies, and comets, among others. Guests then enter the Zig-Zag corridor, where five large hexagon windows look out into various views of space. Guests can see planets, galaxies, comets, an RCA Explorer ship, among others. Guests then file into the entrance to the Space Port, where a film displayed on TV Monitors, warning posters, and dialogue, tell guests of their journey through time and space. Guests do have the option of bypassing the roller coaster at this time before continuing into the Space Port queue if they choose to do so.
+
+With all of this explained, the majority of Walt Disney World's Space Mountain has remained very much the same as it was in 1975. Though a planned refurbishment of Walt Disney World's Space Mountain may happen in the coming years, the majority of the 1975 features of Space Mountain continue to allow guests to experience a journey through time and space as seen by the Imagineers who created Walt Disney World's Space Mountain as a symbolic structure of the Space Age.
+
+'''Walt Disney World's Space Mountain has had some noticeable
+changes''':
+
+'''From 1975-1985''', Space Mountain's original sponsor [[RCA]] presented Space Mountain as an actual exhibit, more so than an experience as it is billed now. While the white and blue color scheme of the iconic Space Mountain structure remains the same, the entrance and exit building was also painted white and blue, and even included blue patters painted on the exterior walls. The left entrance wall had the words "Space Mountain" displayed in bold, blue colored letters. The RCA logo was above this, and under the Space Mountain lettering was and still is Space Mountain's slogan "A Journey Through Time and Space", beneath this was the phrase "presented by RCA". The ceiling and flooring for the
+entrance building was done in reds, yellows, and oranges. A large white pylon structure had the RCA logo placed above it in three areas, and four passengers, dressed as astronauts, were placed in an original four seater vehicle, which was attached to the pylon. Below the pylon, in a planter was Space Mountain's dedication plaque which read:
+
+"ONE GIANT STEP... Dedicated to the men and women whose skills, sacrifice, courage and teamwork opened the door to the exploration of man's exciting new frontier...outer space. Because they dared to reach for the stars and the planets, man's knowledge of his universe, earth and himself has been greatly enriched. Presented by missile, space and range pioneers. January 15, 1975."
+
+Guests entered the spacious lobby, which did not feature the current mural of the Milky Way, but was simple black and blue painted walls that had various angular designs in yellows and oranges placed upon them. There was also floor t ceiling mirrors, support columns, and blue lighting under the floor. The floors themselves were made out of a combination of plastic and vinyl and featured black textured circles sticking out of the flooring. The rest of the inside of the structure, with the exception of the warning film, and the changes made to the vehicles, remains nearly the same from 1975.
+
+'''In 1989''' RCA had the entrance refurbished. Along with the vehicles being replaced in 1989, the entrance was cosmetically redone. The entrance door now had a yellow and black pattern around it. The entrance walls were repainted with the 1975 white and blue color scheme, but with solid and different patterns. The roof was still the same blue and white, as was the roof border, a solid white, but the ceiling was now also a solid white. The left entrance wall still featured the RCA logo, but a new font was selected for the phrase "Space Mountain", still bold, but was more angular, and now colored white. This was reflected in the phrase underneath it "A Journey Through Time and Space", and "presented by RCA" was not included in the 1989 refurbishment. The RCA logos atop the pylon were removed, and a new three seater vehicle replaced the old four seater vehicle that was attached to the pylon. Everything else, including warning signage and other features dating back to 1975, remained the same.
+
+In 1992 RCA once again had the entrance refurbished, this
+time all the entrance walls were covered over with blue
+vinyl covers. Some patterns were different than others. The
+1989 left entrance wall lettering was simply placed on top
+of the new wall coverings. The yellow and black pattern around the entrance door remained the same. The ceiling and flooring
+remained the same, but the roof was now solid white, and
+the border to the roof was now red, white, and blue.
+
+'''In 1994''', the year in which Walt Disney World's New
+Tomorrowland came about, RCA left as sponsor (having signed
+on in 1974, and presented from 1975-1993), [[FedEX]] then
+took over as sponsor. The 1992 entrance remained very much
+the same, but now the entrance and exit building was
+partially demolished, forcing guests exiting Space Mountain
+to exit into an arcade and giftshop that occupies part of
+the still vacant space left for the proposed but never
+built Tomorrowland Train Station. The left hand entrance
+wall, that served for years as the signage for Space
+Mountain was demolished in the 1994 refurbishment. The
+right hand entrance wall was now used for signage and
+simply had the words "Space Mountain" in a thin, tall, and
+spikey orange font, that was meant to reflect the
+architecture of the New Tomorrowland. The large entrance door was kept, but now had storm shutters placed within the frame, creating a smaller entrance. New warning signage,
+and warning spiels also came in 1994. A new, but different
+pylon tower was placed over the site of the old one. It too
+featured the new Space Mountain font and FedEX sponsorship,
+but the sponsorship was credited in small text toward the
+bottom of the pylon, and not toward the top of the pylon
+that RCA did with the original pylon from 1975-1989.
+
+The entrance lobby was refurbished with an orange and brown
+color scheme, but still maintained the blue floor lights,
+and black vinyl flooring, while adding in a FedEX sponsored
+intergalactic tracking network mural of the Milky Way. In
+1998 the original 1975 flooring was removed and a staircase
+was added in the right hand queue for the now added
+[[FastPass]] line. FastPass machines were also added
+outside of Space Mountain at this time.
+
+The warning film was also changed in 1994 for updated
+footage and to also feature FedEx Sponsorship. The film included both the warning footage and the futuristic but funny "SMTV"
+with its space themed news program featuring comic writer Michael
+Carrington, who played both a journalist, and also a salesman who carried out spacecraft dealership ads, while background music to the Dick
+Dale music video, ''Ghost Riders in the Sky'', played in the background. The warning film has so far changed only three times. The
+original in 1975, and two updated versions both in 1985 and
+1994. The FedEX footage was removed in 2005.
+
+'''In 2004''' FedEX left as sponsor, leaving
+Space Mountain sponsorless; the majority of FedEX logos,
+and sponsorship themes were removed in 2005, but some, and
+even noticeable logos and sponsorship themes are still
+around today. Particularly interesting is the sign used to
+label Space Mountain for passengers on the Tomorrowland
+Transit Authority. It is still the original 1975 frame,
+boarder, and bold and blue Space Mountain lettering. Only
+the phrase "A Journey Through Time and Space" was updated
+in font design, along with the visual and narrated mention
+of Space Mountain in 2005. The narration for Space Mountain via the WEDway Peoplmover, now Tomorrowland Transit Authority has had different spiels from 1975, 1985, 1994, and 2005.
+
+'''Space Mountain has also had some musical score changes:'''
+
+From 1975-1985 the entrance and exit building had overhead
+speakers playing the big band and orchestral portion of
+RCA's song "Here's to the Future and You". The entrance
+lobby had the softer and less loud portion of this song,
+however the music heard in the Star Corridor, and the music
+heard in the Zig-Zag corridor remain original from 1975. The
+warning spiel for the space shuttle vehicles, and sound
+effects are also original from 1975.
+
+'''Here's to the Future and You/We've Come So Far'''
+
+In 1985 RCA removed their theme song, and instead commissioned new generic music
+for Space Mountain. Since 1985 there is no outside area
+music around the exit and entrance building. Only the
+current warning narration spiel is played. In the lobby a
+soft and welcoming composition to RCA's new song "We've
+Come So Far" can be heard and has remained since 1985.
+When guests unloaded from their space shuttle, they entered
+the post show area of Space Mountain, which was also
+accessible for guests who decided not to experience the
+roller coaster segment.
+
+From 1975-1985 the original RCA
+design colors on the walls, ceiling, lighting, and
+carpeting were present. This changed in both 1985, and 1994
+respectively. From 1975-1985 guests could hear music to the
+song "Music Makers" and "Sentimental Journeys" (which could
+be heard when both the left and right side unload corridors
+merged together to form the line for the post show. From
+1985-2005, the unload and merger corridor both had a
+slightly different soft tune to RCA's new song "We've Come
+so Far". In 2005, this was replaced with the musical score
+commissioned for Disneyland's Space Mountain that was
+refurbished and reopened in 2005.
+
+'''The post show'''
+
+The post show for Walt Disney World's Space Mountain is
+unique only to the original version of Space Mountain. No
+other Space Mountain has an extensive post show like the
+Walt Disney World, which allows the original version to
+still have the appearance of an exhibit, rather than an
+experience that other Space Mountains bill themselves as.
+
+Guests enter a moving sidewalk, known as a speedramp that
+takes guests back to Tomorrowland.
+
+As we enter the post show, above us is a flashing warning
+sign and spiel, both original from 1985, and possibly 1975.
+On our left is a half octagon shaped room. and on our right
+are four large octagon rooms. All of these rooms are shown
+and viewed on an even surface, but after the final octagon
+room, the speedramp dips down at an angle, where guests go
+under the Train Tracks for the Walt Disney World railroad.
+On the ceiling are rectangular holes that can showcase
+display items. As guests travel back up to ground level,
+and toward the exit to Tomorrowland, TV Monitors on our
+right show live images of guests on the speedramp, just
+before the exit into Tomorrowland.
+
+'''From 1975-1985''', the post show exhibit was known as the Home
+of Future Living, a home or living environment most likely
+set on Earth in the future, but cosmetically five years
+ahead of its time. The left half octagon room had no
+display in it, however all of the four large octagon rooms
+on the right each had two smaller hexagon rooms within them,
+creating a total of four octagon rooms with eight smaller
+hexagon rooms.
+
+The first two large octagon rooms contained four smaller
+hexagon rooms overlapping each other at a diagonal angle.
+
+The first octagon room contained: In the first hexagon on
+the lower right: The father, on the home's porch or terrace with a blue jumpsuit, and blue
+hair, having a two-way conversation with a business
+associate or co-worker, also dressed in blue and with blue
+hair, on a prototype of a [[LapTop]] or Notebook Computer.
+The second hexagon on the upper left was the family
+nursery, and contained a baby standing up in its clear
+plexiglass crib, in its yellow designer schemed room while
+a yellow toy clown sat on a yellow dresser with a video
+camera or prototype camcorder, and recorded the baby, which
+allowed anyone in the house to view the baby on the home
+video monitor system.
+
+The second octagon room contained: In the first hexagon on
+the lower right: The grandmother ( in this case the
+family's mother's mother), in the family room, with red
+hair, and red clothing, surrounded by designer reds and
+browns, while she conducted a two-way pottery lesson with
+her teacher on the family room big screen TV. On the big
+screen was a widescreen presentation, but the pottery
+teacher was on the viewer's left hand side in a 4x3 square,
+while the remaining part of the widescreen presentation was
+divided into two smaller squares (one over the other),
+showing a boy at the front floor, and the baby in the
+nursery. The second hexagon on the upper left was the
+recreation room. There was the son of the family assembling a model rocket, while
+his friend was playing a video game with a futuristic
+prototype of RCA's [[SelectaVision]] VideoDiscs.
+
+The first two octagon rooms and the first four hexagon
+rooms could all be viewed from the WEDway Peoplemover, now
+Tomorrowland Transit Authority because their ceilings were
+none existent, which allowed open space to look into.
+
+The third and fourth octagon rooms contained four more
+hexagon rooms but these rooms were now placed side by side
+rather than overlapping each other at a diagonal angle.
+
+The third octagon room contained: The first hexagon on the
+right, showed the home's front porch and door, which had a young boy named Billy, with brown
+hair and in a yellow jumpsuit at the front door to the
+home. A camera was facing his back, he could not see the
+camera but only the front door. Waiting patiently, Billy
+asks the mother of the home if he can come in, presumably
+to see his two friends, one of them being the son
+assembling the model rocket in the recreation room. However
+he has both his dog, and pet frog, Freddy with him. The
+mother insists that Billy and his frog will have to wait
+outside. The second hexagon on the left is the dining room.
+The mother and her female friend (presumably a next door
+neighbor) are in a white and yellow designer schemed dining
+room. The dining room furniture is pushed off to the side,
+closer to guests viewing the exhibit. The mother is trying
+to talk to Billy at a control panel in the dining room,
+while her friend looks on at the dining room's big screen
+TV. The format is the same as the family room's TV with
+Billy and the Baby on the right hand side, while on the
+left hand side is a home shopping channel displaying
+dishware in both alternating yellow and red colors to
+choose from.
+
+The fourth and final octagon room contained: The first
+hexagon on the right: The daughter's bedroom, where she
+laid down on her bed talking to Judy, her friend, on her
+mobile phone, while once again another prototype RCA
+Selectavision VideoDisc player played a movie on the tilted
+part of her hexagon wall in her aqua and green designer
+scheme room. The hexagon on the left contained the
+entertainment room, where one of the daughter's friends,
+and another one of the son's friends watched a big screen
+TV, but with only a single 4x3 image, unlike the format in the
+family room and dining room. The entertainment room was
+done in a yellow and brown designer scheme.
+
+Then guests dipped under the railroad tracks with posters
+for RCA products in the small display cases above them on
+the ceiling, and when reaching the TV monitors, Billy,
+realizing there are guests outside the home, takes his frog
+back home and gets the family camcorder instead, and begins
+videotaping guests on the home's terrace. Billy and his Dog
+both track guests as they pass him, where a sign says "You
+are now seeing yourself on RCA Color TV" reads over various
+TV monitors, all of course in color. Guests then exit the
+post show and into Tomorrowland.
+
+'''In 1982''' a few changes occurred to the Home of Future Living.
+The home shopping network was updated with a [[Julia Child]] television show, the daughter's bedroom switched
+to a new VideoDisc, and the entertainment room switched
+from a football game to a VideoDisc of Walt Disney's film
+[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]. Also the display posters
+above guests' heads as they went under the train tracks,
+became television monitors with an audio source advertising
+VideoDiscs.
+
+The music heard throughout the post show consisted of an
+RCA theme song, and a soft chorus hum to the tune was
+heard only under the train tracks from 1975-1985, while the
+chorus actually singing the lyrics to RCA's "Here's to the
+Future and You" could be heard in the Television Monitor display area. In
+1982 only the chorus' soft humming of the tune in the train
+track area was deleted so the SelectaVision advertisement
+could be heard instead.
+
+'''In 1985''' RCA had all eight hexagon rooms gutted, leaving
+only the frames of the much larger four octagon rooms. Only
+the very last octagon room contains the basic, but altered
+layout of the two smaller hexagon rooms (with the hexagon
+divider wall gone, now creating one large room). The new
+exhibit was called RYCA1:Dream of a New World. RCYA1 being
+pronounced "Er-aye-kuh-one". The new exhibit involved
+astronauts exploring a distant and futuristic land.
+
+The actual exhibit had the soft music to RCA's new 1985
+song "We've Come so Far" that could be heard in both the
+unload area and merging corridor to the post show. The area
+in which guests went under the train tracks was still an
+RCA exhibit area with TV monitors, but with no narration
+about their products, instead a man and woman singing the
+lyrics to "We've Come so Far" could be heard in both this
+area and the Television Monitor area. The television
+monitor area remained original from 1975, with the
+exception of modified monitors added shortly after the Home
+of Future Living opened. Billy and his Dog, in all their
+original 1975 creation, were still videotaping guests.
+
+'''In 1994''' FedEX turned RYCA1:Dream of a New World, into FX
+Port. FX Port took all the RCYA1: Dream of a New World
+sets, but merely enhanced them, with only slight changes. The "We've Come so Far"
+theme song was gone, including the soft musical portion of
+the post show. Instead narrated spiels, and sound effects
+accompanied the post show. Billy and his dog continued to
+film guests in both 1994 and 1995, but in 1996 Billy and
+his Dog became robots in the final octagon room,
+interestingly they still perform their movements they were programmed to make all the way back in 1975. Billy and his dog, even as robots
+still tilt their heads and pan their movement with guests,
+even though Billy holds nothing in his hands, yet his
+posture still looks like he is holding a camcorder. In 2005
+all of the FedEX added narration and sound effects were
+removed and replaced with the Disneyland 2005 Space
+Mountain audio track.
+
+== Space Mountain at the Disneyland Resort ==
+[[Image:Disneyland Aug22 025.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Space Mountain at Disneyland, as of 2004]]
+
+After the success of [[Magic Kingdom]]'s Space Mountain, The Walt Disney Imagineers made plans to build Space Mountain on the west coast. Walt's original "Space Port" plan finally opened more than ten years after the original plans and his death. The ride was different from its Florida counterpart as it features only one track, side by side seating in the rockets, and faster, smoother, more thrilling ride. The onboard audio was added in 1996 after the success of the system at Disneyland Paris. Track fatigue from the heavier weight of the on-board audio systems and improperly manufactured steel track was one of the reasons of the two-year refurbishment.
+
+Space Mountain was closed suddenly at Disneyland on [[April 9]], [[2003]], as the roller coaster inside the mountain was being replaced with a completely new coaster, identical to the original layout. The official reopening was scheduled for [[July 15]], [[2005]] - two days before the park's fiftieth birthday, although as of [[June 25]], [[2005]] the ride had not been open to the general public yet (this is known as a soft opening).
+
+=== Space Mountain in 1977 - 2003 ===
+
+After being seated in the rocket sleds, riders are first brought to a control tower where they see one or two Disneyland cast members and they listen to a small-recorded warning spiel. The rocket sleds then turns sharply to the right and climb into a long tunnel with fiber optic like projection of comets flying by on the walls. Then after another quick turn the rocket sleds would climb up the second and longest lift filled with a red rotating spot light shining down the entire length of the lift tunnel from the top of the lift. Creating effect as as though the rocket sleds were being pulling up by this red rotating light. At the top the rocket sleds would make a 200 degree turn to the left and pass by a red-orange glowing geodesic sphere, there's a slight calm before the rockets climbed a short third and final lift in the vast openness at the top of the ride's dome.
+
+After the 1996 refurbishment, the audio portion of the attraction would begin at this point. Slowly, the rocket sleds dive and the music changes to a hard-rocking [[Dick Dale]] [[surf rock|surf guitar]] rendition of "Le Carnival Des Animaux: Aquarium" ( [[The Carnival of the Animals]] ) by [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]. Riders are thrown about in almost complete darkness, faint lighting hinting at the dense metal scaffolding that seems to fly within feet over the heads of the riders. As the ride gets faster with each turn and is building up to a dramatic climax. The ride ends as the rocket sleds take a sudden left turn into a rotating tunnel with red-orange lighting effects to simulate re-entry. Then the music changes to a less foreboding variation of the original theme (Disney's form of a musical happy ending) as the rocket sleds re-enter the station.
+
+=== Space Mountain in 2005 ===
+On July 15, 2005 (with "soft openings" starting 1 July), only two days before Disneyland's official [[Happiest Homecoming on Earth|50th Anniversary]], Space Mountain reopened from a major refurbishment that started in April, 2003. The new Space Mountain features new rocket sleds, a new queue, new music (composed by [[Michael Giacchino]]), new special effects and a storyline. The completely rebuilt track is the exact same layout as originally designed by Imagineer Bill Watkins in 1976. The original track was removed and the foundation was laid 30 feet deeper, making the ride much safer than ever. It is worth noting that Disneyland's rockets no longer glow in the dark like they previously had.
+
+The attraction begins in '''Space Station 77''', a reference to the year Space Mountain opened, where riders board their "rocket" and are sent into a series of tunnels and lifts that are themed to get your rocket sleds energized and sent to the proper "launch coordinates". The first lift and room is lit with red and orange lighting. At the top of the lift, as you enter a long tunnel, riders experience [[Electricity|electrical]] sounds and light effects presumably beginning to transfer energy to your rocket sleds "power cells".
+
+Inside the tunnel is a series of blue strobe lights flashing around the riders, and is definitely a reference to the Magic Kingdom Park's Space Mountain launch tunnel. The electrical sounds and the flashing blue strobe lights transfer all the "energy" your rocket sleds will need for the journey through space. The rocket sleds then take riders into the second and longest lift with video screens all around. This is where the rocket sleds get their launch coordinates. And on the screens red bars extend over the stars and stretch by the riders and begin to spin, making it seem as if the rocket sleds are rotating. Here the rocket sleds are once again being pulled up the by a tractor beam (this time the effect is being done digitally). Riders see a [[spiral galaxy]] directly ahead, (some argue it is actually a [[black hole]] or [[worm hole]]) and when the rocket enters the mountain, the galaxy swirls up and disappears.
+
+The rocket sleds ascend up one final lift hill, and then descend into two minutes of sharp turns and dips. The re-entry tunnel was formerly just orange lights spiraling around riders, but now the rocket sleds appear to zoom by stars, but the effect's highlight is when the stars suddenly start zooming forward, implying that the rocket sleds have stopped and the stars are traveling in their normal fashion. At this point, the souvenir picture is taken, with the bright flash causing momentary blindness. Moments later, riders return safely to Space Station 77.
+
+On [[June 25th]], [[2005]] Disneyland surprised its guests by announcing the early reopening of Space Mountain to the general public. While the complete storyline was not introduced, the ride ran much smoother and faster.
+
+=== Rockin' Space Mountain ===
+Also part of this major "new" Space Mountain was a nighttime transformation of the attraction to ''Rockin' Space Mountain'', in which the calmer soundtrack of the attraction in daytime hours was to be replaced at night by a driving rock soundtrack, and different special effects. A special version of Rockin' Space Mountain, called ''Rock-it Mountain'', premiered for [[Grad Nite]] 2006, with a track by rock group [[Hoobastank]].
+
+Rockin' Space Mountain is scheduled to premiere during the "Year of a Million Dreams" Celebration, and will be promoted alongside '''Rockin' California Screamin''', a similar modification to [[Disney's California Adventure]]'s [[California Screamin']] roller coaster beginning January 3, 2007. Disney Press Releases and the internal Cast Member "The Disneyland Line" have mentioned Rockin' Space Mountain as an attraction that will be a short term overlay, starting in early January thru mid-April of 2007. It will be offered during all normal park operating hours, and not the original idea of switching in the afternoon.
+
+Rockin' Space Mountain will not use the Dick Dale soundtrack that many Disney fans enjoyed, but the Dick Dale Space Mountain theme makes one final appearance on Disneyland's 50th Anniversary 6-CD box set.
+
+== Space Mountain at Tokyo Disneyland ==
+Space Mountain at Tokyo Disneyland opened with the park on [[April 15]], [[1983]]. It was the first to open alongside the park. As with the other Space Mountains, this version is also highly popular with young adults and roller coaster fans.
+
+From 1983 and until 2006, Tokyo Disneyland's Space Mountain was a clone of Disneyland's Space Mountain as it was in the early 1980s. The track layouts, rocket designs, and original elements were the same as the 1977-1995 version of Space Mountain at Disneyland.
+
+In mid-2006, some Disney-fan sites reported that Tokyo Disneyland was rumored to get a small refurbishment of their Space Mountain in a period of six months between October 2006 and April 2007. While some thought it was a technical rehab and that changes to the ride and story were just rumors, in November 2006, outside the construction walls of Space Mountain, concept art of a new station and rockets, new logo, and new color scheme appeared, thus confirming all rumors and speculation of the rehab were true.
+
+=== Incidents ===
+In 2003, a rocket derailed about 10 meters from the loading platform. As the coaster was running at a slow speed, no major damage was reported. No injuries were reported, and everyone was safely assisted to ground level.
+
+== Space Mountain at Disneyland Paris ==
+The fourth Space Mountain opened on [[June 1]] [[1995]] as a revival of sorts for [[Discoveryland]], Disneyland Resort Paris' interpretation of the traditional Tomorrowland, Space Mountain was recently dramatically refurbished for the [[Happiest Celebration on Earth]] and is now officially called [[Space Mountain: Mission 2]]. It fits the Discoveryland theme perfectly with the storyline being a look at space travel from a [[Jules Verne]]-era perspective.
+
+In original plans, it was to be known as ''Discovery Mountain'' and would have featured more than one ride, all based on different books written by Jules Verne, including Journey to the Center of the Earth and From the Earth to the Moon. The giant dome would have also featured restaurants and shops. The plan was scrapped after Disneyland Paris ran into financial difficulties and Space Mountain was built in its place.
+
+It is repeatedly featured as the favorite Space Mountain version for many Disney fans, and is the most outlandish of them all, featuring a 1.5G up hill launch at 42MPH, two inversions (sidewinder and corkscrew) and a partial inversion known today as an "Overbanked Turn" It was the first Space Mountain with onboard music (known as a "S.O.B.A.T" which stands for Synchronize On-Board Audio Theme) with the first SOBAT written and composed by [[Steve Bramson]], and the new soundtrack was written by [[Michael Giacchino]], along with a new SOBAT for the Space Mountain in Disneyland and Hong Kong Disneyland.
+
+Space Mountain was the basis for the 1995 [[BBC2]] documentary, "Shoot for the Moon", which looked at the creative process and the history of Imagineers, technicians, and musicians of [[The Walt Disney Company]], featuring project manager Tim Delaney and [[Disney Legend]] [[Ward Kimball]].
+
+== Space Mountain at Hong Kong Disneyland ==
+The newest Space Mountain (not counting the two recent refurbishments of the Disneyland and Disneyland Paris) is based on the refurbished Space Mountain at Disneyland, with a similar soundtrack and the same layout. It also features new show elements not presented in the refurbished California version (i.e. a "hyperspeed" tunnel). It will not feature the Rock It Mountain configuration that is featured in Disneyland's Space Mountain.
+
+Unlike most Space Mountains, the boarding area for the attraction is quite small. Not present is a Space Station of its two most similar counterparts at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland. Instead a dark queue featuring neon earth-tone colored planets along with star patterns decorate the area.
+
+It is the only Space Mountain to feature two Disney-implemented time-saving features, FASTPASS and Single-Rider, alongside its regular standby line. Also different than most Space Mountains, whose buildings pretty much stand alone, this incarnation features a building attached to it hosting a smaller attraction, but not visible from the ride itself.
+
+==Attraction facts==
+=== Magic Kingdom===
+* '''Grand opening:''' [[January 15]], [[1975]]
+* '''Designer:''' [[WED Enterprises]]
+* '''Building height:''' 183 feet (56 m)
+* '''Building diameter:''' 300 feet (91 m)
+* '''Track height:''' 65 feet (19.7 m)
+* '''Steepest drop:''' 39 degrees
+* '''Track length:'''
+** A) 3,186 feet (971 m)
+** B) 3,196 feet (974 m)
+* '''Top speed:''' 26.7 miles per hour (46 km/h)
+* '''Height requirement:''' 44 inches (1.12 m)
+* '''Ride duration:''' 2:30
+** '''Former Sponsors:'''
+***[[RCA]] (1975-1993)
+***[[FedEx]] (1994-2004)
+* '''Ride system:''' Roller coaster
+[[Image:FASTPASSAvailability.png|20px]]
+
+=== Disneyland===
+* '''Grand opening:''' [[May 27]], [[1977]]
+** Grand re-opening: [[July 15]], [[2005]]
+* '''Closing date:''' [[April 9]], [[2003]]
+* '''Designers:''' [[WED]] Enterprises
+* '''Manufacturer:''' [[WED]] Enterprises and AMEC Dynamic Structures
+* '''Vehicles:''' 12
+** '''Vehicle theme:''' Rocket
+* '''Building diameter:''' 200 feet (61 m)
+* '''Track Height:''' 75 feet (22.7m)
+* '''Largest drop:''' 17 feet (5.15 m)
+* '''Building Height:''' 118 feet (36 m)
+* '''Track length:''' 3,450 feet (1052 m)
+* '''Volume:''' 1.8 million cubic feet (51,000 m³)
+* '''Top speed:''' 35 miles per hour (52 km/h)
+* '''Height requirement:''' 40 inches (1.02 m)
+* '''Ride duration:''' 2:45
+* '''Ticket required:''' "E"
+* '''Music:''' ''Space Mountain'', composed by Michael Giacchino (2005-Current)
+**Previous Music: [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]' ''Aquarium'', performed by [[Dick Dale]] (1996-2003)
+* '''Ride system:''' roller coaster
+[[Image:FASTPASSAvailability.png|20px]]
+
+=== Tokyo Disneyland===
+* '''Grand opening:''' [[April 13]], [[1983]] (Opened with Tokyo Disneyland)
+* '''Designers:''' [[Walt Disney Imagineering]]
+* '''Vehicles:''' 12
+** '''Vehicle theme:''' Rocket
+* '''Building diameter:''' 200 feet (61 m)
+* '''Largest drop:''' 17 feet (5.15 m)
+* '''Building Height:''' 118 feet (35 m)
+* '''Track length:''' 3,450 feet (1052 m)
+* '''Volume:''' 1.8 million cubic feet (51,000 m³)
+* '''Top speed:''' 30 miles per hour (48 km/h)
+* '''Height requirement:''' 40 inches (1.02 m)
+* '''Ride duration:''' 2:45
+* '''Ticket required:''' "E"
+* '''Ride system:''' Roller coaster
+* '''Sponsor:''' [[Coca Cola]], Ltd. of Japan
+
+=== Disneyland Paris===
+* '''Grand opening:''' [[June 1]], [[1995]]
+* '''Closing date:''' [[January 11]], [[2005]]
+* '''Grand re-opening:''' [[April 09]], [[2005]]
+* '''Designers:''' [[Walt Disney Imagineering]], [[Vekoma]]
+* '''Vehicles:''' 5
+** '''Vehicle theme:''' Rocket
+** '''Rockets per train:''' 6
+*** '''Passengers per train:''' 24 (or 4 per Rocket)
+* '''Building diameter:''' 200 feet (61 m)
+* '''Height:''' 141 feet (31 meters)
+* '''Track length:''' 3280 feet (1000 meters)
+* '''Top speed:''' 43.5 miles per hour (70 km/h)
+* '''Height requirement:''' 51 inches (1.32 m)
+* '''Ride duration:''' 2:27
+* '''Music:''' ''Mission 2'', composed by [[Michael Giacchino]] (2005-Present)
+**Previous Music: ''De la Terre à la Lune'', composed by Steve Bramson (1995-2005)
+* '''Ride system:''' Roller coaster
+
+=== Hong Kong Disneyland===
+* '''Grand opening:''' [[September 12]], [[2005]] (Opened with Hong Kong Disneyland)
+* '''Designers:''' [[Walt Disney Imagineering]], [[Vekoma]]
+* '''Vehicles:''' 12
+** '''Vehicle theme:''' Rocket
+* '''Building diameter:''' 200 feet (61 m)
+* '''Track Height:''' 75 feet (22.7m)
+* '''Largest drop:''' 17 feet (.5.15 m)
+* '''Building Height:''' 118 feet (36 m)
+* '''Track length:''' 3,450 feet (1052 m)
+* '''Volume:''' 1.8 million cubic feet (51,000 m³)
+* '''Top speed:''' 32 miles per hour (52 km/h)
+* '''Height requirement:''' 40 inches (1.02 m)
+* '''Ride duration:''' 2:45
+* '''Ticket required:''' "E"
+* '''Music:''' ''Space Mountain'', composed by [[Michael Giacchino]] (2005-Present)
+* '''Ride system:''' Roller coaster
+[[Image:FASTPASSAvailability.png|20px]]
+
+==Photo Gallery==
+

+Image:Spacemountainoriginal1977poster.jpg|Original Disneyland Attraction Poster
+Image:Disneyland_New_Space_Mountain_Poster.png|2005 Disneyland Attraction Poster
+Image:Space Mountain.jpg|Original Disneyland Paris Attraction Poster
+Image:Disneyland_Paris_Space_Mountain_Mission_2.png|2005 Disneyland Paris Attraction Poster
+Image:Tomorrowlandsmts.jpg|Space Mountain at the Magic Kingdom
+Image:HKDL tomorrowland concept.jpg|Concept artwork for Hong Kong Disneyland's Space Mountain and surrounding area
+Image:Disneyland Aug22 025.jpg|Space Mountain at Disneyland
+Image:TomorrowlandWDW.jpg|Another View of Space Mountain at the Magic Kingdom
+

+
+==In popular culture==
+* The attraction will be seen along with the [[Rocket Jets]] in the upcoming Disney film [[Meet the Robinsons]].
+* Star Command headquarters as seen in the animated series [[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]] is a modified version of Space Mountain.
+* Referenced frequently on an episode of [[The Golden Girls]], in which Sophia Petrillo, a character in her 80s, tries to get her daughter in her 50s to take her on all weekend during a vacation to Disney World.
+*Space Mountain is a nickname given to pro wrestler [[Ric Flair]].
+*In the UK TV Sitcom [[Spaced]], the army-obsessed Mike Watt stole a tank and tried to invade Paris, but stopped off at Euro Disney and was apprehended at Space Mountain.
+* On an episode of [[Chapelle's Show]], Dave is given a house by [[MTV]] for their show Cribs. Dave mentions to the viewer that he has a piece of the material from Space Mountain and shows it to the camera.
+
+==See also==
+*[[List of current Disneyland attractions]]
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== External links ==
+*[http://disneyland.disney.go.com/disneyland/en_US/parks/attractions/detail?name=SpaceMountainAttractionPage Space Mountain at Disneyland Official Page]
+* [http://disneyworld.disney.go.com/wdw/parks/attractionDetail?id=SpaceMountainAttractionPage Space Mountain at Magic Kingdom Official Page]
+* [http://www.tokyodisneyresort.co.jp/tdl/english/7land/tomorrow/atrc_mountain.html Space Mountain at Tokyo Disneyland Official Page]
+* [http://www.spacemountain2.com/ Space Mountain at Disneyland Paris Official Page]
+* [http://park.hongkongdisneyland.com/hkdl/en_US/parks/listing?name=TomorrowlandAttractionListingPage Space Mountain at Hong Kong Disneyland Official Page]
+* [http://www.ultimateorlando.com/extinct/archive/space/ Space Mountain Worldwide - Detailed Fan Site]
+* [http://sm.dlpfan.org/ride.htm#sound Space Mountain at Disneyland Paris - fan site]
+* [http://www.disneymountainrides.com/space_mountain.php Disney Mountain Rides - Space Mountain]
+* [http://www.spacestation77.com/index.html Space Station 77 - The Space Mountain Fan Site]
+* [http://www.themeparkreview.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29299 Space Mountain Lights On Video]
+
+{{disneyland2}}
+{{disneyrides}}
+{{DisneyMountains}}
+
+[[Category:Disney parks and attractions|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Magic Kingdom|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Walt Disney World Resort|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Tokyo Disney Resort|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Disneyland Resort|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Hong Kong Disneyland Resort|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Disneyland Resort Paris|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Steel roller coasters|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Fictional mountains|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Fictional space stations|Space Mountain]]
+[[Category:Enclosed roller coasters|Space Mountain]]
+
+[[fr:Space Mountain]]
+[[he:הר החלל]]
+[[nl:Space Mountain]]
+[[ja:スペース・マウンテン]]
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+++ \n
@@ -1,27 +1,33 @@\n
-
+{{Infobox University |
+ image = [[Image:Vtu.jpeg|75px|VTU logo]]|
+ name = Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU)|
+ motto = {{Unicode|''Modalu mānavanāgu''}}|
+ established = 1st April [[1998]] |
+ type = Public |
+ head_label = Vice-Chancellor |
+ head = Balaveera Reddy |
+ city = [[Belgaum]] |
+ state = [[Karnataka]] |
+ country = [[India]] |
+ campus = Jnana Sangama, Belgaum |
+ website = http://www.vtu.ac.in/
+}}'''Visvesvaraya Technological University''', is a [[University]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]

-{| align=center class="toccolours" style="clear: both; width: 80%;"
-|
-{|
-|-
-| style="width: 40px;" |  
-| align="center" | '''[[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi Prefecture]]'''
-| style="width: 1%;" | [[Image:PrefSymbol-Tochigi.png|40px|Symbol of Tochigi Prefecture]]
-|}
-|-
-! align="center" | Cities
-|-
-|align="center"| [[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]] | [[Imaichi, Tochigi|Imaichi]] | [[Kanuma, Tochigi|Kanuma]] | [[Mooka, Tochigi|Mooka]] | [[Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi|Nasukarasuyama]] | [[Nasushiobara, Tochigi|Nasushiobara]] | [[Nikko, Tochigi|Nikko]] | [[Otawara, Tochigi|Otawara]] | [[Oyama, Tochigi|Oyama]] | [[Sakura, Tochigi|Sakura]] | [[Sano, Tochigi|Sano]] | [[Shimotsuke, Tochigi|Shimotsuke]] | [[Tochigi, Tochigi|Tochigi]] | [[Utsunomiya, Tochigi|Utsunomiya]] (capital) | [[Yaita, Tochigi|Yaita]]
-|-
-! align="center" | Districts
-|- align="center"
-|| [[Haga District, Tochigi|Haga]] | [[Kamitsuga District, Tochigi|Kamitsuga]] | [[Kawachi District, Tochigi|Kawachi]] | [[Nasu District, Tochigi|Nasu]] | [[Shimotsuga District, Tochigi|Shimotsuga]] | [[Shioya District, Tochigi|Shioya]]
-|-
-|
-{| width="100%"
-|-
-| style="width: 40px;" |  
-| align="center" | ''See also: [[Tochigi Prefecture#Towns and villages|Towns and villages by district]]''
-| align="right" | [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Template:Tochigi|action=edit}} edit]
-|}
-|}
+The University has jurisdiction throughout Karnataka and at present 141 Engineering colleges are affiliated to it. The intake every year for Engineering under this University inclusive of Post Graduate courses is around 38,000. The University has 25 branches of Bachelor of Engineering and 54 branches of Masters in Technology courses. B.E (Bio-Technology) was an Under Graduate branch introduced in 2002-03 in 21 colleges. In addition, the University offers MBA and MCA courses. The university also offers M.Sc. (Engg.) through Research and Ph.D. programmes. In the year under consideration, the University has 249 registered candidates for M.Sc. (Engg.) by Research and Ph.D. in 80 Research Centres in 24 affiliated colleges.
+
+The University has achieved the tremendous task of bringing various colleges affiliated earlier to different Universities, with different syllabi, different procedures and different traditions under one umbrella.
+
+The first batch consisting of approximately 13,000 students of Under Graduate (Engineering and Technology fields) students admitted in the academic year 1998-99 graduated from the portals of this University during the month of July 2002. Four batches of M.Tech., 3 batches of MBA and 2 batches of MCA students have so far graduated from the University. The total number of Post-Graduates who have completed their studies in this University is around 5000.
+
+==External links==
+*[http://www.vtu.ac.in The VTU official website]
+*[http://freizeit.co.in/index.php/board,164.0.html VTU Alumni Forum]
+*[http://ece.iisc.ernet.in/~bt/vtu A guide for thesis preparation for VTU students], [http://pet.ece.iisc.ernet.in/basu/vtu Mirror1][http://sindhu.ece.iisc.ernet.in/wb/pages/people/bt/vtu-final-report-howto.php Mirror2]
+
+[[Category:Affiliates of Visveswaraiah Technological University]]
+[[Category:Universities and colleges in Karnataka]]
+
+{{India-university-stub}}
+VTU
+
+[[kn:ವಿಶ್ವೇಶ್ವರಯ್ಯ ತಾಂತ್ರಿಕ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ]]
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+++ \n
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@\n
-[[Image:Gandhi studio 1931.jpg|thumb|Gandhi, taken in 1931.]]
+{{GBthumb|112|183|SP000690}}
+A [[village]] in [[Worcestershire]], [[England]], '''Tardebigge''' was once a much greater [[Township (England)|township]] including much of modern [[Redditch]]. The village is most famous for the Tardebigge locks, a flight of 30 [[canal lock]]s that raise the [[Birmingham and Worcester Canal]] over 220 feet (67 metres) over the [[Lickey Ridge]]. It lies in the [[traditional counties of England|traditional county]] of [[Warwickshire]].

-'''Gandhi Jayanti''' is a [[national holiday]] celebrated in [[India]] to mark the occasion of the [[birthday]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the "[[Father of the Nation]]". It is celebrated on [[October 2]], every year. It is one of the three official declared '''National Holidays''' of India and is observed in all its states and union territories.
+Records of the [[parish]], recorded twice in a [[Will (law)|will]] as [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] ''æt Tærdebicgan'', begin in the late [[10th Century]]. Tardebigge was bought by the [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of [[Worcester]] for his Church from King [[Ethelred the Unready]]. In the later [[Dark Ages]] there were battles fought between Ethelred's son [[Edmund II of England|Ironside]] and the [[Canute the Great|Cnut]] the [[Dane]].

-The day is marked by prayer services and tributes all over India, especially at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Raj Ghat]], Gandhi's memorial in [[New Delhi]] where he was cremated. Popular celebration includes prayer meetings, commemorative ceremonies in different cities by colleges, local government institutions and socio-political institutions. Painting and essay competitions are conducted and best awards are awarded for projects in schools and the community, [http://www3.sympatico.ca/jaimini.thakore/Gandhi_Peace_Award.htm Gandhi Jayanti Webpage from Simon Fraser University], URL accessed [[April 15]], [[2006]] on themes of glorifying peace, non-violence and Gandhi's effort in [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Freedom Struggle]].
-Usually, Gandhi's favourite song, ''Raghupathi Raghava Rajaram'' is sung in memory of him.
+The name ''Tærdebicga'' (whose [[dative case]] is ''Tærdebicgan'') does not appear to have any likely meaning in Anglo-Saxon or [[Celt]]ic or any other likely known language, and may be a stray survival from whatever aboriginal (perhaps [[Pre-Indo-European]]) language was spoken in [[England]] before the Celts came.

-===Notes===
-
+In the [[12th century]], the parish was granted to [[Bordesley Abbey]], a [[Roman Catholic]] [[monastery]]. For three hundred years the area remained in the Church's possession. In [[1538]] the [[Roman Catholic Church]] was [[disestablishment|disestablished]] by [[King Henry VIII]], and the area became the possession of [[the Crown]].

-===External links===
-* [http://streams.gandhiserve.org/music_online.html Gandhi's favourite songs sung by various Indian Artists]
+In a personal deal, [[Bordesley Abbey]] passed to Andrew [[Lord Windsor]], and therefore to the stewardship of the [[Earl of Plymouth]], who took a seat [[Hewell Grange]] (now a prison) adjacent to modern Tardebigge. The land was gradually managed and sold off by the Earl; it was not until the mid [[19th Century]] that the parish of Tardebigge began to dissolve and the modern boundaries began to appear.

-[[Category:Indian society]]
-[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]
+==References==
+*[http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=S+1534 S 1534] Will of Wulfgeat of [[Donington]], ''Anglo-Saxons.net''

-[[de:Gandhi Jayanti]]
-[[es:Gandhi Jayanti]]
+==External links==
+*{{oscoor gbx|SP000690}}
+
+[[Category:Villages in Worcestershire]]
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-{{Shortcut|[[WP:HARV]]}}
-'''Harvard referencing''', also known as the '''author-date system''', [http://www.libs.uga.edu/ref/chicago.html#authordate "Bibliographic Format for References"] University of Georgia; advice is based on the ''Chicago Manual of Style''. or '''parenthetical system''', is a citation system developed by [[Harvard University]] and used by publishers all over the world. It is one of three citation styles recommended by Wikipedia. The other two are [[Wikipedia:Embedded Citations|embedded links]] and [[Wikipedia:Footnotes|footnotes]]. See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]] for more details.
-
-==Pros & cons==
-The advantage of Harvard referencing is that a reader familiar with a field can often immediately recognize a citation and thus read a document more quickly without continuously visiting the reference section. Similarly, if the same reference is cited more than once, a Harvard reference is far more [[mnemonic]] than a simple integer, so even the casual reader can be helped by this system. The disadvantages of the system are that it takes more space (which is why the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] for example doesn't use it) and that the rules can be complicated or unclear for non-academic references, particularly those where the author is unknown. The system may also be unfamiliar and distracting to a general readership, who are unfamiliar with journal articles.
-
-==Citation format==
-Under the [[Harvard referencing]] system, a book is cited in the text in parentheses, or round [[bracket]]s, after the section, sentence, or paragraph for which the book was used as a source, using the surname of the author and the year of publication only, with the parentheses closing before the period, as in (Author 2005). If the same author has published two books in 2005, and both are being referenced in the text, this is written as (Author 2005a) and (Author 2005b). The specific page, section, or division of the cited work can follow the date in this way: (Author 2006, 28).
-
-Newspaper articles may be cited by the [[byline]], as in (Traynor 2005), though this is less commonly done, with most editors preferring to give the name of the newspaper and the date of publication after the sentence (''The Guardian'', December 17, 2005), or linking to the article using an embedded link, like this. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,12700,1669458,00.html] Embedded links, like footnotes, are placed '''after punctuation'''.
-
-===References section===
-Complete citations must be provided, in alphabetical order, in a References section following the text.
-
-For a book: in the case of (Author 2005a) and (Author 2005b), this might be:
-
-*Author, A. (2005a). ''Harvard Referencing'', New York: Random House. ISBN 1-899235-74-4
-*Author, A. (2005b). ''More Harvard Referencing'', New York: Random House. ISBN 1-899235-74-4
-
-For an article: in the case of (Traynor 2005) or (''The Guardian'', December 17, 2005), this might be:
-
-* Traynor, I. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/turkey/story/0,12700,1669458,00.html "Judge tells Ankara to decide on fate of leading author"], ''The Guardian'', December 17, 2005.
-
-Whether or not to use only the initial, as in Traynor, I. or the full name., as in Traynor, Ian, is a matter of personal preference.
-
-'''As with all citation advice in Wikipedia, the most important thing is to provide some information about where you found your material, even if you don't know how to format the citation.'''
-
-==Templates==
-Several [[Wikipedia:Templates|templates]] have been developed for Harvard referencing. A summary of the syntax of all Harvard citation templates is included in [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]], and examples of use are at [[Wikipedia:Harvard citation template examples]]. Alternatively, the [[Wikipedia:Footnote3|Footnote3]] family of templates includes templates designed for Harvard referencing: {{ref_harv}}, {{note_label}} and {{ref_harvard}}.
-
-There is no requirement or recommendation to use citation or footnote templates in Wikipedia.
-
-==See also==
-*[[Wikipedia:No original research]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Verifiability]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Cite sources]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Reliable sources]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Footnotes]]
-*[[Wikipedia talk:Footnotes/Mixed citations and footnotes]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Footnote3]]
-*[[Harvard referencing]]
-
-==Notes==
-

-
-==References==
-*[http://www.libs.uga.edu/ref/chicago.html#authordate "Bibliographic Format for References"], University of Georgia, retrieved December 18, 2005.
-
-==Further reading==
-*[http://library.curtin.edu.au/referencing/harvard.pdf "Harvard Referencing 2005"] (pdf), Curtin University of Technology library and information service, retrieved December 17, 2005
-*[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~expos/sources/ "Writing with Sources: A Guide for Harvard Students"] by Gordon Harvey, retrieved October 18, 2005
-
-[[nl:Wikipedia:Bronvermelding in Harvardstijl]]
+#REDIRECT [[Nash embedding theorem]]
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-{{Infobox_Celebrity
-| name = Martha Stewart
-| image = Marthachair.jpg
-| birth_date = [[August 3]], [[1941]]
-| birth_place = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]]
-| ethnicity = [[Polish-American|Polish]]
-| occupation = [[television]] and [[magazine]] personality
-| networth = $970 million [http://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/54/JQQC.html]
-| website = [http://www.marthastewart.com/ marthastewart.com]
-}}
-'''Martha Stewart''' (born [[August 3]], [[1941]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[business magnate]], author, editor, commercial spokesperson and [[homemaker|homemaking]] advocate. Over more than two decades as a prominent editor of homemaking magazines, host of homemaking television shows, and prominent commercial spokesperson (notably for [[K-Mart]]), Stewart rose to international fame. In 2002, she was accused of [[insider trading]] and other crimes relating to statements that she made to investigators, and in 2004 she was convicted of a [[felony]], sentenced to [[prison]], fined, and barred from serving on a [[public company]] [[Board of Directors]] and from serving in certain executive capacities for five years.
+{{Superherobox|
+image=[[Image:Blackheart.jpg|250px]]
+|caption='''Blackheart''' in [[Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes|Marvel vs. Capcom 2]]
+|comic_color=background:#ff8080
+|character_name= Blackheart
+|real_name= Blackheart
+|publisher= [[Marvel Comics]]
+|debut=''[[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]]'' Vol.1, #270 (Sept. 1989)
+|creators= Ann Nocenti
+|alliance_color=background:#c0c0ff
+|status= Active
+|alliances=
+|aliases=Black King
+|previous_alliances= Hellfire Club
+|relatives= Mephisto (father), Mephista (sister), Malevolence (sister)
+|powers= Magical powers, nearly indestructible, commands legion of demons
+|}}

-Since her release from prison in March 2005, Stewart has been focused on reviving the fortunes of her businesses, which had suffered due to the very public accusations, her conviction and incarceration, and the extremely volatile price of her company's stock beginning with Stewart's legal troubles. Stewart rapidly regained her former prominence as a homemaking expert, and she currently hosts ''[[Martha (TV Program)|Martha]]'', as well as appearing on other television shows. She is once again involved with her magazine, ''[[Martha Stewart Living]]'', she published a new book on starting a business, her merchandising activities are expanding, and the price of her company's stock recovered significantly.
+'''Blackheart''' is a [[fictional character]] appearing in the [[Marvel Comics]] [[Marvel Universe|universe]]. He is a [[demon]], the "son" of [[Mephisto (comics)|Mephisto]]. Created by [[Ann Nocenti]] and [[John Romita Jr.]], he [[first]] appeared in [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]] Vol.1, #270 (Sept. 1989). He is the [[archenemy]] of [[Ghost Rider]].

+==Fictional character biography==
+Centuries of murder in a locale named Christ's Crown drew the attention of a demon-lord, Mephisto, who created a "son", Blackheart, from the energy of the accumulated evil. Slaying both rapist and victim, a woman named Sarah, Blackheart explored the nature of evil under his father's tutelage, clashing with and failing to corrupt [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]] and [[Spider-Man]]. Mephisto and Blackheart soon drew Daredevil, Brandy Ash, the genetically engineered Number Nine, and the [[Inhumans]] [[Gorgon (comics)|Gorgon]], [[Karnak (comics)|Karnak]], and Ahura into Hell.

+Observing these mortals led Blackheart to rebel against his father and seek a newer form of evil; in retaliation, Mephisto diminished Blackheart's powers. Focusing on those who straddled good and evil, Blackheart tried and failed to recruit [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]] (Logan), the [[Punisher (comics)|Punisher]] (Frank Castle) and the [[Ghost Rider]] (Dan Ketch) to his rebellion. Blackheart also aided [[Wonder Man]] against Mephisto and helped a [[mercenary]] named Misha by serving as her telepathic "Voice". Returning to Christ's Crown in an attempt to corrupt a young girl named Lucy Crumm, a pure soul with powers including a calming influence and telepathy, Blackheart was once more defeated by Ghost Rider, Wolverine and the Punisher. When Mephisto appeared to express his disappointment in his wayward son, Blackheart apparently slew Mephisto with a dagger touched by Lucy's blood, banishing his "father" from Hell and restored his own powers to full strength.

-==Biography==
-Stewart was born '''Martha Helen Kostyra''' in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], the first daughter of [[Polish American]] parents Edward Rudolf Kostyra and Martha Ruszkowski. Stewart, along with her five siblings, was raised in [[Nutley, New Jersey]].{{cite web | work=about.com | publisher=About.com| title=Martha Stewart Biography | url=http://manhattan.about.com/od/citylife1/p/marthastewart.htm | accessdate=30 June | accessyear=2006}}
+As Hell's ruler, Blackheart focused on corrupting and tormenting Ghost Rider, one of the Spirits of Vengeance. From his palace in the Burning Flesh district, Blackheart created his own Spirits of Vengeance: his consort Black Rose (the deceased Roxanne Simpson, ex-wife of Dan Ketch's brother, [[Ghost Rider#Johnny Blaze|Johnny Blaze]]), Verminus Rex (a spirit who had battled Ghost Rider during World War I), Wallow (a homicidal mortal suicide whom Ghost Rider had thwarted), Doghead (a downtrodden immigrant), and Pao Fu (who had died in the arms of Ghost Rider as he tried to save her). Blackheart bargained to free Ghost Rider's relatives from their curse; in return, Ghost Rider agreed to lead Blackheart's Spirits. However, the pair fell out and Ghost Rider banished Blackheart from Hell.

-Instilled with a strong work ethic promoted by her parents, Stewart mastered traits that many would consider common household chores. These traits proved to be the keystone of her success later in life. Stewart's mother taught her how to cook and sew. Later, she learned the processes of canning and preserving when she visited her grandparents' home in [[Buffalo, New York]]. Her father, Eddie, had a passion for gardening, and passed on much of his knowledge and expertise to his daughter.
+While ruler of Hell, Blackheart had tormented the soul of the mutant [[Stryfe]] by manipulating the [[X-Force]] group, which attracted the attention of the mutant sorceress [[Selene (comics)|Selene]]. After banishment from Hell, Blackheart allied with Selene as the temporary Black King of the evil, [[chess]]-nomenclatured [[Hellfire Club (comics)|Hellfire Club]]. After defeating Selene's enemy, Alyssa Moy, Blackheart battled the [[Fantastic Four]], Mechamage, [[Hellstorm]], and [[Margali Szardos]]; they ultimately defeated Blackheart, binding him beneath New York's Hellfire Club. Trapped there, he continued to aid Selene, opposing X-Force in an attempt to corrupt [[Sunspot (comics)|Sunspot]].

-Stewart also excelled in school, and was active in many extra-curricular activities, such as the school newspaper and the Art Club. During this time, Stewart began a modelling career. She was hired and appeared in several television commercials and magazines, including one of [[Tareyton]]'s famous [[Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch!|"Rather fight than switch"]] [[cigarette]] advertisements.{{cite web|title=Martha Stewart|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/ste0bio-1|work=Martha Stewart bio|publisher=Academy of Achievement|accessdate=2006-08-02}} Finishing with straight "A"s, she was awarded a partial scholarship to [[Barnard College]] in New York City.
+==Powers and abilities==
+Blackheart is a powerful [[demon]] of the highest order and possesses [[supernatural]] powers. He is essentially [[invincible]] to anything but the most powerful magic. He has [[superhuman]] strength and endurance which, being magical in nature, are potentially incalculably high. His speed is also incalculably high and his intelligence surpasses some of the smartest beings alive nearing him to [[omniscience]]. His [[telekinesis|telekinetic]] and [[telepathy|telepathic]] powers give him abilities beyond most demons of his level. He also has the ability of flight and the ability to combine his superspeed with his flight. His powers also include Phasing and teleportation. He possesses virtually infinite psionic power which he can draw endlessly from hyperspace, from which (in the Marvel Universe) the primordial energies creating the fundamental forces of the universe, strong nuclear force, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force and gravity flow into our plane of reality. Controlling the four fundamental forces should theoretically allow him to restructure, create or destroy matter at will down to subatomic level, as well as creating electromagnetic fields and electrical currents, making matter radioactive, manipulating gravity, causing nuclear detonations, emit enormous energy blasts, use his psionic powers to increase his physical strength and generally accomplishing nearly anything he sets his mind to. It had been argued that Blackheart had the destructive powers of the Power Cosmic, but those rumors are false, even though the level of his power is near the power cosmic. Blackheart has the ability to generate a "Dark Energy", which he can transfer into destructive blasts, into a type of "Dark Fire" and "Dark Lighting". He also has the ability to generate a blast of super cold energy used to freeze enemies. He lost his practically infinite psionic powers when he attacked Mephisto and his mind was decimated. When his mind was shattered, he lost all memory of ever having his psionic powers, and was filled with nothing but hatred and greed until he was finally defeated. When he lost the majority of his powers, he became even less threatening to Mephisto and was banished from the hellish dimension Mephisto ruled. He has the ability to change the size and physical form of himself, which gives him an amazing [[shape-shifting]] ability. He can survive under almost any condition, so he doesn't need food, water, sleep or air to survive, and is resistant to temperatures that are as hot as the surface of the sun.
+He can assume human form, but prefers to remain in his true form. This may explain why in the upcoming movie "Ghost Rider" he seems to be in human form.

-Initially she intended to major in [[Chemistry]], but switched to [[Art]] and [[European History]], and later [[History of Architecture|Architectural History]]. It was around this time that she met and later married her husband, Andy Stewart. After marrying him, Stewart temporarily left Barnard for one year, and continued her moderately-successful modelling career, while her husband finished his law degree at [[Yale Law School]]. She returned to Barnard a year later, to graduate with a [[double degree|double major]] in History and Architectural History. In [[1965]] her daughter, [[Alexis Stewart]] was born.
+He can enter and leave different planes of existence and dimensions at will and has reality warping powers, which have been compared to those of Franklin Richards. He can also summon demons and other supernatural creatures to do his bidding.

-At this time, Stewart began to hone and develop her business skills. In [[1967]], she became a [[stockbroker]]. She was very successful until she left the profession in [[1973]], in order to focus more time on her daughter, and to restore her new home in [[Connecticut]]. It has been suggested that a scandal involving the furniture company Levitz may have contributed to her decision to leave the firm of Monness, Horstman, Williams, and Sidel. Several Principals at the firm allegedly received kick-backs from Levitz for selling stock in the financially-troubled company. Stewart and her husband decided to move to [[Westport, Connecticut]]. They purchased and undertook a massive restoration of the [[1805]] farmhouse on Turkey Hill Rd. that would later become the model for the [[television studio|set]] of the [[Martha Stewart Living]] television program. Stewart and her husband undertook the entire venture by themselves. During the project, Stewart’s panache for restoring and decorating became apparent. Stewart's mother previously occupied Turkey Hill, while Stewart currently lives at her new home in [[Bedford, New York]]. Stewart is currently entertaining offers for the home.
+Blackheart has the ability to take different forms and confuse the minds of other people, making their worst aspects dominant. He also displayed an impressive healing ability, regenerating whenever Mephisto tried to "discipline" him. His regenerative properties are amazingly high, being able to regenerate after total particle desintegration. He can also liquify himself. Since becoming the Lord of Hell, it can be assumed Blackheart has all the powers Mephisto once held.

-[[Image:Entertaining.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Cover of 1992 reissue of ''Entertaining'']]
-In [[1976]] Stewart started a catering business in her basement with a friend, and later business partner, from college. The venture quickly became very successful, and when her partner soured on working with Stewart, who was becoming increasingly perfectionist, Stewart bought her portion of the business. Stewart was also hired as the manager of a gourmet food store, The Market Basket at the [[Common Market]] which she transformed into a booming success.
+As an interesting side note, he smells unpleasantly of burning ink and roses, and has no discernible heartbeat.

-Meanwhile, Stewart's husband Andy had become the president of prominent [[New York City|New York]] publisher [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] In [[1977]], Andy Stewart was responsible for releasing the English-language edition of the ''[[Gnomes]]'' book series, by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] authors [[Wil Huygen]] and [[Rien Poortvliet]] which quickly became a blockbuster success and [[New York Times Best Seller]]. Andy Stewart contracted Stewart's company to cater the book release party, where she was introduced to Alan Mirken, the head of [[Crown Publishing Group]]. Mirken was impressed by Stewart's talent and later contacted her to develop a [[cookbook]] featuring recipes and photos from the parties that Stewart hosted. The result was ''[[Entertaining]],'' co-authored by Stewart with long-time fashion maven Elizabeth Hawes. From there, word of her skills and business grew rapidly. ''Entertaining'' became a New York Times Best Seller, and the best selling cookbook since [[Julia Child]] and [[Simone Beck]]'s ''[[Mastering the Art of French Cooking]]'', released two decades earlier.
+==Appearances in other media==
+[[Image:Blackheart game.gif|thumb|left|Blackheart in ''[[Marvel Super Heroes vs. Street Fighter]]''.]]
+{{wikibooks|Fighting Game Moves/Capcom/Blackheart}}
+===Video games===
+*Blackheart is also a [[playable character]] in several entries in the [[Marvel VS. Series]] of [[video game]]s. In his first two appearances, he was largely a [[self-defense|defensive]] character with powerful normal moves and damaging combos; in [[Marvel vs. Capcom 2]], his ability to cancel normal moves with an airdash makes him ideal at runaway, due to his ability to summon demons of varying effects as a normal move.

-==Rise to fame and career==
-[[Image:MSLTV.gif|thumb|200px|right|Martha Stewart with mother [[Martha Kostyra]] and niece Sophie Herbert on the set of ''[[Martha Stewart Living]]'']]
-Following ''Entertaining'''s success Stewart released several more books under the [[Random House|Clarkson Potter]] publishing [[imprint]], beginning with a book on [[hors d'oeuvres]] in [[1984]]. During this time she also authored dozens of newspaper columns, magazine articles and other pieces on [[homemaker|homemaking]], and made several television appearances on programs such as ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]''.
+*Blackheart also appeared as a boss in the Super Nintendo game, "Marvel Super Heroes - War of the Gems".

-In 1990 she also signed with [[Time Inc|Time Publishing Ventures]] to develop a new magazine, ''[[Martha Stewart Living]]'', for which Stewart served as [[editor in chief]]. The first issue was released in late 1990 with an initial [[magazine circulation|rate base]] of 250,000. Circulation would peak in 2002 at more than 2 million copies per issue. In [[1993]], she began a weekly half-hour service program based on her magazine, which was quickly expanded to a full hour, and later to a daily format, with half-hour episodes on [[weekends]]. Stewart also became a frequent contributor to [[CBS]]'s [[The Early Show]], and starred in several [[prime time]] [[holiday]] specials on the CBS network.
+*Blackheart is one of the bosses in the game ''[[Marvel: Ultimate Alliance]]''.

-On the cover of their [[May 1995]] issue, ''[[New York Magazine]]'' declared her as "the definitive American woman of our time."
+===Film===
+*[[Actor]] [[Wes Bentley]] plays Blackheart in the 2007 film ''[[Ghost Rider (film)|Ghost Rider]]'' from [[Marvel Studios]] and [[Sony Pictures]]. In the trailer, it's revealed that Blackheart has come to Earth to create a new hell and in order to do it, he requires the power of Ghost Rider. [[Film director|Director]] [[Mark Steven Johnson]] has confirmed that he will be appear in his demonic comic book form by the end of the movie.

-===Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia===
-[[Image:Marthastewart IPO.jpg|thumb|right|Stewart at the [[New York Stock Exchange]] handing out orange juice and [[brioche]] to traders on the day of her company's [[initial public offering]].]]
-In September [[1997]], Stewart, with the assistance of business partner Sharon Patrick, was able to secure funding to purchase the various television, print, and merchandising ventures related to the Martha Stewart brand, and consolidate them into a new company, [[Martha Stewart Omnimedia|Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia]]. Stewart served as [[chairwoman]], [[president]], and [[CEO]] of the new company and Patrick became [[Chief Operations Officer]]. By organizing all of the brand's assets under one roof, Stewart felt that it would promote synergy and greater control of the brand's direction through the business' activities. That same month Stewart announced in ''Martha Stewart Living'' the launch of a companion website, [http://www.marthastewart.com/ marthastewart.com], and a [[catalogue]] business, [[Martha by Mail]].
-
-On [[Oct 19]], [[1999]], Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia went public on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the ticker symbol MSO. The initial public offering was set at $18 per share, and rallied to $38 by the end of trading, making Stewart a [[billionaire]] on paper. Stewart was then and continues to be the majority shareholder, with a commanding 96% control of voting power in the company.
-
-==Insider Trading Charges==
-{{Main|Martha Stewart Insider Trading Charges}}
-Beginning in [[2002]], Stewart's career was shaken by charges brought against her regarding the sale of her shares in pharmaceutical company [[ImClone]], days before its application for a new drug was denied. Stewart's reputation suffered heavily during the course of events that occurred over the next 3 years, which included a significant drop in advertising in ''[[Martha Stewart Living|Living]]'' and to a lesser extent ''[[Martha Stewart Weddings|Weddings]]'' and ''[[Martha Stewart Kids|Kids]].'' Also, shortly after her conviction on four counts of lying to investigators and obstruction of Justice, her syndicated television show was cancelled and she was forced to step down from her role as CEO and chairwoman of MSLO for a non-executive role, and resigned her position as a board member for [[Revlon]] and the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. Stewart surprised many when she pleaded guilty to lying to federal investigators in 2004, and accepted a 5-month prison sentence which she served at [[Alderson Federal Prison Camp]]. She was released on [[March 4]], [[2005]], after which she was placed under supervised release and required to wear an ankle bracelet for an additional 5 months.
-
-According to [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] allegations, Stewart avoided a loss of $45,673 by selling all 3,928 shares of her [[ImClone]] stock. The day following her sale, the stock value fell 16%.{{cite web | work=www.sec.gov | publisher=www.sec.gov| title=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2003-69.htm | accessdate=4 June | accessyear=2003}}
-
-Stewart is a former stockbroker who rose to President of the NYSE Board of Governors. Given this extensive background in trading and rules oversight, Stewart was viewed as actively being complicit in the insider trading charges. As a side note, if she had held her ImClone shares, she would have eventually made a significant profit.
-
-The last of her legal battles were resolved when, on [[August 7]], [[2006]], the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] announced that it had agreed to settle insider trading charges against Stewart and [[Peter Bacanovic]] relating to Stewart's sale of ImClone Systems stock in December 2001. Under the settlement, Stewart - without admitting guilt - agreed to the maximum penalty of about $195,000, or three times the losses she avoided. Stewart also agreed to a five-year bar from serving as a director of a public company and a five-year limitation on the scope of her service as an officer or employee of a public company.{{cite web | work=www.sec.gov | publisher=www.sec.gov| title=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | url=http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2006/2006-134.htm | accessdate=7 August | accessyear=2006}} Stewart will be prohibited from participating in financial reporting, financial disclosure, internal controls, audits, SEC filings and monitoring compliance with the federal securities laws.
-
-It is expected that after the bar is lifted, presumably in [[2011]], that Stewart (who will be 70), will return to the helm of MSO as its [[Chairwoman]] and [[CEO]].
-
-==Current projects==
-[[Image:Martha_stewart_tv.03.jpg|thumb|right|Publicity Shot for ''[[Martha (TV Program)|Martha]]'']]
-Following her release from prison [[March 2005]], Stewart launched a highly publicized comeback, and was once again involved in ''[[Martha Stewart Living]]''. Offerings of her company's Martha Stewart Everyday line at Kmart were expanded to include a new line of ready-made home furnishings, and its mass market interior paint line became available at larger Sears stores. However, the most heavily promoted aspect of her attempted comeback is [[television]]. Stewart returned to daytime television with ''[[Martha (TV Program)|Martha]]'' and appeared in an adapted version of ''[[The Apprentice]]'' (called ''[[The Apprentice: Martha Stewart]]''). Both shows premiered in [[September 2005]], and both were produced by [[Mark Burnett]].
-
-Her prime time ''Apprentice'' spin-off received poor ratings, which some attribute to popular dislike for the opportunistic tone of the network's massive promotional campaign and to [[NBC]]'s slotting the show up against the hit drama ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]''. ''The Apprentice: Martha Stewart'' was not renewed for a second season.
-
-In [[October 2005]], Stewart also released a new book called ''The Martha Rules'' on starting and managing a new business, and a month later her company released ''Martha Stewart Baking Handbook''. She also is a regular contributor of cooking, gardening, and crafts segments on NBC's ''[[The Today Show]]''. Stewart's daily talk show was nominated in 6 categories for the 33rd Annual [[Daytime Emmy Awards]] in 2006, including Best Host and Best Show.
-
-In October 2005, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia launched a line of houses that carry her name to be built by [[KB Home]] initially in [[Cary, North Carolina]] and various other locations nationwide. The first homes, which were inspired by Stewart's homes in New York and Maine, were completed in early 2006. Ultimately 650 homes are planned with prices from low $200,000 to mid-$400,000s. Stewart's company is currently developing an upscale line of homewares for Federated Department Stores, owner of Macy's. A line of paper-based crafts for EK Success is also in development.
-
-In addition to television and merchandising, Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia launched a 24-hour [[satellite radio]] network with [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]] in November 2005, on which Stewart currently hosts a weekly call-in show.
-
-In October 2006, Stewart launched a new line of products on Kodakgallery.com. [http://www.kodakgallery.com/MarthaStewartOverview.jsp?d_340200=34020001&sourceid=748403144303 Martha Stewart Designs]
-
-
-==Notes==
-

-
-

-
-==References==
-===Interviews===
-*[http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ste0int-1 Exclusive interview with online video from Achievement.org]
-
-===News stories===
-* [[BBC News Online]] - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3714004.stm Commentary of her jailing]
-* [[BBC News Online]] - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4119501.stm Martha Stewart lambasts jail food]
-* Sellers, Patricia (Nov. 14, 2005). "Remodeling Martha". ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', p. 49–62.
-
-==See also==
-* ''[[Martha (TV series)|Martha]]''
-* ''[[Martha Stewart Living]]''
-* [[Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia]]
-
-==Quotes==
-* "I have set a standard, and I'm going to stick to the standard. I may have been able to grow faster and maybe my business could have been bigger, but because I really feel very serious about my subject, I really want to be hands-on."
-* "I'm always on the lookout for those good, simple solutions to everyday problems."
-* "It's a good thing."
-* "All the things I love is what my business is all about."
-* "I'm just not at liberty at this time to make any comments whatsoever. ... I certainly hope that the matter is resolved in the very near future and I will be exonerated of any ridiculousness."
+===Action Figures===
+*Blackheart is included in the 13th wave of "[[Marvel Legends]]" action figures, subtitled "Bring on the Bad Guys".

==External links==
-{{wikiquote}}
-* [http://www.marthastewart.com/ MarthaStewart.com]
-* Academy of Achievement Profile http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ste0pro-1
-* Academy of Achievement Biography http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ste0bio-1
-* Academy of Achievement Interview http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ste0int-1
-* Academy of Achievement Photo Gallery http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/ste0gal-1
-* [http://www.furisdead.com/feat-martha.asp Stewart joins PETA's anti-fur campaign]
-* [http://www.newsmeat.com/ceo_political_donations/Martha_Stewart.php Martha Stewart's political donations]
-* [http://www.marthascomeback.com/ Martha Stewart Comeback] A Stewart fan site
-* [http://www.savemartha.com/ SaveMartha.com] — Fan site run by supporters of Martha Stewart
-* [http://www.kodakgallery.com/MarthaStewartOverview.jsp?d_340200=34020001&sourceid=748403144303 Exclusive Martha Stewart Card Designs ] - Partnership with Kodakgallery.com
-* [http://www.secform4.com/insider-trading.php?cik=1103637 Martha Stewart Stock Trading Record]
+* [[MarvelDatabase:Blackheart|MDP: Blackheart]] - Marvel Database Project
+* [http://www.knightmare6.com/faq/cosmic_entities_marvel/blackheart.html Knightmare6.com; Blackheart]

-{{MSLO}}
-
-{{Persondata
-|NAME=Stewart, Martha
-|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
-|SHORT DESCRIPTION= American [[television]] and [[magazine]] personality
-|DATE OF BIRTH=[[August 3]], [[1941]]
-|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Jersey City, New Jersey]]
-|DATE OF DEATH=
-|PLACE OF DEATH=
-}}
-
-{{The Apprentice}}
-[[Category:1941 births|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Martha Stewart| ]]
-[[Category:Alumnae of women's colleges|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:American businesspeople|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:American criminals|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:American entrepreneurs|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:American television personalities|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Incarcerated celebrities|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Living people|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Magazine founders|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Magazine publishers (people)|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Martha Stewart Living Radio personalities|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:People from Jersey City|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:People from Westport, Connecticut|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Polish-Americans|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Prisoners convicted of white-collar crimes|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:Sirius Satellite Radio personalities|Stewart, Martha]]
-[[Category:American reality television participants]]
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-[[da:Martha Stewart]]
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-[[he:מרתה סטיוארט]]
-[[id:Martha Stewart]]
-[[it:Martha Stewart]]
-[[ja:マーサ・スチュワート]]
-[[pl:Martha Stewart]]
+[[Category:Daredevil villains]]
+[[Category:Fictional demons]]
+[[Category:Ghost Rider villains]]
+[[Category:Hellfire Club members]]
+[[Category:Marvel Comics demons]]
+[[Category:Wolverine villains]]
+[[Category:Magic users in comics]]
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-'''Tassili Airlines''' is a charter passenger [[airline]] based in [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]]. It provides transport for workers to and from oil fields in Algeria. Its main base is [[Houari Boumedienne Airport]] (ALG), Algiers with other bases at [[Oued Irara Airport]] (HME), [[Hassi Messaoud]] and [[Hassi Rmel Airport]] (HRM).
+=====to paint=====
+:To throw [[List of baseball jargon#pitch|pitches]] at the edges of the [[List of baseball jargon#strike zone|strike zone]]. A [[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]] who can "paint" consistiently may be referred to as [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]] or [[Picasso]], and can be said to '''paint the''' [[List of baseball jargon#on the black|'''black''']] or '''paint the''' [[List of baseball jargon#outside corner|'''corner''']].

-[[Image:Dh4dth.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Tassili Airlines Q400]]
-== Code Data ==
-*[[International Air Transport Association|IATA]] Code: '''SF'''
-*[[International Civil Aviation Organisation|ICAO]] Code: '''DTH'''
-*[[Airline call sign|Callsign]]: '''TASSILI AIR'''
+=====park=====
+:To hit a [[List of baseball jargon#home run|home run]]. "He parked a three-run homer." The term implies hitting the ball into the parking lot.

-== History ==
+=====park effects=====
+:See [[List of baseball jargon#hitter's park|hitter's park]] and [[Batting Park Factor]].

-Tassili Airlines was established in [[1997]] and started operations on [[8 April]] [[1999]] with a flight from Hassi Messaoud to Algiers. It initially was a joint venture between [[Air Algerie]] (49%) and [[Sonatrach]] (51%). In May 2005, Air Algerie sold their shares to Sonatrach.
+=====[[passed ball]]=====
+:A catcher is charged with a passed ball (abbreviated '''PB''') when he fails to hold or control a legally pitched ball which, in the opinion of the [[List of baseball jargon#official scorer|official scorer]], should have been held or controlled with ordinary effort, and which permits a runner or runners to advance at least one base; and/or permits the batter to advance to first base, if it's a third strike (with first base unoccupied and/or 2 out). A run that scores because of a passed ball is not scored as an earned run. Neither a passed ball nor a wild pitch is charged as an [[List of baseball jargon#error|error]]. It is a separately-kept statistic.

-== Destinations ==
-''See full article:'' '''[[Tassili Airlines destinations]]'''
+=====patient hitter=====
+:Doesn't do a lot of first-pitch swinging, swing at pitches out of the strike zone, or swing even at strikes that he can't hit because of their location. Generally gets a lot of walks.

-[[Image:20040128-0-P-d-1-500.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tassili Airlines]]
-== Fleet ==
+=====payoff pitch=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#pitch|pitch]] thrown with a [[List of baseball jargon#full count|full count]]. The implication is that much effort has gone into reaching this point (this is at least the sixth pitch of the [[List of baseball jargon#at-bat|at-bat]]), and the pitch will either pay off for the [[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]] (a [[List of baseball jargon#strikeout|strikeout]]) or the batter (a [[List of baseball jargon#hit|hit]] or a [[List of baseball jargon#walk|walk]]). However, a [[List of baseball jargon#foul ball|foul ball]] can extend the at-bat. The term is most often used when a [[List of baseball jargon#hit|hit]] will score a [[List of baseball jargon#run|run]] and a [[List of baseball jargon#strikeout|strikeout]] will end the [[List of baseball jargon#inning|inning]].

-The Tassili Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft (at september [[2006]]){{fact}}:
+=====PCL ([[Pacific Coast League]])=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#AAA|AAA]] [[List of baseball jargon#minor league|minor league]].

-*1 [[Airbus A320-200]]
-*2 [[Airbus A319-100]]
-*1 [[ATR 42|ATR 42-500]]
-*3 [[Beechcraft 1900]] Airliner
-*4 [[Q400]] (on order) staring 2007
+=====pea=====
+:A pitched ball thrown at high speed. "Clem can really fling that pea."

+=====pearod=====
+:A hard line drive batted back at the pitcher.

-Order Airbus and ATR in 2007.
+=====[[PECOTA]]=====
+:A system for forecasting pitcher and hitter performance developed by [[Nate Silver]] of [[Baseball Prospectus]]. A player's "PECOTA" may be the forecasted range of his performance on a variety of indicators for the current or future seasons.

-== Incident and Accident ==
-The Sonatrach company chartered one of Tassili Airlines' Beechcraft 1900D planes to fly two employees from the oil fields near the Algerian Sahara town of Hassi R'Mel to Ghardaia. The Beech took off at 20:36 and arrived near Ghardaia twenty minutes later. The pilot carried out a visual approach to the field, but he had to go around because another plane which had just arrived from Djanet, was still on the runway. While maneuvering for another approach, the contacted the ground. The aircraft sustained serious damage; a.o. the right wing was torn off. The five occupants survived the impact, but the co-pilot died a day later of his injuries.28 JAN 2004.
+=====pen=====
+:The [[List of baseball jargon#bullpen|bullpen]].

-==External links==
-*[http://avionsdeligne.info/compagnies_aeriennes/tassili_airlines/ Tassili Airlines Noticie]
+=====[[perfect game]]=====
+:A special, very rare [[List of baseball jargon#no-hitter|no-hitter]] where each [[List of baseball jargon#batter|batter]] is [[List of baseball jargon#out|retired]] consecutively, allowing no [[List of baseball jargon#baserunners|baserunners]] via [[List of baseball jargon#walks|walks]], [[List of baseball jargon#fielding error|errors]], or any other means. A "perfect game" could involve multiple pitchers with one pitcher relieving another, but in the [[List of baseball jargon#major leagues|major leagues]] they all have been completed by a single [[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]].

+=====PFP=====
+:A commonly used acronym for '''P'''itchers' '''F'''ielding '''P'''ractice. A session in which pitchers practice fielding bunts and other ground balls, throwing to a base, and covering first base and home plate.

+=====pick up the pitch=====
+:A batter's ability to see what kind of pitch is being thrown. "The Tigers are having a hard time picking up Saenz's slider." When they don't pick up the pitch, batters are likely to swing and miss.

-[[Category:Airlines of Algeria]]
+=====pickle=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#rundown|rundown]].

+=====[[pickoff]]=====
+:A quick throw from the [[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]] (or sometimes the [[List of baseball jargon#catcher|catcher]]) to a [[List of baseball jargon#fielder|fielder]] [[List of baseball jargon#cover a base|covering a base]] when the ball has not been hit into play. Normally done to catch a [[List of baseball jargon#baserunner|runner]] off-base, it may also keep the runner's [[List of baseball jargon#lead|lead]] in check. The pitcher must either first step off the [[List of baseball jargon#rubber|pitching rubber]] with his push-off foot, or clearly step towards the base he is throwing at with his lifted leg in order for the move to not be ruled a [[List of baseball jargon#balk|balk]].

-{{airlistbox}}
+=====[[pinch hitter]]=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#substitute|substitute]] [[List of baseball jargon#batter|batter]]. Often brought in during a critical situation (a "pinch") to replace a weak batter (usually the [[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]], in the [[National League]]).

-[[de:Tassili Airlines]]
-[[id:Tassili Airlines]]
+=====[[pinch runner]]=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#substitute|substitute]] [[List of baseball jargon#baserunner|baserunner]]. Often brought in during a critical situation (as with a [[List of baseball jargon#pinch hitter|pinch hitter]]), typically to replace a slower runner in hopes of [[List of baseball jargon#steal|stealing a base]].
+
+=====[[pine tar]]=====
+: A sticky substance used by batters to improve their grip on the [[List of baseball jargon#bat|bat]].
+:*See also [[George Brett (baseball)|George Brett]]'s famous 1983 [[George Brett (baseball)#The Pine Tar incident|Pine Tar Incident]].
+
+=====[[Pitch (baseball)|pitch]]=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#baseball|baseball]] delivered by the [[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]] from the [[List of baseball jargon#mound|pitcher's mound]] to the [[List of baseball jargon#batter|batter]] as defined by the ''Official Rules of Baseball, Rule 2.00 (Pitch)'' and ''Rule 8.01''.
+
+=====pitch around=====
+:Not throwing a batter a hittable pitch, but also not [[List of baseball jargon#intentional walk|walking him intentionally]] and hoping to get him to [[List of baseball jargon#chase after|chase]] bad pitches.
+
+=====[[pitch count]]=====
+:The total number of pitches a pitcher has thrown in a given game. 100 is considered the point at which a starter who has been pitching well may start to lose his effectiveness, often dramatically.
+
+=====[[pitcher]]=====
+:The [[List of baseball jargon#fielder|fielder]] responsible for [[List of baseball jargon#pitch|pitching]] the ball. Defensive position '''1'''. The term "pitch" (which literally means "to place") comes from the early days when an underhand delivery was required, as with "pitching" horseshoes. The original rules specified that the ball was to be "pitched, not thrown to the bat." Overhand throwing by the pitcher has been legal since 1884, but the term pitcher and its variants remain in the language of the game.
+
+=====pitcher of record=====
+:The pitchers who receive the win (W) and the loss (L) are the "pitchers of record." A [[List of baseball jargon#starting pitcher|starting pitcher]] who is neither the winner nor the loser "earns" a [[List of baseball jargon#no decision|"no decision"]]. The pitchers of record are designated by the [[List of baseball jargon#official scorer|official scorer]] in accordance with the scoring rules. Also see [[List of baseball jargon#win|win]].
+
+=====pitcher's best friend=====
+:A double play, which helps to [[List of baseball jargon#bail|bail]] a pitcher out of a threatening situation. Headline and story: "PITCHER'S BEST FRIEND. The Twins on Sunday turned five double plays in a game for the first time since 1995."
+
+=====pitcher's park=====
+:A park in which pitchers tend to perform better than they perform on average in all other parks. This in the inverse of being a [[List of baseball jargon#hitter's park|hitter's park]]. See [[List of baseball jargon#hitter's park|hitter's park]] and [[Batting Park Factor|park factor]] for further information.
+
+:For example, when the wind is blowing "in" at [[Wrigley Field]], it is typically rendered a "pitcher's park", and low scores for one or both teams are not unusual. Under those circumstances, no-hitters also become possible at a park many fans normally think of as a "hitter's park".
+
+=====[[pitchout]]=====
+:A defensive tactic used to [[List of baseball jargon#pickoff|pick off]] a [[List of baseball jargon#baserunner|baserunner]], typically employed when the defense thinks that a stolen base play is planned. The [[List of baseball jargon#pitch|pitch]] is thrown [[List of baseball jargon#outside|outside]] and the [[List of baseball jargon#catcher|catcher]] catches it while standing, and can quickly throw to a base. A pitchout is typically always a called "ball" (unless the batter vainly tries to hit it) and if a stolen base is indeed "on", the runner is almost certainly going to be thrown out. If no steal is on, it's just another called ball. Obviously, a pitchout is not done when the batter already has a count of 3 balls.
+
+=====PL or P.L.=====
+:Abbreviation for [[Players League|Players' League]], a one-year ([[1890]]) major league.
+
+=====[[home plate|plate]]=====
+:*"The plate" usually connotes '''home plate''', though a [[List of baseball jargon#baseball field|baseball field]] also has a pitcher's plate, more commonly referred to as the [[List of baseball jargon#rubber|rubber]]. Home plate has five sides, unlike the other bases, which are square. Also unlike the other bases, home plate is hard, usually a slightly flexible hard plastic with beveled edges that rises only slightly above ground level. Home plate is the last base that a runner must touch safely in order to score a run. Thus, his route around the bases both starts and ends "at home."
+:*To '''plate a run''' is to score a run. "The pitcher started getting behind in the count and as a result the opponents were able to plate a couple."
+
+=====[[plate appearance]]=====
+:Any turn at bat is considered a ''plate appearance'' for computing stats such as [[on base percentage]], and for determining whether a batter has ''enough of them'' (minimum 3.1 X number of scheduled games) to qualify for the batting average championship. Plate appearances consist of standard [[List of baseball jargon#at-bat|at-bat]]s plus situations where there is no at-bat charged, such as a base on balls or a sacrifice. However, if the batter is standing in the batter's box and the third out is made elsewhere (for example, by a caught-stealing or by an appeal play), then it does not count as an appearance, because that same batter will lead off the next inning.
+
+=====Platinum Sombrero=====
+:A batter who strikes out five times in one game is said to have gotten the Platinum Sombrero. Alternatively, he may be awarded [[List of baseball jargon#Olympic Rings|Olympic Rings]].
+
+=====[[platoon system|platoon]]=====
+:The practice of assigning two players to the same defensive position during a season, normally to complement a [[List of baseball jargon#batter|batter]] who hits well against left-handed [[List of baseball jargon#pitchers|pitchers]] with one who hits well against righties. Individual players may also find themselves marked as a platoon player, based on their hitting against righties vs. against lefties. [[Casey Stengel]] brought some attention to the system by using it frequently during his [[New York Yankees]]' run of five consecutive [[World Series]] champions during 1949-1953.
+
+:The term "platooning" sometimes refers to the in-game strategic replacement of batters in the line-up based on the handedness of a newly inserted relief pitcher, or conversely the strategic insertion of a relief pitcher to face a batter of the same hand. This is the logic behind having a [[List of baseball jargon#LOOGY|LOOGY]] on the roster, for example. The LOOGY is to pitching what a pinch-hitter is to batting: put into the line-up for short-term strategic advantage.
+
+=====platter=====
+:[[List of baseball jargon#plate|Home plate]].
+
+=====play by the book=====
+:To follow the conventional wisdom in game strategy and player use. For example, when to [[List of baseball jargon#sacrifice bunt|bunt]] or when to bring in the [[List of baseball jargon#closer|closer]].
+
+=====player to be named later=====
+:When two baseball clubs make a trade, part of the publicly announced deal may involve an unspecified "player to be named later" who is not one of the headline players in the deal.
+
+=====players' manager=====
+:A manager who is close to his players and who the players may consider a peer and a friend. The knock on players' managers is that they tend not to be tough disciplinarians and that out of concern for losing the sympathy of the players they find it difficult to make tough decisions that are in the best interests of the team. Thus, the term is not especially complimentary. Most managers (in business in general, as well as baseball) find they must maintain some aloofness in order to be effective. [[Casey Stengel]] used to say that the secret to managing was "to keep the guys who are neutral about you away from the guys that hate your guts."
+
+=====playing in=====
+:When the infield is shallower than normal in order to attempt to throw out a runner on third-base on a ground ball. This does not allow the infielders to cover as much ground however, and can turn a routine ground ball into a base hit.
+
+=====playing back=====
+:The usual position depth taken by infielders when they're not anticipating a [[List of baseball jargon#bunt|bunt]] or setting up for a [[List of baseball jargon#double play depth|double play]].
+
+=====plunked=====
+:[[List of baseball jargon#hit by pitch|Hit by a pitch]].
+
+=====plus player=====
+:A player with above-average major league skills. A term from baseball scouting and player evaluation. See [[List of baseball jargon#tools|tools]].
+
+=====pop=====
+:The term has two usages that are of opposite meanings in terms of batting success and failure.
+::*A '''pop-up''' is a [[List of baseball jargon#bat the ball|batted ball]] that is hit very high and stays in the [[List of baseball jargon#infield|infield]]. Called a '''pop-foul''' when it falls or is [[List of baseball jargon#catch|caught]] in [[List of baseball jargon#foul territory|foul territory]].
+:::*"Rondini popped it foul out of play" implies that Rondini hit a pop-up or pop-foul that went into the stands where a defender couldn't reach it.
+:::*Brendan C. Boyd and Fred C. Harris, in their impish commentary in ''The Great American Baseball Card Flipping, Trading and Bubble Gum Book'', discussed a player who was known for hitting sky-high popups and said that "he could have played his career in a stovepipe".Brendan C. Boyd and Fred C. Harris, ''Great American Baseball Card Flipping, Trading and Bubble Gum Book'' (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).
+
+:::*The term "high pop" is short for "high pop-up".
+::*However, a batter with "pop" has exceptional bat speed and power.
+:::*"Reggie popped one" implies that Reggie hit a home run.
+
+:There is the unrelated meaning of "pop" as a beverage sold in mass quantities at the ballpark on hot summer days; also known as "soda pop", "soda", "sodie", etc.On the geography of the terms soda, pop, and coke, see "Pop vs. Soda Page" http://www.popvssoda.com/.)
+
+=====portsider=====
+:A left-handed pitcher, so named because "[[Port (nautical)|port]]" refers to the left side of a ship. Synonym: [[List of baseball jargon#southpaw|southpaw]]
+
+=====[[Baseball positions|position]]=====
+:*One of the nine [[Baseball positions|defensive positions]] on a baseball team, consisting of (in scorekeepers' numerical order): (1) pitcher, (2) catcher, (3) first baseman, (4) second baseman, (5) third baseman, (6) shortstop, (7) left fielder, (8) center fielder, (9) right fielder. Positions 3 through 6 are normally called '''infield positions'''. Positions 7, 8, and 9 are '''outfield positions'''. The pitcher and catcher are the '''battery'''. However, for purposes of implementing the [[Infield Fly Rule]], the pitcher and catcher are counted as infielders, and such a broader definition of infielders is commonly used, if only to differentiate them from outfielders. Players in positions 2 through 9 — all positions except the pitcher — are '''position players'''.
+:*A defensive player also [[Baseball positioning|'''positions himself''']] differently — sets up in a different location on the field while playing his position — depending on who is pitching, who is at bat, whether there men on base, the number of outs, and the score of the game.
+
+=====[[position player]]=====
+:A non-[[List of baseball jargon#pitcher|pitcher]].
+
+=====pound the strike zone=====
+:See [[List of baseball jargon#attack the strike zone|attack the strike zone]].
+
+=====[[power hitter]]=====
+:A powerful [[List of baseball jargon#batter|batter]] who hits many [[List of baseball jargon#home run|home runs]] and [[List of baseball jargon#extra bases|extra base hits]], but who may not have a high [[List of baseball jargon#batting average|batting average]], due to an "all or nothing" hitting approach. See also [[List of baseball jargon#slugger|slugger]] and [[List of baseball jargon#slugging percentage|slugging percentage]].
+
+=====pow wow=====
+:A meeting on the mound between a coach and players to discuss strategy.
+
+=====pull=====
+
+:*To '''pull a pitcher''' is to take him out of the line-up and substitute a relief pitcher in his place. This is the same meaning as to '''yank a pitcher''' or use the [[List of baseball jargon (H)#hook|hook]].
+
+:*To '''pull a hitter''' is to substitute a [[List of baseball jargon (P)#pinch hitter|pinch hitter]] for the next at-bat.
+
+:*To '''pull the ball''' is to hit the ball toward the side of the field that is usually associated with the batter taking a full swing and hitting the ball hard. A right-handed hitter pulls the ball toward the left-side of the diamond; a left-handed hitter pulls the ball toward the right side of the diamond. Some players are known as [[List of baseball jargon (P)#pull hitter|pull hitters]]. Others are [[List of baseball jargon (S)#spray hitter|spray hitters]] or [[List of baseball jargon (O)#opposite field hit|opposite field]] hitters especially in opportune situations such as when a right-handed hitter hits the ball to the right side [[List of baseball jargon (B)#behind the runner|behind a runner]] who is on first or second base, making it easier for that runner to advance even on a [[List of baseball jargon (G)#ground ball|ground ball]].
+
+=====pull hitter=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#batter|batter]] who often [[List of baseball jargon#hit|hits]] the ball ("pulls") towards the "natural" side of the field (e.g., a right-handed hitter hitting to [[List of baseball jargon#left field|left field]]).
+
+=====pull the string=====
+:To throw a [[List of baseball jargon#pitch|pitch]] that [[List of baseball jargon#break|breaks]] sharply and perphaps late. A pitcher has only "pulled the string" if the batter is fooled into swinging where the pitch was going, not where it ends up, therefore striking him out. The image is of a marionette jerking to one direction as a string is pulled hard.
+
+=====punch a hit=====
+:To hit the ball to the opposite field. The term implies that instead of taking a full swing, the hitter took a short swing at the ball. "With speedster Willy Taveras pinch running at first, Berkman punched a hit to right."
+
+=====[[Punch and Judy]] hitter=====
+:A hitter with very little power. The first use of the term is attributed to former [[Los Angeles Dodgers|L.A. Dodgers]] manager [[Walter Alston]] who, when asked about a home run by [[San Francisco Giants|Giants']] slugger [[Willie McCovey]], said: "When he belts a home run, he does it with such authority it seems like an act of God. You can't cry about it. He's not a Punch and Judy belter."
+
+=====punch-out=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#strikeout|strikeout]].
+
+=====purpose pitch=====
+:A [[List of baseball jargon#brush-back|brushback]].
+
+==[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_baseball_jargon RETURN TO MASTER LIST OF BASEBALL JARGON]==
+
+==REFERENCES==
+
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-

-[[Image:Attention yellow.svg|left|180px]]
-

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+{{Log}}
+===[[November 26]], [[2006]]===
+===[[November 25]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Arbegona (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Arbegona (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dubti (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dubti (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Seraro]] ([[Talk:Seraro|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 24]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Me'en]] ([[Talk:Me'en|talk]]) removed, was in Stub-Class'''
+* '''[[Surma]] ([[Talk:Surma|talk]]) removed, was in Stub-Class'''
+* [[Surma people]] ([[Talk:Surma people|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Me'en language]] ([[Talk:Me'en language|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Mid-Class)
+===[[November 23]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 22]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 21]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Amda Seyon I]] ([[Talk:Amda Seyon I|talk]]) removed, was in GA-Class'''
+* [[Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia]] ([[Talk:Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia|talk]]) added, as GA-Class (High-Class)
+* [[Fetha Negest]] ([[Talk:Fetha Negest|talk]]) added, as B-Class (High-Class)
+* [[Kebra Nagast]] ([[Talk:Kebra Nagast|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (High-Class)
+* [[Sidamo Province]] moved from Stub-Class (High-Class) to Start-Class (High-Class)
+* [[Abba Samuel of Dabra Wagag]] ([[Talk:Abba Samuel of Dabra Wagag|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 20]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 19]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Ankober]] moved from Stub-Class (Mid-Class) to Start-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Asfa Wossen]] ([[Talk:Asfa Wossen|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Amha Iyasus]] ([[Talk:Amha Iyasus|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ankober (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Ankober (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 18]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 17]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Maps of Ethiopia]] ([[Talk:Maps of Ethiopia|talk]]) removed, was in Unassessed'''
+* [[Amibara]] ([[Talk:Amibara|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Awash Fentale]] ([[Talk:Awash Fentale|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bure Mudaytu]] ([[Talk:Bure Mudaytu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dulecha (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dulecha (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gerar Jarso]] ([[Talk:Gerar Jarso|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gewane (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Gewane (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 16]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 14]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Abichuna Gne'a]] ([[Talk:Abichuna Gne'a|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dera, Oromia (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dera, Oromia (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gegem]] ([[Talk:Gegem|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Hidabu Abote]] ([[Talk:Hidabu Abote|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kembibit]] ([[Talk:Kembibit|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kuyu]] ([[Talk:Kuyu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mesela (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Mesela (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mulona Sululta]] ([[Talk:Mulona Sululta|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tulo]] ([[Talk:Tulo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wara Jarso]] ([[Talk:Wara Jarso|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wuchalena Jido]] ([[Talk:Wuchalena Jido|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Yaya Gulelena Debre Liban]] ([[Talk:Yaya Gulelena Debre Liban|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 13]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Berehna Aleltu]] ([[Talk:Berehna Aleltu|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Anfillo (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Anfillo (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Boke (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Boke (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Chiro (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Chiro (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Darolebu]] ([[Talk:Darolebu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Doba (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Doba (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Fiche]] ([[Talk:Fiche|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Guba Koricha]] ([[Talk:Guba Koricha|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Habro]] ([[Talk:Habro|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kuni (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Kuni (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mana Sibu]] ([[Talk:Mana Sibu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mieso, Oromia (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Mieso, Oromia (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 12]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Begi, Benishangul-Gumaz (woreda)|Begi]] ([[Talk:Begi, Benishangul-Gumaz (woreda)|Begi|talk]]) removed, was in Stub-Class'''
+* [[Boji]] ([[Talk:Boji|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ayra Guliso]] ([[Talk:Ayra Guliso|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Becho]] ([[Talk:Becho|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Begi, Benishangul-Gumaz (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Begi, Benishangul-Gumaz (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Cheha]] ([[Talk:Cheha|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dale Lalo]] ([[Talk:Dale Lalo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gawo Dale]] ([[Talk:Gawo Dale|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gimbi (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Gimbi (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Haru (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Haru (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Hawa Welele]] ([[Talk:Hawa Welele|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Jimma Gidami]] ([[Talk:Jimma Gidami|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kokir]] ([[Talk:Kokir|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Lalo Asabi]] ([[Talk:Lalo Asabi|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Nejo (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Nejo (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Nole Kaba]] ([[Talk:Nole Kaba|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Yubdo (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Yubdo (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Jarso (Welega)]] ([[Talk:Jarso (Welega)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (No-Class)
+===[[November 11]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 10]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Adda Berga]] ([[Talk:Adda Berga|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Alem Gena]] ([[Talk:Alem Gena|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dawo]] ([[Talk:Dawo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dendi]] ([[Talk:Dendi|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ejerie]] ([[Talk:Ejerie|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Elu (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Elu (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kersana Kondaltiti]] ([[Talk:Kersana Kondaltiti|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tole]] ([[Talk:Tole|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Walisona Goro]] ([[Talk:Walisona Goro|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Walmara]] ([[Talk:Walmara|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wonchi]] ([[Talk:Wonchi|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 9]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Elections in Ethiopia]] moved from Unassessed (No-Class) to B-Class (High-Class)'''
+* '''[[Eritrean People's Liberation Front]] moved from Unassessed (No-Class) to Start-Class (Mid-Class)'''
+* '''[[Onesimos Nesib]] moved from Unassessed (No-Class) to Start-Class (Mid-Class)'''
+* [[Adama University]] moved from Start-Class (Mid-Class) to Stub-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Jimma University]] ([[Talk:Jimma University|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Theological College of the Holy Trinity]] ([[Talk:Theological College of the Holy Trinity|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Amaya (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Amaya (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ambo (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Ambo (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bako Tibe]] ([[Talk:Bako Tibe|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Cheliya]] ([[Talk:Cheliya|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dano (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dano (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* '''[[Ethiopian Legal Information Website]] moved from Unassessed (No-Class) to Stub-Class (Low-Class)'''
+* '''[[Ethiopian News Agency]] moved from Unassessed (No-Class) to Stub-Class (Low-Class)'''
+* [[Ginde Beret]] ([[Talk:Ginde Beret|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Jeldu]] ([[Talk:Jeldu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Meta Robi]] ([[Talk:Meta Robi|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Nono (Shewa)]] ([[Talk:Nono (Shewa)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tikur]] ([[Talk:Tikur|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* '''[[Werner Munzinger]] moved from Unassessed (No-Class) to Stub-Class (Low-Class)'''
+===[[November 8]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 7]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Didessa (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Didessa (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Afdem (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Afdem (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Afder (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Afder (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ale (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Ale (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ayesha (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Ayesha (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bare (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Bare (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bedele (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Bedele (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bure (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Bure (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Chora (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Chora (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Danan (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Danan (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Darimu]] ([[Talk:Darimu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dega (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dega (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dembel (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dembel (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dihun]] ([[Talk:Dihun|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dolobay]] ([[Talk:Dolobay|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Elekere]] ([[Talk:Elekere|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Erer (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Erer (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Este (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Este (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ferfer (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Ferfer (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gechi (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Gechi (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gode (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Gode (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Goncha Siso Enese]] ([[Talk:Goncha Siso Enese|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Hamero (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Hamero (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Metu (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Metu (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mierab Emi]] ([[Talk:Mierab Emi|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Nono (Illubabor)]] ([[Talk:Nono (Illubabor)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Shinile (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Shinile (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Supena Sodo]] ([[Talk:Supena Sodo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wegde]] ([[Talk:Wegde|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Yayu (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Yayu (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 5]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 4]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[November 3]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Ethiopian general elections, 2005]] ([[Talk:Ethiopian general elections, 2005|talk]]) removed, was in Start-Class'''
+* [[Ethiopian general election, 2005]] ([[Talk:Ethiopian general election, 2005|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (High-Class)
+* [[Bati (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Bati (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dawuntna Delant]] ([[Talk:Dawuntna Delant|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gidan]] ([[Talk:Gidan|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Guba Lafto]] ([[Talk:Guba Lafto|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Habru]] ([[Talk:Habru|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kalu (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Kalu (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kelala (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Kelala (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kutaber (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Kutaber (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Legambo]] ([[Talk:Legambo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Magdala (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Magdala (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Sayint]] ([[Talk:Sayint|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tenta (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Tenta (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wadla]] ([[Talk:Wadla|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Were Babu]] ([[Talk:Were Babu|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 2]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Gete Wami]] ([[Talk:Gete Wami|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Achefer]] ([[Talk:Achefer|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Adet (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Adet (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bahir Dar Zuria]] ([[Talk:Bahir Dar Zuria|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bure Wemberma]] ([[Talk:Bure Wemberma|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dega Damot]] ([[Talk:Dega Damot|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dembecha (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dembecha (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Jabi Tehnan]] ([[Talk:Jabi Tehnan|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kuarit]] ([[Talk:Kuarit|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mafud Mezezo Mojana]] ([[Talk:Mafud Mezezo Mojana|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Nunu Kumba]] ([[Talk:Nunu Kumba|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[November 1]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Debay Telatgen]] ([[Talk:Debay Telatgen|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Enbise Sar Midir]] ([[Talk:Enbise Sar Midir|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mam Midrina Lalo Midir]] ([[Talk:Mam Midrina Lalo Midir|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Chilga]] ([[Talk:Chilga|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Lake Chamo]] ([[Talk:Lake Chamo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Lay Armacho]] ([[Talk:Lay Armacho|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Qwara (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Qwara (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[October 31]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Goro (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Goro (woreda)|talk]]) removed, was in Stub-Class'''
+* [[Ezhana Wolene]] ([[Talk:Ezhana Wolene|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Goro, SNNPR (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Goro, SNNPR (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kokir Gedebano Gutazer]] ([[Talk:Kokir Gedebano Gutazer|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[October 30]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Finger millet]] ([[Talk:Finger millet|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (No-Class)
+===[[October 29]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[List of schools in Ethiopia]] ([[Talk:List of schools in Ethiopia|talk]]) removed, was in Stub-Class'''
+* [[Schools in Ethiopia]] ([[Talk:Schools in Ethiopia|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+===[[October 28]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[October 27]], [[2006]]===
+:''(No changes today)''
+===[[October 26]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Mohammad Al Amoudi]] ([[Talk:Mohammad Al Amoudi|talk]]) removed, was in Start-Class'''
+===[[October 25]], [[2006]]===
+* '''[[Hammer people]] ([[Talk:Hammer people|talk]]) removed, was in B-Class'''
+* [[Hamer people]] ([[Talk:Hamer people|talk]]) added, as B-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Hamer Bena]] ([[Talk:Hamer Bena|talk]]) added, as Start-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Arba Minch Zuria]] ([[Talk:Arba Minch Zuria|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Basketo]] ([[Talk:Basketo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bench (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Bench (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bonke]] ([[Talk:Bonke|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Boreda Abaya]] ([[Talk:Boreda Abaya|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Chencha (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Chencha (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dita Dermalo]] ([[Talk:Dita Dermalo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dizi (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dizi (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Enemorina Eaner]] ([[Talk:Enemorina Eaner|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Gofa Zuria]] ([[Talk:Gofa Zuria|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Humbo]] ([[Talk:Humbo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Isara Tocha]] ([[Talk:Isara Tocha|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kedida Gamela]] ([[Talk:Kedida Gamela|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kemba (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Kemba (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kucha (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Kucha (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Loma Bosa]] ([[Talk:Loma Bosa|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Meinit]] ([[Talk:Meinit|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Melokoza]] ([[Talk:Melokoza|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Offa (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Offa (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Omo Sheleko]] ([[Talk:Omo Sheleko|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Selamago]] ([[Talk:Selamago|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Sheko (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Sheko (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Surma (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Surma (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Zala Ubamale]] ([[Talk:Zala Ubamale|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Maps of Ethiopia]] ([[Talk:Maps of Ethiopia|talk]]) added, as Unassessed (No-Class)
+===[[October 24]], [[2006]]===
+* [[Daasanach]] ([[Talk:Daasanach|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Mid-Class)
+* [[Alaba]] ([[Talk:Alaba|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Aleta Wendo (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Aleta Wendo (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Aroresa]] ([[Talk:Aroresa|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bensa]] ([[Talk:Bensa|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Boloso Sore]] ([[Talk:Boloso Sore|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Bule (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Bule (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dale (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dale (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Dara (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Dara (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ela]] ([[Talk:Ela|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ganta Afeshum]] ([[Talk:Ganta Afeshum|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Ginbo]] ([[Talk:Ginbo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Hawzen (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Hawzen (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Hintalo Wajirat]] ([[Talk:Hintalo Wajirat|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Hula (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Hula (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kafta Humera]] ([[Talk:Kafta Humera|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kindo Koysha]] ([[Talk:Kindo Koysha|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Kochere]] ([[Talk:Kochere|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[La'ilay Adiyabo]] ([[Talk:La'ilay Adiyabo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[La'ilay Maychew]] ([[Talk:La'ilay Maychew|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Mareka Gena]] ([[Talk:Mareka Gena|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Medebay Zana]] ([[Talk:Medebay Zana|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Naeder Adet]] ([[Talk:Naeder Adet|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Raya Azebo]] ([[Talk:Raya Azebo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Saesi Tsaedaemba]] ([[Talk:Saesi Tsaedaemba|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Samre (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Samre (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Shebedino]] ([[Talk:Shebedino|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Sodo Zuria]] ([[Talk:Sodo Zuria|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tahtay Adiyabo]] ([[Talk:Tahtay Adiyabo|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tahtay Koraro]] ([[Talk:Tahtay Koraro|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tahtay Maychew]] ([[Talk:Tahtay Maychew|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Tselemti]] ([[Talk:Tselemti|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wenago (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Wenago (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Werie Lehe]] ([[Talk:Werie Lehe|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Wukro (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Wukro (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+* [[Yirgachefe (woreda)]] ([[Talk:Yirgachefe (woreda)|talk]]) added, as Stub-Class (Low-Class)
+[[Category:Ethiopia articles by quality]]
2013-03-17 22:44:09 90695278 Addbot HRoestBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q533956]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,94 +1,38 @@\n
-''See also:''
-[[The 1920s in country music]],
-[[1940 in country music]], [[Timeline of trends in music (1930-1939)|1930s in music]] and the [[List of years in Country Music]]
+'''Bruce Caryle Ruxton''' [[OBE]] [[AM]] (born [[1926]]) is [[Australian]] and known as the former President of the Victorian [[Returned and Services League]] and was also on its executive committee.

-== Events ==
-==Top hits of the decade==
-===1930===
-* "Anniversary Yodel (Blue Yodel No. 7)" - [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]]
-* "Barbara Allen" - [[Bradley Kincaid]]
-* "Blue Yodel No. 8 (Muleskinner's Blues)" - [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]]
+==Early life==
+He grew up in [[Kew, Victoria|Kew]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].

-===1931===
-* "When Your Hair Has Turned to Silver" - [[Frank Luther]] and [[Carson Robison]] (as "Bud & Joe Billings)
+==War service==
+He enlisted in the Australian Army on 22 February 1944 and served in the [[Second World War]] in the [[South West Pacific Area]], the [[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]] and [[Battle of Balikpapan (1945)|Balikpapan]] in [[Borneo]], and for three years he served in Japan with the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]], as a rifleman in the [[2/25 Australian Infantry Battalion]] of the 7th Division. He was discharged on 12 January 1949 but was not promoted beyond Private.

-===1932===
-* "Roll Along, Kentucky Moon" - [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]]
+==Representing the war veterans==
+After his war service, he became a vocal spokesman on behalf of war veterans and their families, ensuring that they got their pensions and entitlements. As the Second World War veterans got older, he lobbied on their behalf regarding issues such as nursing homes and retirement accommodation.

-===1933===
-* "The Last Round-Up" - [[Gene Autry]]
+In 1975 he received the [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], the [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] in 1981, the [[Order of Australia|AM]] in 1996, and in 1997 the [[Chevalier dans l'Ordre National du Merite|Chevalier of Order of Merit]] from [[Jacques Chirac]]. Also he received the [[Légion d'honneur]].

-===1934===
-* "Down Yonder" - [[Gid Tanner]] and His Skillet Lickers
-* "My Mary" - [[W. Lee O'Daniel and His Light Crust Doughboys]] with Leon Huff
-* "Ragged But Right" - [[Riley Puckett]]
-* "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" - [[Sons of the Pioneers]]
+In the [[1998 Constitutional Convention for the Republic]] he represented [[monarchist]] group [[Safeguard the People]].

-===1935===
-* "Can the Circle Be Unbroken (Bye and Bye)" - [[Carter Family]]
-* "I Want to be a Cowboy's Sweetheart" - [[Patsy Montana]] and the Prairie Ramblers
-* "Just Because" - [[Shelton Brothers]]
-* "Ole Faithful" - [[Gene Autry]]
-* "St. Louis Blues" - [[Milton Brown|Milton Brown and His Brownies]]
-* "Silver Haired Daddy of Mine" - [[Gene Autry]] and [[Jimmy Long]]1
-* "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" - [[Gene Autry]]
-* "Under the Double Eagle" - [[Bill Boyd|Bill Boyd and His Cowboy Ramblers]]
+Following two years of ill-health due to viral [[pneumonia]] during a visit to Boer War sites Ruxton resigned from the RSL in June 2002.

-: ''1 Originally recorded in 1931, but did not become a national hit until 1935.''
+==Popular culture==
+Ruxton is often made fun of, as the quintessential war veteran. He is unashamedly opposed to progressive politics, and dislikes homosexuality, non-British immigration and feminism. {{fact}}

-===1936===
-* "Great Speckled Bird" - [[Roy Acuff|Roy Acuff and His Crazy Tennesseans]]
-* "Steel Guitar Rag" - [[Bob Wills|Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys]]
+A character from [[Fast Forward]], Bruce Rump, was based on him. Bruce Rump would rant in a voice similar to Ruxton's, sometimes reaching a violent frenzy and ending with the [[Non_sequitur_%28absurdism%29|non sequitur]] "... and that's why we should keep the [[Australian flag|flag]] the same!"

-===1937===
-* "Brezin' Along With the Breeze" - [[Hoosier Hot Shots]]
-* "Nobody's Darling But Mine" - [[Jimmie Davis]]
+Ruxton made fun of himself by releasing a rap single, in which he lampooned his own persona.

-===1938===
-* "Hi-Yo, Silver" - [[Roy Rogers]]
-* "Meet Me Tonight in Dreamland" - [[Jimmie Davis]]
-* "Red Hot Fannie" - [[Hoosier Hot Shots]]
-* "[[Wabash Cannonball|Wabash Cannon Ball]]" - [[Roy Acuff]]
+==External links==
+*[http://www.suncoast.com.au/republic/convention/del/rux-br.html|Bruce Ruxton as delegate in the Constitutional Convention 1998, including statements and speeches]
+*[http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:H0YzigOVBocJ:www.allenandunwin.com/extracts/pdfs/1741142229.pdf+%22Ruxton%22%2B%22Anne%22&hl=en&client=firefox|Extract from Anne Blair's biography ''Ruxton'' (2004), describing how Ruxton helped the Vietnam veterans]
+*[http://www.api-network.com/cgi-bin/reviews/jrbview.cgi?n=1741142229&issue=29 This review, from the Australian Public Institute by Martin Crothy, tells more about Ruxton's war service and his outspoken comments on many issues.]
+* [http://cousincreep.com/ruxton/ Bruce Ruxton Rap Single from 1992]

-===1939===
-* "Annabelle" - [[Hoosier Hot Shots]]
-* "San Antonio Rose" - [[Bob Wills|Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys]]
-* "South of the Border (Down Mexico Way)" - [[Gene Autry]]
- "Back In The Saddle Again"-Gene Autry
- "Truck Driver Blues"-Ted Daffan–
-
-== Births ==
-===1931===
-* [[September 12]] – [[George Jones]], "The Possum," one of the genre's all-time greatest vocalists.
-* [[December 30]] - [[Skeeter Davis]], the top vocalist in country music during the 60s, best known for the hit songe "[[The End of the World (song)]]".
-===1932===
-* [[February 26]] - [[Johnny Cash]], vastly influential in all genres of American popular music, most notably country (d. [[2003 in country music|2003]]).
-* [[September 8]] - [[Patsy Cline]], one of the most influential singers in American popular music, first Country singer to crossover to the Pop charts (d. [[1963 in country music|1963]])
-
-===1933===
-* [[April 30]] — [[Willie Nelson]], songwriter and key member of the 1970s "[[outlaw country|outlaw]]" movement.
-
-===1936===
-* [[April 22]] – [[Glen Campbell]], pop-country singer and guitarist, host of ''[[The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour]]''.
-
-===1937===
-* [[April 6]] - [[Merle Haggard]], innovator of the Bakersfield Sound and a huge country star since the 1960s.
-* [[June 15]] - [[Waylon Jennings]], influential rock-styled country performer and originator of the 1970s "[[outlaw country|outlaw]]" movement (d. [[2002 in country music|2002]]).
-
-===1938===
-* [[August 21]] – [[Kenny Rogers]], pop-styled country crooner who has enjoyed hits since the late 1960s.
-
-== Deaths ==
-===1933===
-* [[May 26]] – [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], 35, "The Singing Brakeman" who became country music's first bonafide superstar (tuberculosis).
-
-===1935===
-* [[August 15]] - [[Will Rogers]], 55, beloved humorist who had appeal with country and popular music audiences alike (plane crash).
-
-== Further reading ==
-* Kingsbury, Paul, "Vinyl Hayride: Country Music Album Covers 1947-1989," Country Music Foundation, 2003 ([[ISBN 0-8118-3572-3]])
-* Millard, Bob, "Country Music: 70 Years of America's Favorite Music," HarperCollins, New York, 1993 (ISBN 0-06-273244-7)
-* Whitburn, Joel. "Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954: The History of American Popular Music," Record Research Inc., Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, 1986 (ISBN 0-89820-083-0).
-
-[[Category:1930 in music|country]]
-[[Category:Years in country music]]
+[[Category:1926 births|Ruxton, Bruce]]
+[[Category:Australian hip hop musicians]]
+[[Category:Australian World War II people|Ruxton, Bruce]]
+[[Category:Living people|Ruxton, Bruce]]
+[[Category:Members of the Order of Australia|Ruxton, Bruce]]
+[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire|Ruxton, Bruce]]
+[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients|Ruxton, Bruce]]
+[[Category:People from Melbourne|Ruxton, Bruce]]
2013-03-15 13:05:56 90295143 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1184014]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,37 +1,90 @@\n
-[[China]] has seen frequent [[flood]] disasters, and many are recorded in history. In the summer of 1998, China suffered massive flooding. Flooding of this scale has rarely been seen in China’s history of more than 5,000 years. The flooding occurred over a few day. Numerous [[levees]] broke coasting the lives of atleast 16,000 people.
+On [[July 7]], [[2006]], the [[FBI]] announced that they had foiled a plot that was in its "talking phase" by foreign militants to detonate [[explosive]]s in [[Bridges and tunnels in New York City#Hudson River 2|tunnels]] connecting [[New Jersey]] with [[Manhattan]] and drown the [[Financial District, Manhattan|New York financial district]] with a torrent of water. This was unfeasible because the tunnel is embedded in bedrock, and the target is above sea level.{{cite news
+ |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1815510,00.html
+ |title = Manhattan tunnel terror plot foiled, say US police
+ |publisher = [[Guardian Unlimited]]
+ |date = [[July 7]], [[2006]]
+}} The report, however, made international news.{{cite news
+ |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5158518.stm
+ |title = Three held over NY tunnel 'plot'
+ |publisher = [[BBC News]]
+ |date = [[July 8]], [[2006]]
+}} The government initially protested about how the story was leaked to the New York Daily News.{{cite news
+ |url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/07/AR2006070700361.html
+ |title = Plot to Attack N.Y. Foiled
+ |publisher = [[Washington Post]]
+ |date = [[July 8]], [[2006]]
+}}

-==Time Line==
+==Suspects==
+===Assem Hammoud===
+[[Image:AssemHammoud.jpg|thumb|200px|Hammoud with friends in Canada]]
+{{main|Assem Hammoud}}
+Born [[July 6]], [[1975]], [[Assem Hammoud]] was said to be the leader of the plotters, and is accused of having links to extremist groups since 1994.

-* August 1st: The periphery levee in [[Waijiang]], [[Hezhen]] of [[Jiayu County]], collapsed first.
-* August 5th: Periphery levees in [[Paizhou]], [[Jiujiang]], [[Jiangxin]] area of [[Jiayu County]] collapsed consecutively.
-* August 5th: the lower reaches of the Yangtze River collapsed at [[Jiujiang]] and [[Jiangxinzhou]].
-* August 7th: The main levee of the Yangtze collapsed.
+He had studied finance and economics at [[Concordia University]] in Canada from 1995 to 2002, graduating with a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree, before returning to [[Beirut]] where he became a professor of economics or computer science at the [[Lebanese International University]].

-==Pre Flood Preperations==
+His girlfriend lives in Canada{{cite news
+ |url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2006/07/07/nyc-tunnel-plot.html
+ |title=Canadian connection in alleged N.Y. bomb plot
+ |publisher=[[CBC News]]
+ |date=[[July 7]], [[2006]]
+}}, and one of his two brothers is still studying in Canada, while the other lives in Beirut along with his mother Nabila Qotob. Nabila has denied Assem's involvement with Al-Qaeda

-The water level of the [[Yangtze River]] reached unprecedented heights the summer of 1998. According to water management specialists, an overflow diversion into the Jing River flood diversion region should have been done. China’s premier at the time, Minister [[Zhu Rongji]] and Deputy Prime Minister [[Wen Jiabao]] (responsible for water management at the time) approved the specialists’ flood diversion plan, but at the crucial moment, [[Jiang Zemin]] turned it down. The consequence was a levee collapse in the middle of the night around the downstream [[Paizhou Bay]] area that had been labeled as a dangerous bank. More than 500,000 people suffered, and more than 12,000 died in the flood because they didn’t have enough time to escape. The [[Communist]] government has been concealing the truth since then.
+[[Image:Assem Hammoud.jpg|thumb|left|140px|Booking photo]]He speaks English, French, Arabic and German, and drives a 1965 [[MG (car)|MG]]. In online communities, he went by the [[moniker]] ''Amir Andalousi'', a term referring to a Spanish prince, when it was still a Muslim territory. His family is thought to have migrated to Lebanon from Spain in the year 800.

-After the arrival of flood season in 1998, the Yangtze area had three long lasting deluges, which led to the second-largest flood in the Yangtze River region since 1954. There were seven continuous flood surges from upstream of the Yangtze. During the first half of August, there were three flood peaks within 10 days. Most stretches on the middle fork of the Yangtze had been over the flood warning level for more than two months, and water levels had already held strong above the historical high for more than a month.
+He was arrested by [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] authorities in May or June of 2006, while waiting for a Canadian [[Visa]].{{cite news
+ |url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/canada/national/2006/07/11/hammoud11072006.html
+ |title=Tunnel suspect was waiting for visa to Canada when arrested
+ |publisher=[[CBC News]]
+ |date=[[July 11]], [[2006]]
+}}

-After the start of flood season, Wen Jiabao had been inspecting around the country. The Yangtze water level rose and subsided several times, reaching unprecedented heights. The whole Yangtze River bank had been soaked for more than a month and the situation was becoming very dangerous. After inspecting the unstable areas, Wen Jiabao had a deep understanding about the dangerous situation of the river bank. Wen sent an urgent telegraph to Jiang Zemin and Zhu Rongji requesting that the flood be diverted to the Jing River Flood Diversion area; if the flood waters were not diverted in time, Wuhan city and downstream cities were in jeopardy. Zhu Rongji quickly came to Hubei province after getting the message. Zhu and Wen had many meetings with local government officials and water management experts. The final decision was that it was absolutely necessary to divert the flood, and the decision was sent to Jiang for final approval.
+===Others===
+Other alleged co-conspirators were described as a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]], a [[Yemen|Yemeni]], a [[Jordan|Jordanian]], a [[Palestine|Palestinian]] and an [[Iran|Iranian]], all of whom are still at large. Two other suspects are in custody. None of the eight men had ever met in person.

-According to a [[Xinhua News Agency]] report, on the morning of July 28, Jiang phoned Wen, who was inspecting and supervising flood prevention, and said, “pay close attention to the situation of the Yangtze while the flood peak is passing Wuhan city. Ask everyone to do their best to resist and fight the flood and ensure the safety of Wuhan city and achieve success in Yangtze River flood fighting.” But actually, Jiang was absolutely opposed to the flood diversion, asking that the bank be secured by any and all means. Meanwhile, Jiang instructed that the number of armed police be increased, and instructed that authorities at all levels increase material and manpower to secure the bank at all costs. According to the Ministry of Water Resources data, materials and supplies worth more than 10 billion yuan(US$1.2 billion) were expended on the situation.
+==Planning==
+The majority of the planning for the attacks was said to have taken place in "extremely vague" messages sent between online user accounts on a [[website]], which the FBI claims were a form of secret code. They began monitoring discussion in online [[chat room]]s.{{cite news
+ |url=http://cbs4boston.com/topstories/topstories_story_188081817.html
+ |title=N.Y.C. Transit Bomb Plot Thwarted
+ |publisher=[[CBS News]]
+ |date=[[July 7]], [[2006]]
+}}

-==The Flood==
+Authorities said that the plot was far from complete, but was expected to be scheduled for October or November 2006.{{cite news
+ |url=http://www.abc4.com/news/national/story.aspx?content_id=F5F39ACB-F4AF-456D-AB8E-6021F9955BF5
+ |title=Feds say 'real deal' plot on NY-NJ tunnel is foiled
+ |publisher=[[Associated Press|AP]] via ABC4.com
+ |date=[[July 7]], [[2006]]
+}} The [[New York Daily News]] reported that the plot hoped to blow up the [[Holland Tunnel]] and cause extensive flooding through lower Manhattan, but authorities have denied that the Holland Tunnel was the specific target.

-Despite Jiang’s orders to “secure the bank at any cost,” and promises of “You need manpower, I will give you manpower; you need materials, I will give you materials,” tragedy still struck. From Aug. 1-5, periphery levees collapsed consecutively in Jiayu County Baizhou Bay, Jiujiang and Jiangxin, and on Aug. 7, the main levee of the Yangtze collapsed.
+The Lebanese Internal Security Forces released a statement from Hammoud's confession in which he said he was acting "on a religious order from [[Osama bin Laden| bin Laden]]"{{cite news
+ |url=http://www.forbes.com/business/services/feeds/ap/2006/07/07/ap2864693.html
+ |title=FBI Disrupts New York Transportation Plot
+ |publisher=[[Associated Press|AP]] via forbes.com
+ |date=[[July 7]], [[2006]]
+}}, and that said he had sent his colleagues maps and details about the means to perpetrate the attack and had planned to travel to [[Pakistan]] for a four-month training program. In 2003, Hammoud had met with a [[Syria|Syrian]] who took him to [[Ain al-Hilweh]], a Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon, to practice with weapons.

-The periphery levee in Waijiang, Hezhen of Jiayu County, collapsed first on Aug. 1. The opening was finally blocked after soldiers and rural workers toiled nonstop for five days and nights, exhausting methods like sinking boats, driving pilings, fixing boards, and setting stones. But, on Aug. 5, periphery levees in Paizhou, Jiujiang, Jiangxin area of Jiayu County collapsed consecutively. The area outside the levee in Paizhou area is densely populated and booming with commercial and industrial business. There were nearly 500,000 people living in more than 20 towns. All able-bodied persons had been working on the riverbank, with only elders, women and elementary school children staying home.
+In 2005, Hammoud met with a foreign man who asked Hammoud to provide weapons and shelter to [[mujahideen]].{{cite news
+ |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=73795
+ |title=Lebanese arrest suspect in New York bomb plot
+ |publisher=Daily Star (Lebanon)
+ |date= [[July 8]], [[2006]]
+}}

-The levee collapsed at midnight Aug. 5 when the soaked bank could not withstand the flood anymore. The flood tore open a 50-meter-long opening and engulfed in no time about 100 armed police, soldiers and rural workers working on the levee. The flood rushed into villages, schools, farmlands and mine sites. The flood swallowed many elderly, women and children while they were still sleeping in their beds. Homes and properties accumulated by generation after generation of hard work disappeared in an instant, and most of the livestock and poultry died in the flood. From midnight Aug. 5 to noon the next day, 10 square kilometers were flooded.
+==Plot foiled==
+[[Michael Chertoff]] said that there "was never a concern that (the plot) would actually be executed", and that by the time the news was released to the public on July 7th 2006, the plot was entirely foiled.{{cite news
+ |url=http://cbs4boston.com/topstories/local_story_188161114.html
+ |title=Chertoff Addresses NY Plot While In Boston
+ |publisher=[[CBS News|CBS 4 (Boston)]]
+ |date=[[July 7]], [[2006]]
+}}

-The news shocked every level of government officials from Beijing to Jiayu County. They deployed big trucks and ships to fill the hole in the levee, while organizing rescue teams to rescue survivors from the flood. While en route to fill the burst levee with sandbags, many of the trucks
-and ships sank, disappearing quickly while the water rushed over them. The rescue team could hardly keep themselves safe on the ships in the flood, let alone rescue survivors. The rescue efforts were greatly hindered. From Aug. 6 to 7, except for the very few people who climbed into tall trees or buildings and managed to survive, 11,000 residents of the county were “missing.” Later, statistics of the Jiayu County Civil Affairs Department showed that during the two collapses, 11,000 women, children and elderly people, and 1,000 soldiers and laborers died or were declared missing in the flooding. Many families died in the flood, leaving no bodies to be found. Many families were torn.
+==Notes==
+


-On Aug. 5, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River collapsed at Jiujiang and Jiangxinzhou at the same time. Fortunately, the breaches happened during the daytime, so the losses were smaller. On Aug. 7, the main levee of the Yangtze River collapsed at Jiujiang. Officials lost control and instructed that anything that would pack be dumped into the opening. There were 5 million tons of rice, soybeans and other grains, more than 50 big trucks and 18 ships sunk into the torrent.

-Later, a military team of 200 soldiers specially trained in blocking floods was deployed from Zhangjiakou to help. They pounded in pilings, fixed boards and poured cement and stone to block the opening and they finally stopped the flooding. The collapse cost 8.2 billion yuan (US$990 million). In addition to the 12,000 people who died in Paizhouwan area, the four breaches at Waijiang Minyuan Hezhenyuan, Jiujianduan, Jiangxinzhou and Jiujiang claimed 6,000 lives and more than 50 billion yuan (US$6 billion).
-
-==Reported Losses==
-
-Despite such a severe mistake in decision making, official Chinese media completely covered it up. Officials were required to give the same story, minimizing the death and financial loss statistics to reduce any negative impact. Xinhua News and CCTV briefly reported it as the following. “On the evening of August 1, the periphery levee on the Yangtze River collapsed in Jiayu County Waijiang Hezhenyuan section, causing severe damage, including direct financial losses of 1.586 billion yuan, residential property loss of 0.57 billion yuan and 19 military soldiers missing in the rescue efforts. On August 5, levees in Jiayu County Paijiangduan, Jiujianduan and Jiangxinzhou sections collapsed in succession. On August 7, the main levee of the Yangtze River collapsed at Jiujiang. More than 4,000 military personnel participated in the rescue efforts; they drove pilings, fixed wood boards and poured cement in between to block up the breach. They also sunk eight ships and finally stopped the flooding. The collapse cost 3.29 billion yuan in direct financial losses.”
+==External links==
+*[http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/pressrel06/transportation_threat070706.htm Press release from FBI]
+*[http://www.fbi.gov/pressrel/speeches/mueller042606.htm Executive speech from director of FBI April 26, 2006 referring to another foiled tunnel plot]
+*[http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/07/07/tunnel.plot/index.html?section=cnn_topstories CNN report with interviews with Mark Mershon]
+[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts]]
2013-03-18 00:25:40 90705345 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3546168]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,137 +1,65 @@\n
-{{UK constituency infobox|
- |Name = Tunbridge Wells
- |Map1 = TunbridgeWells
- |Map2 = Kent
- |Type = County
- |Year = [[1974]]
- |Entity = Kent
- |County = Kent
- |EP = South East England
- |MP = [[Greg Clark]]
- |Party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
-}}
-'''Tunbridge Wells''' is a [[constituency]] represented in the [[House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
+The '''World of Warcraft Trading Card Game''' is a [[collectible card game|collectible trading card game]] based on [[Blizzard Entertainment]]'s [[MMORPG]], [[World of Warcraft]]. The game was announced by [[Upper Deck Entertainment]] on [[August 18]] [[2005]], and released on [[October 25]] [[2006]]. Players can fight against each other one-on-one, or can join others in order to defeat raid bosses such as [[List of Warcraft characters#Onyxia|Onyxia]] and [[List of Warcraft characters#Ragnaros|Ragnaros]].

-==Boundaries==
-It is located in the west of the county of [[Kent]] in south eastern [[England]] and covers the area of [[Tunbridge Wells]] Borough Council.
-
-===Boundary review===
-Following their review of parliamentary representation in Kent, the [[Boundary Commission for England]] has made major changes to the existing constituency arrangement as a consequence of population changes across the county.
-
-The electoral wards used in the formation of the modified Tunbridge Wells constituency are;
-*Brenchley and Horsmonden, Broadwater, Capel, Culverden, Goudhurst and Lamberhurst, Hawkhurst and Sandhurst, Paddock Wood East, Paddock Wood West, Pantiles and St Mark’s, Park, Pembury, Rusthall, St James’, St John’s, Sherwood, Southborough and High Brooms, Southborough North, and Speldhurst and Bidborough
-
-==History==
-The constituency is rural with strong [[Conservative Party (UK)|Tory]] support although there is a degree of light engineering too and many locals commute to [[London]]. In 1994 the Conservative group in the council surprisingly lost control but has since regained it.
-
-==Members of Parliament==
-*''Constituency created'' ([[1974]])
-*[[1983]] — [[1997]]: [[Patrick Mayhew]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
-*[[1997]] — [[2005]]: [[Archie Norman]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
-*[[2005]] — ''present'': [[Greg Clark]], [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
-
-==Elections==
-{{Template:Election box begin |
-|title=[[United Kingdom general election, 2005|General Election 2005]]: Tunbridge Wells
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
-|party = Conservative Party (UK)
-|candidate = [[Greg Clark]]
-|votes = 21,083
-|percentage = 49.6
-|change = +0.7
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
-|party = Liberal Democrats (UK)
-|candidate = Laura Murphy
-|votes = 11,095
-|percentage = 26.1
-|change = +1.4
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
-|party = Labour Party (UK)
-|candidate = Jacqui Jedrzejewski
-|votes = 8,736
-|percentage = 20.6
-|change = -2.6
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
-|party = United Kingdom Independence Party
-|candidate = Victor Webb
-|votes = 1,568
-|percentage = 3.7
-|change = +0.4
-}}
-{{Template:Election box majority|
-|votes = 9,988
-|percentage = 23.5
-|change =
-}}
-{{Template:Election box turnout|
- |votes = 42,482
- |percentage = 65.7
- |change = 3.4
-}}
-{{Template:Election box hold with party link|
- |winner = Conservative Party (UK)
- |swing = +0.3
-}}
-
-{{Template:Election box end}}
-
-{{Template:Election box begin |
- |title=[[United Kingdom general election, 2001|General Election 2001]]: Tunbridge Wells
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
- |party = Conservative Party (UK)
- |candidate = [[Archie Norman]]
- |votes = 19,643
- |percentage = 48.9
- |change = +3.7
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
- |party = Liberal Democrats (UK)
- |candidate = Keith Brown
- |votes = 9,913
- |percentage = 24.7
- |change = -5.0
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
- |party = Labour Party (UK)
- |candidate = Ian Carvell
- |votes = 9,332
- |percentage = 23.2
- |change = +2.8
-}}
-{{Template:Election box candidate with party link|
- |party = United Kingdom Independence Party
- |candidate = Victor Webb
- |votes = 1,313
- |percentage = 3.3
- |change = +2.7
-}}
-{{Template:Election box majority|
- |votes = 9,730
- |percentage = 24.2
- |change =
-}}
-{{Template:Election box turnout|
- |votes = 40,201
- |percentage = 62.3
- |change = -11.8
-}}
-{{Template:Election box hold with party link|
- |winner = Conservative Party (UK)
- |swing =
-}}
-{{Template:Election box end}}
-
-==See also==
-*[[List of Parliamentary constituencies in Kent]]
-
-{{Constituencies in South East England}}
-
-[[Category:Parliamentary constituencies in the South East]]
+{{Infobox Game | subject_name= World of Warcraft Trading Card Game
+| image_link= [[Image:World_of_Warcraft_TCG.jpg|200px]]
+| designer= [[Mike Hummel]],
[[Brian Kibler]],
[[Danny Mandel]]
+| publisher= [[Upper Deck Entertainment]]
+| players= Two and up
+| ages= 13 and up
+| setup_time= < 3 minutes
+| playing_time= approximately 20 minutes
+| complexity= Moderate
+| strategy= High
+| random_chance= Some
+| skills= [[Collectible card game|Card playing]]
[[Mathematics|Arithmetic]]}}


-{{UK-constituency-stub}}
+
+
+==Artwork==
+As with many trading card games, the card art is drawn by a variety of different artists with different styles.
+
+Some of the card art (in particular that of some of the more tongue-in-cheek cards) is being done by [[Penny Arcade (webcomic)|Penny Arcade's]] Mike Krahulik ("Gabe"). In the [[May 24]], [[2006]] update of the ''Penny Arcade'' site, Krahulik revealed his artwork for a card that was based on the exploits of [[Leeroy Jenkins]].
+
+Other artists include Doug Alexander, Mauro Cascioli, Matt Dixon, Alex Horley, [[Todd McFarlane]], Jeremy Mohler, Ariel Olivetti, Dan Scott, Greg Staples, Mike Stufin, and [[Boris Vallejo]].
+
+==Card Types==
+The following types of cards are featured in the game:
+
+* '''Hero''' - The character which a given player is playing as. Each player starts with a hero, and it is the hero which determines what other cards can be utilized or included in the deck (e.g., Horde heroes can only have Horde allies). The hero card provides information about starting health, race, class, specializations, and professions. Lastly, each hero has a unique power which can be used once per game (after which, the hero card is turned face down).
+
+* '''Ability''' - Cards played from the hand (often after paying a resource cost) to cause some immediate impact to the game. Abilities can either be of the standard type, able to played only during one's turn, or can be ''instant abilities'', able to be played at virtually any time. As with a number of the cards, many abilities include a ''trait icon'', which limits what classes can include the card in their decks.
+
+* '''Armor''' - Defensive cards which protect the player from damage. Once played, by paying the appropriate resource cost, armor can be ''exhausted'' each turn in order to reduce damage dealt to a player's hero. Players are limited in how many different pieces of armor they may equip on any given body part, e.g., only one piece of chest armor at a time. Armor cards may also have additional effects above and beyond their defensive value.
+
+* '''Weapon''' - Offensive cards which can augment a player's melee or ranged capabilities, as well as provide other benefits. As with armor cards, players are limited on how many weapons they may have equipped (in play) at once. In order to use a weapon card to increase attack power during combat, a player must pay a resource cost associated with the weapon (which also exhausts the weapon). Weapons can be used when either attacking or defending, but only one weapon can be used per combat.
+
+* '''Quest''' - Special cards which act as resource cards, but with additional abilities. Quests can be completed by fulfilling a condition described on the card. When this is done, a reward is earned (e.g., drawing additional cards) and the quest is converted into a normal resource (by turning it face down).
+
+* '''Ally''' - Other individuals and companions who assist and fight on behalf of the main hero. Allies are affiliated with either the Horde or the Alliance, so only cards matching the hero's own affiliation are permitted in a deck. Once brought into play by paying the appropriate cost, allies remain until killed or discarded. Allies can attack (or be attacked), and can also provide special powers or abilities.
+
+* '''Loot''' - Loot cards are special versions of cards which can be used within the card game (e.g., as normal allies), but which also contain a scratch-off code. This code can be entered into the website for the online game, providing a unique in-game item, such as a pet, mount, or tabard.
+
+Additionally, any card can be played as a ''resource card'' (with a limit of one per turn) by playing it face down to a designated area. All resources are equivalent and can be exhausted to pay any cost.
+
+==Products==
+The initial base card set is named ''Heroes of Azeroth'', which includes 361 different cards. The color of the set number on the card indicates its rarity; white for common, green for uncommon, blue for rare, purple for epic, and orange for legendary (the loot cards are examples of legendary cards). There are roughly 20-22 different epic cards in this first set.
+
+The following products have been announced:
+
+*'''[[Starter deck]]''' - 33 fixed cards from one of the nine character classes, plus 2 Booster Packs, 3 oversized Hero cards (out of the full set of 16), and a rulebook. The oversized cards are legal for play, since they aren't shuffled into the deck.
+
+*'''[[Booster pack]]''' - 15 random cards - 1 rare, epic, or legendary, 3 uncommons, and 11 commons. Each booster is guaranteed to contain a single Hero card.
+
+*'''Onyxia's Lair Raid Deck''' - 1 Epic Raid Boss card, a raid game deck, and a treasure pack, as well as special rules for the deck. Cards in the treasure pack are not available in boosters, and any other Raid Deck exclusive cards are not considered part of the base set.
+
+Future set expansions (not counting additional raid decks) are planned at a rate of roughly 2 to 3 per year. The first such expansion, ''The Dark Portal'', is planned for March 2007.
+
+==External links==
+* [http://www.ude.com/wow/ The official World of Warcraft Trading Card Game website]
+* [http://www.wowcards.org/ An unofficial WoW TCG news site]
+* [http://warcraftcardgame.com/cards/Heroes-of-Azeroth/ Complete list of WoW TCG cards]
+* [http://www.wowtcg.eu/ European launch events and news site]
+
+[[Category:World of Warcraft|Trading Card Game]]
+[[Category:Collectible card games]]
2013-04-05 06:19:22 91708593 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2253281]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,34 +1,62 @@\n
-{{Infobox Military Conflict
-|conflict=Battle of Nasiriyah
-|partof=[[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]
-|image=[[Image:Nasiriyah_ambush.jpg|300px]]
-|caption=Dead U.S. soldiers in Nasiriyah
-|date=[[March 23]] - [[March 29]] [[2003]]
-|place=[[Nasiriyah]], [[Iraq]]
-|result=Tactical U.S. victory
-|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Iraq.svg|22px]] [[Iraq]]
-|combatant2=[[Coalition Forces]]: [[U.S.]]
-|commander1=
-|commander2=
-|strength1=
-|strength2=
-|casualties1=30 killed {{fact}}
-|casualties2=33 Killed; 150 [[Wounded in Action]]
-}}
-The '''Battle of Nasiriyah''' occurred during the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]. Heavy fighting took place between Iraqi forces and the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade under the call sign "Task Force Tarawa" of the [[US Marine Corps]] between about March 23 and March 29 [[2003]], in which 22 Marines were killed and over 150 were wounded, but the Iraqi resistance was crushed fairly rapidly thereafter. On March 23, a [[US Army]] convoy was ambushed near the city[[Image:Adobepdfreader7 icon.png|20px]][http://www.sftt.us/PDF/article07102003a.pdf#prof PDF], killing 11 soldiers and resulting in multiple soldiers including Private [[Jessica Lynch]] becoming prisoners of war during the conflict. At least 15 American transport vehicles of different size (from [[Humvee]]s to [[Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|Hemtts]]) were destroyed in this action by small arms fire, RPGs, mortar and tank gunfire. Some of them swerved out of the road or crashed while attempting to avoid incoming Iraqi rounds. One truck was even rammed by a Type 69 QM-II tank. Only three units of the convoy escaped unharmed.
-[[Image:TruckSmashed.jpg|thumb|left|250px| A US Army 5 tons truck ambushed and crushed by an [[Type 69#Iraq|Iraqi modified Type 69]] tank]]
+{{Superherobox|

-The bloodiest day of the operations for the Marines was also March 23, when 18 men of Charlie Company, Task Force Tarawa , were killed by a combination of mortar, RPGs, and indirect tank fire. Even an [[A-10]] straffed the battered [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle|''AAV''s]] by mistake, killing at least one man [http://www.brandonblog.homestead.com/files/2003_09_07_archive.html#prof]. Two other Marines, [http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3696#prof Corporal Evans James] and [http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3699#prof Sgt. Bradley S. Korthaus] drowned while trying to cross the Saddam canal under fire the following day. The last American fatality in Nasiriyah took place on March 25, when [http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3692#prof Navy Hospital Corpsman Third Class Michael Vann Johnson, Jr.] was killed by shrapnel from a grenade. This makes the final US death toll rise to 33 Marines and Soldiers.

-==External Refences==
+|caption=
+|comic_color=background:#8080ff
+|character_name=Elaine Belloc
+|publisher=[[DC Comics]]/[[Vertigo]]
+|debut=''[[Lucifer (DC Comics)|Lucifer]]'' #4
+|creators=[[Mike Carey]] and [[Dean Ormston]]
+|alliance_color=background:#cccccc
+|status=
+|alliances=
+|previous_alliances=
+|aliases=
+|relatives=[[Michael Demiurgos]] (father), Cal (brother, deceased), [[Yahweh]] (grandfather), [[Lucifer (DC Comics)|Lucifer]] (niece),
+|powers=half-angel, [[demiurge]]
+|}}
+'''Elaine Belloc''' is a principal character in the [[DC Comics|DC]]/[[Vertigo Comics]] series ''[[Lucifer]]'' created by Mike Carey, Neil Gaiman, Sam Kieth, and Mike Dringenberg. Elaine's character is a young girl with special powers who encounters Lucifer and takes part in his adventures and stories.

-* [[Image:Adobepdfreader7 icon.png|20px]][http://www.sftt.us/PDF/article07102003a.pdf#prof US Army official asessment about the attack on 507th Company]
+{{spoiler}}

-* [http://www.brandonblog.homestead.com/files/2003_09_07_archive.html#prof First hand account of USMC C Company battle for the bridges]
+{{contents}}

-==Bibliography==
-*{{cite book|id=ISBN 0425209881| title=Marines in the Garden of Eden: The Battle for An Nasiriyah | last=Lowry |first=Richard S. |publisher= Berkley Hardcover|year = 2006}}
-*{{cite book|id=ISBN 1928724043| title=An Nasiriyah: The Fight for the Bridges | last=Livingston |first=Gary |publisher= Caisson Press|year = 2004}}
-{{battle-stub}}

-[[Category:2003 Iraq conflict]]
+[[Image:Young_Elaine_Belloc.jpg|left|100px|Elaine Belloc]]Elaine first enters the series as a young girl with the special ability to communicate with spirits of the dead and see into the open minds of others. Her best friend [[Mona Doyle]] was recently murdered and her spirit came to reside with Elaine.
+
+To find Mona's killer, Elaine summoned the spirits of her three dead grandmothers who guided her in a quest to summon a small demon to punish whomever killed her friend. When the summoning failed, Elaine, in a moment of frustration tried calling on the devil instead. Her grandmothers' spirits ordered her into silence at once fearing the consequences of such a call.
+
+Eventually, Elaine discovered that Mona's old school principal, Mr. Waddington was the murderer. To cover his tracks, he kidnapped Elaine and tried to murder her too. However, Elaine was able to poison his drink with an overdose of illegal drugs that he had been selling. As he began to drown into death, she slipt into his mind and began to fall uncontrollably until she was caught by the power of a handsome blonde stranger. She realized immediately this man was Lucifer Morningstar.
+
+He told her that he was keeping Mona's principal alive because if he died, he would take Elaine with him. Lucifer admitted that there were circumstances in the future where he required Elaine to remain alive and well. She looked into Waddington's memory and saw that he had mistakenly thought that Mona uncovered that he was secretly selling illegal drugs. This was the reason that he murdered her. Afterward Elaine returned to her body and Lucifer allowed Waddington to die. Elaine was later found by the police who returned her back to her home.
+
+Not long after, Elaine's grandmother spirits began to sense danger coming to consume their grandchild. In trying to protect Elaine, they offered to tell her the reason she could communicate with the dead and see into the minds of other people. Fearing the answer, Elaine refused to know.
+
+A couple of days later, a man came to her parents claiming to Elaine's real father. Elaine's dad through the stanger out and ordering Elaine not to go near him if she saw him again. Elaine went back up to her room to see that her grandmothers' spirits had disappeared. That day in school the stranger reappeared and told her the same thing claiming that she was stolen from her real birth parents. He called himself Mr. Easterman. A couple of police officers working by saw him. Easterman ran off to evade them. After an interview with the police Elaine, went to off to find Mr. Easterman and located him in an alley where an angel claiming to be her brother was beating up and attempting to kill him. He claimed in his stuttering voice that Easterman would try to harm her. She ordered him to leave the man alone and so the angel did.
+
+Easterman told her that he and her mother had concieved a child together until one night a man appeared in by their bed and stole the child from the mother's womb. When they awoke the next morning, it was if they were never pregnant at all. He told Elaine that a blonde well-dressed man visited him in a dream and told him about Elaine being his daughter. She knew at once that it was the [[devil]].
+
+Elaine took Mr. Easterman to a chemist to get him patched up. A phone call to her parents confirmed that she was indeed adopted. Her parents told her that they couldn't adopt so a man appeared out of nowhere and just gave her to them when she was still a baby. Elaine held Mr. Easterman's hand and through that connection, allowed him to see Mona Doyle's ghost as well. Mona had been searching for Elaine's grandmothers but could not find them.
+
+Elaine used her power to sense where the angel who attacked Easterman had gone. They came to an abandoned factory where Mona (against Elaine's wishes) flew inside through the walls to find the old ghosts. Elaine and Easterman went into the factory where they saw Mona's spirit evaporate as she cried out for help. An old man appeared claiming to have destroyed Mona's spirit. Enraged, she sprang toward him screaming at him to bring her back. Easterman recognized this man as the stranger who stood over his wife's bed and stole Elaine from the womb. He was the fallen angel [[Sandalphon]] who told Elaine that Easterman was not her biological father. In turn her brought to the next room which was a balcony that looked down on giant blonde man over 50ft high with metal chains restraining his wounded body. He was the Archangel [[Michael Demiurgos]], who lead the armies of heaven to defeat [[Lucifer Morningstar]]. He was Elaine's real father.
+
+Aside from Michael, all angels were sterile. Using Michael's demiurgic power bequeathed to him by God, Sandalphon began experimenting in the creation of angels. He came close by creating [[Cal]]; the angel who attacked Easterman, and finally triumphed when he made Elaine. His plan was to harvest Elaine's ovaries and use them to create an army of perfect angels to lead a second assault against heaven's gates. Easterman tried to protect Elaine or at least buy her some time to escape, but Sandalphon killed him instantly and went after Elaine. He caught her hidding under the bodies of his other failed attempts at making reproducing angels, but before he could kill her, a familiar voice spoke out behind him. When Sandalphon turned around he saw Lucifer hovering behind him, and on his back were his restored wings which had returned to its angelic state.
+
+Cal tried to attack Lucifer from behind, but the devil used his lightbringer powers to burn Cal. He took both Elaine and Michael, leaving Sandalphon knowing that he would perish if he went up against the Morning Star. Lucifer took Elaine and the injured Michael to his club in Los Angeles which was being attacked by heavens angelic army in an act unsanctioned by God. The raid was lead by the angel Amenadiel who had held a grudge against Lucifer since his betrayal.
+
+Elaine learned that Lucifer had retired as Hell's ruler to escape God's devine plan. Since then, heaven needed a dangerous force that threatened humanity to be eliminated. Since it could not intervene directly without breaking the rules of creation, God had sent Amenadiel to present Lucifer with a payment of his choice in exchange for eradicating the threat. Lucifer succeeded and ordered his payment in the form a [[letter of passage]] which would open a doorway into [[the void outside creation]]. Lucifer opened the letter inside his club and used blood rituals and the name of God to nail the passage door open. This had caused everyone with a sixth sense of awareness to feel the gate's presence. The sons of heaven became concerned since the gate was meant to close after one has passed through it. [[Amenadiel]] argued that as long as the gate remained opened, it would be a threat. Though they knew that Lucifer was not foolish enough to toy with the gate, there was always the fear that it could fall into the hands of someone who would.
+
+However, their raid had failed the moment they saw Lucifer holding Michael's injured and fragile body. They realized that Michael held inside his body God's demiurgic power which could destroy all creation if Lucifer were to unleash it by break him in two. Frustrated, Amenadiel had no choice but to order heaven's armies to retreat swearing that their fued was far from over. Lucifer told Elaine to wait for him at the club while he took Michael through the passage gate and into the void. Michael realized where they were and knew that this was the only place to safely detonate his demiurge power. Lucifer used a sword left behind by Amenadiel's army to strike Michael's body. The explosion was vast and seemed to go on forever. Michael's body reformed after the explosion, completely healed, next to his brother Lucifer. When Michael's consciousness awoke, he realized that Lucifer had used the demiurgic explosion to form a universe. Michael realized that Lucifer used him. Only the power of God that was stored in his body and exploded out could producer a second "big bang" and forge an entire universe. Lucifer offered his brother to help him create this new cosmos, but Michael politely refused and went back through the gate to where his daughter Elaine was sitting.
+
+He offered to take Elaine home but she declined saying she would rather wait for Lucifer. He warned her to be wary of Lucifer and his unending pride. Elaine did not realize that Lucifer had been keeping an eye on her knowing that she would eventually lead him to Michael.
+
+Michael gave her a small black ball that contained her grandmothers' spirits within it. Something he grabbed before Lucifer helped them escape from Sandalphon. Michael wished his daughter well and departed. The experience left Elaine was a great mistrust for angels, however, she believed that both Michael and Lucifer were the only exceptions, hoping to see them again.
+
+[[Image:belloc_angel.jpg|190px|Half-Angel Elaine Belloc]]
+
+''SUMMARY TO BE CONTINUED''
+
+
+
+{{comics-stub}}
+{{DC-Comics-stub}}
2013-03-19 10:53:17 90861849 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3080999]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,67 +1,64 @@\n
-{{Military Pakistan}}
+{{Infobox CanadianMP | name= Hon. Major James William Coldwell
+| image=mjcoldwell.jpg
+| cabinet=
+| term_start=[[Canadian federal election, 1935|1935 election]]
+| term_end=[[Canadian federal election, 1958|1958 election]]
+| predecessor=[[William John Loucks]]
+| successor=[[Clarence Owen Cooper]]
+| birth_date=[[December 12]], [[1888]]
+| birth_place=[[Seaton]], [[Devon]], [[England]]
+| death_date=
+| death_place=
+| profession=Author, gentleman, principal, teacher
+| party=CCF
+| party colour=CCF
+| residence=
+| riding=[[Rosetown—Biggar]]
+| portfolio=
+| footnotes=
+| term_start2=
+| term_end2=
+| predecessor2=
+| successor2=
+| spouse=
+|}}

-'''Special Services Group (SSG)''' is an independent [[commando]] [[brigade]] of the [[Pakistan Army]]. It is an elite [[special operations]] force similar to the [[Special Air Service]] and [[United States Army Special Forces]] ([[United States Army Special Forces|Green Beret]]s). Official numbers are put at 2,100 men, in 3 [[Battalion]]s; however the actual strength is classified. It is estimated to have been increased to 4 Battalions, with the eventual formation of 2 Brigades of Special Forces (6 Battalions).
+[[Image:David Lewis.jpg|thumb|M.J. Coldwell and [[David Lewis (politician)|David Lewis]] looking over some papers together]]

-==Overview==
-Based out of [[Cherat]] and [[Attock]], the SSG started out in the [[1950s]] with active support from [[U.S. Special Operations Forces]] as an [[irregular military]] unit called the ''19th Baluch Regiment''. SSG officers must have at least two years of prior military experience and volunteer from other formations for three-year assignments with the SSG; NCO and enlisted men volunteer from other formations to serve permanently in the SSG.
+'''Major James William Coldwell''', [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]], [[Order of Canada|CC]] ([[December 2]], [[1888]]–[[August 25]], [[1974]]), usually known as '''M.J.''', was a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[socialist]] politician, and leader of the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] [[political party|party]] from [[1942]] to [[1960]]. Major was his first name, not a military title.

-All trainees must participate in an eight-month SSG courses which includes 36-mile march or more in 12 hours, a grueling requirement that was first institutionalized by 19 Baluch. They are also required to run 5 miles in 40 minutes with full gear, fully loaded. Following the SSG course, trainees must volunteer for Airborne School. This course lasts for four weeks and all SSG recruits must pass this course and wings are attainted after conducting 5 day and 2 night static-line jumps. A large number of the SSG operators are also [[HALO/HAHO]] qualified. Additionally, a Counter-terrorist hostage rescue company commonly referred to as Zarrar (previously Musa) Company (all companies and Battalions of the SSG have names ascribed to them) is also part of the SSG.
+Coldwell was born in [[England]]. He moved to Canada in [[1910]] and became a school administrator in [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]. He became known nationally as a leader of teacher's associations from [[1924]] until [[1934]]. He was elected to the [[city council]] in Regina and developed links with labour and farmers organizations.

-Many are selected for additional specialist training. A course is given at Peshawar with a 'skydiver' tab awarded after 5 freefall jumps. A "Mountain Warfare" qualification badge is given after completing a course at the Mountain Warfare School in Abbotabad; and a "Combat Diver" badge is awarded for the course held by the Naval Special Services Group SSGN at Karachi. Three classes of combat swimmers were recognized: 1st class to those completing an 18-mile or more swim in designated time period; 2nd class to those finishing a 12-mile swim; and 3rd class for a 6-mile swim.
+When the [[Saskatchewan NDP|Saskatchewan Farmer-Labour Party]] was formed in [[1932]], Coldwell was chosen to be its first leader. The party fought the [[Saskatchewan general election, 1934|1934 provincial election]] under Coldwell's leadership, and won five seats in the [[Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan]], making it the [[official opposition]] to the [[Liberal Party of Saskatchewan|Liberal]] government. Coldwell was defeated in his election bid. After the election, the party affiliated itself with the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]], and became the Saskatchewan CCF.

-Initially, SSG officers were sent in large numbers to the United States for Special Forces training. Today, it consists of various companies within each battalion specialized in specific roles including [[desert warfare]], ranger, [[mountain warfare]]. Due to Siachen crisis, a Snow and High Altitude Warfare School was also established.
+In the [[Canadian federal election, 1935|1935 federal election]], Coldwell was elected to the [[Canadian House of Commons|House of Commons]] as Member of Parliament (MP) for the [[riding]] of Rosetown-Biggar. He split with CCF leader [[J.S. Woodsworth]] when [[World War II]] broke out in [[1939]]. Woodsworth, a [[pacifist]], opposed the war effort, while Coldwell and the rest of the CCF [[caucus]] supported the war. When Woodsworth resigned as CCF leader in 1942, shortly before his death, Coldwell was unanimously elected the party's new leader. He led the party through five general elections.

-==Operations==
-* The SSG were first used in [[1965]] in the state of [[Jammu & Kashmir]]. Codenamed [[Operation Gibraltar]], their aim was continued [[reconnaissance]], [[sabotage]] of [[Military of India|Indian Military]] facilities and eventual "liberation" of [[Kashmir]] from Indian control. This Operation was a failure after the infiltrators were discovered and nearly 4,000[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050603/main2.htm Kashmiris didn’t back Pakistan in 1965: Gohar] were either killed or captured. [[India]] also attacked [[Pakistan]] in retaliation for trying to instigate uprisings, thus sparking the [[Second Kashmir War]].
-* In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] they were once again used, this time in assistance to regular infantry units and for non-conventional and rescue operations. SSG conducted what would be considered to be "classic special forces missions" against Indian forces during this war. Eventually faced against massive political and military onslaught in East Pakistan, the SSG could do little in turning the tide of war. Of note is that [[Pervez Musharraf]] commanded a [[company (military unit)|company]] of commandos during the war.
-* The SSG was active in [[Afghanistan]] in the [[1980s]] during the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]], conducting different type of covert and direct action missions. Again when the balance of power shifted, it led some covert operations against the very Afghan government ([[Taliban]]) that Pakistan (along with [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[UAE]]) had once aided, this time as part of the allied forces in operation [[Enduring Freedom]]. The SSG has aided in the capture of many senior [[Al Qaeda]] leaders, most notably [[Abu Zubaida]] and [[Khalid Shaikh Mohammed]] and conducts regular operations as part of the Pakistani Special Operations Task Force in the Tribal Areas of [[North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan|North West Pakistan]].
-* The SSG has also conducted many operations in [[Siachen Glacier]] against Indian positions. The most noted one took place in [[1987]] when [[Pervez Musharraf]] (then [[Brigadier]]) led an SSG unit assault on Indian posts before being beaten back. [http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3101&article_id=2368659] In 1995, SSG troops attempted once again to wrest control of an outpost held by th [[Sikh]] battalion, [[Indian Army]], but were repulsed back, suffering 40 casualties.[http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/apr1999/3.9.html]
-* In addition, some covert Operations in [[United Nations]] Military missions in [[Bosnia Herzegovina]], [[Somalia]] and [[Sierra Leone]] have also been executed by SSG operators.
-* The involvement in the [[Kargil War]] involved early gains which were later lost due to political/military pressure and eventual withdrawal of Pakistani forces to the [[Line of Control]].
+Coldwell had a [[moderate|moderating]] influence on party policy, and in [[1956]], the party passed the [[Winnipeg Declaration]] as a statement of party principles to replace the more radical [[Regina Manifesto]]. After an upsurge of support for the party immediately after World War II, the party embarked on a long decline during the [[Cold War]].

-==Organization==
-[[Image:SSG-03.JPG|240px|thumb|right|Pakistan's SSG Commandos on the March 23rd Military Parade in Islamabad]]
-Pakistani Special Forces have 3 battalions (bns):
-*1st "Yaldaram" [[Commando]] Battalion,
-*2nd "Pawinda" Commando Battalion,
-*3rd "Rahbar" Commando Battalion.
-Plus two independent Commando companies:
-*"Zararr" Company - Antiterrorist company and,
-*"Musa" Company - A combat diver unit.
+In the [[Canadian federal election, 1958|1958 election]], Coldwell lost his seat, and the party was reduced to a rump of eight MPs. Coldwell retired as party leader in 1960.

-Components of the Battalions are constantly rotated between [[Cherat]], [[Attock]], and any other hot spot (such as Pakistan-India border or when Pakistani forces are deployed overseas as part of the UN Peace Keeping operations) in order to provide experience to the operators.
+He was unenthusiastic about the movement to merge the CCF with the [[Canadian Labour Congress]] and create a "[[New Party (Canada)|New Party]]", but he joined the [[New Democratic Party]] at its founding, and remained an elder statesman in the party until his death in [[1974]].

-The SSG is also used for providing security to various vital points such as the strategic nuclear facilities in Pakistan. It is thought that a number of SSG operators are stationed in [[Saudi Arabia]] for the protection of the [[Saudi royal family]]. Many SSG Officers and other ranks are routinely seconded to the Directorate of [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) for [[clandestine]] and reconnaisance missions.
+In [[1967]], he was made a Companion of the [[Order of Canada]]. In [[1964]] he became a member of the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]]. The [[Douglas-Coldwell Foundation]] was established in [[1971]].

-The SSG also has a unit in the [[Pakistan Navy]] modeled on the [[Navy SEALs]] : NSSG, otherwise known as SSGN. The SSGN currently maintains headquarters in [[Karachi]] headed by Pakistan Navy Commander. It has a strength of one company and is assigned to unconventional warfare operations in the coastal regions. During war it is assigned to [[Midget submarine]]s.Operatives are also trained in Underwater Demolition and Clearance Diveing.All other training is similar to the Army SSG with specific marine oriented inputs provided at its Headquarters. The strength of the Navy commandos is put at 1,000.
+{| border=1 align=center
+|- align=center
+| width=30% | Preceded by:
'''[[J.S. Woodsworth]]'''
+| '''[[Cooperative Commonwealth Federation|CCF]] leaders'''
+| width=30% | Succeeded by:
'''[[Hazen Argue]]'''
+|}
+{{NDP Leaders}}
+==External links ==
+*[http://www.saskndp.com/history/coldwell.html M.J. Coldwell biography (circa. 1953)]
+*[http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?Language=E&query=2655&s=M Federal Political Biography from the Library of Parliament]

-==Appearance and Equipment==
-===Uniforms===
-The commandos are distinguished by their [[insignia]] of [[Maroon (color)|maroon]] [[beret]]s with a silver metal tab on a light blue [[felt]] square with a [[dagger]] & [[lightning bolt]]s, and a wing on right side of chest. The combat uniform of the SSG is similar to the US [[woodland]] pattern [[camouflage]] coat and [[Khaki]] Pants. Other uniforms include cammies and black [[Overall#Bib-and-brace|dungarees]] (for the CT team).
+[[Category:1888 births|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:1974 deaths|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:Canadian socialists|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation MPs|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:NDP and CCF leaders|Coldwell, Major James]]
+[[Category:People from Regina, Saskatchewan|Coldwell, Major James]]

-SSGN (SSG Navy) is distinguished by a dark blue beret with three versions of the "fouled [[anchor]]" Navy badge for officers, NCOs and enlisted men. A metal SSGN qualification badge featuring a vertical dagger superimposed over a midget submarine is worn over the left pocket on dress uniforms. Parachute wings are worn over the right pocket.
-
-===Equipment===
-The SSG is equipped with an array of modern weaponry which includes, [[Steyr AUG]], [[HK G3]], and [[Chinese Type 81 Assault Rifle|Chinese Type-81]]/[[Chinese Type 56 Assault Rifle|56 rifles]], [[Colt Firearms|Colt]] [[M4 Carbine]]s, and [[FN P90]] and [[Heckler & Koch MP5|HK-MP5]] (many diff. variants) [[Submachine gun]]s. Light [[machine gun]] in use is [[Rheinmetall MG3]] (locally produced along with HK G3s and [[MP5]]s). In [[sniper]] or [[Marksman]] role, the [[SSG CT team]]s are equipped with [[Steyr SSG-69]], [[Finland|Finnish]] Tikka [[bolt-action]] and [[HK PSG1]] and [[Dragunov SVD]] [[Semi-automatic rifle]]s. [[Pistol|Side arms]] includes various HK models. Most of the gear in use by the SSG is (and has been) of US origin.
-
-==See also==
-*[[Pakistan Army]]
-*[[Pakistan Navy]]
-*[[Military of Pakistan]]
-*[[A.O. Mitha|General Mitha]]
-*[[Navy Seals]]
-*[[Naval commandos (France)]]
-*[[Special Air Service]]
-
-==Notes==
-
-
-==Sources and external Links==
-*[http://www.pakdef.info/pakmilitary/army/regiments/ssg.html SSG history and Missions]
-*[http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Pakistan/SSG.htm More info and pictures on SSG]
-*[http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Pakistan/SSGN.htm Navy SSG information]
-*[http://orbat.com/site/toe/toe/pakistan/ssg.html Orbat on SSG]
-
-[[Category:Regiments of Pakistan]]
-[[Category:Special forces of Pakistan]]
+[[Category:English Canadians|Coldwell, Major James]]
2013-03-16 10:19:50 90434787 Addbot SteenthIWbot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q763868]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,887 +1,3 @@\n
-{{Notable Wikipedian|216.163.84.151|Discovery Institute}}
-{{Notable Wikipedian|Truthologist|Discovery Institute}}
+{{uncat|November 2006}}

-==Inaccurate Information, POV Status==
-I recommend that the DI page be tagged POV until substantative corrections are made. Users like [[User talk:Feloniousmonk]] are apparently committed to keeping the page POV, reverting edits on a whim. Staking out a page for any changes, and then reverting them with for no reason is entirely inappropriate. Furthermore, much of the entry contains information that is biased, untrue, and simply out-dated. I propose allowing factual corrections directly on the page, with discussion here only when someone has a sustainable objection. Reverting edits because you fear allowing the Institute to speak for itself is a clear violation of Wikipedia's NPOV policy. [[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 18:02, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:I suggest putting up an [[WP:RFC|RfC]] if you have a specific complaint regarding a specific edit if the talk sections seem to be going nowhere. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 16:02, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::I don't think encouraging known Discovery Institute shills to disrupt the project further is a wise move, Wade. You should consider chilling on this front. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:38, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::I've often noticed that you seem to consider someone pointing out violations of Wikipedia "disruption." In that sense, I am quite happy to be "disruptive." --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 17:43, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::Any RFC arising out of a POV-pushing campaign is by definition an abuse of [[WP:DR]]. There is no policy provision that condones disrupting the project, Wade, and experience has shown that your notions of what constitutes policy violations and the reality of actual violations of the project's rules seldom coincide. Were you as apt as you claim at rectifying policy violations you wouldn't be fanning the flames of an established violator of our policies to further abuse them. Please don't add any fuel to this nearly extinguished fire. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 18:25, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::"experience has shown that your notions of what constitutes policy violations and the reality of actual violations of the project's rules seldom coincide" of course, experience has taught me you probably cannot point to even ''one'' specific example where they did not coincide (you have a habit of accusing me and not backing up the groundless attack with a shred of evidence). I'm not (yet) convinced that an RfC of his would be merely a "POV-pushing campaign" especially given your track record of removing valid RfC's because they bump up against ''your'' POV-pushing (e.g. regarding a violation of [[WP:CITE]], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_comment%2FMaths%2C_science%2C_and_technology&diff=35736140&oldid=35735907 click here to see that specific example]). You suggest that Truthologist is an "an established violator of our policies" (I would like to see a specific example of that to adduce your accusation). You yourself have willfully ignored and violated Wikipedia policy to suit your own POV; so methinks you've made another tu qouque objection.
-
-:::::I advise Truthologist that, if there is untrue information on the article, this should be rectified. But I advise this individual to use the discussion sections first before moving on to an RfC. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:13, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::::Wade, there's enough examples on this page alone (not to mention all the others in your history here) of you engaging in ludicrous twists and turns to avoid having to face evidence that I'm perfectly comfortable not responding to your demands for "proof." After 9 months of believing while you were away that you'd find a constructive way to contribute quietly to the project I'm forced once again to conclude that you're a chronic malcontent and that yet again any time I spend on you moving forward will be limited to minimizing your disruptions and cleaning up your messes. My past experience with you and your history proves anything else is a complete waste. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 20:25, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::::Avoid facing what evidence for what conclusion? Again, I would like to see a specific example for your accusation. Why is it that accusing an editor is not a waste of time but backing up that allegation is?
-
-:::::::Calling me "disruptive" is a tu qouque considering you have a documented history of being very disruptive yourself (consider the specific examples above). --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:48, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::::::Wade, do you realise that this sentence makes no sense? "I would like to see a specific example of that to adduce your accusation". I'm not sure what you think adduce means, but given that there is only one subject in the sentence (Wade) the verb must refer to you as the subject (direct or indirect object can't take the verb here), thus meaning you'd like to "allege, bring forth, cite" the accusation. Huh? Maybe you should uise that handy dandy little pocket dictionary more carefully. (And you wonder why no one gives your screeds, gripes, complaints, whiney bitchfests any credibility). [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 21:01, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-::::::::Argumentum "tu quoque" tantum in mente tua est. [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 21:01, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::::::Here's a possible explanation why: some people just don't seem to pay attention to what's going on (e.g. FeloniousMonk seems ignorant that his citation does not actually contain the claim in question [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Intelligent_design#Questionable_Citation_in_the_Peer_Review_section here]). In full context, here's the quote you are referring to:
-
-::::::::::You suggest that Truthologist is an "an established violator of our policies" (I would like to see a specific example of that to adduce your accusation).
-
-:::::::::The word "that" is referring to Truthologist being a violator of Wikipedia policies. The word "adduce" means "to offer as example, reason, or proof in discussion or analysis"[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/adduce] so when I asked Felonious Monk to provide a specific example [of Truthologist violating Wikipedia policy] to ''adduce'' his accusation, the word "adduce" was an excellent choice. You might want to look at ''your'' pocket dictionary again if you did not understand this, but methinks you just did not take into full account the context of the quote.
-
-:::::::::(P.S. it's not as if I'm always a minority of one when I bring up objections, e.g. in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Irreducible_complexity/Wade_Tisthammers_RFCs#Request_for_Comment here] all three of the non-anti-ID-regulars who stopped by agreed with me that the citation did not sufficiently support the claim).--[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 01:00, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::::::::Whatever, Wade. The sentence is still grammatically wrong. You missed the point re subject, object, verb etc. The correct form of the sentence would be, "I would like to see a specific example of what you used to adduce your accusation". Get it? Complex sentence. Two subjects. Pretty cool.
-::::::::::BTW, linguists don't use pocket dikshunerries, we use the [[OED]]. Yes, that may sound snobbish...well, ''it is''. Cheers. [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 01:15, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Political Affiliation ==
-
-What is the back up for the claims about political affiliation, and supporting George Bush?
-
-:# It's founder, [[Bruce Chapman]] was a Republican Party politician.
-:# There was something prominent on their website endorsing GWB when I wrote it. Try searching their website for [http://www.google.com/u/discovery?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Bush&btnG=Search Bush]; you come across [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2265] [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=Misc&id=1847] [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&program=Technology%20and%20Democracy&id=1340] etc etc. Search for [http://www.google.com/u/discovery?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=Kerry&btnG=Search Kerry] and they're not very nice about him.
-
-:Now if they claim to be non-partisan, then that should be mentioned too, but they're fibbing in order to appear "fair and balanced" (see ''[[Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them]]'') [[User:Duncharris|Dunc]]|[[User talk:duncharris|☺]] 11:54, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
-
-
-:# That's weak. Ronald Reagan used to be a Democrat. Leading with that kind of commentary makes for a very POV article.
-:# I don't think that they can "endorse" Bush without losing their tax exempt status. Taking positions that correlate with Bush's is different is very different from endorsing him. The book you cite is quintessential POV argumentation.
-:# My impression of the Discovery Institute is that they are pretty hard to pigeon hole into one political position. -VorpalBlade
-
-I disagree, Vorpal. From what I know of them, the group seems to me pretty plainly on the "red" end of the political spectrum. [[User:Mr. Billion|Mr. Billion]] 04:10, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-::As evidence against Mr Billion's assessment see the article on the major funder of the Discovery Institute [[Howard Ahmanson, Jr]] and the many articles on the Discovery Institute's site in favor of conservatism, e.g. Gilder writes "at the Discovery Institute, with my friend of 40 or more years, Bruce Chapman, we are again carrying this essential concept of ordered liberty, this reconciliation of cultural conservatism and economic conservatism forward with the focus on my part on science and technology... A lot of conservatives sort of adopt an intuitive resistance to the discoveries of science without a full grasp of how deeply they affirm conservative insights and how leftist scientism—this sort of materialist reductionism—has been completely overthrown by the twentieth century scientific discoveries". --[[User:Ian Pitchford|Ian Pitchford]] 08:50, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-No, no. I mean "red" in terms of the "red state/blue state divide." That is, the group is fairly obviously rather conservative. [[User:Mr. Billion|Mr. Billion]] 17:29, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-::Sincere apologies! --[[User:Ian Pitchford|Ian Pitchford]] 17:44, 17 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-----
-
-==Major edit==
-I have attempted to Wikify this article by importing material from Discovery Institute directly and by removing built-in external links which belong at the bottom of the page. After reading the Discovery Institue's web pages (several) it was obvious that the original article certainly did not present a true account of the organization. A lot more needs to be added but what it does not need is a fusion of topics related to religion and evolution that are not even found on the Institute web site under its main name. An overview should be presented here and if necessary, each of the several branches of the Institute could have their own articles if there is enough material to support them. I knew nothing about this organisation before and I only know a little more now after reading their material and trying to rewrite this article. While it is now clearer than it was, it is by no means perfect. However, I would caution against trying to use it as a means to "preach" or push a POV either for or against its stated aims. The big problem I see with the organisation is that it is trying to be a sort of Christian government in exile which if it had its way, would be the only way. Since I am not a Christian (was) I am certainly not a supporter, but this does not mean that I do not believe in fair reporting and writing. This is sort of "I may not agree with your point of view but I will defend your right to have one". I have thus created a prototype article to link to this one in order to avoid the mess previously created by another "controversial" article. [[User:MPLX|MPLX/MH]] 06:00, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-===This is a jumbled jungle!===
-I thought that I could clear up the mess on "Teaching the Controversy" by simply linking to a new article for [[Center for Science and Culture]] ... only to discover that it already exists! Clearly this is a tangled web and not just one article that became bogged down. I suggest that the editors who created all of this rethink what it is that they are trying to present and do some major revisions of all of the related sites. They don't do the Discovery Institute justice and they have caused at least one site to turn into a blog that has become blocked. I don't think that anyone other than the original editors know that this is an interrelated tangled web of many sites. Not that there is anything wrong with having more than one article, but at least one of them should be well written and right now none of them are (including the one I worked on!) [[User:MPLX|MPLX/MH]] 06:14, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-
-::I agree that the previous version was a jumbled mess, but I am not sure this is so much better. The headings do not seem to be very logically arranged. Their position on ID was under the "history" heading. Also, shouldn't edits try to keep as much of the previous work as possible?
-
-::Why not cite to outside sources in the body? This gives the reader the chance to check the original sources easily. Hence, I added back the cite to the web page where they state their policy clearly.
-
---[[User:VorpalBlade|VorpalBlade]] 22:58, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-:I read something about sticking external sources at the end of an article, it also means that the article has to stand on its own within Wikipedia. By opting out to an external link within the opening of the article the reader is taken away from Wikipedia and it means that the article itself has no value because it lacks understanding. All of the related articles are a hodge-podge mess and that is why I threw up my hands after spending hours trying to figure out what to do. It seems that instead of dealing with a sub-page (like Teach the Controversy) it would be better to fix the main articles first and the sub-pages should take care of themselves. [[User:MPLX|MPLX/MH]] 00:59, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-::Curious to know where you read it. Personally, because of the nature of Wikipedia, I am skeptical of everything I read here. Some is good, some is weird, some is biased, some is just plain false. What is often helpful is that it points you to links to find what you couldn't through Google. And it lets you verify what you are reading and evaluate it for yourself, to judge its reliability.
-
-::External links are like footnotes in my mind. Readers don't have to read them, but if what is said is interesting, provocative, doubtful, they can pursue that for themselves. Until Wikip. becomes more consistent and reliable and serious about neutrality, they are essential.
-
-::As you discovered, these topics instill passion on all sides. All the more reason to include links. --[[User:VorpalBlade|VorpalBlade]] 01:15, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-::I have to say I agree with VorpalBlade completely here. [[User:Ian Pitchford|Ian Pitchford]] 07:26, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-==The Billions Behind the Discovery Institute==
-::Talking about money, there is interesting controversy surrounding the funding of the Discovery Institute - see below. [[User:Ian Pitchford|Ian Pitchford]] 13:39, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)
-
-'''From Genesis To Dominion
-Fat-Cat Theocrat Funds Creationism Crusade
-by Steve Benen
-Americans United for Separation of Church and State
-from: Church & State, July/August 2000'''
-
-Anti-evolution crusader Phillip Johnson, dedicated his 1997 book, Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds, to "Roberta and Howard, who understood 'the wedge' because they love the Truth."
-
-The mysterious reference is apparently a note of thanks to Howard F. Ahmanson Jr. and his wife Roberta, a wealthy and secretive Orange County, Calif., couple who have generously funded the anti-evolution movement and other right-wing causes that advance their fundamentalist Christian outlook.
-
-Howard Ahmanson, however, is no ordinary fat-cat. The savings and loan heir has maintained a long-time relationship with Christian Reconstructionism, an extreme faction of the Religious Right that seeks to replace American democracy with a harsh fundamentalist theocracy.
-
-Reconstructionists believe conservative Christians should take "dominion" over American society. Under their version of "biblical law," the death penalty would be required for over a dozen categories of offenders, including adulterers, homosexuals, witches, incorrigible children and those who spread "false" religions. They regard the teaching of evolution as part of a "war against Genesis."
-
-Ahmanson served for over two decades on the board of directors of the Chalcedon Foundation, Rousas J. Rushdoony's Reconstructionist think tank that serves as the intellectual center of the movement. Ahmanson has also generously supported the Foundation's work.
-
-As for Ahmanson's interests in opposing evolution, his relationship with leaders such as Johnson raises a series of questions about how the movement to "defeat" evolution is paid for and what the larger agenda might be.
-
-There is little doubt that the Ahmansons have the resources to help finance anti-evolution efforts. The family's wealth grew exponentially during the 1950s and '60s when Howard Ahmanson Sr, made billions in the savings and loan industry. After his death, his estate was divided between his son Howard F. Ahmanson and the Ahmanson Foundation, which had $663 million in assets at the end of 1996. (H.F. Ahmanson & Co., the parent company of Home Savings of America, had over $47 billion in assets in 1997.)
-
-With a vast fortune in hand, the Ahmansons are playing an active role in ensuring the anti-evolution movement's success.
-
-According to Reason magazine, promotional materials from the Seattle-based Discovery Institute acknowledge that the Ahmanson family donated $1.5 million to the Institute's Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture for a research and publicity program to "unseat not just Darwinism but also Darwinism's cultural legacy." In fact, the August 1999 issue of the Discovery Institute's Journal recognizes an Ahmanson outfit for providing the Center's start-up funds.
-
-With such high-powered assistance, the Center has quickly become a leading anti-evolution organization. The center's senior fellows include some of the highest profile advocates of "Intelligent Design" creationism, including David Berlinski, William Dembski and Michael Behe. Johnson himself is listed among the center's two official advisors.
-
-Additionally, Roberta Green Ahmanson provided the funding for Dembski to appear at her alma mater, Calvin College, a conservative Christian school in Michigan, to promote his approach to attacking evolution. Although he claims to be interested only in the scientific "evidence" against evolution, Dembski's appearance was listed as part of the college's "Seminars in Christian Scholarship."
-
-Funding from the Ahmansons is not always obvious. For example, the Fieldstead Institute is an extension of the Ahmanson empire, which frequently provides financial support for creationist causes. Dembski's appearance at Calvin was sponsored by a group called Fieldstead and Company. (Both appear to derive their name from Howard's middle name, Fieldstead.)
-
-Ahmanson has also taken an interest in providing money for other political causes, including support for voucher subsidies for religious schools and opposition to gay rights and pornography. In the January/February 1997 issue of Religion & Liberty, published by the Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty, he argued that the Bible opposes minimum wage laws.
-
-Ahmanson's opposition to evolution remains part of his larger agenda of establishing a fundamentalist "Christian nation." In the coming years, as different groups and personalities step into the anti-evolution fray, Ahmanson's role bears watching.
-
-== critics, proponents- enough already ==
-
-apprently- in that beastly sentence which I changed once, reverted then changed back, what is being said is that
-
-critics are unwilling to recognize that ''an'' organization (in this case, discovery institute) can have certain goals but adopt an educational policy that does not require said goals be required of schools. can you require a goal of a school?? I'm gonna leave it how it is, now with my one small change intact. I think "include" works better than that "including" that was there, which baffled me. I am uncertain about a few sentences in the neighborhood of that paragraph. The original writer should be found, I think. Is the writer saying that evolutionists challenges to the disc.inst. are ad hominem, straw man arguments?? If so, it should be stated more clearly. I'll be checking back.
-
-someone who wants to clarify what proponents assert PLEASE jump in and make that sentence into 2 or three tolerable sentences. For the love of the potential for God-like quality in us all...
-
-thanks,
-[[User:Kzzl|Kzzl]]
-
-== Biased towards ID in content ==
-
-When I wrote this article some months ago I was careful to include the other projects of the DI, I think one was to do with bioethics (don't murder the embryos!) and the importance of the views of the, er, great amateur theologian [[C.S. Lewis]] to public life in a country with strict separation of church and state. Right now it's just turned into a messy summary of ID, for which the [[Center for Science and Culture]] article was supposed to be. And those elements stating the other interests have mysteriously vanished! Another hint: [[Howard Abrahamason Jr]] (spelling?) [[User:Duncharris|Dunc]]|[[User talk:duncharris|☺]] 16:04, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
-
-:The missing content may be my fault ;-) Sorry. Keeping an appropriate level of ID (while keeping in mind the Institute claims 90% of their resources are dedicated to promoting ID) in the article, lets then move any excess to the CSC article. Do you have any suggestions what I should move over, or do you prefer to tackle it yourself? The missing non-ID content will have to be pulled from previous versions. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:52, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
-
-
-==Cascadia==
-
-The article reads:
-
-
It recently created its own Web site to ensure an individual identity and distance itself from the institute's controversial role in promoting intelligent design.

-
-I don't doubt this is true but without some sort of supporting data/evidence this reads very POV/biased. It sounds like Wiki is either speculating on the DI's motives or simply asserting what those motives are. How do we know Cascadia is trying to "distance" itself from the institute's IDC efforts? How do we know this isn't simply their attempt to better define what Cascadia is about and better focue their Cascadia efforts? Again, I think this entry either neeeds some supporting evidence or it should be rewritten without what appears to be a biased slant/speculation. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 17:13, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Over 500 Scientists Proclaim Their Doubts About Darwin’s Theory ==
-
-[Cut spam from [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=72.67.20.74 72.67.20.74].] --[[User:Mr. Billion|Mr. Billion]] 16:07, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
-
-:: Note that this user has been spamming numerous talk pages, including [[Talk:Evolution#Where_is_the_Pro.2FCon_section.3F]] and [[Talk:Charles Darwin#Where is the Pro/Con section?]], in a clear attempt to push a POV. -[[User:Silence|Silence]] 15:29, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
-
-If it's spam, it doesn't belong here. I've removed it. --[[User:Mr. Billion|Mr. Billion]] 16:08, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Non-neutral statement ==
-
-It's true that they haven't proven Intelligent Design through science, and it's true that they'll never do so because it's just another form of creationism. But the statement "The central item of this agenda - proving intelligent design by conducting actual scientific research - has clearly not been achieved" isn't NPOV. An ID proponent would object that ID hasn't ''yet'' been proven. At a minimum, the phrasing needs to be tweaked. --[[User:Mr. Billion|Mr. Billion]] 01:11, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
-
-:How about adding the word 'yet' after the sentence? But would that make clear that there is no scientific research actually going on at the moment? --[[User:Kristjan Wager|Kristjan Wager]] 08:54, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
-
-== How to make this article more neutral: POV tag==
-
-I was reading this article today and was struck at how biased it seems against the DI. First of all, the biggest section is the ''Criticisms'' section. Second, of the three footnotes, only the last can arguably be considered "unbiased." Finally, the last footnote is used to support the statement, ''The central item of this agenda - establishing intelligent design as legitmate science through conducting actual scientific research - has not been achieved.'' Except, that the last foot note is a link to the Dover school district court case decision. So now our concept of whether or not something is considered legitimate science is based on how the courts rule on cases relating to it? That is, to be kind, absurd. I am thinking that this article probably needs to be tagged as POV until it balances out. [[User:El Cubano|El Cubano]] 02:59, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
-
-I'm sorry, but your arguments are flawed.
-:*There is no need for requirement to be "unbiased". There is no requirement for an article to be sympathetic to the subject.
-:* The lack of a scientific programme has been pointed out many times, and it's there for anyone to see. There have been no publications, even in in-house DI pubs, which produce the results of any scientific research into ID. The Kitzmiller ruling is up to date, and is based on testimony by experts. There's nothing wrong with it as a source. It reports testimony, under oath, by both sides. Even the pro-ID people had nothing to contradict that. So it's an excellent source.
-:Anyway, you should not tag articles until after the discussion has failed. What changes do you propose making? [[User:Guettarda|Guettarda]] 15:07, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-:From [[WP:NPOV]]: ''NPOV (Neutral Point Of View) is a fundamental Wikipedia principle which states that all articles must be written from a neutral point of view, representing views fairly and without bias.'' That sort of tells me that an article that is biased is in violation of the NPOV policy. Besides, the article is about the Discovery Institute, not intelligent design or creationism. While I understand that including some valid criticism is appropriate, there are plenty of other articles where anti-creationists and anti-IDers can trot out all the facts, figures, opinions and whatever about how the proponents of ID and/or creationism have failed to establish a scientific case that is acceptable to their critics. I think that the quality of the article is quite lacking and that the bias is clearly evident when the largest section of the article is the criticism section. I'll have more suggestions/comments later. [[User:El Cubano|El Cubano]] 15:36, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-::*The criticism is necessary to "express all sides fairly and without bias". Links and sources are not expected to be unbiased.
-::*DI is very controvertial and it has attracted a lot of criticism. Excluding the list of officers and fellows, the criticism takes up about 1/5 of the article. Why is that excessive?
-::*Not sure what you mean by "''Besides, the article is about the Discovery Institute, not intelligent design or creationism.''" Obviously. So why do you bring it up? ID needs to be mentioned, since it is one of the primary thrusts of DI.
-::*Criticism:
-::**Para. 1 - charges of intellectual dishonesty, criticism from the scientific community. Widely made, relevant.
-::**Para. 2 - also made by former donors. Relevant - scope of criticms.
-::**Para. 3 - Templeton Foundation - independent commentary on the failure to follow through on the offer of funding. Very telling, since it undercuts one of the major claims of DI regarding their flagship programme.
-::**Para. 4 - One line para, crit. by former fellow. Distinct from the other crits, relevant.
-::**Para. 5 - Wedge document - huge issue, huge deal. Could, quite fairly, have ''more'' coverage here (but is appropriately spun off into its own article). Deals with the underlying philosophy of DI, and how it differs from their public statements
-::**Para. 6 - Quote which ties it all together. Relevant, helpful to the reader.
-::[[User:Guettarda|Guettarda]] 16:00, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Guettarda is right here. The criticism as presented is accurate, supported. I think El Cubano's concern here is misplaced and caused by being not taking into account the realm in which the Discovery Institute has tried to insert itself and how that relates to our NPOV policy.
-
-:::The Discovery Institute's method and goal for its CSC it at nature a challenge to the scientific community, its philosophical foundation and its method. This being the case, the scientific community's viewpoint clearly is the majority viewpoint while the DI's the minority. The amount of criticism present is in proportion to the significance of the viewpoints, which is exactly what [[WP:NPOV]] calls for:
-:::*[[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight|NPOV: Undue weight]]: "Articles that compare views need not give minority views as much or as detailed a description as more popular views, and may not include tiny-minority views at all (by example, the article on the Earth only very briefly refers to the Flat Earth theory, a view of a distinct minority). We should not attempt to represent a dispute as if a view held by a small minority deserved as much attention as a majority view, and views that are held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views. To give undue weight to a significant-minority view, or to include a tiny-minority view, might be misleading as to the shape of the dispute. Wikipedia aims to present competing views in proportion to their representation among experts on the subject, or among the concerned parties."
-:::*[[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Giving "equal validity"|NPOV: Giving "equal validity"]]: "Please be clear on one thing: the Wikipedia neutrality policy certainly does not state, or imply, that we must "give equal validity" to minority views. It does state that we must not take a stand on them as encyclopedia writers; but that does not stop us from describing the majority views as such; from fairly explaining the strong arguments against the pseudoscientific theory; from describing the strong moral repugnance that many people feel toward some morally repugnant views; and so forth."
-:::The POV template is unjustified; the amount of criticism is not undue, the is DI a distinct minority viewpoint challenging the majority's; presenting the majority's viewpoint here (which is thoroughly critical of the DI) is supported by policy. The criticism is also accurate and well-supported by cites. Time for the template to come off. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:43, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::Let me state a few things. First, I don't want to cause trouble. Second, I don't think that equal validity or undue weight are issues here. The article is not one of comparing views, it is about the institute itself. If you think the POV tag is unjustified, then please remove it. I will try and rewrite the article/fix itup this weekend into something I think is a bit more neutral. Though, if anyone else out there can take a crack at please do (I say that becuase I seriously dislike their approach toward promoting ID and I have not yet mastered the art of writing neutrally about things I don't like). [[User:El Cubano|El Cubano]] 17:27, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::Your reasonableness is appreciated here, thanks. To avoid conflict, since you are alone in your opinion that the article needs fixing (long-term contributors here saying it's accurate, well-cited, and appropriate) I suggest proposing any changes you have in mind here on the talk page first and working toward consensus. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 17:35, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::::OK. I'll propose changes, probably section-at-a-time here on the talk page. [[User:El Cubano|El Cubano]] 17:43, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-::Also, given the dishonest and misleading nature of the DI and their (previously hidden) agenda (down with science and up with jesus) it is difficult to write anything honest or accurate about them without the DI coming out looking odd to say the least. The DI is like poop. You can sprinkle perfume on it all day long to make it smell better, but in the end it's still poop. And there are tons of references out there criticizing the DI, but not many people other than DI members themselves say much of anything nice about them. Even their "allies" like the TMLC think they are scummish. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 18:03, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Minor spelling fix==
-
-Hi, I am doing research on the Discovery Institute and ran across a few spelling errors in the current Wiki article. I hope nobody has a problem, but just in case you are wondering, here is what I fixed; (1) History section, “institute’s” had an extra “s”; (2) Criticism section, “offices” did not have an “i” and “legitimate” was also missing an “i"; (3) Funding section, “totaling” had an extra “l”, “institute’s” had an extra “s”, and “News asked” was missing a space.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 22:04, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-== History dates off ==
-
-I’ve noticed what appears to be a mistake in the History section. The third paragraph starts out with this sentence:
-
-:''“In 1993, having formed a plan for a think tank opposed to materialism with Stephen C. Meyer and George Gilder (Chapman's former Harvard roommate and his writing partner), Chapman secured seed money in the form of a grant from Howard Ahmanson, Jr. and $450,000 from the MacLellan Foundation.”'':
-
-This leaves the impression that Champan founded “a think tank opposed to materialism” with Stephen Meyer in 1993. However, as the Wiki article, and all linked sources agree, the Discovery Institute was founded in 1990, not 1993. That’s my first problem.
-
-Second, the sentence claims that Champan “formed a plan for a think tank opposed to materialism.” I’ve searched far and wide on the internet, and find no evidence anywhere that Chapman formed the Discovery Institute to oppose materialism. There is no verification for this claim.
-
-Third, the paragraph leaves the reader very confused about when Discovery started doing intelligent design work, and when Stephen Meyer entered the picture. It was not 1993. The Judy Wilgoren NYT article explains that Chapman first learned about Meyer in 1993, and then met him a year later.
-
-:''“In late 1993, Mr. Chapman clipped an essay in The Wall Street Journal by Dr. Meyer, . . . . About a year later, over dinner at the Sorrento Hotel. . .”'':
-
-Finally, as best I can tell, the CSC was not founded until 1996, with no money being promised until 1995 (same NYT article). Thus, the Wiki history is just in error, there was no founding with Meyer in 1993. I will propose a revision soon, once I do a bit more research. [[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 16:36, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:The DI was founded 1990, but Meyer brought ID to it in 1993. Also, ID is a [[stalking horse]] for ID proponents rejection of "scientific materialism," as supported by the DI's [[Wedge strategy|Wedge Document]] and it's former website content from the 1990's [http://web.archive.org/web/19970608130849/http://www.discovery.org/crsc/aboutcrsc.html]. The timeline is accurate. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 18:16, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::FeliniousMonk - you claim that "Meyer brought ID to it in 1993." What is your evidence? The timeline is not accurate. Unless you have a verifiable source for this, I think it violates the verifiability policy [[WP:V]]. Meyer was not part of DI in 1993. I quoted the NYT article, you quoted no source.:
-::'''2.''' The Discovery Institute’s Center for the Renewal of Culture was founded in 1996. You claim that “website content from the 1990’s” deals with intelligent design. However, the website archive you linked was from 1997. 1997 is not “the 1990’s” when we are trying to create a verifiable, accurate timeline. The same NYT article says that Meyer and Chapmen met to procure money for the CSC only in 1995.:
-::'''3.''' Your opinion that Discovery is a stalking horse is not relevant to writing a [[WP:NPOV]] Wiki article about Discovery. Where is the ''verifiable'' source that says the Discovery Institute was '''founded''' to combat materialism? That’s a bold claim, and I see no source or evidence. The CSC, and the Wedge Document, come well after the Discovery Institute was founded. According to the only verifiable source relevant in this discussion, DI was founded to deal with economic issues. Chapman did not even know who Meyer was until he read the 1993 WSJ op-ed piece.:
-
-::This timeline is not accurate in the current article. 1997 is not 1990.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 19:09, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Former DI fellow Edward Larson said Meyer was "the person who brought ID to DI" prior to it becoming the center of the intelligent design movement. [http://www.waronscience.com/excerpt.php?p=3]
-:::Last time I checked, 1997 was in the 1990's. The statement is accurate. Work at the DI putting together the ID movement preceeded that creating the CSC, or CRSC as it was known then, read [http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/15.5docs/15-5pg40.html][http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/12.4docs/12-4pg18.html].
-:::"''This timeline is not accurate in the current article.''" Do you have a source for this? [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 19:35, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::There are several problems with the history section. First, nobody disputes that Stephen Meyer brought ID to DI. As I understand Veritasjohn's comment, the problem is that the current Wiki page says in two places that Stephen Meyer was a founder of DI. He was not--he came in only in late 1994, and was not involved until 1995 when he began founding the CRSC (later CSC). The first sentence of the History section is totally wrong. It lists Stephen Meyer as a founder of DI in 1990:
-
-:::::" The Discovery Institute was founded in 1990 by Bruce Chapman, George Gilder, and Stephen C. Meyer as a non-profit educational foundation and think tank based upon the Christian apologetics of C.S. Lewis."
-::::The other part without verification is the third paragraph, where the Wiki claims that in 1993 Chapman formed a plan for a think tank "opposed to materialism." I still don't see the evidence. It stands to reason that if DI was not '''FOUNDED''' to promote intelligent design (and the Wedge Document), then the Wiki page needs to be fixed.
-
-::::The name change from CSC to CRSC has nothing to do with the problem. Also, the two links you give say nothing about the CSC or CRSC. They speak of Philip Johnson, and some individuals now associated with Discovery (including Meyer), but nowhere do they say that 'Meyer formed a plan for a think tank opposed to materialism' (and that was the Discovery Institute). These links do not support the claim that Bruce Chapman had a plan for a think tank "opposed to materialism." This is precisely the claim of the Wiki page in question. Nobody disputes that Philip Johnson opposes materialism.
-
-::::You also missed the point about the 1990's. Your first claim that "website content in the 1990's" proved that the current Wiki is documented. The section of the Wiki page now in question claims that things happened in 1993, with no documentation. A citation to a 1997 CRSC website does not verify anything. [[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 21:11, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::Yes, the intro to the section is unclear, implying that Meyer and Guilder founded the DI, not the CRSC. that will be changed. Regarding the "Bruce Chapman had a plan for a think tank "opposed to materialism", um, read the Wedge Document and the New York Times article:
-::::::"So in 1996, with the promise of $750,000 over three years from the Ahmansons and a smaller grant from the MacLellan Foundation, which supports organizations "committed to furthering the Kingdom of Christ," according to its Web site, the institute's Center for Science and Culture was born. "Bruce is a contrarian, and this was a contrarian idea," said Edward J. Larson, the historian and author of a Pulitzer Prize-winning book on the Scopes Monkey Trial, who was an early fellow at the institute, but left in part because of its drift to the right. "The institute was living hand-to-mouth. Here was an academic, credible activity that involved funders. It interested conservatives. It brought in money." [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/national/21evolve.html?pagewanted=3&ei=5088&en=24bc7c9b16cac8a8&ex=1282276800&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss]
-:::::I'll add that cite to the article. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 22:23, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-Here's the DI's basic timeline, with the meetings that lead up to the formation of the CRSC:
-*1990: Discovery Institute is founded by Bruce Chapman as a offshoot of the Hudson Institute.
-*1991: Johnson publishes ''Darwin on Trial''
-*1992: A group influenced by ''Darwin on Trial'' meets at Southern Methodist University, bringing together Johnson, Dembski, Behe, and Meyer. They formed the core of the ID movement for the next 15 years.
-*1993: Johnson invited several of the ID community to a conference in California, a "smalltime Manhattan Project for the ID movement," at Pajaro Dunes. Present were Behe, Dembski, and Wells. "Pajaro Dunes thus became a model for what has come to be known as the “intelligent design movement." -- ''Paul A. Nelson'' [http://www.equip.org/free/DL303.htm]
-*1994: Ahmanson makes small grant to DI.
-*1994: Discovery starts to pay Meyer to head the ID cause, and signs Johnson as an adviser [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/evolution.html?pg=2&topic=evolution&topic_set=] [http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=17-06-067-b]
-*1996: Center for Renewal of Science and Culture is founded, with Meyer as head, with a promise of $750,000 over three years from the Ahmansons. [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,600157733,00.html]
-*1996: Language in Wedge Document is drafted, available on CRSC website [http://www.infidels.org/secular_web/feature/1999/wedge.html]
-*1999: Wedge Document is leaked on the Web [http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/0605/discovery-darwin.php]
-*2002: Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture renamed Center for Science and Culture
-*2005: Discovery Institute finally admits Wedge Document is theirs. [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=349]
-
-[[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 20:55, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-I’ve re-written the unclear third paragraph in the history section, to better reflect the verifiable chronology for the founding of the CSC (first CRSC). My rewrite expanded the first sentence by making it three sentences. It has these advantages:
-1)\tmakes clear how Bruce Chapman came in contact with Meyer – the WSJ op-ed
-2)\tMakes clear the date of their first meeting was 1995, not 1993. The NYT source makes this clear.
-3)\tAdds information about the financing, which came in the summer of 1995 NYT source again makes this clear.
-4)\tThe new third/fourth paragraph of the History section make more logical sense now. Gives the chronology of the founding, then has the description of the CSC’s role in the intelligent design movement.
-5)\tCuts unclear and unnecessary information from the first version. The old version had two paragraphs about the founding of the CSC, but it was very unclear how everything developed.
-[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 23:13, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:I've reverted it. Chapman and Meyer worked together prior to 1995, re-read the cites provided. Ahmanson provided seed money first, in 1994, then in 1996 he made the promise of $750,000 that started the CRSC. Your version conflated the two. Here's the entire passage from the NYT article:
-{{Quotation|"Founded in 1990 as a branch of the Hudson Institute, based in Indianapolis, the institute was named for the H.M.S. Discovery, which explored Puget Sound in 1792. Mr. Chapman, a co-author of a 1966 critique of Barry M. Goldwater's anti-civil-rights campaign, "The Party That Lost Its Head," had been a liberal Republican on the Seattle City Council and candidate for governor, but moved to the right in the Reagan administration, where he served as director of the Census Bureau and worked for Edwin Meese III.
-In late 1993, Mr. Chapman clipped an essay in The Wall Street Journal by Dr. Meyer, who was teaching at a Christian college in Spokane, Wash., concerning a biologist yanked from a lecture hall for discussing intelligent design. About a year later, over dinner at the Sorrento Hotel here, Dr. Meyer and George Gilder, Mr. Chapman's long-ago Harvard roommate and his writing partner, discovered parallel theories of mind over materialism in their separate studies of biology and economics. "Bruce kind of perked up and said, 'This is what makes a think tank,' " Dr. Meyer recalled. "There was kind of an 'Aha!' moment in the conversation, there was a common metaphysic in these two ideas."
-That summer of 1995, Mr. Chapman and Dr. Meyer had dinner with a representative of the Ahmansons, the banking billionaires from Orange County, Calif., ''' ''who had previously given a small grant to the institute and underwritten an early conclave of intelligent design scholars.'' ''' Dr. Meyer, who had grown friendly enough with the Ahmansons to tutor their young son in science, recalled being asked, "What could you do if you had some financial backing?"
-''' '' So in 1996, with the promise of $750,000 over three years from the Ahmansons and a smaller grant from the MacLellan Foundation, which supports organizations "committed to furthering the Kingdom of Christ," according to its Web site, the institute's Center for Science and Culture was born.''' ''
-"Bruce is a contrarian, and this was a contrarian idea," said Edward J. Larson, the historian and author of a Pulitzer Prize-winning book on the Scopes Monkey Trial, who was an early fellow at the institute, but left in part because of its drift to the right. "The institute was living hand-to-mouth. Here was an academic, credible activity that involved funders. It interested conservatives. It brought in money." }}
-:[[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 23:23, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::I don't read it that way Felonious. I think the Times article says that they didn't work together until "about a year" after "late 1993" -- in other words, when the rewrite said they did. I think you should undo your reversion. The new prose is cleaner and clearer.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 23:35, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Why? It's inaccurate and implies several unsupported points:
-:::*"''Chapman first became interested in evolution after reading a 1993 op-ed by Stephen C. Meyer in the Wall Street Journal about a university biology teacher who had been ordered to stop teaching intelligent design.''" The NYT article also says Chapman brought the ID movement under the DI auspices for money, [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/national/21evolve.html?pagewanted=3&ei=5088&en=24bc7c9b16cac8a8&ex=1282276800&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss]: "Here was an academic, credible activity that involved funders. It interested conservatives. It brought in money." Should we include that viewpoint as well?
-:::*"''In 1995, Chapman, Gilder, and Meyer found similar goals between Gilder’s views on conservative economics and Meyer’s conservative philosophical views about evolution.''" Implies that Chapman and Meyer came together 1995, yet the Wired article shows that the DI were paying Meyer in 1994. [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.10/evolution.html?pg=2&topic=evolution&topic_set=]
-:::*"''The new Center underwrote the earliest nucleus of intelligent design authors who titled themselves ''"The Wedge"''.'' [http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/issues/12.4docs/12-4pg18.html]" The cite provided says nothing of the sort and passage completely skips over the earlier small grant from Ahmanson to the DI prior to the $750,000 commitment in 1996 that funded the CRSC and confuses the source of seed money for the fledgling movement, Ahmanson, with the Center, highlighted in the NYT article passage given above.
-:::That's no improvement. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 00:18, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::*
-FeloniousMonk - Perhaps my first re-write can be modified. The problem is, the current Wiki ''still'' has serious problems:
-{{Quotation|"In 1993, having formed a plan for a think tank opposed to materialism with Stephen C. Meyer and George Gilder (Chapman's former Harvard roommate and his writing partner), Chapman secured seed money in the form of a grant from Howard Ahmanson, Jr. and $450,000 from the MacLellan Foundation. [2] These underwrote the earliest nucleus of intelligent design authors who titled themselves "The Wedge" [3]. Meyer had previously tutored Ahmanson's son in science and Meyer recalls being asked by Ahmanson "What could you do if you had some financial backing?"}}
-*The 1993 date in the first sentence is wrong. The source cited in the Wiki - NYT says that Chapman read a Meyers op-ed in late 1993, an met with him about a year later (could have been in 1994).
-*The first sentence '''wrongly''' states that "In 1993...Chapman secured seed money in the form of a grant from [Ahmanson and MacLellan]" That cannot be right. No matter how we interprit the very vague "small grant" language in the NYT article, it does not support at all the idea that in '''1993''' MacLellan had given 450,000. I think my version that you reverted is much more verifiable. You can give no quotation showing MacLellan money in 1993, and no plan in 1993.
-*I'm going to change the beginning of the second sentence, "These underwrote" to "Ahmanson and the MacLellan Foundation underwrote. . ." for clarity. Right now, it is unclear, and for some readers implies that the Discovery Institute, or the CRSC were the underwriters. As you point out above, the Cornerstone article does not speak of DI or CRSC. Also, I do not think the source cited says '''anything''' about the funding. It does talk about "the Wedge" - Philip Johnson writing, but nowhere does it provide verification that the two foundations supported it. I won't yet edit that part, but want to challenge the verification.
-[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 14:59, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
-::Felonious, I also disagree with your reversion to the existing sentence. There is no documentation that a plan existed in 1993, the best sources say they did not meet until late 1994 at the earliest. Also, the current sentene wrongly claims that MaClellan Foundation gave money in 1993.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 00:22, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:: I agree with Saint-George concerning the revision. The only clear evidence that we have been provided so far is the late 1994 date. To try and set the timeline any earlier is only conjecture. While dates may be "small" things, accuracy helps keep the tenor of this discussion tight and focused. [[User:Cabanaman|Cabanaman]] 18:35, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::What specifically are you refering to? The dates in the article were changed yesterday to reflect the New York Times article. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 19:41, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Like Cabanaman, I did not see the dates updated. They are much better, though I think they can be improved even more. The current version tries to address the Ahmanson and MacLellan Foundation money as coming in the same year. The NYT article, I believe, makes clear that the MacLellan money was only secured in 1995, not in 1994, or earlier. It is ambigous on the Ahmanson money, which I am currently researching. Perhaps a split into two sentences could clarify when there is better information out there. [[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 02:24, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Cascadia expansion ==
-
-I expanded the Cascadia section of the page with more background and explanation of what the center does. The new version should provide more encyclopedia type information about Cascadia.
-
-I did not remove existing material on Cascadia, but merely added the new information.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 22:33, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:I've pared it down somewhat, it read like a Discovery Institute Marketing Dept press release. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 02:46, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::You deleted legitimate information that contributed to the Discovery Wiki about Cascadia. Please justify this deletion. Your claim that "it read like a Discovery Institute Marketing Dept press release" is without basis.
-::*You deleted valuable information about John Miller, a Washington State politician who was involved with Cascadia's founding. I even added a Wiki link to John Miller's wiki page. This is not POV.
-::*You deleted information about the current managing director, Thomas Till, who used to work for the Amtrack Reform Council.
-::*I'll compromise and not re-ad my third sentence about the other current senior fellows. Though, I think this should be included at some later time.
-
-::Perhaps you only have an interest in the ID aspects of Discovery (a fair inference from the current version of the article. However, to be a good Wiki, this page should include other aspects of Discovery, such as Cascadia.
-
-::Again, I'm willing to discuss, but I fail to see what aspect of these changes read like a press release? This is standard background facts about Cascadia. The CSC section includes quite a bit more about funding, and the people involved. Why should the article not even mention the people involved at the founding? [[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 05:19, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::"''In 2003, Thomas Till joined Agnew to serve as Managing Director, after leaving his post as Executive Director of the Amtrak Reform Council.''" - that is typical of press release language, but rarely appears in any other form of writing (except when journalists copy from press releases). [[User:Guettarda|Guettarda]] 12:13, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-== DI PR Firm ==
-
-The DI recently hired the same PR firm that promoted the former Swift Boat Veterans for Truth and the Contract With America, Creative Response Concepts. Also, given CRC's history of using blogs and other online sources, we will to guard against their using this article as another channel to promote their employer's views. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 02:52, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-: Thanks for the heads up. I wouldn't be surprised if that's already happened. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 03:10, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-: I assume that FeloniousMonk's rule does not apply if it would censor legitimate information about Discovery Institute which objectively deserves to be known. I certainly hope that FeloniousMonk would not want legitimate information to be censored under any circumstances. [[User:EndScientificCensorship|EndScientificCensorship]] 19 September 2006
-
-:: Why am I already thinking about the principal that "[[WP:AGF]] is not suicide pact"?[[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 04:45, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-: I find this a borderline personal attack on my editing of this page. This is not justified in the least. Do you have any evidence or reason to try and smear my editing? I plan on reporting this if it gets worse. I am not a notable wikipedian, and have been making edits to improve the article.
-
-: You do not have ownership of the current WIki. Your language of "guarding against thier uing this article" is revealing. Wikipedia is open to anybody to come and improve a page. Nobody has claimed that you must be employed by some anti-ID outfit, which "uses blogs and other online resournces" so why are you making such a personal attack.
-
-: Finally, while I am flattered to be compared to a professional PR firm employee - I am nothing of the sort.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 05:28, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:: Who is the ink blot? [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 12:25, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-:: Expanding on my above comment, I don't see anyone saying you were so the fact that you bring up now seems a bit odd. And in any event, we have had to deal with the DI and similar groups attempt to modify their articles before so concern in this regard is understandable.[[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 12:27, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::: Veritasjohn, chill out a little bit. These fine folks are just trying to make sure that nothing sketchy goes on here. I don't see anything so far to evidence their accusations, but they have a right to be vigilant.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 16:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-::: That being said, I think Veritasjohn is right to interpret FeloniousMonk's posts as accusing him of working for a PR firm. As this is a pretty serious allegation, I would like it to be substantiated or withdrawn. Merely asserting that Veritasjohn's stuff looked like a press release (when the Cascadia section had previously lacked the level of detail present in the other sections) is not enough. FeloniousMonk looks like he's overreacting.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 17:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::I'd kind of like to see where FeloniousMonk accused Veritasjohn of working for a PR firm, Saint-George. And I've read the communication here a few times and I'll admit I may have overlooked it, but for my benefit please quote where FeloniousMonk accused Veritasjohn of working for a PR firm. And saying someone's edits sounds like a PR release is ordinary editorial criticism (and not an accusation of what one does for a living nor does it suggest bad faith). If I got my panties in a bunch everytime an editor criticized my own writing my butt would sting for months. And on the topic at hand...The DI has already gone on record publicly asking their supporters to let Wiki know how they feel, they have admitted to having DI staffers try and manipulate Wiki articles, so I think the Monk's head's up about the DI's newly hired propaganda tool is quite appropriate (and noteworthy in the article). Thank you. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 20:07, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::Just to clarify my concerns, which perhaps were over reacting. I edited the Cascadia section, significantly expanding it. FelinousMonk cut out two sentences of my edit, and in the edit summary said:
-:::::*“pare down the DI marketing dept boosterism in this section,”
-:::::Next, he started a new discussion about DI PR firm:
-:::::*” The DI recently hired the same PR firm that promoted the former Swift Boat Veterans for Truth and the Contract With America, Creative Response Concepts. Also, given CRC's history of using blogs and other online sources, we will to guard against their using this article as another channel to promote their employer's views.”
-:::::I took these comments together to be cutting my edit, as “DI marketing dept boosterism” and then warning about DI hiring a PR firm, as calling my work that of a DI hired “dept” or “PR firm.” In my defense, I asked for clarification, and Felinous never substantiated my inference, but rather a different Wiki contributor explained that my sentence sounded like a Press Release. So, Felinous did not directly say I worked for a PR firm, but take his edit summary with his next discussion, it seems to be strongly implying foul play. I’m glad that there is no accusation, and I plant to continue and contribute to this article.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 02:58, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Did you know in in creationism portal. ==
-
-In case anyone cares, this article is now mentioned in [[Portal:Creationism]]'s did you know section. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 03:53, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-== technology & democracy ==
-
-I added a subsection for the Technology and Democracy cause at DI. It was not previously mentioned in the Wiki, despite being a cause from the founding to the present (involving George Gilder). [[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 17:01, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Viewpoints in the External Links section ==
-
-I took out the "media complaints division" viewpoint. Even if it were cited, it would not be appropriate in the links section. No other link is editorialized in a similar fashion. Links should just have a fair description, not a critical jab.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 19:42, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:I agree, FeliniousMonk's edit summary re-adding the criticism called a "point of view." This is a link section, all other comments are purely descriptive. The Discovery Institute main link doesn't include a "point of view" attack it behind the link.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 19:53, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::Please. It's descriptive; Evolution News is commonly called the "Discovery Institute Media Complaints Division" by institute observers and critics. Most of Panda's Thumb and Talk Design know it as simply the Complaints Division. It's a verfiable fact, not an editorialization. Since you have no objection to the likes of the institute's "The Wedge - So What?" attempt at spinning The Wedge document [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=349#search=%22Discovery%20Institute%20The%20Wedge%20So%20What%3F%22], I don't see why what others call Evolution News. Unless your demands for fairness only extend to pro-DI descriptions... [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 21:34, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::It is "descriptive" in the same way that CNN could be described as the "Clinton News Network" during the 1990s by --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 14:55, 26 September 2006 (UTC)right-wingers. That kind of stuff does not belong in the links section. The question of liking to "The Wedge - So What?" is a discrete issue of no relevance to this particular question.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 22:10, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::But speaking of the links changes made by FeloniousMonk, I reverted them because the changes do not improve the page. The "TW-SW" link removed points to a very topical article. The links added are to Panda's Thumb pages on a couple of trivial objections to specific issues rather than anything that cuts to the core of what DI is about. I don't think I'm being pro-DI, I'm just pro better content.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 22:23, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-: I agree that the media complains division note is unnecessarily POV in that context. I am less convinced of the need to include the rebuttal to the wedge document leak since the Wedge is only somewhat relevant here. It would make more sense as a link in the article about the Wedge itself. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 22:33, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::Where it is already provided and given its due. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 22:39, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::I do not believe that the removal of the DI's "The Wedge - So What" article has been adequately discussed, let alone justified. I remember the link being there before Felinious removed it a few days ago. I did some checking. Felinious removed the link on 19 Sept 2006. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=76631290&oldid=76631072]
-
-:::Now, I did some digging. The DI Wedge PDF was linked in May 2006 [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=56439947&oldid=55386023], October 2005 [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=24504418&oldid=24504275], and even back in May 2005 [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=13196074&oldid=13196042] – more than a year and a half ago. This was before most of the article development. In short, it had been there for a very long time. I do not have the time to locate when exactly it was entered. I know that something being in an article for a long time does not justify it staying it, but it at least means that deleting that material should be explained.
-
-:::This deletion of the external link was not justified or defended by Felinious on the Discussion page. All we have is an edit summary. Why did it need to be deleted all of a sudden? There is no apparent reason. It is clearly relevant, as the article discussed the Wedge in depth, and other links discuss '''other''' POV's about the Wedge. It is not right for this link to be deleted, and then re-deleted multiple times with no discussion. It is for those against the link to make their case.[[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 14:04, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::FeloniousMonk – why did you delete the link to Discovery's Wedge reply? It is "external information that adds meaning to the subject." I remember this link being on the page for a long time. The Wedge is mentioned throughout the article, so readers may want to read more about what Discovery has to say, even if they don't go to the [[Wedge strategy]] Wikipedia article page. The Wedge is:
-:::::* Mentioned twice in Organization / CSC
-:::::* Mentioned as first bulleted point in Discovery Institute Causes
-:::::* Whole paragraph in Criticism about The Wedge
-::::Furthermore, there are two external links that you left which add further information and criticism of the Wedge Document:
-:::::* "The Wedge at Work" (Barbara Forrest book chapter)
-:::::* "Infidels.org article with further discussion and analysis of the Wedge strategy"
-::::Wikipedia is to represent sides from a '''neutral''' point of view. You are allowing some viewpoints about The Wedge (infidels and Forrest) to be represented, but not the Discovery Institute's own view. This is an article about the Discovery Institute, it seems quite understandable to present their view in external links. Neither would the inclusion of the link be "undue weight" to the minority view, seeing as 10 of the 13 links currently on the page counter the claims of the Discovery Institute and its fellows. --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 14:55, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
-:::::So, based on [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=349#search=%22Discovery%20Institute%20The%20Wedge%20So%20What%3F%22 this] (which I note has no copyright date, although it must be at least 2004 given one of its reference) how should the DI's view be presented? As near as I can see there's a denial that the document was a secret (a denial that appears to be lacking plausibity), a lot fluff about how DI cherishes science, followed by more fluff as to how a belief in a deity is not required to accept ID (little green men, right?), followed by reasons why God (capital G, only one deity it can refer to) must be brought into science, culture, and politics, backed up by the "Spiritual and Cultural Renewal" of America via ID as promoted by Christianity. Fair assessment? [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 19:03, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::Jim62sch - nobody proposed "presenting" the content of the Discovery Institute doc any more than including it as a link under External Links. It had been a link for quite some time. Your opinions about the viewpoint of the document don't disqualify it from being an external link do they? The criticism of The Wedge is readily represented by the other links in the section. Also, I'm confused on what you are saying, what exactly is your point? I understand that you do not believe the viewpoint presented in the DI document. But, the External Link section presents many competing viewpoints - so no wikipedian is going to believe everything in every external link. Hearing what DI has to say about The Wedge document is valuable, as your POV comment even shows. It is valuable to know that DI claims it was not "secret," as just one example.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 20:11, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
-
-
-I removed two lings which do not seem to belong in the External Links section. They were both replaced, several times. In the discussion, I will now defend why at least the first link should be removed. The pandasthumb blog post titled “Correct This!” is badly out of date. It was written September 5th, 2005. I checked the history, an IP address added the link to the DI Wiki on 26 September 2005 [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=24075263&oldid=22816605] It may well have been linkspam added by the pandasthumb author of the blog post (though we cannot know).
-
-This link should now be removed. It is more than a year old. Much of the blog post is simply out of date. Here are just a few of the badly outdated parts:
-* 1)“an ad for Sermonti’s book, displaying Behe’s endorsement of it, continues to appear on their main page.” '''No longer current, add has long been removed.'''
-* 2)“In Kansas, thanks to the political maneuvering of the Discovery Institute and other Creationits, a biology teacher too lazy to check the sources may actually teach that to his students as “evidence against darwinian evolutionary theory”. '''Kansas Standards have changed since 2005, no longer critical teaching allowed'''
-*3)“Ohio may even add this “controversy” to their evolution “lesson plans”, already riddled with gross biology errors gleaned from previous Intelligent Design literature (unless you people write enough letters to the Ohio media to reverse the course set by Ohio’s ID-friendly felon governor).” '''Ohio policy has been reversed.'''
-
-Furthermore, this blog post is just that – a blog post. There are hundreds of blog posts back and forth between Discovery’s ENV and Pandasthumb. There is no reason to include this blog post as opposed to hundreds of other blog posts. The actual content of the blog post criticizes Michael Behe’s blurb supporting a book, which was plugged briefly on ENV. This is merely an outdated blog-war criticism of Michael Behe, not interesting information about the Discovery Institute (this Wiki page’s topic).[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 16:20, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
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-:Veritasjohn, I agree that those links do seem to be out of date. I also agree that the link to the DI's Wedge Document: So what? should be kept. That is, if the wedge document continues to be referenced in the article. If the references to the wedge document are removed then so should the link. [[User:Bagginator|Bagginator]] 02:23, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Whitewashing ==
-
-I reverted {{user|Truthologist}}'s undiscussed changes to the article a second time now. His edits white washed ID's status within the DI by downplaying them and deleting a sourced passage of DI co-founder Gilder on the prominence of ID at the institute. Truthologist's changes also downplayed the conservative sources of funding of the DI while boosting the prominence of that of the Gates Foundation, which only funds work on transportation issues. Since sort of spinning and downplaying of the facts is not going to work when there are so many sources available. Considering the subject of this article has declared war on Wikipedia, [http://www.evolutionnews.org/2006/09/wikipedia_youre_on_notice.html] if there are specific things in the article that are inaccurate and need to be changed, they need to be discussed here first. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 19:39, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:Demanding that all changes be discussed in advance on the Wiki's talk page is contrary to established [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_policies WP] and therefore unnecessary.[[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 03:16, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::You're wrong, it's policy: [[Wikipedia:Editing_policy#Major_changes]]. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 22:11, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-===Feloniousmonk's whimsical reversion of edits===
-It is quickly becoming apparent why "Felon" is in the handle "Feloniousmonk". This user will not allow any changes to this article, regardless of sourced information, or the inaccurate nature of some content (See e.g. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=81646128&oldid=81645937].) Furthermore, there is no "Whitewashing" taking place--and no information about "Gilder" was removed in that edit. If this rampant and biased behavior continues, I recommend this matter be referred to Wikipedia for appropriate arbitration.{{unsigned2|20:56, 15 October 2006|24.113.139.168}}
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-:Ya gotta do whatcha gotta do. Just make sure all yer ducks are in a row. [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 00:25, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:Ahem, Chapman, not Gilder: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=81520354&oldid=81453895] [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 00:54, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:Thank you for the reference--which you recently added. Like I said, my interest is in improving the current entry, not removing well-sourced information. As the quote was previously [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=prev&oldid=81695951 unattributed], according to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources wiki-policy], it was within my editing purvey to remove it. Similar edits will follow, though I think the overall structure of the entry also needs some revision to provide the current information more effectively. See e.g. my edit (reverted by JoshuaZ) [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&oldid=81632068 here].[[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 02:22, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Add link re: ten years scientific and academic research ==
-
-Seeking discussion on adding a link to article: "[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=3756&program=DI%20Main%20Page%20-%20News&callingPage=discoMainPageDiscovery Institute Has Put Over $4 Million Towards Scientific and Academic Research into Evolution and Intelligent Design in the Past Decade ]."
-
-Is there any objection to placing the article in external links?
-
-:Actually maybe more about this belongs in the article itself but I'm not sure how best to address it. They claim they have invested 4 million into research and academia, yet their mum on exactly what that 4 million got them or where exactly it went. I wonder why they keep that information so secret. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 21:35, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::One should think the reason to be one of disingenuity. [[User:Lord Henry Wotton|Lord Henry Wotton]] 22:47, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Well I did some digging and contrast that article with this one: [http://www.evolutionnews.org/2006/10/the_state_of_scientific_resear.htm The State of Scientific Research on Intelligent Design - Bruce Chapman] On one hand they are celebrating all the research they claim has been done over the last 10 years, on the other hand they are exlaining why they are not divulging any details about this research (the Darwinists will "strangle the infant in the crib" if they make those details known, I just hate it when ''that'' happens). Chapman also suggests ID researchers risk their jobs by publicly talking about their work. Odd that not a single ID researcher in the entire world works for a ID friendly school. You'd think Dembski would be free to do ID research where he works and I thought Behe had tenure, so what does he have to hide or fear? And how about Wells, is his livelyhood at risk if he publicly discusses his ID research? Anyhow...
-
-:::I think Chapman's article is very noteworthy, especially in view of no one really believes any actual ID related research or testing is going on yet Chapman indicates quite a bit of it is, they're just keeping it a secret. Chapman sounds as if the ID community is on the verge of some significant break throughs that we'll soon hear about. Does anyone else think this is noteworthy? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 17:32, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::Maybe they actually saw the alien bodies at Area 51 and deciphered their book, ''How to Build Man''. Or maybe they found the time-travelling biologist's time machine. Perhaps Gabriel agreed to appear on film explaining it all. In any case, they've been going on about this for some time, so the only notability it really has is that "that's their story and they're sticking to it". [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 01:28, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-
-:::::'' they've been going on about this for some time,'' Jim, that's my point and now they are saying they've invested 4 million dollars in ID research and "science"...Yet they're keeping it a secret from the world because the Darwinists are out to get them. That is what makes it noteable to me. Anyhow, I don't want to sound like I'm trying to sell others on the idea, I might get some time and try and come up with something to present here for opinions. Cheers! [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 02:10, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::I knew that was your point, I was just being sarcastic. I suppose the money they say they've invested without released results ''is'' notable, although how to present it without making them seem like abject paranoiacs will be difficult if not impossible. [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 13:52, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Removing unsourced, POV material ==
-I am removing strongly POV material from entry [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute#Discovery_Institute.27s_Center_for_Science_and_Culture here], specifically this sentence:
-
-
It seeks to portray evolution as a "theory in crisis" and leave the [[scientific community]] looking closed-minded, opening the public school science curriculum to creation-based alternatives to evolution such as intelligent design, and thereby undermining "scientific materialism."

-
-What is the source for this? Sounds like pure editorializing (or perhaps paraphrasing unsourced material) to me. Thoughts?
-[[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 03:08, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:I've restored it with supporting cites. All the content of the article is accurate and easily supported. If you're genuinely that unaware of the motives and goals for ID of the Wedge members at the DI, perhaps you shouldn't be editing that content. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 05:01, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:I will be looking into the citations, and challenging any that fail to meet [[WP:NPOV]], and general [[WAP]] muster. Furthermore, it is a simple fact that the bold claim being made was unsourced. That in and of itself justified removing the information from the posting. I'm a bit skeptical of your motive-mongering here, but as indicated above, I will look at the citations you provided and confer with you here if I think further changes are in order on this. Thanks! [[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 05:12, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::Please do. Just be sure that objections to article content or sources are justified and not baseless. These cites were readily available to anyone bothering to look and cover what most with just a cursory reading on the topic consider to be common knowledge. Long-term contributors here are very knowledgeable on the subject at hand; we don't mind providing sources when necessary, but there isn't a lot of patience in the community for pov-deletionism or endless calls for cites. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 05:19, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::I see a trend in many of the new citations added to this page (and also many of the older ones in this wiki-page), namely an over-reliance on citation to opinion articles, agenda-driven books, and other materials that either display a strong bias, or are otherwise expressing opinions and not facts. For instance, in this [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=81930824&oldid=81903626 edit] one editor apparently took umbrage when I included an explanatory note that the article was an opinion piece (i.e. POV rather than a more reliable, and NPOV news story). I would encourage editors to review current citations, consider their relevance and accuracy, and whether the claims being made conform to [[WP:Verifiability]]. Furthermore, I think that a major push to make the article NPOV requires moving existing criticisms located sporadically throughout the entry to the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute#Criticisms_of_the_institute criticisms of the Institute section]" and suggest posting future criticism exclusively in that section, as well. Comments? [[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 05:49, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::"''a major push to make the article NPOV''" Um, the article already fully complies with [[WP:NPOV]]; I don't think you understand the policy.
-
-::::"Separating all the controversial aspects of a topic into a single section results in a very tortured form of writing, especially a back-and-forth dialogue between "proponents" and "opponents". It also creates a hierarchy of fact - the main passage is "true" and "undisputed", whereas the rest are "controversial" and therefore more likely to be false, an implication that may often be inappropriate. Since many of the topics in an encyclopedia will inevitably encounter controversy, editors should attempt to write in a manner that folds debates into the narrative rather than "distilling" them out into separate sections that ignore each other. In summary, controversy sections should not be used as a tool to marginalize criticism." -- [[Wikipedia:Words_to_avoid#Article_structure]]. I don't think you'll find much support for that here. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 15:53, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::I think one of the problems here is a disagreement over the meaning [[WP:NPOV]]. From the Simplified Ruleset: "Write from a neutral point of view. This is a fundamental principle, which allows us to make a fair representation of the world around us. Even if material is verifiable, it is still important to put it into a balanced and representative form so that it conveys a fair impression of the views of the many significant viewpoints on a subject."[[WP:SR]] See also [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#A_simple_formulation Simple Forumulation], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Fairness_of_tone Fairness of Tone]. The page as it currently sits does not accurately represent the Institute--instead it acts as one big gushing criticism, and a sounding board for critics. In fact, it appears some users prefer it this way, and have gone to great pains to monopolize the content of the page, keeping mainly negative views in place. This needs to change. I welcome any comments you all may have. [[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 18:47, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::[[WP:NPOV]]: "NPOV says that the article should fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by a reliable source, and should do so in proportion to the prominence of each. Now an important qualification: Articles that compare views need not give minority views as much or as detailed a description as more popular views, and may not include tiny-minority views at all. We should not attempt to represent a dispute as if a view held by a small minority deserved as much attention as a majority view, and views that are held by a tiny minority should not be represented except in articles devoted to those views. To give undue weight to a significant-minority view, or to include a tiny-minority view, might be misleading as to the shape of the dispute."
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-:::::The DI's viewpoint on ID being valid science is clearly not accepted by the scientific community, which is who determines what is and isn't valid science. All viewpoints in this article are cited, attributed and verifiable. The article presents the competing views on controversies logically and fairly, and points out all sides without favoring particular viewpoints. The most factual and accepted views are emphasized, and the minority views are given a lower priority; sufficient information and references are provided so that readers can learn more about particular views. Yes, interested editors guard against the bowdlerizing of articles under the pretense of NPOV. You may choose to characterize them as "monopolizing the content," but before you go down that path realize that your own single-topic, single-viewpoint history at Wikipedia belies your motives in so doing. POV campaigning and promotion inevitably never succeeds at Wikipedia. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 19:23, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Media ==
-
-*[http://www.tvw.org/MediaPlayer/Archived/WME.cfm?EVNum=2006080088&TYPE=V TVW - Event with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez] The Discovery Institute hosts a program with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez in Seattle. (Also available [http://www.tvw.org/MediaPlayer/Archived/WME.cfm?EVNum=2006080116&TYPE=V IN SPANISH])
-*[http://www.tvw.org/MediaPlayer/Archived/WME.cfm?EVNum=2006080064&TYPE=V TVW - Authors Hour with Jonathan Witt and Benjamin Wiker] - The Discovery Institute hosts a release party for "A Meaningful World" with authors Dr. Benjamin Wiker and Dr. Jonathan Witt in Seattle.
-*[http://www.tvw.org/MediaPlayer/Archived/WME.cfm?EVNum=2006070088&TYPE=V TVW - Former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton event] Mr. Gorton talks about the nature and ideals of public service during a summer lecture series named in his honor.
-*[http://www.tvw.org/MediaPlayer/Archived/WME.cfm?EVNum=2006060038A&TYPE=V TVW - Cascadia Center holds a conference co-sponsored by Microsoft] Future Trends in Energy, Technology, & Transportation Conference: Welcoming remarks, discussion on "Maritime Security and Real World Implications," panel discussion on "Existing and Future Technology"
-*[http://www.seattlechannel.org/videos/video.asp?ID=5010662 Seattle Channel - Dr. Steven Hayward, F. K. Weyerhaeuser Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI)] Reviews the current state of the climate change debate and provides a critique of former Vice President Gore's recent documentary, An Inconvenient Truth.
-*[http://www.seattlechannel.org/videos/video.asp?ID=5010650 Seattle Channel - From Congressman to Ambassador: The Skills One Needs for Each 6/16/2006] John R. Miller, whose work combating slavery and sex-trafficking was recently profiled by [[The New York Times]], speaks at the Discovery Institute.
-The above were removed [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=81963013&oldid=81948760 in this edit] by [[Jim62sch]] citing this reason: "Wikipedia's purpose is not to be an outlet for DI sponsored events -- that [sic] what DI has its own web site for." I disagree, and believe the more information about the Institute and its program and events in this entry, the better. Please provide other justification for such a major deletion, and cite appropriate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents/Policies_and_guidelines established WP] if applicable. [[User:Truthologist|Truthologist]] 17:43, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:Jim was right to remove them. Wikipedia is not a link farm or alternate channel for promotion of their viewpoint for the Discovery Institute, please read [[WP:NOT]]. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 19:25, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Link spamming & involved parties ==
-
-[[WP:NOT#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links.2C_images.2C_or_media_files|Wikipedia is not]]: "Mere collections of external links or Internet directories. There is nothing wrong with adding one or more useful content-relevant links to an article; however, excessive lists can dwarf articles and detract from the purpose of Wikipedia."
-
-Truthologist added an excessive number of links to DI material: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=81946763&oldid=81930824] He then restored it when Jimsch62 rejected it as link spam: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=82046453&oldid=82011393] {{user|216.163.84.151}} restored the links in the form of links to archives/search results: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Discovery_Institute&diff=82074480&oldid=82048169] User:216.163.84.151's IP just happens to be that of the Discovery Institute. Having the DI restore Truthologist's questionable edits calls into question whether there are editors here working on the Discovery Institute's behalf or that its PR firm, Creative Response Concepts. [[WP:AUTO]] provides for preventing editors from editing articles in which they are directly involved, particularly when done in a biased manner, as have been seen here. To avoid future conflict and disputes, anyone editing here who is an involved party with the DI should limit themselves to participating on this article's talk page and refrain from editing the article directly. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 23:02, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:Thanks for bringing this to light, [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]]. Simply fascinating. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 23:13, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:That is horribly depressing, but thanks as always for your perceptiveness. --[[User:Davril2020|Davril2020]] 19:44, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::Well now we know that Truthologist has been less than truthful. Editing all the Discovery Institute related articles, while moaning how POV they are, violating every policy, and hiding the fact you are associated with the Discovery Institute is not a good example of Christian truthology. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 19:52, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:I havn't been at this page for a while. I'm glad to see that the DI IP was caught and properly reverted. However, I don't see why Truthologist has been also declared to be from the Discovery Institute. He made a lot of changes, and then the DI IP reverted some of his link changes - once. I don't think it is right to just declare that editor to be from the Discovery Institute. It doesn't even appear that he was asked on the discussion - someone just added the tag at the top of this page.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 21:57, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-: I'm curious where you get the info that his IP is the same as the Discovery Institute's? A simple WHOIS turns up that DI's IP is 64.246.188.3, and the 216.163.84.151 is owned by a webservices company so who knows what it's used for. Granted DI is probably using other IPs for their user machines, and you could be right, but I'd like to know how got that info. [[User:Headlouse|Headlouse]] 22:09, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::Considering DI's efforts here, the number of [[WP:SPA]]s participating and the nature of their participation, there's consensus that [[WP:BEANS]] prevents us from going into too much detail. But I can say for certain that 216.163.84.151 is the Discovery Institute, you're simply not using the right sort of lookup. Everything you need is on 216.163.84.151's talk page, try a little harder, you'll figure it out. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 22:38, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::: Headlouse, an NSLOOKUP command from my desktop turns up 216.163.84.151 = firewall.discovery.org which is of course the Discovery Institute's network (www.discovery.org). [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 22:41, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::My goodness, I should hope Headlouse and Veritasjohn are not considering engaging in computer security as a vocation. Virtually every event on the internet is tracable, you see, given the proper tools of course. [[User:Lord Henry Wotton|Lord Henry Wotton]] 22:50, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::Actually their response is to be expected. One day you return to the article to see the tag(s) above without any explanation as to why. Their questions make perfect sense to me. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 22:53, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::The same methods for fighting sockpuppetry work just well ferreting out those with a conflict of interest. Inevitably it's their own actions that ultimately give them away: no matter how carefully they try to cloak the motive for their actions, the act of incessantly deleting only criticisms itself demonstrates their intent. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 23:04, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::What about if this truthologist person just works for the discovry institute as a clerk or something? I work at Wal-Mart, does that mean I can't edit the Wal-Mart artical? It don't make sense. [[User:Alethos Logos|Alethos Logos]] 23:32, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::[[User:Alethos Logos|Alethos Logos]], I believe bubba speak would be more like "It don't make ''no'' sense" Try that. Also you'll do well to read these policies prior to editing the Walmart article - [[WP:AUTO]] and [[WP:COI]]. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 00:48, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:: Felinious - thanks for the explanation, but I'm still unclear on how we know that Truthologist is from DI. I just assued (it turns out correctly) that the 216.... IP was the DI's. Also, I see in the discussion that Truthologist clearly posted, under the heading "Feloniousmonk's whimsical reversion of edits" that the unsigned comment was from the 24.113.139.168. That's not the 216 IP. I read the WP:BEANS thing, and it didn't make any sense to me.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 01:47, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::His editing from the DI has been confirmed by a neutral 3rd party. Editors generally have more than one IP associated with their account, for example, one each for home, work and/or school. [[WP:BEANS]] is being invoked because we don't want to give scofflaws any ideas on how to further circumvent policy. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 03:02, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::: Fair enough. I just didn't understand how it was known that the user was from DI when there wasn't anything explaining such in the page. I'll take your word for it.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 01:02, 21 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-== Conservative Christian Think Tank? ==
-
-Although a source has been provided to the claim that it is a conservative Christian think tank, there are a few problems. One, there are no cited sources ''to the Discovery Institute itself'' that say it is a conservative Christian think tank. It has been my experience in controversial matters that hearsay is not always reliable. Second, if we go straight to the horse's mouth and see what the Discovery Institute says[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php], we see,
-
-:Discovery Institute is a secular think tank, and its Board members and Fellows represent a variety of religious traditions, including mainline Protestant, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, and agnostic.
-
-For specific examples, note that David Klinghoffer is a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&isFellow=true&id=209] and is an Orthodox Jew[http://members.aol.com/JewishCo1/tshuvim/klinghoffer.htm]--not a conservative Christian. Another example, David Berlinksi is a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute (in the CSC branch)[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=51&isFellow=true] and is an agnostic[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/11/krauthammers_id_strawman.html][http://www.gyphillpremiere.com/david.html]. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 14:52, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:I see your purposeful campaign promoting dissembling continues apace. There is no shortage of sources that the DI promotes a conservative Christian agenda (which is readily apparent in their actions and manifest in the Wedge Document); it's a simple matter of just adding them to the article, which we'll now do. Please don't start disrupting this article as well with more partisan, baseless objections. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 15:15, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:: Felinous - I don't think you responded to the point about the Board '''not''' being Christian. If an organization promotes some causes which Christians promote, that does not make it a Christian organization. Furthermore, where is the "purposeful campaign promoting dissembling continues apace." I don't see what you are referring to. The user provided useful citations of Discovery Institute board members who are clearly not "conservative Christian." I will look forward to seeing your sources. According to your logic, the Wedge and intelligent design issue are "Christian" and therefore DI is a "Christian organization." That seems flawed. presume Pro-life is a "Christian" issue, that would make the atheists for life a "Christian organization" [http://www.godlessprolifers.org/home.html][[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 16:26, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::If we're going to use bad logic I have a few examples I'd like to offer, and they're true and not made up. I have a liberal friend who more often than not votes Republican. This proves the Republican party is not conservative. And a prominant black civil rights activist once supported David Duke's run for governor. That proves David Duke is not a racist. See where this line of thinking goes?
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-:::The Discovery Institute also is chummy with at least one known Moonie. That does not make them a Moonie Think Tank nor does it negate the fact they are a Christian think tank. Perhaps the Discovery Instiutute's ''denial'' of their blatant Christian agenda might be noteworthy though. Thoughts? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 16:46, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::How about the following,
-
-:::::Some have claimed that the Discovery Institute is a conservative Christian think tank.[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3944/is_200502/ai_n9521923] The Discovery Institute contradicts this claim, pointing out that "until recently the Chairman of Discovery's Board of Directors was former Congressman John Miller, who is Jewish."[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php] It also points out the existence of current Board members who are not conservative Christians.[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php] Two examples of this are David Klinghoffer--a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute [http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&isFellow=true&id=209] who is an Orthodox Jew[http://members.aol.com/JewishCo1/tshuvim/klinghoffer.htm]. Another example us David Berlinksi, also a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute (in the CSC branch)[http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=51&isFellow=true] and is an agnostic[http://www.evolutionnews.org/2005/11/krauthammers_id_strawman.html][http://www.gyphillpremiere.com/david.html].
-
-::::Here we have both sides represented and sources cited, in compliance with [[WP:NPOV]], [[WP:V]] and [[WP:CITE]].
-
-::::Regarding your statement Mr Christopher on "bad logic," unless your liberal friend is a Board member of the Republican party I don't think that particular analogy quite applies. Unless David Duke is a Board member of a major civil rights organization I don't think that analogy quite applies either (I suggest you visit the [[false analogy]] Wikipedia entry). If it the Institute were really a conservative Christian think tank, why is an Orthodox Jew a Board member? Why is an agnostic a Board member? Why was a Jewish man the Chairman of Discovery's Board of Directors? It just doesn’t make sense. I think the fact that a number of Board members are ''not'' conservative Christians does constitute at least some legitimate evidence against the claim that it is a conservative Christian think tank. [Last edited 18:24, October 2006 (UTC)] --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 18:21, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::I'm not sure people confuse an organizations agenda with the make up of one or two of their fellows. And the Discovery Institute has political and strategic reasons who support fellows who are not christians. They go out of their way to advertise their token Jew and token "atheist" (whatever). This does not change the reality that their agenda is religiously motivated, specifically conservative, right wing christian agenda. So if they offered a fellowship to the president of Iran (a muslim with a funny accent) that would not change the reality of their overall christian agenda. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 19:14, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::Mr. Christopher, your examples and contentions do nothing to establish that the DI is a "Christian think tank."
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-::::The burden of proof when authoring is not on the one showing that what another wrote is wrong. The burden of proof is on the one asserting the label. Saying that "they are a Christian think tank" does not make them Christian. I could be wrong, but "it looks that way to me" shouldn't suffice to apply a label.
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-::::Your comment about a Moonie ([[Jonathan Wells]]) makes no sense. Why does that not make Discovery a Moonie Think Thank? Because Discovery does not possess the necessary properties of being Moonie. What is baffling is why you think this does not undermine DI's alledged "Christian" identity. How many Christian churches do you know who have Moonies on their leadership? None. Look at the logic of what you are saying. DI has a Moonie Fellow. This does not make the DI a Moonie think tank. Replace "Christian" for "Moonie." The DI has a Christian fellow. This does not make the DI a Christian think tank. The DI has an agnostic fellow. This does not make the DI an agnstic think tank.
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-::::So it seems the questions are:
-::::* How, on Wikipedia, should we properly apply a label to a diverse group? Is a label based on:
-:::::* What they '''do'''
-:::::* Who their '''membership/leadership''' consists of
-:::::* How a group '''identifies themselves'''
-:::::* How they are identified in '''media''' sources
-::::* What happens if there is conflict between possible sources of establishing a label?
-::::* Does the DI possess the necessary properties of being "Christian"? If yes, what are they?
-::::* Does the DI possess properties that makes them secular? (As they claim they are secular.) If yes, what are they?
-:::: --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 19:38, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::Deciding this issue is, I think, beyond the scope of the entry. I think the best thing to do is just to present both points of view (one side says their Christian, the other does not) like my proposal above. Though perhaps the proposal might be more appropriate in the body of the article rather than the introduction (similar to what you said below). --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 13:34, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-I'm usure about the proposal by Wade. My opinion is that such indecisiveness might be more appropriate in the body of the article. The introduction should be plain and simple facts, not a contentious clump of argumentation. If the label "Christian" does not fit and is not substantiated, just go with what is well-established on the facts. --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 19:39, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-The DI in promoting ID is promoting an explicitely Christian goal: "''Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions.''"[http://www.antievolution.org/features/wedge.html] This fact was recognized in the Dover ruling which said "''ID, as noted, is grounded in theology, not science''"[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/4:Whether_ID_Is_Science] ... "''ID cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents.''"[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/6:Curriculum%2C_Conclusion] And as the article details and is supported by multiple sources the vast majority of the DI's funding comes wealthy conservative Christians and explicitely Christian organizations. DI members are overwhelmingly Christian, the few exceptions are touted by the DI as part of their "Big Tent" strategy. The DI's "natural constituency" (their own term) are Christians. So you've got a think tank that's 98%+ conservative Christian (the other <2% being conservative theists of other flavors which share the same goals) with a documented explicitely Christian agenda, funded largely by conservative Christians, catering to a Christian constituency. It's safe to say they're Christian. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 17:55, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:While we're on the topic of editing, the name of the person quoted in the first footnote, Patricia O’Connell Killen, does not even appear in the hyperlinked-reference. Why does this baseless footnote even exist? I would look it up myself right now, but I'm on my way to a meeting. If it's not taken care of by tonight, I'll be glad to find a suitable recommendation and post it here for approval. --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 19:44, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::It's there, you just have to read beyond the first page in the source article: [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3944/is_200502/ai_n9521923/pg_2] "''Although it purports to be a secular organization, its religious moorings are clearly recognizable. Patricia O'Connell Killen, a religion professor at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma whose work centers around the regional religious identity of the Pacific Northwest, recently wrote that "religiously inspired think tanks such as the conservative evangelical Discovery Institute" are part of the "religious landscape" of that area.''" BTW, this fully supports the passage in the article and is by defintion is verifiable and a reliable source per our guidelines. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 18:04, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:Felonious, there is a difference between an organization that espouses a major viewpoint ''consonant'' with conservative Christianity and an conservative Christian organization. A quick example (as someone pointed out) is [http://www.godlessprolifers.org/home.html this organization] which is ardently pro-life (clearly a major part of conservative Christianity) and yet is atheistic. By your own admission there are "conservative theists of other flavors [i.e. not Christian] which share the same goals." These goals may very well be consonant with conservative Christian dogma, but they are clearly not the same thing as Christianity itself. Otherwise, why would an agnostic and an orthodox Jew be Board members? The best answer seems to be that the Discovery Institute has goals that--while very conistent with Christiantiy--aren't unique to it. To the very least, it seems we should point out certain facts like the DI's statement contradicting the claim of being a conservative Christian think tank, and especially the part of a Jewish man having been the Chairman of Discovery's Board of Directors. [Last edited: 13:34, 27 October 2006 (UTC)] --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 13:27, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-FeloniousMonk, I am well aware of the [[WP:NOR]] policy. That being said, I think your “proof” needs to be discussed. Your arguments seem to break down to these:
-*Discovery promotes ID, and ID is “explicitly Christian” (citing Wedge Doc, and Kitzmiller). Later you refer to a “documented explicitly Christian agenda”
-* “vast majority of DI’s funding comes from wealthy conservative Christians and explicitly Christian organizations You sum this up by claiming (wrongly) that the group is “98%+ conservative Christian” with the other “<2% being conservative theists who share the same goals.”
-* DI members are overwhelmingly Christian
-* Discovery’s “natural constituency” is Christians
-
-I know you are going to object to this, but I think it is important to consider - the Discovery Institute itself publicly describes itself as a “secular think tank.” Even more, the Institute expressly denies being a “Christina think tank.” [[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php]] I suspect many will object to the Discovery Institute being biased in this claim. However, I think it is standard for simple, factual claims, to cite and defer to a public organizations claims. We take Discovery’s word at who their Board members are, for example. (I will address later how the sources currently cited are not neutral third parties).
-
-I find it simply astounding that Discovery’s reasonable, public, explanation of this fact will be entirely ignored by the wiki article. Here are some additional, verifiable facts about the Discovery Institute.
-* Congressman John Miller was the long time chair of the Discovery Board of Directors. John Miller is Jewish (not Christian) (1999-2003)
-* David Klinghoffer is a fellow of Discovery Institute and a widely syndicated Jewish author and writer, who even wrote a book entitled ''''“Why The Jews Rejected Jesus”'''' (patently non-Christian book).
-* Senior Fellow David Berlinski is an agnostic, or Jewish, but clearly not a “conservative Christian”
-* There is '''no religions test''' to be a Board Member, Fellow, or staff at the Discovery Institute
-* There is no “statement of faith” or '''any''' expression of religious doctrine by the Discovery Institute
-* The Discovery Institute never describes itself as “Christian” (and in fact expressly explains that it is not).
-* Jonathan Wells is publicly known to not be “conservative Christian.”
-
-Is it reasonable to label an institution “Conservative Christian” in the first sentence when they employ, at a high level, the author of ''“Why The Jews Rejected Jesus”''? I think not. Furthermore, Felon, you make up your numbers, which I’ll be charitable and presume were estimates (98% and 2%). Be honest, you have no idea how many % of the Discovery fellows or staff are “conservative Christians.” Furthermore, there is no evidence that the publicly identified non-Christian members are “token” members. There are in fact several publicly verifiable Christians at Discovery (Dembski, etc.). However, there is no verifiable document saying what precise percentage of Fellows, staff, or board members are any particular religion.
-
-Your claim would categorize John Miller, ''chairman of the Board'' for four years, as “token.” What sort of “Christian organization” employs a “token Jew” as the chairman of its board? You make a claim that the non-conservative Christian members of Discovery are “conservative theists who share the same goals.” This is a fascinating admission. Conservative theists is not the same thing as Conservative Christians. Theist is a much broader category than Christian. Indeed, many who fit “theists” would vehemently object to being labeled “Christian” (which you seem to do). Jews and Moslems, to name just two, should not be wrongly labeled Christian just because they are theists.
-
-Wikipedia is not obliged to follow POV name-calling as verifiable fact. I suspect an interested reader would be shocked to find out that what the Wiki article calls a “conservative Christian” organization engaged in many non-Christian causes (Cascadia, for example), was lead by a Jewish Chairman of the Board, and has a Senior Fellow who has written a book that is exceedingly non-Christian. Not to mention that the organization will readily employ any agnostic, atheist, Catholic, Jew, or person of whatever religious affiliation.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 14:10, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::Veritas, you might want to take these arguements and see if you can get the press and other sources to believe you. Or at least contact all the sources that are cited in the article that recognize the Discovery Institute as a Christian think tank/organization/agenda that are used in the article. Tell them the DI is not a Christian think tank and point out that since they have a few Jews, atheists and Moonies they are cannot be a Christian organization with a Christian agenda. Perhaps they'll believe you and then take back every word they've ever said on the subject. That would be more effective than trying to argue here with editors who are actually well read on the subject and are already fully aware of the Christian agenda promoted by the Discovery Institute. Best of luck to you. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 15:16, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::The DI's flacks have been doing just that for some time now: [http://doubtingdarwin.blogspot.com/2006/04/baylor-lariat-misleading-on.html] The problem is, no one other than ID fellow travelers is buying it. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 15:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-The argument made by [[User:FeloniousMonk]] relies largely on [[Intelligent Design]] being "explicitly Christian" and thus, the [[Discovery Institute]] which advances ID must also be "explicitly Christian." This argument proves too much. Even if Intelligent Design is religious (a contentious POV claim made by Kitzmiller, and disagreed with by many), this does not make the [[Discovery Institute]] "explicitly Christian"
-
-Mustafa Aykol at [http://www.TheWhitePath.com The White Path] is a devout Moslem supporting Intelligent Design. According to [[User:FeloniousMonk]]s logical fallacy, anybody who supports intelligent design becomes "explicitly Christian." That would make Mr. Aykol a "Christian" – which he is clearly not. Even if you assume ID has the property of being "Christian" that property does not transfer to those who support intelligent design.
-
-[[User:FeloniousMonk]]s argument hangs the hat entirely on the intelligent design peg. By that logic anybody and everybody who supports intelligent design should be described as "explicitly Christian." That makes no sense. [[User:Jkaplan|Jkaplan]] 20:58, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::And as far as statistics go, the DI has said 85% of their overall budget is ID related, no? And the second goal in the wedge stategy is:
-
-::::*''To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God."
-
-::::Hmmmm...''Theism...Created...God...''That doesn't sound like a secular agenda to me, does it to you, Veritasjon? And if 85% of their budget is ID related, and we all know ID is recycled creationism, I guess that makes them an 85% Christian think tank with 15% left over for transportation. Also, a Christian agenda can include Jews, if you read your bible you'll note Christians read the same book that Jews do. No kidding, read it and you'll see for yourself. In fact Jews and Christians share the same bibical creation myth. I'm not making this stuff up, please refer to your Christian bible for proof of this. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 15:40, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::Mr. Christopher, is your claim that 85% of DI's budget is ID related speculation? Is that a claim made by DI, based on IRS records, or? Can you please point me to where you found that statistic? Thanks! [[User:Jkaplan|Jkaplan]] 21:06, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-No. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 01:37, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::Which is exactly why their latest attempt to require teaching that is critical of evolutionary biology without running afoul of the Constitution's prohibition against government promotion of religious views was rejected in the Dover ruling. If "ID cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents"[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District/6:Curriculum%2C_Conclusion] then neither can those who started and promote ID uncouple themselves from their creationist, and thus religious, ideological motives. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 15:51, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::I must admit I find it dubious that the concept of life being artificially created is "religious." Note also that saying a theory is religious because it's ''adherents'' have religious ''motives'' is a variation of the [[ad hominem]] fallacy. We then ought to be careful what we think is "obvious" regarding religion in matters like these.--[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 15:59, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::Yes, well, you already know but conveniently forget we've already got the DI fellows each saying they believe the designer is God to a man, so I think we're covered on that [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:16, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::::Again, that's attacking the ''adherent'', not the theory itself (please confer the [[ad hominem]] fallacy I mentioned above).
-
-:::::::::Um, you conveniently ignore the fact that the Discovery Institute comprises its fellows, and so musings of its fellows on the topic is not only relevant, but necessary in determining what Discovery Institute fellows believe. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 18:43, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::::::You conveniently ignore what I was talking about. I expressed my skepticism regarding the concept of life being artificiallly created "religious", you then say I "forget we've already got the DI fellows each saying they believe the designer is God to a man" the point I was making in my previous post is that this is not relevant, becuase that is attacking the adherent and not the theory, i.e. what you said does not imply that life being artificially created is "religious." --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 19:43, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::::::I'm ignoring nothing, I simply don't find your reasoning here persuasive, that's all. Most reasonable people are going to find the public statements of members of a think tank on the very topic the think tank promotes relevant, regardless of what you think. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 19:55, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::::::::Most reasonable people know the [[ad hominem]] fallacy is a fallacy. Even if the adherents of a theory are guilty of unsavory motives and misdeeds, that has no bearing on the theory. Newton's stated motive in promoting some of his theories was to promote belief in God. The stated motive of Enlightenment thinkers in promoting Newtonian theories was to destroy religion (got this info from Del Ratzsch; I suggest you read ''Battle of Beginnings''). Neither of these contradictory motivations have any bearing on whether a theory ''itself'' is religious. Even if the adherents of ID have religious motivations, that does not imply that life being artificially created is a religious concept. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:22, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::Veritas made a good point when he said, "I suspect an interested reader would be shocked to find out that what the Wiki article calls a “conservative Christian” organization engaged in many non-Christian causes (Cascadia, for example), was lead by a Jewish Chairman of the Board, and has a Senior Fellow who has written a book that is exceedingly non-Christian." A person reading a Wikipedia article should not find such "surprises" like this because important relevant info was deliberately left out. To the very least, it seems we should point out certain facts like the DI's statement contradicting the claim of being a conservative Christian think tank, and ''especially'' the part of a Jewish man having been the Chairman of Discovery's Board of Directors. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 15:59, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::Wade, I find most of what the DI engages in very shocking. No doubt many Wiki readers have similar experiences. We cannot be responsible for the shock factor induced by the DI's behaviour, practices and policies. In fact I even find much of this talk page shocking. Being shocked by the facts is not lethal nor does it cause cancer. No big deal is what I'm trying to say. Adults are shocked every time they open the newspaper, we need not worry our heads about the shocking facts of life or the DI. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 16:05, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::"We cannot be responsible for the shock factor induced by the DI's behaviour" true, but we ''can'' be responsible when that "shock" is due to us deliberately leaving out relevant information. Stating as fact the claim of the Discovery Institute being a conservative Christian think tank, and then leaving out facts like the Chairman of the Board of Directors was Jewish and that the organization denies the claim is, I think, a bit irresponsible. We should present both points of view here. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 17:38, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::If the DI wants to disassociate itself with its religous foundation it's going to have to either jetison its connections to C.S. Lewis or get Lewis recategorized as a ' ''secular'' apologist': [http://www.discovery.org/cslewis/], [http://www.discovery.org/religion/] [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:16, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::Well and their leadership such as the "father of ID" should stop their well documented campaign of deception captured in this shocking [[Phillip Johnson]] quote "''Our strategy has been to change the subject a bit so that we can get the issue of Intelligent Design, which really means the reality of God, before the academic world and into the schools"''
-::: Now THAT is shocking! What Johnson is saying is that they are going to use smoke and mirrors as a means to get God into the schools. Shocking! And this is from a secular think tank. Gosh, veritasjon and Wade, something fishy is going on with what the DI tells the public and what they actually do, isn't it? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 16:41, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::You wouldn't mind providing a source so I could verify that Johnson is indeed speaking for the Discovery Institute would you? --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 17:38, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::Ah, yes, all-too-predictable Wade "have a source for that?" Before you waste any more of your time and ours arguing whether Johnson is speaking on behalf the Discovery Institute, let's just be up front it is not necessary for any source to identify it as such. That is because a major reason why Johnson's views on ID are notable and relevant is attributable to the fact that he is Program Adviser of the DI. Any publication is going consider any public statement on his part on the topic ID in that framework. Here's the source. It's a Christian source, BTW, and note that it makes a clear connection between Johnson's statement and the DI. [http://www.christianity.ca/news/social-issues/2004/03.001.html] [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 18:43, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::"let's just be up front it is not necessary for any source to identify it as such" Indeed, I've seen you willfully ignore and flagrantly violate [[WP:CITE]] in the past[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Irreducible_complexity/Archive_01#Questionable_Claims][http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irreducible_complexity&diff=37550598&oldid=37550292], why should I expect you to feel complied to do cite valid sources to justify your questionable claims here? Johnson is affiliated with the DI, but nowhere does it say whether the statement ''represents'' the official position of the Discovery Institute. Maybe it ''does'' represent the Discovery Institute; I'm a little uncomfortable about what they've done myself. But I'd still like a valid source before I swallow it. I've seen too many misrepresentations in Wikipedia about ID in the past. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:00, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::Wade, your ridiculous hair-splitting over sources that are not even in the article is killing me. Really. You've walked us all so far down your path there that your not even bothering to address the 5 sources that support your initial objection. Talk about wasting your time (as well as ours). And before you hit 'reset' and have a go at those sources too, let me warn you you'd be wasting your time there as well since I've literally a dozen sources that all say the same thing from many different perspectives, recognizing the Discovery Institute as a "Christian think tank", on both sides of the debate: Christian conservative Bryan College, named after William Jennings Bryan of Scopes Evolution Trial fame no less, identifies the Discovery Institute as "a great Christian think tank that deals with various cultural, ethical, scientific, political, and economic issues" [http://www.bryan.edu/1759.html] and the Metanexus Institute: "the Discovery Institute, the conservative Christian think tank that serves as the primary promoter of "intelligent design." [http://www.metanexus.net/metanexus_online/show_article2.asp?id=8024] While Internet Infidels calls it "The institute is a conservative Christian thinktank of sorts located in Seattle." [http://www.infidels.org/infidels/newsletter/1999/may.html#CreationWeek] Not to mention the 5 sources cited in the article now, there's also Cybercast News Service which we can assume has no pro/con ID agenda and yet still correctly identifies the Discovery Institute as "the Discovery Institute, a Christian thinktank that campaigns for the teaching of Intelligent Design." [http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200508%5CFOR20050812d.html] Same with Jacksonville University ("the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute, a Seattle-based Christian think tank.") [http://www.ju.edu/news/pressRelease.asp?prID=515&pg=1&year=2006&month=February] and the
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-:::::::So on one hand we have dozens of sources from both sides of the debate that identify the DI as a Christian think tank, and on the other, we have an organized campaign by the DI to protray themselves as not a 'Christian' think tank, but a scientific think tank that has lead to them denying Christ more times than did Peter. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 20:13, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::::I didn’t address those sources because I didn’t deny that some people claimed they are a conservative Christian think tank. I’m saying that stating as fact the claim of the Discovery Institute being a conservative Christian think tank, and then leaving out facts like the Chairman of the Board of Directors was Jewish and that the Institute itself contradicts the claim is, I think, a bit irresponsible. We should present both points of view here. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:40, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::::Oh, because there's something like less than 2% of DI fellows are not Christian but other forms of theists? In other words, you're splitting hairs. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 20:46, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::::::Is it splitting hairs in pointing out that this allegedly conservative Christian think tank contradicts the claim of being a conservative Christian think tank? Is it splitting hairs in pointing out that this allegedly conservative Christian think tank had a Chairman Board of Directors who was Jewish? Whether they are a conservative Christian think tank (and I'm an agnostic in that area), it seems we ought to present both sides here as I said earlier given the circumstances. [Last edited: 21:05, 27 October 2006 (UTC)]--[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:54, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::::::The DI's manifesto clearly states its aims: "''Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions.''" [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/en/7/71/Wedge_Document.pdf] What the DI does and says goes a lot further to determining what the DI ''is'' than what flavor of theist its members are. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 22:43, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::::::::::True, design theory is indeed consonant with theism. The Wedge Document admits that. So what? How does the admission that design is consonant with theism imply that the Institute is religious? You seem to be overstating your case a bit; notice what the quote actually says. Can you provide a solid quote from the Discovery Institute that actually ''says'' its aims are religious? Or can you only find an admission that design theory is ''consonant'' with religion? "Consonant" means "harmonious," not "same as." Still, I can see your POV and even promoting a theory they expressly admit is ''consonant'' with Christian views makes some suspicious--until perhaps one realizes that the very same document you quoted was when the Chairman of the Discovery Institute was Jewish (also check your cited link; it doesn’t seem to be working). Also, see what I said earlier about an organization being merely ''consonant'' with Christianity as opposed it being a Christian organization.
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-::::::::::::There's a subtle, but real difference here we should not ignore. In any case, this is a type of issue where both sides need to be represented—as one side claiming it is a Christian think tank, and noting that the Discovery Institute itself contradicts this claim and points out they had a Jewish Chairman of the Board. Presenting one side as fact while ''completely omitting'' the significant minority view does not seem consistent with [[WP:NPOV]]. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 15:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::::::::::Have you not been paying attention? We've changed the article to present both sides since the DI insists on trying to hide their Christian agenda. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 15:59, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-::''You wouldn't mind providing a source so I could verify that Johnson is indeed speaking for the Discovery Institute would you?'' Wade you are too funny for words. If you don't work for the Discovery Institute you should. I'm being serious and not sarcastic. Take that as a compliment. :-) You'd fit right in! Oh, and I have full confidence in your ability to do your own research on the subject so there is no need to ask me to do your research for you. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 18:49, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::I'm not asking you to do my research for me, I'm asking you to back up your claim. I'm asking you to do your ''own'' research instead of me doing it for you. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:00, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::I wasn't making a claim, Wade, I was asking if you found Phillip E Johnson's (the father of the [[intelligent design movement]])comments about using deception as a means of getting God into the classroom shocking. Are you familiar with what the word [[deception]] means? Does deception bother you at all? You avoided answering my question and instead started yapping about cites. You ''are'' familiar with Phillip E Johnson, yes? You've heard of him? Are you aware he is significant not just to the DI but the entire intelligent design movement? I'll give you a hint, he's not a token jew, atheist or moonie. He is Mr Big when it comes to intelligent design. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 20:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::"I wasn't making a claim, Wade," yes you were. You claimed Johnson said something, then evaded responsibility for finding a verfiable source in which he said that. "I was asking if you found Phillip E Johnson's (the father of the intelligent design movement)comments about using deception as a means of getting God into the classroom shocking" I'm not yet convinced that he is. “Deception” is a strong word. I would like to see the quote more in context before I swallow your claim. Why? As I've said before, I've seen too many misrepresentations of ID. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 20:34, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::Ever heard of Google, Wade? Ever heard of Phillip E Johnson? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 20:38, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::So have we Wade, so have we... [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 20:37, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-And by the way, Wade, you owe FeloniousMonk a thank you for all the personal intelligent design turoring he provides you on these talk pages at no cost. I am amazed at his scholarship, patience and willingness to educate you. Amazed. You should be one of the most well read and up to date individuals on any of these subjects just from the research he does on your behalf. Holy cow man you owe him a big thank you. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 20:29, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::What you guys fail to realize is the fact that the discovery institute being a christian think tank is well supported by the evidence. Have you bothered to read the cites? Have you even read the article? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 21:02, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::I ''did'' read the cites; yes a number of people claim the Discovery Institute is a conservative Christian think tank. Did you read ''my'' cites? Why do you think we shouldn't mention that the Discovery Institute contradicts the claim of being a conservative Christian think tank? Why do you think we shouldn't mention the Discovery Institute had a Jewish Board of Directors? The "evidence" isn't all one-sided here and I think it's a good idea to mention both sides in this case. Why? For one, I just don't see why we shouldn't explain what the Discovery Institute thinks of its own organization. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 21:11, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-::::All I have to say is, "Del Ratzsch"? ROFL. [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 21:28, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::May I ask why the mention of Del Ratzsch is funny? --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 15:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-== Conservative Christian Think Tank? II==
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-Sorry for the delay in my reply here.
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-FM, Thanks for pointing out that the first footnote does support the claim. There's so much ad-spam I could barely find the words of the article, much less the little page links under the Google AdWords.
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-So as far as the application of a label in a Wikipedia article, from what the admins here have stated it seems that how the DI is identified in '''media''' sources is more important than the full spectrum of what they '''do''', who their '''membership/leadership''' consists of, and how the organization '''identifies themselves''', even when there is '''conflict''' between these possible sources of establishing a label.
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-Very well. Media supersedes all. Seems very shallow to me and assumes that media sources always give reliable information and have a pragmatic omniscience. While I disagree with this methodology, if this is the way that Wikipedia has established its policy, then I suppose, "it is what it is." If anyone wishes to dispute a label applied by media sources, never mind what the group does, one must provide other media sources stating that the DI is indeed a secular organization. Anybody have any sources? --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 17:49, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:The DI's religious manifesto would be ground zero. You ''have'' read that, yes? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 19:15, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
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-First, to address the media argument briefly. I don't believe this has been established as Wiki policy in the status quo. [WP:V] does not say that a critic's claim about an organization must be taken as fact. It would be absurd for Wiki articles to blindly follow critic's claims about something as a verifiable fact. If that were the case, the Evolution page might as well say that Darwinism led to Nazi's - since some critics of Darwinism make this claim in the media.
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-I think we need to set a much higher standard, especially when dealing in issues of academia in which credible information and sources should be the point of origin. As we have seen, just over the past yr, the media has occasionally embellished information for airtime that later turned out to be false. First, we all remember the Jayson Blair incident, in which a journalist for one of the most respected papers, was proven to have fabricated evidence over a number of years. Second, during the Katrina recovery reports of "thousands dead" turned out to be false. In addition, in interviews with the media, both Mayor Nagin and Police Chief Compass reported "rapes of 'babies,' Nagin spoke of 'hundreds of armed gang members killing and raping people' inside the Dome. Other unidentified evacuees told of children stepping over so many bodies 'we couldn't count.'" All of this information turned out to be false. We all remember these claims well because they were trumpeted in the media. However, as you may note, there was not a similar quick jump to correct this false information. Using media sources for information leaves much to be desired especially in an academic discussion when the Media claims are expressly denied by the source.
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-Second, briefly to the point of DI being a "Christian Think Tank." When you compare DI to many notable self-proclaimed think tanks, I think you see a real difference. Look for example at FRC(Family Research Council www.FRC.org), CWA (Concerned Women for America www.cwfa.org), The Christian Coalition (www.cc.org), Focus on the Family (www.family.org), and the Acton Institute (. When you look at the principles of these organizations you will see that they are all distinctly Christian in focus, mission, membership, and identity. Note, for instance the principles of FRC.
- : * God exists and is sovereign over all creation. He created human beings in His image. Human life is, therefore, sacred and the right to life is the most fundamental of political rights.
- * Life and love are inextricably linked and find their natural expression in the institutions of marriage and the family.
- * Government has a duty to promote and protect marriage and family in law and public policy.
- * The American system of law and justice was founded on the Judeo-Christian ethic.
- * American democracy depends upon a vibrant civil society composed of families, churches, schools, and voluntary associations.
-This does sound like a very Christian organization and well it should. The vision, mission, membership, and identity of the aforementioned Christian think tanks seem to be very different than that of DI. DI's Vision, mission, membership, and identity encompass many issues, realms, and members. While DI's membership may include Christians and Christians may have some interest in certain areas of DI's research this in no way makes it a 'Christian' organization. The Discovery Institute does not have any Christian statement of faith equivalent to what these actual Christian think thanks have. To say DI is Christian would mean that since I know some members of the ACLU who are Christians and know that the ACLU has partnered with Christian organizations (both verifiable facts), therefore, the ACLU a 'Christian organization.' This claim would be dishonest both intellectually and academically and such is the same of labeling DI a 'Christian' think tank.[[User:Cabanaman|Cabanaman]] 21:08, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:The claim that the DI does not pursue Christian agenda or promote a Christian POV is belied by the DI's own programs [http://www.discovery.org/religion/] and manifesto. [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/en/7/71/Wedge_Document.pdf] How any group can run a program whose theme is "What is the proper role of religion in a free society? This is the animating question behind Discovery's program on religion and civic life" and another which states "Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions" and yet come here and insist that they are not a Christian organization is beyond belief. Furthermore, [[WP:NPOV]] calls for "all significant published points of view are to be presented." When a preponderance of those significant published points of view all say the same thing, as they do here, then it can safely taken to be the case. The footnotes already cover the DI's objection to be being considered a Christian organization, despite the overwhelmingly Christian nature of their own programs and members. As the sources in the article attest, there's no shortage of evidence that the DI tries to spin their orientation. I see no reason why we should help them. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 21:38, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::You seem to be overstating your case a bit. Consider that they admitted that design theory is consonant with Christian and theistic convictions. So what? How does the admission that design is consonant with theism imply that the Institute is religious? Can you provide a solid quote from the Discovery Institute that actually ''says'' its aims are religious? Or can you only find an admission that design theory is ''consonant'' with religion? "Consonant" means "harmonious," not "same as."
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-::Still, I can see your POV and even promoting a theory they expressly admit is ''consonant'' with Christian views makes some suspicious--until perhaps one realizes that the very same document you quoted was when the Chairman of the Discovery Institute was Jewish (also check your cited link; it doesn’t seem to be working). Also, see what I said earlier about an organization being merely ''consonant'' with Christianity as opposed it being a Christian organization. It is true, as the Discovery Institute itself admits, "the Institute has a long record of supporting religious liberty and the legitimate role of faith-based institutions in a pluralistic society,"[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php] but being in support of such religious freedoms does not necessarily imply being a Christian think tank (note that a senior fellow of the religious department is Jewish). You said,
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-:::Furthermore, [[WP:NPOV]] calls for "all significant published points of view are to be presented." When a preponderance of those significant published points of view all say the same thing, as they do here, then it can safely taken to be the case.
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-::But this is a clear misrepresentation of the situation. The Discovery Institute explicitly contradicts the claim of being a Christian think tank[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php]. Whether or not they are right here, their viewpoint should not be omitted. The Discovery Institute is not only a significant minority, it is also the subject of this very entry. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 16:07, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-:::Um, Wade, the article now presents the DI's veiwpoint now that they are "secular think tank." [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:16, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-::::Yes, but I'm posting my response to your post anyway. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 16:35, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-'''First''', let us clarify, none of the Wiki editors discussion this issue, are representing their own reasoning and judgment on this particular issue. Felinious at one point seemed to imply that DI has “come here and insist that they (Discovery Institute) are not a Christian organization.” It is not the DI insisting that they are not, it is a good number of Wiki editors who fail to see how DI can be fairly described as a Christian think thank, as if they are one and the same with [http://www.frc.org Family Research Council] and the like.
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-'''Second''', the Jewish members of Discovery should not be denegraded with slurs of “token” status. In two places, Mr. Christopher makes this claim:
-* “They go out of their way to advertise their token Jew and token "atheist" (whatever). This does not change the reality that their agenda is religiously motivated, specifically conservative, right wing christian agenda. So if they offered a fellowship to the president of Iran (a muslim with a funny accent) that would not change the reality of their overall christian agenda.” Mr Christopher 19:14, 25 October 2006
-*“he's not a token jew, atheist or moonie.” – (Mr. Christopher 20:20, 27 October 2006)
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-The verifiable fact that John Miller was chairman of the Board for Discovery for many years does not seem to support a “token” claim. Furthermore, the tone of these comments appear to me to be an insult to the several public non-Christian members. This “token” argument looks a lot like a personal insult to the non-Christian members. David Klinghoffer, who wrote ''Why the Jews Rejected Jesus'' is not just some “token” member, but rather a well publicized Jewish columnist. What is more problematic about this point, having several high profile Jewish members should give everyone pause before declaring that DI is “conservative Christian.” I’m sure both John Miller and David Klinghoffer would object to be described as part of a “Christian” agenda and organization.
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-'''Third''', “Christian” and “theists” are not the same thing. In many places, the argument advanced was that “theists” have the same agenda as the Christians, so this whole discussion is moot. However, accuracy is important with religious terms. Christians are theists, as are Moslems and Jews. That does BOLDnotBOLD make Jews or Moslems Christians. It is simply confounding that the article, or arguments in discussion, would imply that Moslems and Jews can be categorized as “Christians” simply because they support a similar cause.
-*“So you've got a think tank that's 98%+ conservative Christian (the other <2% being conservative theists of other flavors which share the same goals)” FeloniousMonk 17:55, 26 October 2006
-*“because there's something like less than 2% of DI fellows are not Christian but other forms of theists? In other words, you're splitting hairs.” FeloniousMonk 20:46, 27 October 2006
-*“Also, a Christian agenda can include Jews, if you read your bible you'll note Christians read the same book that Jews do. No kidding, read it and you'll see for yourself. In fact Jews and Christians share the same bibical creation myth. I'm not making this stuff up, please refer to your Christian bible for proof of this. Mr Christopher 15:40, 27 October 2006
-The problem with these statements can be found in another comment from FeliniousMonk: ''“What the DI does and says goes a lot further to determining what the DI is than what flavor of theist its members are.”''FeloniousMonk 22:43, 27 October 2006 If that claim is true, then the Christian, personal religious “flavor” of “its members” should not justify labeling DI as “Christian.” I agree with FeliniousMonk on this point. Look – if Klinghoff’ers book BOLDWhy the Jews Rejected JesusBOLD does not make DI an anti-Christian Jewish think tank, then Dembski’s believes about God and the designer does not make DI Christian. If Well’s Moonie status does not make DI a “Moonie think tank” then Philip Johnson’s personal views and books does not make Discovery a Christian think tank. However, later, Felinious seems to change his position on the status of fellows: ''“Um, you conveniently ignore the fact that the Discovery Institute comprises its fellows, and so musings of its fellows on the topic is not only relevant, but necessary in determining what Discovery Institute fellows believe.”'' FeloniousMonk 18:43, 27 October 2006. This looks a lot like the Christian believes of the fellows matters, but the Jewish, Moonie or Agnostic views of fellows do not matter. That is not neutral.
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-Furtermore, there was never any analysis of how, if intelligent design is such a blatenly Christian cause, there can be devout Moslems, such as “Mustafa Aykol at The White Path is a devout Moslem supporting Intelligent Design” Jkaplan 20:58, 27 October 2006, who are not also wrongly labeled as “Christian” for supporting intelligent design.
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-'''Fourth''', the Wedge Document was repeatedly touted as Discovery’s “Manifesto.” While the Wedge Document does show that many Christians have reason to support intelligent design, the fact remians that the Wedge Document was a fund raising letter, and at most, relevant to what the CS(r)C believes. The document does not address the Discovery Board, or any programs other than CSC. Remember, CSC came later, first came social programs, foreign policy, Cascadia, and the like. None of these programs are implicated, even if we take Wedge = Christian as gospel.
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-'''Fifth''', Discovery lacks many common (necessary?) attributes of Christian think tanks. This argument has not been addressed by either the discussion of Christian members, or the ID/Wedge issue. There is no religious test or even standard for members. Atheists, agnostics, jews, anybody is welcome. They are welcome, because unlike expressly Christian organizations (Focus on the Family, for example) the organization does not consider itself Christian. They have no statement of faith for the organization. Even presuming the Wedge is some sort of proxy for that, it would only work for CS(r)C, not the whole Institute. Furthermore, the high-profile non-Christian members belie the Christian label for the whole institute. There is no David Klinghoffer working for the Acton Institute, or the Family Research Council – since those organizations actually have religious standards and mandatory beliefs.
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-While I think all these points are important to note in the discussion, it does appear at this time that many news organizations and published sources (some biased) call Discovery a “Christian think tank.” That label, in all the sources I have looked up, has no justification – it is simply a label given to Discovery. None of the cited sources adaquately addresses the facts highlighted in this discussion. However, Wiki seems to be off track with standards, so the labels given (without supporting reason) trump the verifiable facts about the organization. I hope, and suspect, the Wiki article will continue to point out that Discovery Itself does not consider the institute to be a “Christian think tank.” [[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 17:29, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-: Many problems with the above. We have sources that call it as such. If you want to argue those sources aren't reliable that's one thing but as long as we have sources the above is essentially [[WP:OR|original research]]. Furthermore, this isn't a large number of Wikipedia editors but a large number of single purpose accounts who don't seem to edit much outside the DI related stuff. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 17:35, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::Exactly. And regarding the participation of these single purpose accounts, whether the are not officially tied to the DI is beside the point. If they are seen to originate with university IDEA clubs, then they are clearly acting on the DI's behalf, and we're back to dealing with involved parties flouting [[WP:AUTO]] and [[WP:COI]]. The more they argue the more transparent their aims become, and the less likely they'll fool anyone with their pretext. Given the history of the DI trying to use this article to promote it's POV, the recent threats it's made to the project, and the clearly partisan nature of the objections being made, I think we need to be very circumspect about any changes or proposals moving forward. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 18:01, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::: That's a baseless allegation. Editors who disagree with you are not automatically employees of DI or IDEA club members. Suspect all you want, but the views of all editors are entitled to be heard. I'll be charitable and presume you're making some general observation - rather than attacking specific editors. I'll say for myself that your insinuations that I have been violating [[WP:AUTO]] are entirely without merit. I disagree with your opinions often, but don't go around alleging without basis that you work for NCSE or something of the like.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 19:35, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::: I would like to confirm what Veritasjohn said; I am not DI or IDEA. Therefore, my edits are not [[WP:AUTO]] and insinuations thereto are entirely inappropriate. [[User:Saint-George|Saint-George]] 20:18, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::::I find it fascinating that after a one-month hiatus from this article Saint-George pops up just in time to slay the dragon confonting TruthIoannes. Rather mysterious, no? [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 23:26, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-:::One of the challenges of trying to work with the ID promoters here is how easily they ignore overwhelming evidence as well as their attempts to mitigate that evidence is not only unproductive, it's insulting. For instance the notion that the Wedge Document is ''only'' a fund raising letter. Well here's what the father of intelligent design had to say about it:
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-:::''The objective [of the Wedge Strategy] is to convince people that Darwinism is inherently atheistic, thus shifting the debate from creationism vs. evolution to the existence of God vs. the non-existence of God. From there people are introduced to 'the truth' of the Bible and then 'the question of sin' and finally 'introduced to Jesus.' '' - [[Phillip E. Johnson]]
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-:::Does that sound like a ''fund raising strategy'' to you. Veritasjon? And what's this about "Jesus" that Philip E Johnson, the father of intelligent design is talking about? I thought ID was science and the DI was a secular think tank? Golly jeepers something smells fishy here. I could go on and on with more examples and waste more of my time providing cites but I have better things to do that argue with those who want to promote the DI POV here. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 18:14, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
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-::::Can I have a source to see the Johnson quote in context so that I may verify Johnson was indeed speaking of the Discovery Institute's strategy (as opposed to e.g. his own personal objectives)? I would like to see for myself if the bracketed insertion is justified. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 16:15, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
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-:::Here's yet another gem: ''Fourth, the Wedge Document was repeatedly touted as Discovery’s “Manifesto.” While the Wedge Document does show that many Christians have reason to support intelligent design, the fact remians that the Wedge Document was a fund raising letter, and at most, relevant to what the CS(r)C believes. The document does not address the Discovery Board, or any programs other than CSC.''
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-:::I think Phillip Johnson's comments have already corrected you on the purpose and significance of the wedge document and strategy, Veritasjohn. Now, keep in mind [[Bruce Chapman]] the founder of the DI has gone on record saying the CSC "our No. 1 project". Note he did not say it was their number two project, or a close number three, right after Cascadia or subordinate to the C.S. Lewis project, he calls it their number one project. Yet Veritasjohn, for some reason you want to downgrade the significance of the wedge document and strategy to a fund raising event and also downgrade the significance given to the CSC by the DI. You do this in spite of what the DI members such as Chapman and Johnson say on the subject themselves. Your ''opinion'' on the significance of the CSC and the significance of meaning of the wedge does not conform to what Johnson and Chapman have said publicly on the subject. This makes working with you a challenge to say the least. This is also why folks like you keep getting asked if you're even familiar with the subject matter. Your comments suggest you are not. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 19:53, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::Your comments do not refute my quote. Look, I do not deny that CSC is the most publically noteworthy division of Discovery. Never have. My point is that CSC is not the only part of Discovery. It is wrong to take an institute with multiple causes, including Cascadia and foreign policy, for example, and completely ignore those other divisions. I am well aware that Chapman called CSC the "number 1" - but that does not mean that all other cases do not matter. Furthermore, Johnson wrote a '''book''' about the Wedge of Truth - so his statements about the importance of his own ideas are not the same as statements about the Discovery Institute Wedge document. I'll ignore the personal attacks in your comment and just say that I am amazed that my reasoned arguments are being ignored. Jews and Moslems are not Christians - that point has gone basically un-answered. "theists" are not the same as Christians. These are important distinctions.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 20:14, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::It was said, "If you want to argue those sources aren't reliable that's one thing but as long as we have sources the above is essentially [[WP:OR|original research]]." The problem, as I have been saying for some time now, that the denial of Discovery Institute being a Christian think tank is ''not'' original research. The belief that the Institute is a conservative Christian think tank is contradicted by the Institute itself.[http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php] ''Completely omitting'' this significant viewpoint is why I (and others) are objecting. Saying the Discovery Institute is a conservative Christian think tank while deliberately omitting facts like (1)the Institute contradicts this claim and (2) the Institute had a Jewish Chairman of the Board, is not quite in line with [[WP:NPOV]]. It might even be misleading. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 16:21, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Gee, it's not as if the DI is running a PR campaign promoting claims rejected by the vast majority of relevent parties or anything. Once again you seek to give undue weight to partisan viewpoints while ignoring or dismissing more neutral which has considered and found the claims of the partisan view less than convincing. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 16:33, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
-
-FM, I, for myself, am not arguing that, at times, "the DI does not pursue Christian agenda or promote a Christian POV." Some of the members do. The fact remains that the organization is far more than simply "Christian." I am arguing that their secular programs precede and go far beyond their claimed "Christian agenda." Your argument, FM, that the DI is "Christian" because of their involvement with ID and their fellows, is belied by the fact that there is alot more to the DI than ID, the Wedge doc, and what some of their member do sometimes. The other activity I am speaking of here includes:
-
-Activities -
-* Cascadia Project (focusing on NW US and SW Canadian transportation)
-* Russia Blog
-* Technology and Democracy Project
-* Economic initiatives
-* Foreign policy analysis
-* Environmental initiative
-* Disco-Tech: commentary and analysis on issues pertaining to technology, telecommunications deregulation, broadband deployment and new technologies
-* Letter From the Capitol: events and analysis pertaining to war, security, economic and cultural issues.
-* Bandwidth: cyber-report on technology
-Hierarchical -
-* There is no "statement of faith" or any expression of religious doctrine by the Discovery Institute
-* The Discovery Institute never describes itself as "Christian" (and in fact expressly explains that it is not)
-Leadership -
-* Congressman John Miller was the long time chair of the Discovery Board of Directors. John Miller is Jewish (not Christian) (1999-2003)
-* David Klinghoffer is a fellow of Discovery Institute and a widely syndicated Jewish author and writer, who even wrote a book entitled '"Why The Jews Rejected Jesus"' (patently non-Christian book).
-* Senior Fellow David Berlinski is a Jewish agnostic but clearly not a "conservative Christian"
-* There is no religions test to be a Board Member, Fellow, or staff at the Discovery Institute
-* Jonathan Wells is publicly known to not be "conservative Christian."
-* ...and other expressly non-religious and non-Christian projects
-
-''The claim that the DI does not pursue Christian agenda or promote a Christian POV is belied by the DI's own programs [http://www.discovery.org/religion/] and manifesto. [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikisource/en/7/71/Wedge_Document.pdf]'' -FM
-
-So one program, and one document, with media sources, justifies an all-encompassing adjective in the first sentence of an encyclopedia article?
-
-This is my point: The Discovery Institute does much more than "Christian" activity. In order for this article to be accurate, it should report something besides, "The Discovery Institute is a conservative Christian think tank structured as a non-profit educational foundation, founded in 1990 and based in Seattle, Washington, USA" in its first sentence.
-
-My comment here is that sticking an adjective in an article and citing media sources does not mean the adjective is accurate, especially if the organization is involved in many more projects that have nothing to do with their efforts to promote ID, or their "Christian" activity.
-
-Equivocation will not suffice for an accurate presentation of what the Discovery Institute actually is and does. If what the organization actually is, does, and says is irrelevant to the article because it is "original research" according to Wikipedia standards, then so be it. But the facts remain that there is much more to the DI than merely a "Christian agenda," which is basically what the first sentence says to anyone reading between the lines.
-
-I will concede that most of the media attention they get is through the intelligent design issue. It seems that many agree with the inaccurate label for this very reason (including the continual assertions of manifestos by Mr Christopher and FM). This does not change the fact that there is a lot more to this organization than "Christian" activity, the fact remains that most of what they do is political, technological, and economic, not religious or “Christian.”
-
-''"...come here and insist that they..."'' -FM
-
-I think here you're insinuating that individuals discussing this topic, that disagree with you, are employed by the DI or IDEA. I now inform you that in my case you are sadly mistaken. I would also observe that this is a shallow attempt by you to discredit a legitimate point by making assertions with no evidence whatsoever. JoshuaZ and FM, disparaging me, or anyone else, about a single purpose account doesn't make it so.
-
-I happen to disagree with the ID community on many points. For example, I find intolerable those who insist that ID should be taught in the public science classroom. I think they need peer-reviewed work and more support from the scientific community at large.
-
-I also find it intolerable that JoshuaZ and FM would disparage users with baseless assertions. I am a new Wikipedia user who peruses and occasionally makes corrections and suggestions when I think they are warranted. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Platonic_Realm] This article does not accurately reflect what the DI is, and so I am making comments that I think are warranted on this point. I am not employed by the DI nor by IDEA. If I am breaking any rules by commenting on a point of accuracy, please let me know and I will immediately desist.
-
-Otherwise, I will continue making comments and suggestions that I think are important for this article, and others, to be accurate and worth reading for the visitors here.
-
-If media sources are trump, and referencing the DI website in the first sentence is original research, then this DI article is at Wikipedia standards, and I have no arguments worth discussing. I will cease this discussion if that is the case; I certainly have better things to do than argue with Wikipedia how it should run itself.
-
-But if that is not the case, I think there should be efforts to make this article more accurate regarding this first sentence. --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 21:06, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:Mr. Christopher, the DI's multiplicity of programs predate and go far beyond what you and others think is a "religious manifesto." You ''have'' read about their programs on their website, yes? --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 21:09, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::Platonic, I'm familiar with the DI's programs and I read their website often, yes. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 21:55, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::None of which come even slightly close in size or scope to the DI's ID campaign: [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1571/is_9_16/ai_60270494] [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/barbara_forrest/wedge.html] Ever hear of the term 'undue weight'? [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 21:12, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::: To piggy back slightly - Platonic, my personal POV is that the DI is not a "Conservative Christian Think Tank" and to say so somewhat misses the point. But we have reliable sources that think it is. Now, if for example, the DI had said otherwise then we might be able to say "_ says they are a CCTT the DI claims otherwise" or something like that. But right now we don't have much choice in the matter. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 21:25, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::: JoshuaZ - you said if "the DI had said otherwise then we might be able to say "_says they are a CCTT the DI claims otherwise." THe DI does, in fact, say otherwise. [http://www.discovery.org/csc/topQuestions.php] as pointed about above, DI, says "Discovery Institute is a secular think tank, and its Board members and Fellows represent a variety of religious traditions, including mainline Protestant, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Jewish, and agnostic. Until recently the Chairman of Discovery's Board of Directors was former Congressman John Miller, who is Jewish." (question 3 - is Discovery a religious organization). That's the whole point of much of this debate - DI expressy denies, with reasons, being called a Christian think tank. I too agree, this should at least be noted in the gaudy 5 footnotes (none of which show the DI POV).[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 21:32, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::The DI has said they are not a Christian think tank (aside from on this page), that's nothing new. The DI's primary activity is running a PR campaign that a religious notion is good science, too. What the DI claims, having been shown to be factually incorrect and driven by their agenda so many times now, is not going to carry as much weight as what observers say about it. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]]
-
-:Platonic Realm is absolutely right, equivocation will not suffice for an accurate presentation of what the Discovery Institute actually is and does, that's why the aritcle relies upon many different sources. And they all say the same thing. And it's not that the assertions by Mr Christopher and myself are the cause of the DI being identified as Christian, but that so many sources recognize the DI words and actions for what they are. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 21:34, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::FM, in order to clarify what I'm saying here; I'm not talking about "what observers say about it." I'm talking about what the organization actually is and does.
-:::FM and JoshuaZ, in order to clarify what we're saying here; what I see as an inaccurate adjective (inaccurate based on what the organization is, does, and says) is justified based on the application of the term "undue weight" given what media sources say. I just read the policy explanation.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undue_weight#Undue_weight] But what I cannot figure out is how the facts about what organization is, does, and says is a "minority view." Please explain how this is the case. Is it that the "minority view" is the clear minority of media sources saying that the DI has more than a Christian agenda? I am unfamiliar, like I said, I'm new. --[[User:Platonic Realm|Platonic Realm]] 21:43, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::: PR may have a point here. It is hard to see how there own viewpoint would be such a minority view as to not merit mention. Possibly something along the lines of the "DI says that in their FAQ that they are not Christian however _, _, _ among others have called it a Christian Conservative Think Tank" or something like that. [[User:JoshuaZ|JoshuaZ]] 21:47, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::Nah, that's too weasely. Other than themselves, who doesn't consider them a CCTT? (I realise that's almost asking to "prove a negative", but how ''do'' other reliable sources describe them? [[User:Guettarda|Guettarda]] 21:54, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::::I've moved it all to a controversy section where the duelling viewpoints will be presented. Anyone who disagrees with my doing should feel free to revert me. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 21:59, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::I think you introduced it well. The reader is told up front it is controversial and then they read the two competing view points. Seems reasonable to me. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 22:12, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::: I think the change is preferable. A more accurate reflection of the discussion and resources.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 22:40, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::I added a quote to the second sentence from the cited source. I think it lends some clarity. Let me know if you think I'm smoking crack. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 22:49, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::A small point re "There is no religions test to be a Board Member, Fellow, or staff at the Discovery Institute " -- of course they don't, the IRS would revoke their 501(c) status. Trust me on this one. [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 23:40, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-::::Interesting this: PR points to a whole cascade of programs with which the DI has aligned itself, yet those not supporting a conservative Christian agenda are significantly under-represented on the DI site. On ther other hand, the inducements (offered in the form of free books/DVDs) for joining DI are all anti-evolution Christian/Creationist tracts. Now, one must wonder, why would that be? [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 23:51, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::I think giving the controversy about the DI's religious nature it's own space was a good move. Although I get all their press releases and read most of what they put online I am having a hard time finding a quote where they explicitly deny they have a religious/Christian agenda. I'm sure such denials exist I just don't have one handy. Does anyone have a source we could use so both viewpoints are represented? [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 03:09, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
-
-::: Mr. Christopher, the primary DI source has been cited multiple times in the discussion. I'm surprised you havn't read it already. It is even referenced as footnote 29 in the current Wiki article [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute#_note-27]] - where the DI has a paragraph addressing the religious or not-religious question. It is already cited in the Wiki.[[User:Veritasjohn|Veritasjohn]] 15:40, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
-
-I found this part of the controversy section interesting. "At the foundation of most criticism of the Discovery Institute is the charge that the institute and its Center for Science and Culture intentionally misrepresent or omit many important facts in promoting their agenda." Hmm, does the omission of the fact that this allegedly "conservative Christian think tank" had a Jewish chairman of the board constitute an example? This statement in the Wikipedia article strikes me as a tad ''tu quoque''. --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 16:33, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
-
-== The DI in involved in "public school education"? ==
-
-The article states
-
-''Its areas of interest include intelligent design, public school education...''
-
-Does anyone have any evidence of the DI doing ''anything'' for public school education, unrelated to undermining science standards (which comes under the intelligent design umbrella). Unless we can validate they have any active program(s) that is dedicated to public school education and is not intelligent design related we should remove this. I'll give it a day or so before removing it in case someone knows something about the DI having a legitimate "public school education" component that I am obviously unaware of. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 16:58, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:Thank you, ''thank you'' for not letting me be alone in enforcing [[WP:CITE]] on an intelligent design article. One time I did the same thing, waited for nearly a month, and my removal of the challenged material was reverted even though no citation was provided.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Irreducible_complexity/Archive_01#Questionable_Claims] --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 18:30, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::To be clear, I am not advocating we cite every sentence. This was glaring to me because it paints the DI as an organization who is conerned with public education and to my knowledge they have never done anything for public education, well other than try to take science standards and run them in the toilet (but that is their intelligent design effort and not public education). So what I am looking for here is not a cite but a reality check. Do they have a public school education program or component that is not teach the controversy/ID related? And I am not saying they are not involved in public education, I'm saying I have never heard of them doing that and asking if anyone else knows one way or the other. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]] 19:19, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::Cute attempt at a dig Wade. Alas, it failed. Note the tone Mr C used in asking his question: it was not accusatory, not overly-demanding, not obstinate, not tendentious, etc. Variatio delectat!
-:::Yes, the DI ''has'' indicated its interest in public education (mostly as a nice way of saying "by the hel-pa of the Lawd-a, we're gonna get yer chil-drun-a to believe as all us brethren do". I just have to find it on their mindnumbingly inane webpage (a place I like to visit as much as the dentist, as a visit to that page is like an intellectual root canal). [[User:Jim62sch|•Jim62sch•]] 21:15, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-::::If you'll recall, I was "not accusatory, not overly-demanding, not obstinate, not tendentious" when I tried to enforce [[WP:CITE]] for challenged claims. I admit that I did become accusatory against FeloniousMonk, but that was after he showed a willful disregard for Wikipedia policy ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Irreducible_complexity/Archive_01#Questionable_Claims see here for a specific example]) --[[User:Tisthammerw|Wade A. Tisthammer]] 13:41, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
-
-:::From the Discovery Institute's splash page you see a link to "Other Programs" then you find this:
-
-:::''Education
-:::''Discovery's education program produces articles and occasional studies of school choice, the growth in home schooling and how we can better educate students at all levels. The program holds periodic public events annually to explore these subjects.''
-
-:::''The program includes Discovery Senior Fellow Patricia Lines"''
-
-:::The Patricia Lines link is broken and they don't have anything else about public education. I have been unable to find any evidence that the DI have been involved in any public education work (unrelated to intelligent design that is). Therefore I'm going to remove the part about the DI doing work in that area. If we find evidence to the contrary we'll just add it back. [[User:Mr Christopher|Mr Christopher]]
-
-::::The only notable Discovery Institute 'education programs' has been their [[Teach the Controversy]] and [[Critical Analysis of Evolution]] campaigns, both of which are adjuncts to their ID campaign, itself a stalking horse for their ideological goals described in the Wedge document. Their 'education program' is as immaterial as their ID science research program. There is simply no evidence of the DI promoting in any significant way a genuinely comprehensive education program in comparison to their efforts aimed at science classes and standards. [[User:FeloniousMonk|FeloniousMonk]] 15:32, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
+'''Clohamon''' is a small rural village located 2 miles from Bunclody in Co. Wexford, Ireland. The village's population is 86 (2002). Clohamon is home to the two largest meat factories in South-East Ireland, employing 12,459 between them. in 2005 Clohamon became the focus of intense media coverage when one of its inhabitants, Ultan Cowman, was found brutally murdered outside his pub in the centre of the village.
2013-03-16 11:33:18 90445710 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q981290]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,188 +1,156 @@\n
-{{Infobox sports league
-| logo = IFLlogo.jpg
-| pixels = 150px
-| caption = Intense Football League logo
-| sport = [[American football]]
-| founded = 2003
-| motto =
-| teams = 7
-| country = {{USA}}
-| states = {{TX}}
{{LA}}
-| champion = [[Odessa Roughnecks]]
-| Commissioner =
-| website = [http://www.intensefootballleague.net www.intensefootballleague.net]
-}}
+{{unreferenced}}
+[[The Legend of Zelda series]] consists of dozens of games on several platforms.

-The '''Intense Football League''' is an [[indoor football]] league founded by [[Chad Dittman]] in [[2004]].
-
-==History==
-During its first season, the [[El Paso Rumble]] folded and the league oversaw operations of the team until the end of the season. In 2005, the [[Amarillo Dusters]] left for the [[af2]] while the other teams joined the [[National Indoor Football League]] and the league suspended operations. In [[2006]], the Intense Football League restarted. Three of the original teams (Odessa, San Angelo and Corpus Christi) returned to the IFL, joined by new teams from [[Belton, Texas]], [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]], and [[Laredo, Texas]].
-
-Recently, the [[Laredo Lobos]] left for [[af2]], but the league will add teams in [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]] and [[Katy, Texas|Katy]], [[Texas]] for 2007, and a team in [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] for 2008. [http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3389402]
-
-==Current IFL Teams==
-*[[Alaska Wild]] - 2007 expanstion team
-*[[CenTex Barracudas]] - play in [[Belton, Texas]]
-*[[Corpus Christi Hammerheads]] (charter member) - since AmericanBank Center did not renew their lease[http://www.americanbankcenter.com/about/press/?id=5254], the Hammerheads will play at the [[Central Pavilion Arena]] in [[Robstown, Texas|Robstown]] [http://www.caller.com/ccct/hammerheads/article/0,1641,CCCT_17816_5047338,00.html].
-*[[Frisco IFL|Frisco, Texas]] - 2007 expansion team
-*[[Katy IFL|Katy, Texas]] - 2007 expansion team
-*[[Louisiana Swashbucklers]], formerly the Lake Charles Land Sharks and the [[Louisiana Swashbucklers|Southwest Louisiana Swashbucklers]] of the [[National Indoor Football League|NIFL]]
-*[[Odessa Roughnecks]] (charter member)
-*[[San Angelo Stampede Express]], formerly the [[San Angelo Stampede Express|San Angelo Stampede]] (charter member)
-
-===Scheduled to Begin Play in 2008===
-*[[El Paso IFL|El Paso, Texas]] - will play at [[El Paso County Coliseum]]
-
-===Currently Under Negotiation===
-*[[Abilene, Texas]] - would play at [[Taylor County Expo Center]]
-*[[Texarkana]] - would play at [[Four States Arena]]
-
-==Former IFL Teams==
-* [[Amarillo Dusters]] (charter member) - now playing in [[af2]]
-* [[El Paso Rumble]] (charter member) - folded after going 0-16 in its only season
-* [[Laredo Lobos]] - now playing in [[af2]]
-* [[Lubbock Gunslingers|Lubbock Lone Stars]] (charter member) - moved to [[NIFL]] for 2005 as [[Lubbock Gunslingers]], spent the 2006 season inactive, then had the rights bought out by [[Lubbock af2|another Lubbock team]] in the [[af2]]
-
-==Possible Expansion==
-These cities have all been mentioned as possibilities, with varying degrees of likelihood.
-*[[Austin, Texas]]
-*[[Beaumont, Texas]]
-*[[College Station, Texas]]
-*[[Fort Worth, Texas]]
-*[[Lafayette, Louisiana]]
-*[[Monterrey, Nuevo Leon]]
-*[[San Antonio, Texas]]
-*[[Tyler, Texas]]
-
-==Entire 2006 Playoffs==
-{{4TeamBracket | RD1= Semifinals
-| RD2= Intense Bowl 2
-
-| RD1-seed1=1
-| RD1-team1='''[[Image:OdessaRoughnecks.gif|30px]] [[Odessa Roughnecks]]'''
-| RD1-score1=53
-| RD1-seed2=4
-| RD1-team2=[[Image:LouisianaSwashbucklers.gif|16px]] [[Louisiana Swashbucklers]]
-| RD1-score2=50
-
-| RD1-seed3=3
-| RD1-team3=[[Image:CenTexBarracudas.gif|25px]] [[CenTex Barracudas]]
-| RD1-score3=49
-| RD1-seed4=2
-| RD1-team4='''[[Image:CorpusChristiHammerheads.gif|30px]] [[Corpus Christi Hammerheads]]'''
-| RD1-score4=66
-
-| RD2-seed1=1
-| RD2-team1='''[[Image:OdessaRoughnecks.gif|30px]] [[Odessa Roughnecks]]'''
-| RD2-score1=97
-| RD2-seed2=2
-| RD2-team2=[[Image:CorpusChristiHammerheads.gif|30px]] [[Corpus Christi Hammerheads]]
-| RD2-score2=56
-}}
-
-==Final 2006 Regular Season Standings==
-{| class="wikitable"
-!Team
-!Wins
-!Losses
-!Percentage
-!PF
-!PA
-!Home
-!Away
-!Streak
+==Main Series==
+The following is a list of the main installments of the series, with the original year of release and the platforms they appeared on.
+{|class="wikitable"
|-
-|[[Image:OdessaRoughnecks.gif|30px]] [[Odessa Roughnecks]]-xy
-|style="text-align: center"|12
-|style="text-align: center"|2
-|style="text-align: center"|0.857
-|927
-|733
-|style="text-align: center"|7-0
-|style="text-align: center"|5-2
-|style="text-align: center"|Won 2
+|- style="white-space: nowrap;"
+!style="text-align:left;"|Game Title
+!style="text-align:left;"|Year Released
+!style="text-align:left;"|System
|-
-|[[Image:CorpusChristiHammerheads.gif|30px]] [[Corpus Christi Hammerheads]]-x
-|style="text-align: center"|9
-|style="text-align: center"|5
-|style="text-align: center"|0.643
-|723
-|686
-|style="text-align: center"|6-1
-|style="text-align: center"|3-4
-|style="text-align: center"|Won 4
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda|The Hyrule Fantasy: The Legend of Zelda]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[February 21]] [[1986]] – [[Japan]]
July 1987 – [[North America|America]]
1987 – [[Europe]]
+|[[Famicom Disk System]] – Japan
[[Nintendo Entertainment System]] – America, Europe
|-
-|[[Image:CenTexBarracudas.gif|30px]] [[CenTex Barracudas]]-x
-|style="text-align: center"|8
-|style="text-align: center"|6
-|style="text-align: center"|0.571
-|755
-|748
-|style="text-align: center"|4-3
-|style="text-align: center"|4-3
-|style="text-align: center"|Won 2
+|''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|The Legend of Zelda 2: The Adventure of Link]]'' – Japan
''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]] – America, Europe
+|[[January 14]] [[1987]] – Japan
December 1988 – America
1988 – Europe
+|Famicom Disk System – Japan
Nintendo Entertainment System – America, Europe
|-
-|[[Image:LouisianaSwashbucklers.gif|16px]] [[Louisiana Swashbucklers]]-x
-|style="text-align: center"|8
-|style="text-align: center"|6
-|style="text-align: center"|0.571
-|853
-|750
-|style="text-align: center"|6-1
-|style="text-align: center"|2-5
-|style="text-align: center"|Lost 2
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|Super Famicom Legend of Zelda: Triforce of the Gods]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|A Link to the Past]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[November 21]] [[1991]] – Japan
April [[1992]] – America
[[September 24]] 1992 – Europe
+|[[Super Famicom]] – Japan
[[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] – America, Europe
|-
-|[[Image:SanAngeloStampedeExpress.gif|30px]] [[San Angelo Stampede Express]]
-|style="text-align: center"|3
-|style="text-align: center"|11
-|style="text-align: center"|0.214
-|588
-|820
-|style="text-align: center"|3-4
-|style="text-align: center"|0-7
-|style="text-align: center"|Lost 2
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|Game Boy Legend of Zelda: Dreaming Island]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening|Link's Awakening]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[June 6]] [[1993]] – Japan
August 1993 – America
[[November 18]] 1993 – Europe
+|[[Game Boy line]]
|-
-|[[Image:LaredoLobos.jpeg|30px]] [[Laredo Lobos]]
-|style="text-align: center"|2
-|style="text-align: center"|12
-|style="text-align: center"|0.143
-|655
-|768
-|style="text-align: center"|1-6
-|style="text-align: center"|1-6
-|style="text-align: center"|Lost 4
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|Ocarina of Time]]''
+|[[November 21]] [[1998]] – Japan
[[November 23]] 1998 – America
[[December 11]] 1998 – Europe
+|[[Nintendo 64]]
|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask|Majora's Mask]]''
+|[[April 27]] [[2000]] – Japan
[[October 26]] 2000 – America
[[November 17]] 2000 – Europe
+|Nintendo 64
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons|Nut of the Mysterious Tree: Chapter of Earth]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons|Oracle of Seasons]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[February 27]] [[2001]] – Japan
[[May 14]] 2001 – America
[[October 4]] 2001 – Europe
+|[[Game Boy Color]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages|Nut of the Mysterious Tree: Chapter of Time & Space]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages|Oracle of Ages]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[February 27]] 2001 – Japan
[[May 14]] 2001 – America
[[October 4]] 2001 – Europe
+|Game Boy Color
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords|Four Swords]]''
+|[[December 2]] [[2002]] – North America
[[March 14]] [[2003]] – Japan
[[March 28]] 2003 – Europe
+|[[Game Boy Advance]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker|Baton of the Wind]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker|The Wind Waker]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[December 13]] 2002 – Japan
[[March 24]] 2003 – North America
[[May 3]] 2003 – Europe
+|[[Nintendo GameCube]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures|Four Swords+]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures|Four Swords Adventures]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[March 18]] [[2004 ]]– Japan
[[June 7]] 2004 – America
[[January 7]] [[2005]] – Europe
+|Nintendo GameCube
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap|The Mysterious Hat]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap|The Minish Cap]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[November 4]] 2004 – Japan
[[November 12]] 2004 – Europe
[[January 10]] 2005 – North America
+|Game Boy Advance
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess|Twilight Princess]]''
+|[[November 19]] [[2006]] – North America
[[December 2]] 2006 – Japan
[[December 8]] 2006 – Europe
+|Nintendo GameCube, [[Wii]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass|Phantom Hourglass]]''
+|Q4 2006[http://www.nintendo.com/gamemini?gameid=0nKucR8rpyfV9ktby3s-Kv1_UlMI5P5a&rp=1]
+|[[Nintendo DS]]
|}

-* x = Clinched Playoff Berth
-* y = Clinched Home Field Advantage
-
-==Intense Bowl History==
-{| class="wikitable"
-!Intense Bowl
-!Date Played
-!Winning Team
-!Losing Team
-!Score
-!Location
-!City
-!Att.
+==Others==
+Other Games include (not part of the main series):
+{|class="wikitable"
|-
-|style="text-align: center"|1 || [[September 4, 2004]] || style="text-align: center"|[[Amarillo Dusters]] || style="text-align: center"|[[Lubbock Gunslingers|Lubbock Lone Stars]] || style="text-align: center"|62-47 || style="text-align: center"|[[Amarillo Civic Center|Cal Farley Coliseum]] || [[Amarillo, Texas|Amarillo, TX]] || 4,500
+|-style="white-space: nowrap;"
+!style="text-align:left;"|Game Title
+!style="text-align:left;"|Year Released
+!style="text-align:left;"|System
|-
-| || style="text-align: center"|[[2005]] || colspan="6" | ''No game played due to league not being in operation.''
+|''[[Zelda LCD games|Zelda]]''
+|1989 – Japan, America, Europe
+|[[Game & Watch]]
|-
-|style="text-align: center"|2 || style="text-align: center"|[[August 12, 2006]] || [[Odessa Roughnecks]]|| [[Corpus Christi Hammerheads]] || style="text-align: center"|97-56 || [[Ector County Coliseum]] || [[Odessa, Texas|Odessa, TX]] || 4,442
+|''[[BS Zelda|BS Legend of Zelda]]'' – Japan
+|1995 – Japan
+|[[Satellaview]] – Japan
|-
+|[[BS The Legend of Zelda: Ancient Stone Tablets|BS ''The Legend of Zelda: Ancient Stone Tablets'']] – Japan
+|1997 – Japan
+|[[Satellaview]] – Japan
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time Master Quest|Ocarina of Time GC: Ura]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time Master Quest|Ocarina of Time: Master Quest]]'' – America, Europe
+|2002 – Japan
2003 – America, Europe
+|[[Nintendo GameCube]]
|}

-==External links==
-* [http://intensefootballleague.net/ Official Site]
-* [http://www.thestatguys.com/IFL/CONFSTAT.HTM IFL's 2006 Stats]
+==Remakes==
+As well as several remakes/collections:
+{|class="wikitable"
+|-
+|- style="white-space: nowrap;"
+!style="text-align:left;"|Game Title
+!style="text-align:left;"|Year Released
+!style="text-align:left;"|System
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda|The Hyrule Fantasy: The Legend of Zelda 1]]'' – Japan
+|[[February 19]] [[1994]] – Japan
+|[[Famicom Disk System]] – Japan
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX|Dreaming Island DX]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening DX|Link's Awakening DX]]'' – America, Europe
+|[[December 12]] [[1998]] – Japan
[[December 31]] [[1998]] – America
[[February 11]] [[1999]] – Europe
+|[[Game Boy Color]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|A Link to the Past]]'' – America, Europe
''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past|Triforce of the Gods]]'' – Japan
+|[[December 2]] [[2002]] – North America
[[March 14]] [[2003]] – Japan
[[March 28]] [[2003]] – Europe
+|[[Game Boy Advance]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|Ocarina of Time GC]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time|Ocarina of Time]] – America, Europe
+|[[December 13]] [[2002]] – Japan
[[February 16]] [[2003]] – North America
+|[[Nintendo GameCube]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition|Collector's Edition]]'' – America
''[[The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition|The Legend of Zelda Collection]]'' – Japan
+|[[November 17]] [[2003]] – America
[[March 18]] [[2004]] – Japan
+|[[Nintendo GameCube]]
+|-
+|''[[The Legend of Zelda|Famicom Mini 05: The Hyrule Fantasy: The Legend of Zelda 1]]'' – Japan
''[[The Legend of Zelda|Classic NES Series: The Legend of Zelda]]'' – America
''[[The Legend of Zelda|NES Classics: The Legend of Zelda]]'' – Europe
+|[[February 14]] [[2004]] – Japan
[[June 7]] [[2004]] – America
[[July 10]] [[2004]] – Europe
+|[[Game Boy Advance]]
+|-
+|''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|Famicom Mini 25: Disk System Selection: TLoZ 2: The Adventure of Link]]'' – Japan
''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|Classic NES Series: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]]'' – America
''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|NES Classics: Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]] – Europe
+|[[August 10]] [[2004]] – Japan
[[October 25]] [[2004]] – America
[[January 7]] [[2005]] – Europe
+|[[Game Boy Advance]]
+|}

-{{Intense}}
-
-[[Category:American football leagues]]
+==Upcoming games==


-{{Americanfootball-stub}}
+A ''Zelda'' game for the [[Nintendo DS]] has been announced as ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass]]''. Although previous interviews hinted at a ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords|Four Swords]]''-style game, this has since been retracted, and the title is now assumed to focus on a single-player adventure, or perhaps something in an entirely new direction for the ''Zelda'' series. Apparently [[Eiji Aonuma]] himself is working on it with a Nintendo development team, rather than [[Capcom]]/[[Flagship (company)|Flagship]], who created the recent handheld installments. Aonuma announced the game would have a "unique control system" using the touch screen{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.landofthelegend.net/?get=newsview&date=181&lan=en|title=Some new Zelda DS details|publisher=Landofthelegend.net|accessdate=February 12|accessyear=2006|year=[[October 6]] [[2005]]}}. The game will feature online play, as confirmed in a recent interview in ''[[Hobby Consolas]]'' in May 2005 with Aonuma. In addition to this Nintendo DS ''Zelda'' game, Nintendo has released another ''Zelda''-related DS game in Japan. This is an RPG starring Tingle (a minor character appearing in some ''Zelda'' games) instead of Link. No announcement for a North American or European release of this "[[Mogitate Tingle no Barairo Rupee Land|Tingle RPG]]" has been made.
+
+==CD-i games==
+{{main|CD-i games based on The Legend of Zelda series}}
+In the early 90's, a trilogy of ''Legend of Zelda'' games were produced for [[Philips]]' [[CD-i]] multimedia system under a special license agreement. These were made without involvement of Nintendo, and deviated significantly from the mainstream ''Zelda'' games in terms of style and gameplay. The games ([[Link: The Faces of Evil]], [[Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon]], and [[Zelda's Adventure]]) are infamous for having poor gameplay and are not officially recognized as canon.
+
+==LCD games==
+[[Image:Zelda-Game&Watch.jpg|thumbnail|right|Zelda Game & Watch]]
+{{main|LCD games from The Legend of Zelda series}}
+There were also two LCD-based games, ''Zelda [[Game & Watch]]'' (the game’s title was simply "Zelda" while the device was labeled "Game & Watch") and Nelsonic's "Zelda Game Watch" (which was actually built into a [[wristwatch]]). ''Zelda [[Game & Watch]]'' featured two screens in a configuration similar to the later released [[Nintendo DS]], yet was manufactured sixteen years earlier in 1989. Compared to other games in the series, these games were relatively simple, consisting of only a few screens of monochrome action.
+
+The Game & Watch ''Zelda'' was re-released as an unlockable game in the [[Game Boy Advance]] title ''[[Game & Watch Gallery 4]]''.
+{{-}}
+
+{{Zelda games}}
+{{Zelda}}
+
+[[Category:The Legend of Zelda games|*]]
+
+[[ro:Listă de jocuri The Legend of Zelda]]
2013-03-29 20:54:57 91446651 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2817205]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,35 +1,468 @@\n
-
-
-{{/header}}
-__NOTOC__
-
If this page displays out of date information even after you've refreshed your browser, please '''{{purge}}''' the server's cache.
-
-''To view the list of recent blocks by Admins, see: [[Special:Log/block]]''.

-
-==Alerts==
-{{Wikipedia:Administrator intervention against vandalism/TB2}}
-
-----
-
-
-===User reported===
-*{{IPvandal|72.57.208.140}} vandalism, see contribs and talk. -- [[User:Omicronpersei8|Omicronpersei8]] ([[User talk:Omicronpersei8|talk]]) 22:49, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
+{{Infobox Language
+|name=Hawaiian
+|nativename={{okina}}Ōlelo Hawai{{okina}}i
+|familycolor=Austronesian
+|region=[[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]]: concentrated on [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]] and [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], but speakers throughout the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and the U.S. mainland
+|speakers=~200 native
~2,000 total
(Lyovin 1997:258)
+|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
+|fam3=[[Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Central Eastern]]
+|fam4=[[Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages|Eastern]]
+|fam5=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
+|fam6=[[Central-Eastern Oceanic languages|Central-Eastern]]
+|fam7=[[Remote Oceanic languages|Remote Oceanic]]
+|fam8=[[Central Pacific languages|Central Pacific]]
+|fam9=[[East Fijian-Polynesian languages|East]]
+|fam10=[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
+|fam11=[[Nuclear Polynesian languages|Nuclear Polynesian]]
+|fam12=Eastern
+|fam13=Central Eastern
+|fam14=[[Marquesic languages|Marquesic]]
+|nation=[[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] (with English)
+|iso2=haw|iso3=haw}}
+
+The '''Hawaiian language''' is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] that takes its name from that of the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language of the State of Hawaii. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitutions in 1839 and 1840.
+
+For various reasons, the number of native speakers of Hawaiian gradually dropped (except on Niihau) during the period from the 1830s to the 1950s. Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of the seven inhabited islands. As of 2000 A.D., native speakers of Hawaiian amount to under 0.1% of the statewide population. Nevertheless, the language is not [[endangered language|endangered]] because it can continue indefinitely on [[Niihau|Ni{{okina}}ihau]] (''Ni{{okina}}ihau'', the smallest inhabited island, privately owned for over 100 years, residence of about 200 native speakers).
+
+From about 1949 to the present, there has been a gradual increase in attention to, and promotion of, the language. Public Hawaiian-language immersion schools were started in 1987.
+
+A type of "local English" spoken in Hawaii is technically called "[[Hawaiian Pidgin|Hawaiian Creole English]]", abbreviated "HCE". It developed from [[pidgin]] English and is often called simply "pidgin" (or Hawaiian Pidgin). It should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language.
+
+The [[ISO language code]] for Hawaiian is haw. [[Wiki]] (as in ''Wiki-pedia'') is from a Hawaiian word meaning "quick".
+
+==Name==
+The Hawaiian language is so named from the name of the largest island, Hawaii (''Hawai{{okina}}i'' in Hawaiian language), in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed, originally from a Polynesian language of the South Pacific, most likely Marquesan or Tahitian. The island name was first written in English, in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and his crew members. They wrote it as "Owhyhee" or "Owhyee". Explorers Mortimer (1791) and Kotzebue (1821) also used that spelling (Schütz 1994:44, 459).
+
+The initial "O" in the name is a reflection of the fact that unique identity is predicated in Hawaiian by using a copula form, ''{{okina}}o'', immediately before a proper noun (Carter 1996:144, 174). Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying ''{{okina}}O Hawai{{okina}}i'', which means "[This] is Hawaii" (Carter 1996:187–188). Note that the Cook expedition also wrote "Otaheite" rather than "Tahiti" (Schütz 1994:41).
+
+The spelling "why" in the name reflects the {{IPA|[hw]}} pronunciation of ''wh'' in 18th-century English. ''Why'' was pronounced {{IPA|[hwai]}}. The spelling "hee" or "ee" in the name represents the sounds {{IPA|[hi]}}, {{IPA|[ʔi]}}, or {{IPA|[i]}} (Schütz 1994:61–65).
+
+Putting the parts together, ''O-why-hee'' reflects {{IPA|[o-hwai-ʔi]}}, a reasonable approximation of the native pronunciation, {{IPA|[ʔo hʌ.ˈwʌi.ʔi]}}.
+
+American missionaries bound for Hawaii used the phrases "Owhihe Language" and "Owhyhee language", in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and during their five-month voyage to Hawaii (Schütz 1994:304, 475). They still used such phrases as late as February 1822 (Schütz 1994:108–109). However, by July 1823, they used the phrase "Hawaiian Language" (Schütz 1994:306).
+
+In Hawaiian, ''{{okina}}ōlelo Hawai{{okina}}i'' means "Hawaiian language". (The adjective follows the noun (Carter 1996:3 Figure 1).)
+
+==Family and origin==
+[[Image:PPnMajorGroups.png|frame|right|Hawaiian's position within Polynesian]]Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]] (Lyovin 1997:257–258). It is closely related to other [[Polynesian languages]] (e.g., [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]], [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]], [[Maori language|Maori]], [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] (the language of Easter Island), [[Samoan language|Samoan]]), distantly related to [[Fijian language|Fijian]], and more distantly to [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], and the indigenous languages of the [[Philippine languages|Philippines]] (e.g., [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], [[Visayan language|Visayan]]) and [[Formosan languages|Taiwan]] (e.g., [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]], [[Rukai language|Rukai]], [[Thao language|Thao]], [[Babuza language|Babuza]], [[Saaroa language|Saaroa]], [[Tao language|Yami]]).
+
+Obviously, no language could be correctly called the Hawaiian language until humans inhabited the Hawaiian archipelago. Foreign immigrants, i.e., Marquesans or Tahitians, colonized the archipelago in roughly 1000 A.D. (Schütz 1994:334–336, 338 note 20). By residing in Hawaii and raising families there, these originally foreign colonizers in effect became the Hawaiian people, and their originally foreign language in effect became the Hawaiian language (Elbert & Pukui 1979:35–36). Thus, the genesis of Hawaiian (as a language distinct from Marquesan or Tahitian) was approximately ten centuries ago.
+
+Prior to becoming Hawaiian around 1000 A.D., the language was essentially the Marquesan or Tahitian of that era. Continuing back in time, and back up the Austronesian family tree, the language was various stages of Proto Polynesian (Schütz 1994:334). Going much farther back in history, the language is that of the Philippine Islands. The linguistic evidence, with the methodologies of lexicostatistics and comparative reconstruction applied, takes the language back to Proto Austronesian, spoken in Taiwan (Schütz 1994:325; Pukui & Elbert 1986:ix; Dyen 1965). (See below, Methods of proving Hawaiian's family relationships.) In recognizing the "Austric dispersal", {{Harvcoltxt|Li|2001|p=271–272}} stated that Reid "firmly established" a genetic relationship between the Austronesian family and the Austroasiatic family, and that Blust proposed that the Austronesian people migrated from mainland China to Taiwan around 6000 B.P. (i.e., 4000 B.C.). Thus, the ancient ancestors of the Hawaiian language, culture, and people, are traced back to the mainland of Asia, at least 5000 miles and 6000 years away from today's Hawaiian in Hawaii.
+
+===Methods of proving Hawaiian's family relationships===
+The genetic history of the Hawaiian language (and race or ethnic group) is demonstrated primarily through the application of (1) lexicostatistics, and (2) the comparative method (Lyovin 1997:1–12; Schütz 1994:322–338).
+
+[[Lexicostatistics]] is a way of quantifying an approximate evaluation of the degree to which any given languages are genetically related to one another (Lyovin 1997:8; Schütz 1994:331). It is mainly based on determining the number of [[cognates]] (genetically shared words) that the languages have in a fixed set of vocabulary items which are nearly universal among all languages (Lyovin 1997:8). The so-called "basic vocabulary" (or "[[Swadesh list]]") amounts to about 200 words (Schütz 1994:332–333), having meanings such as "eye", "hair", "blood", "water", and "and" (Lyovin 1997:3). The measurement of genetic relationship is expressed as a percentage (Lyovin 1997:8; Schütz 1994:331–333). For example, Hawaiian and English have 0 cognates in the 200–word list, so they are 0% genetically related. By contrast, Hawaiian and Tahitian have about 152 cognates in the list, so they are estimated as being 76% genetically related (Schütz 1994:333 citing Elbert), according to the lexicostatistical method (152 ÷ 200 = .76).
+
+The [[comparative method]] is a technique developed by linguists to determine whether or not two or more languages are genetically related, and if they are, the historical nature of the relationships (Lyovin 1997:1–12; Schütz 1994:332–335). For a given meaning, the words of the languages are compared (Lyovin 1997:2–3).
+Linguists observe:
+(1) identical sounds,
+(2) similar sounds, and
+(3) dissimilar sounds, in corresponding positions in the words (Lyovin 1997:3, 11–12). In this method, the definition of "identical" is clear, but those of "similar" and "dissimilar" are based on phonological criteria which require professional training to be fully understood, and which can vary in the contexts of different languages. Basically, a sound's phonetic manner and place of articulation, and its [[Distinctive feature|phonological features]], are the main factors considered in investigating its status as "similar" or "dissimilar" to other sounds in a particular context. When linguists find in compared languages that compared words of the same or similar meaning contain sounds which correspond to one another, and find that these same [[Comparative method#Application|sound correspondence]]s recur regularly in most, or in many, of the comparable words of the languages, then the usual conclusion is that the languages are genetically related (Lyovin 1997:2; Schütz 1994:324–325).
+
+In both methods, it is very important to exclude [[loan words]] from the analysis (Lyovin 1997:3–5, 8, 10).
+
+The following table, Decimal Numbers, provides a limited data set for ten meanings. The [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto Austronesian]] (PAN) forms are from {{Harvcoltxt|Li|2004|p=4}}. The asterisk (*) is used to show that these are hypothetical, reconstructed forms (Elbert & Pukui 1979:xvii). The Tagalog forms are from Ramos (1971), the Tongan from Churchward (1959), and the Hawaiian from Pukui & Elbert (1986). In the table, the year date of the modern forms is rounded off to 2000 A.D. to emphasize the 6000–year time lapse since the PAN era.
+
+{|class="wikitable"
+! Decimal Numbers
+! 1
+! 2
+! 3
+! 4
+! 5
+! 6
+! 7
+! 8
+! 9
+! 10
+|-
+| '''PAN, circa 4000 B.C.''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *isa}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *DuSa}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *telu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *Sepat}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *lima}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *enem}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *pitu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *walu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *Siwa}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| *puluq}} 
+|-
+| '''Tagalog, 2000 A.D.''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA| isá}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| dalawá}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| tatló}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| ápat}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| limá}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| ánim}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| pitó}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| waló}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| siyám}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| puʔ}} 
+|-
+| '''Tongan, 2000 A.D.''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA| taha}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| ua}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| tolu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| faa}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| nima}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| ono}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| fitu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| valu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| hiva}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA|-fulu}} 
+|-
+| '''Hawaiian, 2000 A.D.''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA| kahi}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| lua}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| kolu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| ha}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| lima}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| ono}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| hiku}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| walu}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| iwa}} 
+| align=center | {{IPA| -hulu}} 
+|}
+
+Note 1. For the number "10", the Tongan form in the table is part of the word {{IPA|/hoŋo-fulu/}} "ten". The Hawaiian form is part of the word {{IPA|/ana-hulu/}} "ten days".
+
+Application of the lexicostatistical method to the data in the table will show the four languages to be related to one another, with Tagalog having 100% cognacy with PAN, while Hawaiian and Tongan have 100% cognacy with each other, but 90% with Tagalog and PAN. This is because the forms for each number are cognates, except the Hawaiian and Tongan words for the number "1", which are cognate with each other, but not with Tagalog and PAN. When the full set of 200 meanings is used, the percentages will be much lower. For example, Elbert found Hawaiian and Tongan to have 49% (98 ÷ 200) shared cognacy (Schütz 1994:333). This points out the importance of data-set size for this method — less data, cruder result; more data, better result.
+
+Application of the comparative method will show partly different genetic relationships. It will point out [[sound changes]] (Lyovin 1997:8–12), such as:
+(1) the loss of all PAN word-final consonants in Tongan and Hawaiian;
+(2) lowering of PAN {{IPA|*u}} to Tagalog {{IPA|[o]}} in word-final syllables;
+(3) retention of PAN {{IPA|*t}} in word-initial and word-medial position in Tagalog and Tongan, but shift to {{IPA|/k/}} in Hawaiian;
+(4) retention of PAN {{IPA|*p}} in Tagalog, but shift to {{IPA|/f/}} in Tongan and {{IPA|/h/}} in Hawaiian.
+This method will recognize sound change #1 as a [[Comparative method#Genetically related languages|shared innovation]] of Hawaiian and Tongan. It will also take the Hawaiian and Tongan cognates for "1" as another shared innovation. Due to these exclusively shared features, Hawaiian and Tongan are found to be more closely related to one another than either is to Tagalog or PAN.
+
+The forms in the table show that the Austronesian vowels tend to be relatively stable, while the consonants are relatively volatile. It's also notable that the Hawaiian words for "5" and "8" have remained essentially unchanged for 6000 years.
+
+==History of use==
+===Before 1820===
+====In Hawaii====
+For roughly eight centuries (1000 A.D. to 1778 A.D.), Hawaiian was the only language ever used in the Hawaiian archipelago, and it was used nowhere else. In 1778, British English arrived via explorer James Cook and crew. During the next forty years, the sounds of Spanish (1789), Russian (1804), French (1816), and German (1816) arrived in Hawaii via other explorers and businessmen (Schütz 1994:31–40).
+
+Hawaiian originated as the [[Marquesan language|Marquesan]] or [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] of the era 1000 A.D., when the [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]] speakers of that language made the first Polynesian discovery of [[Hawaii]] and colonized the archipelago, establishing permanent settlements. Upon the permanent separation of those Polynesian colonists from their foreign homelands, their language began to gradually change, thereby developing into one that is distinct from the centuries old Marquesan or Tahitian.
+
+Before 1000 A.D., the language was various stages of [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto Polynesian]]. Going back farther in time and space, the language is that of the [[Philippines|Philippine Islands]], and it is ultimately descended from an ancient [[Austronesian language]] spoken in [[Taiwan]] about 6000 years ago. The geographically most distant relative of Hawaiian is [[Malagasy]], spoken on the big island ([[Madagascar]]) off the east coast of Africa, nearly at the opposite point on the globe from Hawaii.
+
+The old Marquesan or Tahitian developed into Hawaiian in isolation from the rest of the world, for approximately 700 to 800 years. In 1778 A.D., British explorer [[James Cook]] made the first European discovery of Hawaii, and that marked a new phase in the development and use of Hawaiian. During that period, up to 1820, Hawaiian began to take form as a written language, but largely restricted to isolated names and words, and word lists collected by explorers and travellers.
+
+====Abroad====
+The people responsible for "importing" those languages were also responsible for "exporting" the Hawaiian language into new territory, because there were some adventurous native speakers of Hawaiian who opted to do some exploring of their own by leaving Hawaii and sailing off to "see the world" aboard the wooden ships of the Caucasian explorers (Schütz 1994:43–44). Although there were not enough of these Hawaiian-speaking explorers (and apparently no females) to establish any viable speech communities abroad, nevertheless, there were a few here and there, in various parts of the world, who may be said to have spread the use of the language, at least a little bit. One of them, a male teenager known as Obookiah (''`Ōpūkaha`ia''), had a major impact on the future of the language. He sailed to New England, and eventually became a student at the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. He inspired New Englanders to support a Christian mission to Hawaii, and provided information on the Hawaiian language to the American missionaries there prior to their departure for Hawaii in 1819 (Schütz 1994:85–97). Some adventurous native speakers of Hawaiian worked aboard American and/or European ships of that period, thereby expanding, albeit slightly, the geographical area in which Hawaiian could be spoken. However, no viable Hawaiian speech communities were ever established abroad.
+
+===1820 to 1887===
+====In Hawaii====
+The arrival of American Protestant missionaries (from New England) in 1820 marked another new phase in the development of the Hawaiian language. Their evangelical mission had been inspired by the presence of several young Hawaiian males, especially Obookiah (''{{okina}}Ōpūkaha{{okina}}ia''), at the Foreign Mission School in Cornwall, Connecticut. The missionaries wanted to convert all Hawaiians to Christianity. In order to achieve that goal, they needed to learn the Hawaiian language so that they could publish a Hawaiian Bible, preach in Hawaiian, etc. To that end, they developed a successful alphabet for Hawaiian by 1826, taught Hawaiians to read and write the language, published various educational materials in Hawaiian, and eventually finished translating the Bible. Missionaries also influenced King Kamehameha III to establish the first Hawaiian-language constitutions in 1839 and 1840.
+
+====Abroad====
+Chamisso might have consulted with a native speaker of Hawaiian in Berlin, Germany, before publishing his grammar of Hawaiian in 1837 (Elbert & Pukui 1979:2). When Hawaiian King David Kalakaua took a trip around the world, he brought his native language with him. When his wife, Queen Kapiolani, and his sister, Princess Liliuokalani, took a trip across North America and on to the British Islands, in 1887, Liliuokalani's composition ''[[Aloha Oe]]'' was already a famous song in the U.S. (Carter 1996:7, 169 example 138 quoting McGuire).
+
+===1834 to 1948===
+====In Hawaii====
+This is the 115–year period during which Hawaiian-language newspapers were published. Missionaries introduced newspaper publishing in Hawaiian and in English, and played a significant role in publishing a grammar (1854) and dictionary (1865) of Hawaiian. Literacy in Hawaiian was widespread among the local population, especially ethnic Hawaiians. Use of the language among the general population might have peaked around 1881. Even so, some people worried, as early as 1854, that the language was "soon destined to extinction" (quoted in Schütz 1994:269–270). In spite of a huge decline in the use of Hawaiian, compared to the era of its peak, those fears have never been realized.
+
+The increase in human travel to and from Hawai{{okina}}i during the 19th century was the means by which a number of diseases arrived, and potentially fatal ones, such as [[smallpox]], [[influenza]], and [[leprosy]], killed large numbers of native speakers of Hawaiian. Meanwhile, native speakers of other languages, especially [[English language|English]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Ilokano language|Ilokano]], continued to immigrate to Hawaii. As a result, the actual number, as well as the percentage, of native speakers of Hawaiian in the local population decreased sharply, and continued to fall.
+
+As the status of Hawaiian dropped, the status of English in Hawai{{okina}}i rose. In 1885, the Prospectus of the Kamehameha Schools announced that "instruction will be given only in English language" (see published opinion of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,
+Doe v. Kamehameha Schools, case no. 04–15044, page 8928, filed August 2nd 2005).
+
+For a variety of reasons starting around 1900, the number of native speakers of Hawaiian diminished from 37,000 to 1,000; half of these remaining are now in their seventies or eighties (see Ethnologue report below for citations). There has been some controversy over the reasons for this decline.
+
+One school of thought claims that the most important cause for the decline of the Hawaiian language was its voluntary abandonment by the majority of its native speakers. They wanted their own children to speak English, as a way to promote their success in a rapidly changing modern environment, so they refrained from using Hawaiian with their own children.
+
+Another school of thought insists either that the government made the language illegal, or that schools punished the use of Hawaiian, or that general prejudice against Hawaiians (''kanakas'') discouraged the use of the language. (See below, "Banning" of Hawaiian)
+
+A new dictionary was published in 1957, a new grammar in 1979, and new second-language textbooks in 1951, 1965, 1977, and 1989. Master's theses and doctoral dissertations on specific facets of Hawaiian appeared in 1951, 1975, 1976, and 1996.
+
+==="Banning" of Hawaiian===
+The law cited as banning the Hawaiian language is identified as Act 57, sec. 30 of the 1896 Laws of the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i:
+
+
The English Language shall be the medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools, provided that where it is desired that another language shall be taught in addition to the English language, such instruction may be authorized by the Department, either by its rules, the curriculum of the school, or by direct order in any particular instance. Any schools that shall not conform to the provisions of this section shall not be recognized by the Department. [signed] June 8 A.D., 1896 [[Sanford B. Dole]], President of the Republic of Hawai{{okina}}i

+
+This law established English as the main medium of instruction for the government-recognized schools, but it did not ban nor make illegal the Hawaiian language in other contexts. The law specifically provided for teaching languages "in addition to the English language".
+
+Hawaiian-language newspapers were published for over a hundred years, right through the period of the supposed ban. Pukui & Elbert (1986:572) list fourteen Hawaiian newspapers. According to them, the newspapers entitled ''Ka Lama Hawaii'' and ''Ke Kumu Hawaii'' began publishing in 1834, and the one called ''Ka Hoku o Hawaii'' ceased publication in 1948. The longest run was that of ''Ka Nupepa Kuokoa'': about 66 years, from 1861 to 1927.
+
+===1949 to present===
+In 1949, the legislature of the Territory of Hawai{{okina}}i commissioned Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert to write a new dictionary of Hawaiian, either revising the Andrews-Parker work, or starting from scratch (Schütz 1994:230). Pukui and Elbert took a middle course, using what they could from the Andrews dictionary, but making certain improvements and additions that were more significant than a minor revision. The dictionary they produced, in 1957, introduced an era of gradual increase in attention to the language (and culture).
+
+Efforts to promote the language have increased in recent decades. Hawaiian-language "immersion" schools are now open to children whose families want to introduce Hawaiian language for future generations (Warner 1996). The local NPR station features a short segment titled "Hawaiian word of the day" and a Hawaiian language news broadcast. Additionally, the Sunday editions of the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, one of Honolulu's two major newspapers, feature a brief article called [http://www.starbulletin.com/kauakukalahale.php/ ''Kauakukalahale''] written entirely in Hawaiian by teachers, students, and community members.
+
+Today, on six of the seven inhabited islands, Hawaiian is largely displaced by English, and the number of native speakers of Hawaiian is under 0.1% of the state-wide population. Even so, Hawaiian is not an [[endangered language]] and never has been. This is because the native speakers of Hawaiian who live on the island named ''Ni{{okina}}ihau'' have remained fairly isolated and have continued to use Hawaiian almost exclusively (Lyovin 1997:258) (See below, Ni{{okina}}ihau.)
+
+===Niihau (''Ni{{okina}}ihau'')===
+
Ni{{okina}}ihau is the only area in the world where Hawaiian is the first language and English is a foreign language. Because of many sufficiently marked variations, Ni{{okina}}ihau people, when visiting or living in Honolulu, substitute the O{{okina}}ahu dialect [sic] for their own — apparently easy to do — saying that otherwise people in Honolulu have trouble understanding them. Ni{{okina}}ihau people speak very rapidly; many vowels and entire syllables are dropped or whispered. (Elbert & Pukui 1979:23)

+
+The island named [[Niihau|''Ni{{okina}}ihau'']], off the southwest coast of Kauai (''Kaua{{okina}}i''), is the one island where Hawaiian is still spoken by the entire population as the language of daily life (Lyovin 1997:258). Reasons for the persistence include:
+
+*Niihau has been privately owned for over 100 years;
+*visitation by outsiders has been only rarely allowed;
+*the Caucasian owners/managers of the island have favored the Niihauans' continuation of their language;
+*and, most of all, because the Niihau speakers themselves have naturally maintained their own native language, even though they sometimes use English as a second language for school.
+
+Native speakers of Ni{{okina}}ihau Hawaiian have three distinct modes of speaking Hawaiian:
+
+#an imitation and adaptation to "standard" Hawaiian;
+#a native Niihau dialect that is significantly different from "standard" Hawaiian, including extensive use of palatalizations and truncations, and differences in diphthongization, vowel raising, and elision;
+#a manner of speaking among themselves which is so different from "standard" Hawaiian that it is unintelligible to non-Niihau speakers of Hawaiian.
+
+The last mode of speaking may be further restricted to a certain subset of Niihauans, and is rarely even overheard by non-Niihauans. In addition to being able to speak Hawaiian in different ways, most Niihauans can speak English too.
+
+Elbert & Pukui (1979:23) wrote that "[v]ariations in Hawaiian dialects have not been systematically studied", and that "[t]he dialect of Ni{{okina}}ihau is the most aberrant and the one most in need of study". They recognized that Niihauans can speak Hawaiian in substantially different ways. Their statements are based in part on some specific observations made by Newbrand (1951). (See below, Processes, under Phonology.)
+
+==Orthography (writing system)==
+The Hawaiian alphabet, ''ka pī{{okina}}āpā Hawai{{okina}}i'', is a variety of the [[Latin alphabet]]. The Hawaiian alphabetical order has all of the vowels before the consonants (Schütz 1994:217, 223), as in the following chart.
+{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable"
+|- align="center"
+! Aa || Ee || Ii || Oo || Uu || Hh || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Pp || Ww || [[okina|{{okina}}]]
+|- align="center"
+| {{IPA|/a/}} || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{IPA|/h/}} || {{IPA|/k/}} || {{IPA|/l/}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/n/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/w/}} || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}
+|}
+
+===Origin===
+This writing system was developed by American Protestant missionaries during 1820–1826 (Schütz 1994:98–133). It was the first thing they ever printed in Hawaii, on January 7th 1822, and it originally included the consonants ''B, D, R, T,'' and ''V,'' in addition to the current ones (''H, K, L, M, N, P, W''), and it had ''F, G, S,'' and ''Y,'' for "spelling foreign words". The initial printing also showed the five vowel letters (''A, E, I, O, U'') and seven of the short diphthongs (''AE, AI, AO, AU, EI, EU, OU'') (Schütz 1994:110 Plate 7.1).
+
+In 1826, the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant allophones (called "interchangeable letters"), thereby enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one-symbol-one-sound, and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian (Schütz 1994:122–126, 173–174). For example, instead of spelling one and the same word as ''pule, bule, pure,'' and ''bure'' (because of interchangeable ''p/b'' and ''l/r''), the word is spelled only as ''pule''.
+* Interchangeable B/P. ''B'' was dropped, ''P'' was kept.
+* Interchangeable L/R. ''L'' was kept, ''R'' was dropped.
+* Interchangeable K/T. ''K'' was kept, ''T'' was dropped.
+* Interchangeable V/W. ''V'' was dropped, ''W'' was kept.
+
+However, hundreds of words were very rapidly borrowed into Hawaiian from English, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, Syrian, and Chaldean (Lyovin 1997:259; Schütz 1994:223; Elbert & Pukui 1979:27, 31–32). Although these loan words were necessarily Hawaiianized, they often retained some of their "non-Hawaiian letters" in their published forms. For example, ''Brazil'' fully Hawaiianized is ''Palakila'', but retaining "foreign letters" it is ''Barazila'' (Pukui & Elbert 1986:406). Another example is ''Gibraltar'', written as ''Kipalaleka'' or ''Gibaraleta'' (Pukui & Elbert 1986:450). While {{IPA|[z]}} and {{IPA|[g]}} are not regarded as Hawaiian sounds, {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, and {{IPA|[t]}} were represented in the original alphabet, so the letters (''b'', ''r'', and ''t'') for the latter are not truly "non-Hawaiian" or "foreign", even though their post–1826 use in published matter generally marked words of foreign origin.
+
+===Glottal stop===
+:''Main article: [[Okina|{{okina}}okina]]''
+A modern Hawaiian name for the symbol (a letter) which represents the [[glottal stop]] is ''{{okina}}okina'' (''{{okina}}oki'' "cut" plus ''-na'' "-ing") (Pukui & Elbert 1986:257, 281, 451). It was formerly known as ''{{okina}}u{{okina}}ina'' ("snap") (Schütz 1994:146; Elbert & Pukui 1979:11). It can be written as '''{{okina}}''', with the [[Unicode]] hex value 02BB (decimal 699), which does not always have the correct appearance because it is not supported in some fonts/browsers. It is alternatively written as an opening single quote '''‘''' with the Unicode hex value 2018 (decimal 8216), which appears either as a left-leaning quote or a quote with greater thickness at the bottom than at the top. It can look like a very small "6" with the circle filled in black.
+
+For examples of the okina consider the Hawaiian words ''Hawai{{okina}}i'' and ''O{{okina}}ahu'' (simply ''Hawaii'' and ''Oahu'' in English orthography). In Hawaiian, these words can be pronounced {{IPA|[hʌ.ˈwʌi.ʔi]}} and {{IPA|[o.ˈʔʌ.hu]}}, and can be written with an okina where the glottal stop is pronounced (Pukui & Elbert 1986:62, 275). (In English, the glottal stop is omitted, or is replaced by a non-phonemic glide, resulting in {{IPA|[hʌ.ˈwai.i]}} or {{IPA|[hʌ.ˈwai.yi]}}, and {{IPA|[o.ˈa.hu]}} or {{IPA|[o.ˈwa.hu]}}. Note that the latter two are essentially identical in sound.)
+
+As early as 1823, the missionaries made some limited use of the apostrophe to represent the glottal stop (Schütz 1994:143), but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet. In publishing the Hawaiian Bible, they used it to distinguish ''ko{{okina}}u'' "my" from ''kou'' "your" (Elbert & Pukui 1979:11). In 1864, W.D. Alexander published a grammar of Hawaiian in which he made it clear that the glottal stop (calling it "guttural break") is definitely a true consonant of the Hawaiian language (Schütz 1994:144–145). He wrote it using an apostrophe. In 1922, the Andrews-Parker dictionary of Hawaiian made limited use of the opening single quote symbol, called "reversed apostrophe" or "inverse comma", to represent the glottal stop (Schütz 1994:139–141). Subsequent dictionaries have preferred to use that symbol. Today, many native speakers of Hawaiian do not bother, in general, to write any symbol for the glottal stop. Its use is advocated mainly among students and teachers of Hawaiian as a second language, and among linguists (Schütz 1994:146–148).
+
+===Macron===
+A modern Hawaiian name for the symbol (not a letter) which is the [[macron]] is ''kahakō'' (''kaha'' "mark" plus ''kō'' "long") (Pukui & Elbert 1986:109, 110, 156, 478). It was formerly known as ''mekona'' (Hawaiianization of ''macron''). It can be written as a [[diacritic|diacritical mark]] which looks like a hyphen or dash written above a vowel, i.e., '''ā ē ī ō ū''', and '''Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū'''. It is used to show that the marked vowel is a "double", or "geminate", or "long" vowel, in phonemic terms (Elbert & Pukui 1979:14–15).
+
+As early as 1821, at least one of the missionaries, Hiram Bingham, was using macrons (and breves) in making handwritten transcriptions of Hawaiian vowels (Schütz 1994:139, 399).
+The missionaries specifically requested their sponsor in Boston to send them some type (fonts) with accented vowel characters, including vowels with macrons, but the sponsor made only one response and sent the wrong font size (pica instead of small pica) (Schütz 1994:139–141). Thus, they could not print ā, ē, ī, ō, nor ū (at the right size), even though they wanted to.
+
+===Pronunciation===
+In general, each Hawaiian letter represents the sound value of the same letter in the IPA alphabet. Due to extensive [[allophony]], however, if one were to converse in Hawaiian with only 13 phones, the result would sound definitely foreign to the ear of a native speaker. See Phonology, below, for details on the ranges of actual allophones used.
+
+The letter '''{{okina}}''', the ''{{okina}}okina'', is not an IPA symbol. The IPA symbol for glottal stop is '''{{IPA|ʔ}}''' (Elbert & Pukui 1979:11). Since the Hawaiian letter '''{{okina}}''' stands for the IPA symbol '''{{IPA|ʔ}}''', in effect, the phonetic value of '''{{okina}}''' is {{IPA|[ʔ]}} (Lyovin 1997:259).
+
+The macron, or ''kahakō'', is not a letter, and its use to indicate allophony is not an IPA convention (the IPA symbol for gemination is {{IPA|ː}}). The ''kahakō'' has no sound of its own, and is not used alone. Although it marks phonemic vowel length in Hawaiian, long vowels are not always pronounced long by native speakers of Hawaiian in actual Hawaiian communication (Elbert & Pukui 1979:14–15). The macron does not represent [[stress (linguistics)|stress]], although under the rules for assigning stress in Hawaiian, a long vowel will always receive stress (Pukui & Elbert 1986:xvii–xviii; Elbert & Pukui 1979:14, 20–21).
+
+==Phonology==
+{{main|Hawaiian phonology}}
+
+Hawaiian is known for having very few [[consonant]] phonemes — eight. It is notable that Hawaiian has free variation of {{IPA|[p]}} with {{IPA|[b]}} (Schütz 1994:113, 125), {{IPA|[t]}} with {{IPA|[k]}} (Schütz 1994:115; Elbert & Pukui 1979:22–25; Kinney 1956; Newbrand 1951), {{IPA|[l]}} with {{IPA|[ɹ]}} (Schütz 1994:116–118), and {{IPA|[w]}} with {{IPA|[v]}} (Schütz 1994:119–122). The {{IPA|[t]}}-with-{{IPA|[k]}} variation is quite unusual among the world's languages. The eight Hawaiian consonant phonemes are {{IPA|/p, k, ʔ, h, m, n, l, w/}}.
+
+Hawaiian has either 5 or 25 [[vowel]] phonemes,
+depending on how you treat the [[Vowel length|long vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s (Lyovin 1997:259).
+If the long vowels and diphthongs are treated as two-phoneme sequences,
+then the total of vowel phonemes is five.
+But if the long vowels and diphthongs are treated as separate, unit phonemes,
+then the total of vowel phonemes is 25.
+The short vowel phonemes are
+{{IPA|/u, i, o, e, a/}}.
+If you count long vowels separately, they are
+{{IPA|/uː, iː, oː, eː, aː/}}.
+If you count diphthongs separately, they are
+{{IPA|/iu, ou, oi, eu, ei, au, ai, ao, ae, oːu, eːi, aːu, aːi, aːo, aːe/}}.
+There is some [[Hawaiian phonology#Phonemes and allophones|allophonic variation]] of the vowels,
+but it is nowhere near as dramatic as that of the consonants.
+
+[[Hawaiian phonology#Phonotactics|Hawaiian syllable structure]] is (C)V or (C)D. All CV syllables occur except for ''wū'' (Pukui & Elbert 1986:1–386 [see Hawaiian headwords]), and ''wu'' occurs only in two words borrowed from English (Schütz 1994:29 note 4; Pukui & Elbert 1986:386).
+As shown by Schütz (Lyovin 1997:259; Pukui & Elbert 1986:xvii–xviii; Elbert & Pukui 1979:16–18), [[Hawaiian phonology#Prosody|Hawaiian word-stress]] is predictable in words of one to four syllables, but not in words of five or more syllables.
+[[Hawaiian phonology#Phonological processes|Hawaiian phonological processes]] include palatalization and deletion of consonants, and raising, diphthongization, deletion, and compensatory lengthening of vowels (Elbert & Pukui 1979:22–25; Kinney 1956).
+Phonological reduction (or "decay") of consonant phonemes during the historical development of the language has resulted in the phonemic [[Hawaiian phonology#Glottal stop (historical development)|Hawaiian glottal stop]] (Robert Louis Stevenson, ''In the South Seas'', 1891 page 12, quoted in Schütz 1994:134; Carter 1996:373).
+Ultimate loss (deletion) of intervocalic consonant phonemes has resulted in Hawaiian long vowels and diphthongs (Lyovin 1997:268; Carter 1996:373; Pukui & Elbert 1986:164, 167; Elbert & Pukui 1979:107–108).
+
+===Consonants===
+{| class="wikitable"
+! Consonants 
+![[labial consonant|Labial]] 
+![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] 
+![[velar consonant|Velar]] 
+![[glottal consonant|Glottal]] 
+|-
+|'''[[stop consonant|Stop]]''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|p}}
+|  
+| align=center | {{IPA|k}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|ʔ}}
+|-
+|'''[[fricative consonant|Fricative]]''' 
+|  
+|  
+|  
+| align=center | {{IPA|h}}
+|-
+|'''[[nasal consonant|Nasal]]''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|m}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|n}}
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|'''[[lateral consonant|Lateral]]''' 
+|  
+| align=center | {{IPA|l}}
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|'''[[approximant consonant|Approximant]]''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|w}}
+|  
+|  
+|  
+|}
+===Vowels===
+====Monophthongs ====
+{|class="wikitable"
+! rowspan=2 |  [[Monophthong]]s 
+! colspan=2 |  [[Vowel length|Short]] 
+! colspan=2 |  [[Vowel length|Long]] 
+|-
+!  [[Front vowel|Front]] 
+!  [[Back vowel|Back]] 
+!  Front 
+!  Back 
+|-
+|  '''[[High vowel|High]] (close)''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|i}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|u}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|iː}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|uː}}
+|-
+|  '''[[Mid vowel|Mid]]''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|e}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|o}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|eː}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|oː}}
+|-
+|  '''[[Low vowel|Low]] (open)''' 
+| colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|a}}
+| colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|aː}}
+|}
+====Diphthongs====
+{|class="wikitable"
+!  Short [[Diphthong]]s 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/u/}} 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/i/}} 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/o/}} 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/e/}} 
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/i/}}''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|iu}}
+|  
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/o/}}''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|ou}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|oi}}
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/e/}}''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|eu}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|ei}}
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/a/}}''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|au}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|ai}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|ao}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|ae}}
+|}
+
+{|class="wikitable"
+!  Long Diphthongs 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/u/}} 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/i/}} 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/o/}} 
+!  Ending with {{IPA|/e/}} 
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/o/}}''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|oːu}}
+|  
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/e/}}''' 
+|  
+| align=center | {{IPA|eːi}}
+|  
+|  
+|-
+|  '''Starting with {{IPA|/a/}}''' 
+| align=center | {{IPA|aːu}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|aːi}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|aːo}}
+| align=center | {{IPA|aːe}}
+|}
+
+==See also==
+*The [[Wiktionary:Category:Hawaiian language|list of Hawaiian words]] and [[Wiktionary:Category:Hawaiian derivations|list of words of Hawaiian origin]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project
+*[[Languages in the United States]]
+*[[Hawaiian name]]
+
+==References==
+* Carter, Gregory Lee. (1996). ''The Hawaiian Copula Verbs '''He''', '''{{okina}}O''', and '''I''', as Used in the Publications of Native Writers of Hawaiian: A Study in Hawaiian Language and Literature''. University of Hawai{{okina}}i Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: U.M.I.
+* Churchward, C. Maxwell. (1959). ''Tongan Dictionary''. Tonga: Government Printing Office.
+* Dyen, Isidore. (1965). ''A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian Languages''. Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics. Memoir 19 of the ''International Journal of American Linguistics''.
+* {{cite book | last = Elbert | first = Samuel H. | coauthors = Mary Kawena Pukui | title = Hawaiian Grammar | location = Honolulu | publisher = The University Press of Hawaii | year = 1979 | id = ISBN 0-8248-0494-5}}
+* Kinney, Ruby Kawena. (1956). ''A Non-purist View of Morphomorphemic Variations in Hawaiian Speech''. Journal of the Polynesian Society 65 (3):282–286.
+* {{cite book | last = Lyovin | first = Anatole V. | title = An Introduction to the Languages of the World | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press, Inc. | year = 1997 | id = ISBN 0-19-508116-1}}
+*{{Harvrefcol| Surname=Li|Given=Paul Jen-kuei|Title=[http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/publish/LL2.1-15-Li-supplement.pdf The Dispersal of The Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan (PDF)] | Journal=Languages and Linguistics | Volume=2|Issue=1|Year=2001|Page=271-278}}.
+*{{Harvrefcol| Surname=Li|Given=Paul Jen-kuei.|Title=Numerals in Formosan Languages| Publisher=Academia Sinica|Place=Taipei|Year=2004}}
+* Newbrand, Helene L. (1951). ''A Phonemic Analysis of Hawaiian''. University of Hawai{{okina}}i M.A. thesis.
+* {{cite book | last = Pukui | first = Mary Kawena | coauthors = Samuel H. Elbert | title = Hawaiian Dictionary | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawai{{okina}}i Press | year = 1986 | id = ISBN 0-8248-0703-0}}
+* {{cite book | last = Ramos | first = Teresita V. | title = Tagalog Dictionary | location = Honolulu | publisher = The University Press of Hawaii | year = 1971 | id = ISBN 0-87022-676-2}}
+* {{cite book | last = Schütz | first = Albert J. | title = The Voices of Eden: A History of Hawaiian Language Studies | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawai{{okina}}i Press | year = 1994 | id = ISBN 0-8248-1637-4}}
+* Warner, Sam L. (1996). ''I Ola ka {{okina}}Ōlelo i nā Keiki: Ka {{okina}}Apo {{okina}}ia {{okina}}ana o ka {{okina}}Ōlelo Hawai{{okina}}i e nā Keiki ma ke Kula Kaiapuni''. [That the Language Live through the Children: The Acquisition of the Hawaiian Language by the Children in the Immersion School.] University of Hawai{{okina}}i Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor: U.M.I.
+* Wilson, William H. (1976). ''The '''O''' and '''A''' Possessive Markers in Hawaiian''. University of Hawai{{okina}}i M.A. thesis.
+
+==External links==
+{{InterWiki|code=haw}}
+*[http://ulukau.org/english.php Ulukau - the Hawaiian electronic library], includes English to/from Hawaiian dictionary
+*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haw Ethnologue report for Hawaiian]
+*[http://www.olelo.hawaii.edu/dual/orgs/keelikolani/ Ka Haka {{okina}}Ula O Ke{{okina}}elikōlani, College of Hawaiian Language]
+*[http://ksdl.ksbe.edu/kulaiwi/ Kulaiwi] — learn Hawaiian through distance learning courses
+*[http://www.starbulletin.com/kauakukalahale.php/ Kauakukalahale]
+*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereignty/hawlangillegal.html Was Hawaiian outlawed?]
+*[http://www.angelfire.com/hi2/hawaiiansovereignty/hawlangpublvictclaims.html Examples of published claims that Hawaiian was outlawed]
+
+[[Category:Hawaiian language| ]]
+[[Category:Languages of the United States]]
+[[Category:Languages of Oceania]]
+[[Category:Endangered languages]]
+
+[[br:Hawaieg]]
+[[ca:Hawaià]]
+[[da:Hawaiiansk (sprog)]]
+[[de:Hawaiische Sprache]]
+[[es:Idioma hawaiano]]
+[[eo:Havaja lingvo]]
+[[fr:Langue hawaiienne]]
+[[haw:'ōlelo Hawai'i]]
+[[it:Lingua hawaiiana]]
+[[lt:Havajiečių kalba]]
+[[li:Hawaiïaans]]
+[[nl:Hawaïaans]]
+[[ja:ハワイ語]]
+[[nds:Hawaiiaansche Spraak]]
+[[pl:Język hawajski]]
+[[pt:Língua havaiana]]
+[[ru:Гавайский язык]]
+[[sm:Gagana faʼa Hawaiʼi]]
+[[simple:Hawaiian language]]
+[[sk:Havajčina]]
+[[sl:Havajščina]]
+[[fi:Havaijin kieli]]
+[[sv:Hawaiianska]]
+[[tl:Wikang Hawayano]]
2013-03-18 22:23:14 90786644 Addbot Mentibot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3219878]] --- \n
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-{{infobox television |
- | show_name = The Boondocks
- | image = [[Image:The Boondocks.png|250px]]
- | caption =
- | format = [[Animated series|Animated Series]]
- | runtime = 22 minutes per episode
- | creator = [[Aaron McGruder]]
- | starring = [[Regina King]]
[[John Witherspoon (actor)|John Witherspoon]]
[[Cedric Yarbrough]]
[[Gary Anthony Williams]]
[[Jill Talley]]
[[Gabby Soleil]]
- | country = [[United States|USA]]
- | network = [[Cartoon Network]]
- | first_aired = [[November 6]] [[2005]]
- | last_aired = present
- | num_episodes = [[List of The Boondocks episodes|15]] (20 more in production)
- | imdb_id = 0373732
-|}}
-'''''The Boondocks''''' is a controversial [[United States|American]] [[animated television series]] produced for [[Cartoon Network]]'s [[Adult Swim]] programming block, based on the [[The Boondocks|comic strip of the same name]]. The show made its broadcast debut on [[November 6]], [[2005]]; it was originally set to premiere on [[October 2]], but was pushed back for November [[sweeps]]. It is a production of [[Sony Pictures Television]], executive produced by [[Aaron McGruder]], the creator of the comic strip.
-
-== Overview ==
-
-McGruder and one-time collaborator [[Reginald Hudlin]] had originally piloted the show for the [[Fox Network]], but found great difficulty in making the series acceptable for broadcast television. Hudlin left the project after the Fox deal fell through, although McGruder and Sony Television are contractually bound to continue to credit him as an executive producer {{ref|Hudlin}}.
-
-Like the comic strip, the television version of ''The Boondocks'' is a satirical situation comedy revolving around the lives of the Freeman family. Elementary-school aged [[African American]] brothers Huey and Riley Freeman have been moved by their Granddad, Robert Freeman, from [[inner city]] [[Neighborhoods of Chicago|South Side]] [[Chicago, Illinois]] to the quiet and almost completely white suburb of Woodcrest. Because of the long turnaround time required for each episode, ''The Boondocks'' cartoon avoids the topical nature of its newspaper counterpart, and instead covers more long-standing issues involving race relations and politics, including assimilation of black people into white culture, what would happen if [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] had gone into a coma instead of dying (and finally awoke in 2000), and the [[R. Kelly]] sex scandal controversy.
-
-The animation is done in [[anime]] style, expanding upon the anime/manga influence present in the comic strip (McGruder has said he's a huge fan of [[anime]]). For the cartoon series, younger Freeman brother Riley was redesigned with [[cornrows]], and the comic strip followed suit with a month-long story arc involving Riley growing cornrows. Uncle Ruckus, a self-hating black man originally intended to have been introduced to the strip before [[September 11, 2001|9/11]], was introduced into the strip in late [[2004]] and is being primarily developed in the animated series. The Freemans' neighbors, the Dubois family (Tom, Sarah, and their daughter Jazmine), also appeared during the show's first season; Huey's best friend Michael Caesar is being withheld for later seasons. The opening theme song was recorded by hip hop artist [[Asheru]].
-
-Unlike other animated television series which pay little attention to continuity (c.f. ''[[Family Guy]]'', ''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]''), ''The Boondocks '' makes constant references to past events in previous episodes. ''The Boondocks'' also shows continuity with the comic strip that serves as its basis. A running theme in the series is the concept of black unity. Even though Huey and others may disagree with the points of view of characters like Tom Dubois, Uncle Ruckus, and Old Stinkmeaner -- they still feel obliged to provide them with support and respect.
-
-==Controversy and critical reception==
-''The Boondocks'' series has attracted a great deal of controversy for its heavy use of the "[[nigger (word)|n-word]]"; a community group in [[Los Angeles]] led by Najee Ali plans to protest the series for this reason. [[Aaron McGruder]] defended the usage of the word, stating that its use made the show feel "more sincere", since the word is commonly used in the everyday conversations of [[African Americans]].{{ref|Nword}} The show's premiere episode, "Garden Party", makes a joke of the long-standing controversy surrounding the word:
-
-:''Granddad:'' ...and all I ask y'all to do is act like you got some class!
-:''Riley:'' ''[to Huey]'' Hey...what's "class"?
-:''Huey:'' It means, "don't act like niggas."
-:''Granddad:'' Now, now, see? That's what I'm talkin' about right there! We don't use the "n-word" in this house!
-:''Huey:'' Granddad, you said the word "nigga" 46 times yesterday. I counted!
-:''Granddad:'' Nigga, hush!
-
-According to an article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', references to [[Rosa Parks]] were removed from one of the series' completed episodes within a week of her death. {{ref|RosaParks}} In the second episode, "The Trial of [[R. Kelly]]", Parks was originally outside the courtroom protesting Kelly. In 2006, The Rev. [[Al Sharpton]] protested Martin Luther King's use of the "N word" in the aforementioned hypothesis episode. The controversy stirred by Rev. Sharpton was later referenced in the cartoon strip itself five times - February 6-9 and February 16, 2006 and also in the cartoon in the episode "The block is hot" in the form of a morning radio announcement.
-
-In January [[2006]], ''The Boondocks'' was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 37th [[NAACP Image Awards]], alongside ''[[The Bernie Mac Show]]'', ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]'', ''[[Girlfriends]]'', and ''[[Half & Half]]''. Adult Swim has ordered 20 more episodes for season two of ''The Boondocks''. The new season is scheduled to begin airing in late 2006. ''The Boondocks'' has also recently been picked up by the Canadian broadcaster [[Teletoon]].
-
-==Characters==
-[[Image:Boondock.jpg|thumb|right|Huey (left) and Riley]]
-*'''Huey Freeman''': The show's protagonist. Huey is a ten-year-old black radical (described by [[Aaron McGruder|McGruder]] as "just to [[left-wing politics|the left]] of [[Fidel Castro|Castro]]"), prone to conspiracy theories and other [[subversive]] ideas such as that the U.S. Government is covering up the truth about the [[September 11, 2001|9/11 Terrorist Attacks]], that [[race of Jesus|Jesus was black]], and also that [[Ronald Reagan]] was [[the Devil]]. He is portrayed as both a voice of reason and, at times, a mouthpiece for contemporary [[Afrocentrism]]. He is also portrayed as being an expert swordsman with a [[katana]] ([[kendo]], [[iaido]], [[kenjutsu]]) and near-master practitioner of the [[martial arts]] (a reference to [[anime]], [[Wuxia#Martial arts|wǔxiá]], and [[Samurai]] epics). Even though he is often cold towards Jazmine Dubois, during various episodes of the TV series, it is seen that he does care about her. During the course of the series Huey never appears to be in a good mood, being that he never smiles.
-
-*'''Riley Freeman''': Huey's eight-year-old little brother, Riley is subject to influence from the [[gangsta rap]] culture. He is often easily swayed or caught up in the moment. Riley is representative of the misguided black youth; he is the [[santa]] [[stalker]] (he shot at a mall santa with [airsoft] glock 17s and at one point, attacked him with a [golf club] for not "paying what he owe") and is portrayed as Huey's polar opposite. He also loves weapons, as being a "gangsta", he feels the need to always be ready to "blast those fools!". Riley, however, does not own any real firearms, and has only been seen as the owner of [[Airsoft]]-style firearms. He has been seen with a [[Glock 17]], and a [mp5] (though he pals around with Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy, who have access to real weapons).
-
-*'''Robert Jebediah "Granddad" Freeman''': Huey and Riley's grandfather and their legal guardian. The fates of the boys' parents has not yet been addressed directly in the series nor in the comic strip. He retired to the suburbs so that he could raise the boys in a peaceful environment. Granddad has bore witness to many major incidents in American history: he was a part of the [[Civil Rights Movement]], but was prone to certain [[faux pas]] (such as wearing rain gear in preparation for getting shot with a fire hose). Freeman was also a fighter pilot in [[World War II]], where he flew the [[P-51 Mustang]] with the [[Tuskegee Airmen]]. He was also a part of the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]], even sitting next to [[Rosa Parks]], though she received all the credit for refusing to give up her seat. Granddad serves as another figure of reason in contrast to Huey, although his reason tends to be more [[pragmatic]].
-
-* '''Tom Dubois''': The Freemans' neighbor from across the street. Tom Dubois is a rich African-American attorney. Tom strictly adheres to the law and can be viewed as a "do-gooder". His character can be interpretted as a "[[race traitor]]" by some other black characters, as he is seen as having turned his back on his black heritage to marry a white woman (Sarah), producing a [[mixed-race]]-child (Jazmine), and become a criminal prosecutor who, often, convicts black people. Tom is also skittish and easily frightened. In one episode, Huey suggests that Tom's entire life of following the law and being an attorney is the result of his fear of being anally [[Rape#Custodial and prison rape|raped in prison]]. He also fancies himself as a singer, dreaming of being a successful recording artist, even though his singing voice is less than desirable. Bearing a resemblance to series creator, Aaron McGruder, his name is a play on both [[Uncle Tom]] and [[W.E.B. Dubois]].
-
-* '''Sarah Dubois''': Tom Dubois' white wife. She is incredibly casual towards their inter-racial marriage, even going so far as to joke about it when Tom is mocked and attacked for it. In one episode, Tom chastizes her for downloading pirated Puff Daddy to her iPod. This could be a hint as to her racial acceptance.
-
-* '''Jazmine Dubois''': Tom and Sarah's biracial daughter. She can be extremely paranoid and a bit naive, and is an object of ridicule for Huey and Riley. Jazmine was shocked by both the [[September 11 attacks]] (and hid in her room for two years as a result) and finding out that the [[tooth fairy]] isn't real. She is a strong believer in [[Santa Claus]], seeming to view him as the true meaning of [[Christmas]] to the point where she imagines preaching a sermon about Santa to the masses. Jazmine seems to have a crush on Huey Freeman, despite the fact he is often cold towards her.
-
-* '''Uncle Ruckus''': An overweight black man with a grotesque appearance who idolizes white culture. Ruckus is self-hating, dissassociating himself from his African-American heritage as best he can, and instead championing whatever small traces of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]], [[French people|French]], and [[Irish people|Irish]] ancestry he may have. His greatest wish is that black people were still enslaved, because he believes that they were better off that way. He claims to have a mythical disease called ''"re''-[[vitiligo]]" ("the reverse of what Michael Jackson has," he always retorts). Ironically, he is the darkest-skinned character on the show. His character is a [[hyperbole|hyperbolic]] parody of the self-hating black man, and is named after [[Joel Chandler Harris]]' [[Uncle Remus]] character.
-
-*'''Ed Wuncler, Sr.''': A rich [[realtor]] whose family founded the town of Woodcrest and have lived in the area for decades. The wealthy Wuncler owns the [[mortgage]] loan on Granddad's house (as he does with every house in Woodcrest), and is embarrassed by his inept grandson, Ed Wuncler III. Wuncler also owns the fictional restaurant franchise, "McWuncler's", and bears a resemblance to the man who voices him, [[Ed Asner]]. Ed, sometimes, does things thought of as racist, such as referring to Grandad as "Robert ''Free''-man", and employing only illegal Mexicans at his restaurants. However, Ed seems to have taken a general liking to Robert, referring to him as "Old School," and even funding his [[Soul Food]] Restaurant venture in the episode ''The Itis'', though this may have merely been a plot to lower property values in the area so that he could purchase the nearby park and "develop" it (in which case he succeeded). In the episode ''Garden Party'', Ed told Robert that his only joy in life was making mean-spirited jokes at other people's expense, to which Robert happily replied "Me too!". The name 'Wuncler' may be a respelling of the name of the greedy industrialist character from Dr. Seuss' [[The Lorax]], The Once-ler.
-
-* '''Ed Wuncler III''': The grandson of Ed Wuncler I, who owns the Freemans' home. Ed III is a somewhat psychotic and trigger-happy ex-soldier, freshly discharged from active duty in Iraq, and is portrayed as a representation of the "[[wigga]]" stereotype: a white person who acts like an exaggerated version of a young black person (in this case, he appears to be a white person's exaggerated version of Riley). His character, voiced by [[Charlie Murphy]], could be seen as a parody of a young [[George W. Bush]], painted in broad strokes -- a figure destined to be president on the strength of his family's wealth and power, despite his sub-average intelligence (as referenced at the end of the ''Garden Party'' episode, where Ed says "In 30 years, that boy will be [[President of the United States]]...and he'll still be a fucking idiot!"). Ed III and his friend, Gin Rummy, get away with their misguided and comically inept criminal antics because Ed Wuncler I (Ed III's grandfather) has the police, and everyone else in the city, on his payroll, and because his status as a member of the U.S. Armed Forces makes the public view him as a hero, no matter how immoral his actions may be.
-
-* '''Gin Rummy''', voiced by [[Samuel L. Jackson]], is a former soldier and Ed Wuncler III's best friend. He can be seen as a parody of [[Donald Rumsfeld]], in name, appearance, and use of actual quotes. His last name, Rummy, matches the nickname given to Rumsfeld that was often said by President George W. Bush. His name is also a play on the card game, [[Gin Rummy]]. Gin Rummy will repeatedly explain away his poor criminal planning by saying that "the absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence", parodying how Bush and Rumsfeld continue to assert that Saddam Hussein had [[weapons of mass destruction]] in Iraq, despite the fact that none have ever actually been found after the invasion of Iraq in 2003. The name may also be a convienent homage to the character Jin (pronounced like "[[gin]]" in the English dub) from the [[anime]] ''[[Samurai Champloo]]'', of which McGruder is a big fan, and additionally may be a convienent homage to anime in general, where pun names are common. Gin Rummy considers himself a patriot, and will do whatever it takes to bring the "Fugitives of Justice" to justice.
-
-==Running gags==
-[[Image:Huey_che.jpg|thumb|right|Huey Freeman stylized in the likeness of [[Che Guevara]], from the opening credits sequence of the show.]]
-*Wuncler III's [[deadpan]] catchphrase, "The f*** y'all lookin at?", when a crowd stares at him, which usually seems to draw applause from the crowd.
-
-*Throwing a metal folding chair, either with the intent of hitting someone specific or simply to incite a mass brawl in a [[crowd]] (which in one case to Riley's benefit worked without even hitting anyone).
-
-*Every character delivers the line "A full day's supply of [[Vitamin C]]," after drinking [[orange juice]].
-
-*Sometimes, Ed Wuncler or Uncle Ruckus addresses Grandad by his last name and nonchalantly says it as two separate words, "Free Man," an obvious [[slavery]] pun.
-
-*If someone turns on the television network [[BET]], a [[music video]] with women dressed in skimpy outfits is shown, with an [[MC]] yelling "Move dem butt, Move dem butt, Move dem butt cheeks!" This jokes about the content present in hip-hop music videos the network often shows. B5F, a group who claims to have started "[[snap music]]", has sampled this and created a song called Booty Butt Cheeks. McGruder has been mocking [[BET]] in the comic strip for years due to McGruder's feelings of what [[BET]] deems as being degrading.
-
-*Whenever a radio is turned on it happens to be playing "Thuggin Love" by Gangstaliscious. The "Booty-Butt Cheeks" song also sometimes plays.
-
-*Whenever a TV is shown (unless it is needed for a plot device) it always has "Booty-Butt Cheeks", Gangstalicious' "Thuggin' Love" video, [[Whitney Houston]]'s trial or a video of rapper Eat Dirt getting hit with a folding chair, thrown from offscreen, at an awards show followed by a riot breaking out.
-
-*Uncle Ruckus has a different job in every episode. Duties he fulfilled include security guard, janitor, mall Santa, usher, police officer, and preacher.
-
-*Whenever Riley becomes exceptionally disrespectful, Grandad will take him off screen and spank ("whoop") him.
-
-*People watch Riley getting corporally punished offscreen by Robert, someone then makes a comment and/or go back minding their own business.
-
-*Most gun battles (mostly reffered to as "Nigga Moments") result in nobody actually hitting their target.
-
-*Huey enjoys talking about [[black nationalism]] and freedom of speech, while Riley just mimicks everything a [[gangster]] does.
-
-*The Wunclers have a tendency to refer to Arabs or those who appear Arab as "people of terrorist descent".
-
-*Every time two males hug or show signs of affection Riley says, "Y'all niggas is gay".
-
-*All minor altercations involving thugs or rappers escalate into a "nigga moment" in which the participants eventually begin shooting at each other over essentially nothing. But, they always make up and usually end up being shot and/or killed by police.
-
-*Characters that are meant as parodies of overzealous Christians refer to [[Jesus Christ]] as "White Jesus".
-
-* Uncle Ruckus tends to always say "Everybody knows nigga can't (Insert negative comment)" at least once in every episode. Such as in the epsiode 'Granddad's Fight', Uncle Ruckus says "Everybody knows niggas can't fight" and "everybody knows niggas climb trees, they don't kick 'em."
-
-==References==
-* [[Aaron McGruder]] also watches [[anime]], martial arts films and [[Samurai]] epics, which find their way into both fantasy segments and actual fights throughout the series. Two specific anime McGruder said would influence the show were ''[[Samurai Champloo]]'' and ''[[FLCL]]''. In the show thus far, one of the men gawking at Cristal in "Guess Hoe's Coming to Dinner" bears a resemblance to Jin of ''Samurai Champloo''. Huey also showed Granddad a ''[[Zatoichi]]'' film to reference the "blind swordsman" legend. The intro to the show is also an homage to the intro of Samurai Champloo. Also, while it may be unintended, one of the old women in the library in ''[[Let's Nab Oprah]]'' bore a striking resemblance to Dante from ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]''.
-
-* There is a brief image of Huey in the opening sequence of the show that is drawn in the style of the [[Che Guevara (photo)|iconic photo]] of Marxist revolutionary, [[Che Guevara]] (Guevara's photo can also be seen as a poster in Huey's room); and another of Riley is a reference to [[Al Pacino|Al Pacino's]] [[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]] character [[Tony Montana]].
-
-* Since a majority of the voice actors also were in the ''[[Friday (movie)|Friday]]'' film series (King, Witherspoon, [[D.J. Pooh]], [[Mike Epps]], and [[Kym Whitley]]), random references are made to the films including Granddad saying "''Nobody go in the bathroom for 35-45 minutes"'' in "The Itis", or ''"It's Your Ass Mr. Postman"'' in The Passion of Ruckus, or Riley reciting part of the infamous [[Chris Tucker]] line ''"You got knocked the fuck out"'' in "Wingmen". Also, in one episode Robert Freeman can be seen in his car watching the film. [[Ice Cube]] is also mentioned in "The Story of Gangstalicious".
-
-* The show also often references the [[Star Wars]] movies, such as Gin Rummy (voiced by Samuel L. Jackson, who was in Star Wars Episodes I, II, and III) quoting [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]], and with dialogue lines such as, "Let him have it. It's not wise to upset a Wuncler." Also, the show's production company is called Rebel Base.
-
-* In several episodes, the show parodies scenes from several [[Bruce Lee]] films, including a scene where Huey and Granddad are training and Huey uses the line ''"What was that? An exhibiton? You need emotional content"'', all while wearing the same uniform [[Bruce Lee]] wore in [[Enter the Dragon]] and Huey's fighting style and mannerisms in his fight against Riley in "Let's Nab Oprah". Also, Bushido Brown from the episode ["Let's Nab Oprah"] is inspired by Jim Kelly's character in [[Enter the Dragon]], with his martial arts, general appearance and quotes, like "You come straight out of a comic strip."
-
-* The show also references [[Monty Python]], especially [[Monty Python and the Holy Grail]]. In "Riley Wuz Here", the scene cuts to a man who speaks about the dangers of Black television, with the subtitle "An Expert Guy"; not unlike the "A Famous Historian" scene. There are also references to the "not dead yet" running gag.
-
-* In a scene in episode 105, "A Date with the Health Inspector," [[Samuel L. Jackson]]'s character, Gin Rummy reenacts some lines from [[Pulp Fiction]], nearly line for line. (The name Gin Rummy may also be a nod to another Tarantino film Jackson starred in, [[Jackie Brown]] which was based on a book called [[Rum Punch]] by [[Elmore Leonard]].) Instead of Mr. Jackson yelling at Brett, like in the movie as Jules, it is Riley. His dialogue before the bank robbery on "Nigga Technology" in "Let's Nab Oprah" is inspired by the conversation held by Vincent and Jules before killing Brett in [[Pulp Fiction]].
-
-* The comic strip [[Bloom County]] is referenced several times. There are similarites between the grassy field that overlooks the town where Huey talks to Jazmine and the secret agent, to the same field that was used in several [[Bloom County]] strips. There are also similarites between Ruckus and Bill the Cat, mainly the eyes. Also, in [[Riley Wuz Here]], Ruckus directly references the creator of [[Bloom County]] when discussing master artists as "that genius that drew that strip with the talkin' penquin...Master Penquin Draw'er".
-
-* Ruckus's facial features are said to come from those of politician [[Alan Keyes]]
-
-* In "A Date with the Health Inspector" when it shows in a flashback Tom DuBois as a teenager declines the offer of [[Marijuana]] from his schoolmates. One of the smoking schoolmates vaguely resembles [[Harry Potter]].
-
-*The episode "The Block Is Hot" has several references to Spike Lee's ''[[Do the Right Thing]]''. During the beginning of the episode, Huey is seen walking down the street with a [[boombox]] playing [[Public Enemy]]'s "Fight The Power," a reference to Radio Raheem. Ruckus also quotes Sal, the pizzeria owner, when he hears Huey's "jungle music." At the end of the episode, Huey throws a trash can into the lemonade stand, similar to the way Mookie, [[Spike Lee]]'s character, throws a trash can through the window of Sal's Pizzeria during the riots. The stand is burned down in a similar fashion as the aformentioned pizzeria after the riots.
-
-* The art teacher in ''Riley Wuz Here'' is based on [[Bob Ross]].
-
-*The "Black Power Fist" from "Let's Nab Oprah" is a spoof of the [[Nintendo]] [[Power Glove]] peripheral for the [[NES]].
-
-* Armstrong Elders, the conservative black media personality who provides Ruckus with publicity for his idea of "white heaven", is a direct reference to [[Larry Elder]] and [[Armstrong Williams]]. The body is modeled after Williams though the mustache is similar to Elder's. McGruder has had well-publicized confrontations with Elder in particular, referring to him as an embarrasment to black people in his strip.
-
-*In the episode "The Block is Hot", as Ed Wuncler III is about to buy lemonade from Jazmine's stand, he declares "Lemonade was a popular drink, and it still is". This is a very obscure reference to an odd line from the Gangstarr song "DWYCK".
-
-* In the episode "Riley Wuz Here", Huey watches black TV for 30 days for a project entitled "Niggerize Me", based on Morgan Spurlock's film "Supersize Me".
-
-==Voice cast==
-*Huey and Riley Freeman: [[Regina King]]
-*Robert "Granddad" Freeman: [[John Witherspoon (actor)|John Witherspoon]]
-*Tom Dubois: [[Cedric Yarbrough]]
-*Uncle Ruckus: [[Gary Anthony Williams]]
-*Sarah Dubois: [[Jill Talley]]
-*Jazmine Dubois: [[Gabby Soleil]]
-*Ed Wuncler, Sr.: [[Ed Asner]]
-*Ed Wuncler III: [[Charlie Murphy]]
-*Gin Rummy: [[Samuel L. Jackson]]
-
-==DVD Releases==
-'''Season Releases'''
-{| class="wikitable"
-!DVD Name!!Release Date!!Ep #!!Additional Information
+''An event mentioned in this article is a [[Template:September 11 selected anniversaries|September 11 selected anniversary]]''.
+{{skiptotoctalk}}
+{{RFMF|September 11, 2001 Attacks|20:58, 27 November 2006 (UTC)}}
+{{talkheader}}
+{{FormerFA}}
+{{FACfailed}}
+{{todo priority|1}}
+{{USProject}}
+{{disaster management}}
+{{WPCD}}
+{{FAOL|Swedish|sv:11 september-attackerna|lang2=Malayalam|link2=ml:സെപ്റ്റംബര്‍ 11ലെ ഭീകരാക്രമണം}}
+{{V0.5|class=A|category=History}}
+{{controversial}}
+{{Calm talk}}
+{{TrollWarning}}
+
+

+{| class="talkpagebox" style="width: 80%; background: AntiqueWhite; border:solid #FFCCCC"
|-
-|Season 1||[[July 25]] [[2006]] [http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/newsitem.cfm?NewsID=5673]||15||3-disc set that include all 15 Season One episodes, uncut and uncensored, and presented in a widescreen format. Extras include 7 episode commentaries, a behind the scenes featurette, animatics, DVD-ROM storyboards, and bonus previews. The set will also be available for the [[Universal Media Disc|UMD Video]] format, though it may not contain any bonus features. The episodes are said to have uncensored audio. ''NOTE: The set was originally set for release on [[June 13]], [[2006]], but it was delayed.''
+| {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|Template|[[Category:Templates for deletion|{{PAGENAME}}]]}} Remember that article [[Help:Talk page|talk pages]] are only there to coordinate the article's improvement, not for engaging in discussion for discussion's sake. '''Please do not use them as a discussion forum.'''

+|-
|}
-
-==See also==
-*[[List of The Boondocks episodes|List of ''The Boondocks'' episodes]]
-*[[The Boondocks|''The Boondocks'' comic strip]]
-
-==Notes==
-*{{note|Nword}} [http://www.eurweb.com/story.cfm?id=23284 BOONDOCKS - Aaron McGruder defends use of N-word; L.A. community group to launch protest.] ''EURweb.com'', November 7, 2005. Retrieved November 12, 2005.
-*{{note|RosaParks}} [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/25/AR2005102501847.html "Like It or Not, 'Boondocks' Will Finally Hit the Airwaves"] by Neely Tucker, ''The Washington Post'', October 26, 2005, retrieved October 28, 2005
-*{{note|Hudlin}} Rabin, Nathan. [http://avclub.com/content/node/42840/1 Interview with Aaron McGruder]. ''The A.V. Club.'' November 23, 2005, retrieved December 11, 2005.
-
-{{wikiquote|The Boondocks}}
-
-==External links==
-*[http://www.theboondockstv.com/ Sony Pictures' official ''Boondocks'' website]
-*[http://www.adultswim.com/shows/boondocks/ Adult Swim's ''Boondocks'' page]
-*{{imdb title|id=0373732|title=The Boondocks}}
-*''[http://www.tv.com/the-boondocks/show/26812/summary.html The Boondocks]'' at [[TV.com]]
-*[http://citizensagainsttheboondocks.com/ Mock-anti-Boondocks site] - actually owned by Adult Swim and referenced in early trailers for the animated series
-
-[[Category:The Boondocks| ]]
-[[Category:Shows on Adult Swim|Boondocks, The]]
-[[Category:2000s TV shows in the United States|Boondocks, The]]
-[[Category:Black sitcoms|Boondocks, The]]
-[[Category:Comedy television series|Boondocks, The]]
-[[Category:Animated television series|Boondocks, The]]
-[[Category:Sony Pictures Television shows|Boondocks, The]]
+

+-----
+'''Please remember -- this talk page is for discussing the mechanics of the article (what to include, how to include it) only and not a place to discuss the events of 9/11''' [[User:Sdedeo|Sdedeo]] ([[User:Sdedeo/advice|tips]]) 18:16, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
+-----
+

+The archives of the discussion of the '''September 11, 2001 attacks''' article may be found here:
[[Talk:September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Archive|1]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive2|2]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive3|3]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive4|4]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive5|5]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive6|6]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive7|7]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_archive8|8]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive9|9]], [[Talk:September_11,_2001_attacks/archive10|10]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive11|11]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive12|12]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive13|13]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive14|14]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive15|15]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive16|16]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive17|17]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive18|18]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive19|19]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive20|20]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive21|21]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive22|22]],
+[[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/archive 23|23]]'''

+

+
+==Serious administrator abuse==
+
+I just began reviewing this page recently and find some serious abuses of Wikipedia policies. First, the discussion page (from the significant portion I've read) indicates very much dissent from the supposed consensus about the article. I see in the history moments where edits are made and then quickly reverted with the claim that a consensus has been built. Then I look at the discussion history and there's clearly no consensus.
+
+I also do not see much in the history that would justify the extreme measures taken to lock this article down. When compared to other articles there is really not that much vandalism or edit wars at the times when it's unlocked. Sure these disputes happen, but they happen everywhere on other articles and those articles routinely move out of protected status.
+
+Rather here it appears that a few editors have parked themselves on these pages and try to keep others away from editing. I even see evidence of administrators abusing their privileges. For example, there is an edit by JoshuaZ to remove comments from the discussion page that contain no personal attack, but rather expressed the frustration I can see many editors are experiencing with these abuses. Please understand that the Wiki concept can't work this way. It has proven itself elsewhere, but this article is not working as intended. If these administrators want complete control over the content of their web page, I suggest they start a blog.
+
+I was barred for supposed disruption (violation of the 3 revert rule) of this page for making a few edits on a small subsection of the page. I discussed those edits prior to making them here, though the reverting editors simply reverted them without any comment on this discussion page (again citing the "stability" of the article). Keep in mind that the sole purpose of Wikipedia is not to stabilize articles. This has to be balanced against other policies and guidelines. The edits I tried to make did nothing to changes the facts presented. Rather I was simply removing words and phrases that were pejorative, unencyclopedic and in violation of the NPOV policy. Those reverting my edits cited nothing to support their reverts, but rather again used pejoratives to back up the use of pejoratives. Though I have been blocked (even from appealing my blockage), I thought I'd begin some discussion here about what appear to me to be inappropriate behaviour by admins and a wish to treat this article as not part of a Wiki. I'm not sure what can be done about this behaviour. It's similar to the [[Wikipedia:Requests_for_adminship/Jtkiefer_3 | pegasus affair]] where an editor sought administrative status simply to exercise arbitrary power over other editors. However, my hope is that we can find some impartial admin who will somehow facilitate making this article into a part of the Wiki community. --[[User:67.175.134.6|67.175.134.6]] 04:29, 22 November 2006 (UTC) (blocked cplot)
+
+== NPOV Dispute ==
+
+From examining the history here, it appears that a small group of people have worked to ensure this article reflects only a certain POV. Legitimate edits are immediately and repeatedly reverted. Pejorative language is used to describe alternate POVs or more frequently alternate POVs are simply removed from the article.
+
+Much of the article reads like an ABC docudrama and is unencyclopedic. It fails to cite sources or to present particular positions as such, but instead describes theories, accusations and allegations as if they are facts established by God. The article also fails to provide verifiable sources for many of the claims made in the article.
+
+THe POV slant of the article combined with the failure to provide verifiable sources combine to make this article one of the worst cases of NPOV violation I have encountered on Wikipedia. I would recommend the editors and administrators squatting on this article begin to work with the dissenting editors to improve this article and make it meet Wikipedia's standards: especially those of [[Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view| NPOV]] and [[Wikipedia:Verifiability |Verifiability]]..
+
+I will try to elaborate on the issues through an examination of the article's history, but as I look through the discussion page and the article's history there are repeated examples of squashing alternate views from this article. Often time these alternate POVs are cited, verifiable and often widely held POVs, yet are excluded nonetheless..--[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 17:18, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+===== Some examples=====
+* Pejorative use of "conspiracy theory" to encompass all other POVs about the attacks on September 11th.
+* Claims made without citing the source. For example "nineteen terrorists[2] affiliated with al-Qaeda[3] hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners." should separate the parts that are undisputed from the particular theories about the event. Planes were hijacked. It should be followed with something like: "The US [[FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation]]] believes ..." (this is just one of such numerous NPOV slips in the article)
+* Views of the 911 truth movement and other widespread held positions are completely excluded from the article.
+
+==== agree ====
+* There were numerous polls conducted which show that majority of Americans do not believe official account. That is why Cplot's arguments are even stronger. All claims should be clearly sourced to make it possible to the reader to determine who makes them. Rationales for other claims, inclusions or exclusions (like the Jewish conspiracy remark I discussed) should be discussed and/or sourced. This is not about "conspiracy cruft" - it's about general disbelief and recognition of facts and myths. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:02, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* '''Agree''' Reading below, and through the archives, one only finds attempts to keep the government's POV, with the main reason for not calling it POV being that they're after money. I try to keep an open mind on this, and there are many suspicious things that contradict the government's findings, but there is also a certain body of evidence that supports the government's theory. If we want to call the article truly neutral then we need to provide alternate, or even, contradicting, points of view, regardless of how many people believe that the government's POV is the only "right" one. When I'm done here I'm going to get an RFC, to get a better idea o what should be done, unless someone beats me to it.--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 18:38, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::'''comment''' What a relief to hear another voice of reason, thank you Acebrock. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:56, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::'''comment''' Keep in mind that it has only been an hour. Normally an NPOV tag should be expected to stay of for days. In the case of this article (after reviewing its history), I would say more like weeks. It's a bit silly to start counting votes now, but it's really ridiculous to claim a consensus on the topic after a few minutes elapsed. Do these editors think we're all paid to watch this page? In the US it's the Thanksgiving holiday. Many editors are spending time with their families right now. It's only the die hards that are around right now. Within a few weeks a doubt we'll see any consensus for maintaining this NPOV and Verifiability violating article in this way . --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 19:14, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==== disagree ====
+* 9/11 "Truth Movement" is an effort by a bunch of swindlers to make a buck by spreading falsehoods all over the web...they are morally and ethically corrupt and their "evidence" is not based on [[WP:RS]] or [[WP:V]] and are therefore not useful for an encyclopedia article. The entire notion of a government cover-up and related conspiracy theories has zero basis in fact.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 17:27, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::'''Comment''':Your opinion about their ethics is inappropriate here (and you don't have sources to prove it). There is a group of suspicious people in 9/11 Truth Movement, but they are minority. That makes you completely wrong here. Stop spreading defamation. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 17:33, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::'''Comment''': Mongo, you misunderstand the role of a Wiki encyclopedia article. It is not our task here to assess the truth or motives behind different positions on the attacks. Rather we are here to write an article that presents the various POVs that hold sway about these events. Many have written on this topic and the article does not reflect that. But instead the article only reflects the views of one of the many groups.
+::: If you don't want opinions, don't ask for them. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 17:50, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* There is reality, and then there is the tripe being promulgated by the fringe conspiracy whackos. The fringe whacko theories even have their own articles for some unknown and befuddling reason but they need not repeat that garbage here. We could add paragraph after paragraph about controlled demolitions, missiles, aliens in Roswell, and the connection of 9/11 to Operation Gladio. It doesn't make it any more legitimate. People come to read about what actually happened, not whack job conspiracy nonsense. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 17:55, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::'''Comment''':You love to blend "fringe whacko theories" with legitimate theories, don't you? If your understanding of these matters is this shallow, you should restrain yourself from editing this article. Thanks. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:44, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Which do you consider legitimate? I blended no such thing. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 23:50, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* Please do not try to spread conspiracy cruft to real articles. Thanks. [[User:Weregerbil|Weregerbil]] 17:59, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* There is a article for the conspiracy as well only like a paragraph is needed. Thanks [[User:Jaranda|Jaranda]] [[User_talk:Jaranda|wat's sup]] 18:38, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* These theories are given the proper treatment in this article, per [[WP:NPOV#Undue weight]]. We do provide a forum for the theories at [[9/11 conspiracy theories]], with a brief summary here and link to that article. Nothing more is needed in this main article, which also needs to summarize all other aspects of the attacks and various sub-articles. --[[User:AudeVivere|Aude]] ([[User talk:AudeVivere|talk]]) 18:50, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+** '''Comment''' The same could be said of the Government's theory--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 18:53, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+*** Not at all. First, it's not the "government" theory. It's the account that has been presented in media outlets, worldwide such as [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35852 Al Jazeera], [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms Times of India], the [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html CBC] (Canada), and major [[WP:RS|media outlets]] in the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ U.K.], [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-687756@51-641954,0.html France], [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,623034,00.html Germany], [http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1736235.htm Australia] and [http://service.china.org.cn/link/wcm/Show_Text?info_id=167467&p_qry=9/11 China] (list could go on), as well as the [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sgsm7949.doc.htm United Nations]. I've yet to see a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] that presents conspiracy theories as facts. --[[User:AudeVivere|Aude]] ([[User talk:AudeVivere|talk]]) 19:12, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+** '''Comment''' The point is there are other credible views of these attacks than are not presented in the article. That's what makes it an NPOV violation. Not only have those views not been given due weight, they've been given no weight at all. Saying that "we covered other POVs in s small section pejoratively entitled 'Conspiracy theories' does not give weight to the many credible views and issues posed about September 11th. In fact it does the opposite. It suggests that no one need take anything seriously except for what a few minority editors here think. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 19:25, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::There are no credible alternative views - no dancing Jews, no holograms, no hidden explosives or secret missiles. There are conspiracy theories: social pathologies commonly associated with major events. We use summary style, linking to [[9/11 conspiracy theories]], and we link to ''9/11 conspiracy theories'' from the template. That is due weight and to spare. [[User:Tom harrison|Tom Harrison]] [[User talk:Tom harrison|Talk]] 19:46, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Tom, credible views will air on C-Span's Book TV this weekend. The September 24 KPFA event from Berkeley, CA, ''9/11 & American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out''. Featured speakers: '''[[David Ray Griffin]], [[Kevin Ryan]], [[Peter Dale Scott]], [[Peter Phillips]], [[Ray McGovern]],''' EST PST Friday Nov 24th: 4:00pm 1:00pm; Saturday Nov 25th: 3:30am 12:30am, 10:00pm 7:00pm
+* The conspiracy theories have their own page. After five years I would think this would be done and settled. As for claiming uncited, I see 105 entries in the references section now. I see someone just put the NPOV tag back on the article. Please, take it down and respect the long established consensus of the community. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 19:47, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* There is a conspiracy theory article. This one should have a short paragraph, as it does, and point to that article, as it does. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 23:47, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+* The article is NPOV. The alternative explanations are correctly called conspiracy theories (at least I can't find a better name for them), and the article links to a page describing them in embarrasing detail. No change is needed. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 13:15, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+=== NPOV Dispute (no way to claim consensus either way) ===
+
+Tbeatty, there is clearly no consensus yet on the NPOV. How could their be there's only been minutes since the tag was placed on the article. It would normally take 10 days or so to make such a determination. In the case of this article I would imagine it will take much longer since so many dissenting editors have been chased away by a poorly behaving core group of editors. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 18:03, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Please see talk archives. This has been discussed for years. Please do not add conspiracy cruft here, this is not the place for it. Thanks! [[User:Weregerbil|Weregerbil]] 18:12, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I have looked at the talk page archives and the history of the edits. And I find the NPOV violations even more disgraceful. It's now time for the editors here to take seriously these alternate POVs (without pejorative dismissals, which is mostly what I see in the archives). Some waiting time must be given to an NPOV dispute to let these issues and grievances be aired. This is how a Wiki is supposed to work. Again, if you don't wish to write an article that reflects all the relevant points-of-view then I suggest you start a blog. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 18:20, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+This article is hijacked. Of course there is NPOV dispute but a group of editors decide there is not. I think we are heading towards RfC here... [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:34, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+===A little perspective===
+
+The problem comes from trying to put the dissenting opinions (i.e. conspiracy theories) on an equal footing as the version supported by evidence. By and large, the conspiracy theory version are rejected entirely in agreement with Wikipedia policy. Typically they contain errors of fact, misunderstandings of the mechanics of solids, and/or unreliable evidence.
+
+Now, there certainly is a particular zeal in removing unencyclopedic material, and occasionally it may be to excess, and in those rare instances where legitimate points are raised, the edits may be rejected without sufficient discussion. But that problem is manageable. Unfortunately, many people in the US are so frightened by the idea that their government was unable to stop terrorists that they find comfort in believing anything else, no matter how implausible. There is an whole folk mythology, not to mention an industry of disinformation, which challenges the conventional account, and there are editors who, innocently or maliciously, try to give the the mythology undue credibility. (It escapes me why someone who sees a discrepancy between an encyclopedia and rantings on a partisan website would immediately assume it's the encyclopedia which is wrong.)
+
+But this is not truly a good-faith dispute [[WP:NPOV|regarding point of view]]. The issue is not what emotions people have or what narratives human creativity can fabricate, it's what the evidence supports. The conspiracy theory stories are, at least so far, not supported by evidence. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 20:43, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Clarification: There is evidence which supports them, I encourage you to take a real close look, if you have time (just look closely at the case of WTC7 and molten metal beneath its rubble, then check 9/11 commission account, NIST account - their work is unbeliveably far from good science, even engineers associated with NIST confirm that(i.e Glenn Corbett[http://www.improbablecollapse.com/screens2/corbett.html])) . Unfortunately, no summary of this evidence is reported in mainstream media (oh, you might want to watch C-Span this weekend, see my previous post). It's easy to comment "reasonably" on those things from high-up, but when you bow down, take a close look... [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:18, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Umm, Corbett is not an engineer and is not associated with NIST and he confirmed nothing. He's a fireman. As far as I can tell, he lobbied the NIST to investigate and the NIST does NOT support any whack nutball theories and they are a principle target of these fringe groups trying to sell their stuff. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 23:56, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::What?
+:::''GLENN CORBETT is a fire captain in Waldwick, New Jersey, a professor of Fire Safety at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in Manhattan, a member of the New Jersey State Fire Code Council, and a technical editor of Fire Engineering Magazine, the nation's 128-year-old fire service trade journal. He was on the committee advising the National Institute of Standards and Technology on its investigation of the WTC disaster, and came to a critical assessment overall, although he fully supports the hypothesis of collapse due to plane impacts and fires alone.''
+:::''New Civil Engineer'' condemned NIST for not releasing their computer animations saying its parameters were pushed over limits. ''Fire Engineering''journal "has good reason to belive that FEMA report was half-baked false". Kevin Ryan pointed out hundreds of inconsistencies and flaws in "art of making science". [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 00:03, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::Exactly my point. He's not an engineer, he's a fireman. Good for him, though, for supporting the reality that the collapse was due to fire and plane imapcts alone. [[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 00:21, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Yet, lack of good secondary sources does not allow us to change this article diametrically and it's not my intention. But when I tried to change one small defamating thing it took a lot of energy and nerves. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:26, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+:There is no '''reliable''', '''credible''' evidence supporting the various conspiracy theories. The supposed "evidence" has been assessed and found to be unpersuasive, if not outright false or irrelevant. Most of what I've seen could be refuted with one engineering textbook. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 00:24, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Assessed by who? Found to be unpersuasive by who? Where can I read about it? Where is molten metal evidence refuted or explainded in a way according to official theory? Where is sudden outburst of molten metal, with white smoke plume, from the side of WTC just before collapse explained? NIST has thrown some FAQ without even making any research into their answers. Where are zinc and barium anomalies from dust study explained? Where is the style of the collapse of WTC1&2 even analyzed ?(not in NIST report). Where is WTC7 report? I could continue... but I'm not sure if there is a need for that. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 00:49, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Try [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks#References these]. If you cannot tell which sources are legitimate, perhaps this is not the right article for you to contribute to. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 01:58, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::What is legitimate? What is credible? Is it always the same as "true"? I made a lot of study into these theories. Many other scientists, politicians did too[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8677389869548020370]. Applying science leads to only one overall conclusion. Please be careful when you back yourself up with "legitimate" sources, not with arguments. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 02:08, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Too much of this discussion is in the form of vague generalities and trying to describe the truth. The discussion should be around what are the various theories (including the only represented theory right now) about what are the political, economic, cultural and physical processes that influenced and were influenced by these attacks. It's not relevant whether one editor or another thinks that someone's research into this is bunk. The point is we have to describe those sources views nevertheless. More importantly, the article as it currently stands represents the views of certain sources as the truth rather than citing that view in accordance with wikipedia's NPOV policy. Clearly there's a difference of opinion here with no clear consensus. What we need to do next is work together to figure out what's needed to fix this very broken article and build a consensus rather than just insisting one's already there.
+
+Again, we're not trying to decide who is crazy, wrong, misguided, stupid, or naive. Were trying to write an encyclopedia article that describes the subject and attributes various viewpoints to the authors who hold those viewpoints: whether that's NIST, FBI or whomever). Right now the article fails to do that on many accounts. Clearly I think we could get agreement on certain facts that none of us would dispute. Beyond that, we have to start attributing positions to who's making them and not just state them in the NPOV violating way as if its just an undisputed fact. I don't see any reason why we can't at least come to that agreement here.
+
+Finally, I ask those who keep removing the NPOV template to stop doing that. Give it a little time for the discussion to take place and a real genuine concensus to be reached. A NPOV template is not meant as an insult, it's merely suggest that some editors may be unaware of other significant views on a topic. --[[User:68.30.31.232|68.30.31.232]] 04:43, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:If there is a specific error in the article, or facts where there is legitimate disagreement, that can be discussed. But wishing something to be true is not a NPOV dispute. Reality and fantasy are not two equal sides of an issue. This talk page (and its archives) have established consensus on suitability of sources. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 05:15, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Reality and fantasy? Consensus? Peter, it's time for you and your boys to leave [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1H_hBiPzIpE Neverland]. You can easily exit via vault of Building 7, that tiny wabbit whole to wonderland down at Pentagon, or you can simply fly away carried by pixie dust, just like flight 93 did… Didn’t you hear chimes ringing? It's time to turn that page… since neutrality of this article is disputed from here to eternity, appropriate notice should be posted at the entrance post. Vandalism and article bias are quite different categories… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 09:53, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Not only is [[Captain Hook]] not a terrorism expert, he a [[fictional character]]. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 18:26, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Just to point out that the consparcy theories have a large following here are some google results: [http://www.google.com/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=9/11+Pentagon+missile+strike&spell=1 9/11 Pentagon missle strike gets 702,000 results], [http://www.google.com/search?num=100&hl=en&lr=&safe=off&rls=com.microsoft%3Aen-us&q=9%2F11+Controlled+demolition 9/11 controlled demolition gets 620,000 results], and [http://www.google.com/search?num=100&hl=en&safe=off&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&q=9/11+government+involvement&spell=1 9/11 government involvement gets 1,110,000 results]. Also Popular Mechanics tried to disprove these, showing that they do have some sort of mainstream following.--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 17:54, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Also [http://www.google.com/search?q=angels+are+real angels are real] 23,700,000 results, [http://www.google.com/search?q=Elvis+lives Elvis lives] 1,500,000 results, [http://www.google.com/search?q=aliens+probed+my+ass aliens probed my ass] 386,000 results. [[User:Weregerbil|Weregerbil]] 18:25, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+Pleas... if you use Google, do it correctly.
+[http://www.google.com/search?hl=pl&q=%22angels+are+real "angels are real"] 10,900 (angels are real, by the way), [http://www.google.com/search?hl=pl&q=%22Elvis+lives%22&btnG=Szukaj&lr= "Elvis lives"] 197,000 results,. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:05, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+[http://www.scrippsnews.com/911poll I'd also like to point out that a full third of americans believe that te terrorists had something to do with 9/11]--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 18:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:There is no dispute that the conspiracy theories have a pop culture following, that is why they justify [[9/11 conspiracy theories|their own article]]. ''This'' article, however, is about the actual events as supported by evidence. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 18:26, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::When Americans are asked "how often does the Earth revolve around the Sun: once a day, month, or year", 20% say once a day, 13% say once a month, 47% say once a year, 20% say it's a trick question: in reality the Sun revolves around the Earth.
+::Yet our article on the [[Solar system]] is not composed of 53% alternative theories. I think this article too would be best served by having as little on the alternative theories as possible.
+::When asked which is smaller: an electron or an atom, 56% say atom. The articles on [[atom]] and [[electron]] do not give equal time to this point of view.
+::Some other things Americans believe: 78% believe in angels, 68% devil, 25% witches, 31% astrology, 51% ghosts, ...
+::Peoples' beliefs do not equal reality. There are things that are best not decided by an American popular vote.
+::Keep this article about reality, and put peoples' beliefs elsewhere. Thanks! [[User:Weregerbil|Weregerbil]] 18:35, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Well this example is sort of stupid but interesting, as this question was indeed very tricky - simple answer is that they both revolve around their center of mass, the more advanced answer is that both experience chaotic but stable (for ever?) movements due to solar system gravitational field.
+:::So as you can see, the answer populated by mainstream media, repeated by most of "enlightened" ones isn't true either. Be humble when judging reality, will you? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:05, 24 November 2006 (UTC) (btw: can you give a link to this study?)
+:::Anyway, let's get to the facts. The devil is in the details. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:16, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::Of course, center of mass was never the question, orbital period was. But thanks for playing anyway, regardless of any and all nitpicking, obfuscation, and missing the point by a few parsecs. [[User:Weregerbil|Weregerbil]] 20:09, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::Ok, have it. My point was that "The devil is in the details" and question was ill-posed: "how often does the Earth revolve around the Sun".[[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 20:21, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::: I'll Posted?? The devil is in the details?? whatever,...[[User:Weregerbil|Weregerbil]]'s point is well stated,.... '''Peoples' beliefs do not equal reality. There are things that are best not decided by an American popular vote.'''--[[User:146.244.138.215|146.244.138.215]] 15:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::Couldn't agree more on that. Still, the devil is in the details. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 22:08, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Disputes ==
+
+There's quite a few disputes going on here, so I've full protected the page. Perhaps a nice short outline of what specifics we have would be nice? One of the concerns I've seen is that of NPOV, so perhaps specific paragraphs could be listed below neatly? Thank you. [[User:Cowman109|Cowman109]][[User talk:Cowman109|Talk]] 05:45, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Proposed edits ==
+* ''On the day of the attacks, U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden.[37]''
+sourced with: ^ "Latest on the attacks on America, 7:00 PM", CBS News, September 11, 2001.
+:I think it should either be sourced better, or be removed. On the day of attacs there were numerous claims (6 airplanes hijacked etc...) which turned out to be false. (the same goes to [[Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks]] article) [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:47, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::But Osama has admitted to masterminding the event...the news reports about more than 4 planes proved false and there is no reason to bother mentioning it in much detail.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 19:34, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Osama firstly rejected, then finally admitted (btw: admit is not a proof of complicity from the formal pov). But... what does it have to do with "communications that pointed..."?? Who said that there were such communications? Media? Some goverment agency? I would like to know, or know it's just another myth as many. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:37, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::What's your point? CBS news said it..it is cited...has CBS news said that someone blew the buildings up? What myths are you talking about? I simply love the 9/11 truth movement [http://www.911truth.org/]...there right on the top left of their "truth" based website is a DVD that is FOR SALE...yes, folks that's right...for only $15.00, you can BUY yourself some truth...as I said, swindlers trying to make a buck. Buyer, beware.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 19:45, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::Could you please stay on the topic? Do you also know that all of those DVD's are available for free? You can download them if you want. Buing DVD is a form of donation. My question was why something that CBS reported is considered to be true?
+:::::Thanks to that I also assume that you wouldn't mind sourcing here Paul Tomson's [[The Terror Timeline]] as it is composed from mainstream media reports. Good. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:58, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::The "Terror Timeline" is based on some facts and some myths...it is a conglomeration deliberately designed to mislead....and getting back to the 9/11 Truth Movement...the link from "Improbable Collapse" form the upperleft of thir mainpage takes one to a page that clearly states...
+::::::"In addition to your purchase from the e-store, please consider making a donation directly to 911truth.org. Your financial support is needed so that 911Truth.org has the resources available to sustain this important work. We can't do it without your help. Thank you! You can make a donation here:"...so it isn't "free"
+::::::there may be another link somewhere on that website to a download page, but that is not available form the main link to that the DVD. It's all about making a buck off the deaths of thousands of people.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 20:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Oh, and of course... many peple said on tv that someone blew the buildings up. Here you go (from [[Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center#Brief_History]]):
+:On the day of the attacks, there were reports suggesting explosions{{cite web | url = http://youtube.com/watch?v=UbYwPQ9pTzk | title = BBC reporter Stephen Evans talking about a big explosion at the lower floors of WTC. | author = BBC | date = 11/9/2001 | format = flash | publisher = YouTube | quote = Then, an hour later, we had that big explosion, from much much lower. I don't know what on earth caused that}}{{cite web | url = http://youtube.com/watch?v=xToXTufCL5Q | title = MSNBC's Ann Thompson - second explosion | author = MSNBC | date = 11/9/2001 | format = flash | publisher = YouTube }} and secondary devices. Several journalists reporting on the events speculated that the World Trade Center collapses were caused by intentionally planted explosives{{cite web | url = http://youtube.com/watch?v=x5LIwtLh5OA | title = Reporter on 9/11- Bombs in the World Trade Center| author = NBC | date = 11/9/2001 | format = flash | publisher = YouTube | quote = there were actually devices that were planted within the building.}}{{cite web | url = http://youtube.com/watch?v=xhDOq305oh0 | title = NBC anchor: WTC collapse planned| author = CNBC | date = 11/9/2001 | format = flash | publisher = YouTube | quote = This was clearly -- the way the structure is collapsing -- this was the result of something that was planned.}} and some experts made similar suggestions in the days following the attacks.Webster Tarpley. ''9/11 Synthetic Terror'', Chapter 6, quotes Danish military explosives expert Bent Lund from Danish press sources. Kevin Ryan, who supports the controlled-demolition hypothesis, has pointed out that Ronald Hamburger, who worked on the official explanation from an early stage, originally suspected explosives. His initial reaction was published as part of the announcement that he would work on the ASCE study. (PDF here[http://www.absconsulting.com/news/wsjsept11.pdf])
+
+**Ha ha...thanks for the laugh above..short excerpts from audio and video with primary scope of the entire dialogue cut out to only support the argument of controlled demo...note 3...just some guy talking to BBC saying he heard explosions...of course he heard explosions, that's what happens when a wide body jet hits a building...what would one expect to hear? Birds chirping?...note 4...same deal as above...so what. note 5...who said what...devices in the building...who said this aside from the reporter...who planted the "devices"...just a snippet that has nothing to sink your teeth into...note 6...all the guy is saying it was planned...there is zero indication who he says planned it...zero...just a snippet of a small section of the entire dialogue. I guess for some people it's simply easier to believe that some huge group well organized are the only entity big enopugh to pull off such a huge amount of destruction...maybe it provides comfort to those who have trouble believing that a vast amount of damage could be the result of a limited number of terrorists.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 20:37, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::You seem to disturb reality around you. Guy in note 3 said he heard explosions "much much lower". Anyway, something in similiar tone could've probably been said of CBS report about communications with Osama - you know how those journalist bastards are - they grasp every sensation. That's my point here. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:00, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::OH, pleasant...the reality problem is the fact that these are just little exerpts of the entire conversations...so no way of knowing what their full intent was by their arguemnt..it's that simple. Explosions "lower" could have been any number of things...but without proof of controlled demolition, we don't reference in some youtube video link that gives only a snippet of info. The facts of the case are that Osama has admitted to masterminding the events of 9/11. The reason the FBI wants him for the embassy bombings is due to matters that pertain to the ability to adjudicate him better as an international terrorist.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:06, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+===Relevant discussion===
+* ''On the day of the attacks, U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden.[37]''
+sourced with: ^ "Latest on the attacks on America, 7:00 PM", CBS News, September 11, 2001.
+:I think it should either be sourced better, or be removed. On the day of attacs there were numerous claims (6 airplanes hijacked etc...) which turned out to be false. (the same goes to [[Responsibility for the September 11, 2001 attacks]] article) [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:47, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Maybe someone is aware if this fact found it's place in 9/11 commission (ommission) report? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 20:23, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:This was already answered above so asking twice is disruptive...don't be disruptive.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 20:37, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::??{{unsigned|SalvNaut}}
+
+Mongo, stay on topic. SalvNaut is clearly trying to fix these serious NPOV problems. You cannot simply say "well the article reflects my POV so I've asnwered you". One suggestion would be to restate this as: "CBS News reported that on the day of the attacks, U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden.' This way it makes it clear and verifiable. A reader can verify that CBS reported this. A reader cannot veify that US intelligence agencies interecepted communications. --[[User:70.8.139.192|70.8.139.192]] 21:23, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:First off...get a username...secondly, Osama admitted to being the mastermind. I don't care if the CBS news issue is removed, but we're not going to alter the facts to fit some POV that Osama had nothing to do with the event, when the preponderance of evidence indicates he did. As far as "serious" NPOV problems...what...shall we have the article become full of conspiracy theory nonsense, or stick to what is provable? There is no POV issues, except from those that want to believe the impossible...that was addressed above.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:33, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Provable? I don't think that that's in wikipedia policy. [[WP:V|Verifiable]], yes, provable, no policy that I've seen. The conspiracy theories are verifiable, they aren't [[WP:OR|Original Research]], and they can be presented in a [[WP:NPOV|Neutral Point of View]], so for the most part that argument is moot--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 21:43, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::That there are conspiracy theories is a fact....that the theories are based on fact is the issue...they are not based on facts and hence, in accordance with the undue weight clause of the NPOV policy, they get a passing mention and a link to their own article under appropriate titles.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:52, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Ahoy mate, good to see you up and runnin' ;P [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 00:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::I quote [[WP:NPOV#undue weight]] NPOV says that the article should fairly represent all significant viewpoints that have been published by a verifiable source, and '''should do so in proportion to the prominence of each.''' It's a prominently held view that 9/11 was caused by the government, as shown by google results. Also I quote Jimbo:
+****If a viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with reference to commonly accepted reference texts;
+****'''If a viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;'''
+****If a viewpoint is held by an extremely small (or vastly limited) minority, it does not belong in Wikipedia (except perhaps in some ancillary article) regardless of whether it is true or not; and regardless of whether you can prove it or not.
+::::many of the conspiracy theories meet criterion 2, not 3 as you seem to believe. A full third of people is a significant minority, and as such it is currently unduly underweighted--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 22:04, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::The conspiracy theories are opinion based...we don't reference opinion based nonsense to accodate your POV. I am well awre of the undue weight clause and it doesn't matter how many people "think" the government was behind the attacks or anything like that...the fact that it is not supported by the verifiable evidence is the reason such nonsense is relegated to the appropriately named daughter articles. It is a violation of the undue weight clause to include them here. They are mentioned and linked...this has been disucussed with POV pushers of nonsense for years now and the conspiracy theorists have brought zero new evidence to the table to refute the known facts.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 07:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::who says that the government's story isn't based on opinion? The [[causes of autism]] article is based on scholarly opinions. And the '''extreme male brain theory''' section is based purely on opinion, yet the opinion of a reputable researcher, and apparently a number of people believe it. Also it's the Christian's ''opinion'' that they will be raptured away, the only proof is in ''one'' edition of the bible. And cite one policy that says that there has to be evidence to have something included in an article. If one third of americans believe that the goverment had something to do with 9/11 than it's notable enough to recieve more than a blurb--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 18:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Some [http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/13469 statistics]. Apart from that, do you folks remember the initial reaction of Osama? He said: "I would like to assure the world that I did not plan the recent attacks, which seems to have been planned by people for personal reasons,"… it was on Al Jazeera, as well as [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/ CNN]. [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 00:10, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Mongo wrote: "First off...get a username...secondly," Mongo do you have no regard at all for what Wikpedia is trying to accomplish. Everywhere throughout Wikipedia there are users who take NPOV seriously; who take verifiability serioiusly; who take no original researcy seriously, unlke you. And many of those who make valuable contributions to Wikpedia do so annonymously: another tenant of wikis. Again, if you don't like the idea behiind wikipedia, then don't participate. But please don't come in here and insist Wikipedia be like Fox News or the New York Times. Just go participate in those insitutions if that's what you're looking for.
+
+Secondly, Osama bin Laden is a living person and so we must be careful to adhere to Wikpedia's policies on that. There has not been any indictment of Osama bin Laden on this: let alone a conviction. Most of the evidence that I presume exists has never been aired in a court of law. Now I believe Osama bin Laden had something to do with these attacks, but that doesn't let me (or anyone else) run rough shot over over Wikpedia policies and guidelines. We're here to write and encyclopedia: a wiki encyclopedia. Join in that process or just recuse yourself. Looking through these dicussion archives I find a lot of evidence that you're here to disrupt and not contribute.
+
+Now that it's clear that there is not a concesnsus among editors, it's time for us to figure out a way to make this artricle meet Wikipedia's standards. There are so many problems in this article it's going to take a log of work. Your attempts to shout down every editor you don't agree with only makes it that much more cumbersome to fix the article. --[[User:68.30.46.228|68.30.46.228]] 22:53, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+:I wish you luck POV pushing in this article...and don't tell me to go elsewhere...how dare you! All I asked you to do was to get a username...you'll be much more likely to have your efforts here treated with respect if you create a username and use only that when you contribute...that is simply the way it works on an article such as this one, whether you like it or not. Osama has admitted to masterminding the attacks...that is about as clear as it can be.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 07:14, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Admitting to "masterminding" is orthogonal to being guilty of masterminding. Don't you remember 80's/90's when afer each terrorist attack numerous terrorist organizations claimed responsibility? Anyway, I'm sure that people connected with Osama had something to do with 9/11 - question is what exactly, where did the money come from? etc.
+::Getting back to the point again: Changing this sentence to "In the evening of the day of attack CBS reported that....,which hasn't been confirmed later." is a good proposition. I already made some research into this and couldn't find nothing more about it? Has anyone found something? We don't want to spread disinformation, do we? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 11:18, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+What I've found so far is this report about communication intercepted betwen Osama and his stepmother on 9th of September[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_911_timeline&startpos=1100#a090901stepmother]. So... who knows what CBS report was about (foreknowledge?). Maybe it's not a good idea to use CBS report from the day of attack as a source? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:08, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+{{editprotected}}
+''On the day of the attacks, U.S. intelligence agencies intercepted communications that pointed to Osama bin Laden.[37]''
+
+Please remove this unverifed statement per arguments above. We are not here to repeat everything what media says. This sentence should be at least clarified with "On the day of attacks CBS reported that...." but even then, I see no reason to include it. There were numerous false statements in the media on that day. Or it could be sourced much much better to explain who, when, who intercepted, etc. I've only found info about Osama and his stepmother on 9th of September. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 22:42, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Reworking the article so that it follows Wikpedia policies ==
+
+First, from looking at the history, I think many of the vandalism problems were simply caused by a failure of editors to compromise and strive to meet Wikipedia's guidelines and policies. So I think one of the advantages of working out a true consensus here so that we can unlock the article and have it join the greater Wikipedia community.
+
+Second, as has already been mentioned scientific surveys indicate the official story is only one piece of the description this encyclopedia article should address. Dismissive arguments suggesting the public is just stupid or misguided or mentally defective are not relevant here (unless you want to cite someone who makes these arguments; again no original research here). Here's a list of sources discussing the waning confidence of the worlds population in the official story.
+* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/08/nyregion/08prepared.html?ex=1164517200&en=83de1b55bcb12412&ei=5070 Polls Show Drop in Assurance Since the Attacks of Sept. 11]
+* [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/07/us/07poll.html?ex=1164517200&en=cf50939a90859ed3&ei=5070 9/11 Polls Find Lingering Fears in New York]
+* [http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/13469 Americans Question Bush on 9/11 Intelligence]
+* [http://www.zogby.com/search/ReadNews.dbm?ID=855 Half of New Yorkers Believe US Leaders Had Foreknowledge of Impending 9-11 Attacks and “Consciously Failed” To Act; 66% Call For New Probe of Unanswered Questions by Congress or New York’s Attorney General, New Zogby International Poll Reveals]
+Keep in mind that the last piece showing the views of New Yorker residents reflects community with quite a significant proportion of eyewitnesses to the attacks and also a high proportion of people directly effected by the attacks.
+
+Third, one aspect of the NPOV problem with the page is that (as mentioned above) it fails to describe the posiitions of the advocates of one particular theory as just that: advocates of one particular theory. So, for example, the article says:
+: 9/11 "consisted of a series of coordinated terrorist[1] suicide attacks by Islamic extremists"
+intead of saying:
+: "Consisted of a series of coordinated hijackings of four commercial jetliners which were subsequently flowin into New Yorks’s World Trade Center and the headquarter of the US military: the Pentagon in Alexandria, Virginia. The FBI believes 19 islamic extemsists associated with al-Quada and Osama bin Ladin were behind the planning and execution of this attack"
+The first example reads like a novel, The second reads like an encylopedia article. This is only an example and I'm not weded to this wording. However the entire article is filled with these NPOV problems.Fixing passages in this way will also facilitate including other cited views of the attacks (as well as cited crticisms of those views).
+
+Fourth, I'm including a list of sources that support what many of the dissenting editors — a majority by my count of recent discussions and edits — believe should be included in the article. These sources all meet Wikipedia's guidelines for verifiability and reliability. There may be counter arguments that also criticize these pieces, but those counter-arguments need to be cited in verifiable publications and not simply crafted as original research here on the discussion page. The David Ray Griffin books are largely secondary sources so make ideal sources to cite here on Wikipedia.
+
+Fifth, the use of the term "conpsiracy theory" is simply perjorative when used to characterize the positions taken in these books. They know more theorize a conspiracy than the views of the official account (theorizing that 19 hijackers under the umbrella of a poowerful worldwide organization know as al-Quada coordinated the attacks). So using pejoratively is inappopriate in the article and here in the discussions. Using it to describe only some of the theories of the conspiracy (in the non-pejorative sense) is confusing and misleading for readers.
+
+So with the scientific surveys, the preponderance of verifiable sources and what looks like a significant number of wikipedia editors seeking to fix these NPOV problems, we need to get serious about that discussion. This means we have to stop arguing about whose wrong, false, stupid, misguided, mentally deranged, etc. We need to focus on crafting a discussion here that shows the genuine disagreements by the various parties weighing in on this tragedy. As the [[Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute#How_can_one_disagree_about_NPOV.3F |NPOV]] policy states:
+
+
Neutrality here at Wikipedia is all about presenting competing versions of what the facts are. It doesn't matter at all how convinced we are that our facts are the facts. '''If a significant number of other interested parties really do disagree''' with us, '''no matter how wrong we think they are''', the '''neutrality policy dictates''' that the discussion be '''recast as a fair presentation of the dispute between the parties'''. (highlighed portions to underscore the misunderstaniding about NPOV represented in the discussion thus far)

+
+Perhaps we could start another sandbox article here on this page (or a linked page) to begin to fix the problems. Then when we reach a genuine consensus we can move that article to the main article. In the meantime we can work on the most egregious violations of NPOV and make the article read like an encyclopedia article rather than an historical novel (it is some nice prose however, I don't want to mess that up).
+
+Verifiable sources that represent a significant view excluded from the article:
+----
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Griffin
+\t| Given=David Ray
+\t| Authorlink=David_Ray_Griffin
+\t| Title=The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing questions about the Bush Administration and 9/11
+\t| Year=2004
+\t| ISBN= 1566565529
+\t| Publisher=Interlink
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Griffin
+\t| Given=David Ray
+\t| Authorlink=David_Ray_Griffin
+\t| Title=The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions And Distortions
+\t| Year=2004
+\t| ISBN= 1566565847
+\t| Publisher=Olive Branch Press
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname1=Griffin
+\t| Given1=David Ray
+\t| Surname2=Scott
+\t| Given2=Peter Dale
+\t| Title=9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out
+\t| Year=2006
+\t| ISBN= 1566566592
+\t| Publisher=Olive Branch Press
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Tarpley
+\t| Given=Webster Griffin
+\t| Title=9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA, Third Edition
+\t| Year=2006
+\t| ISBN=0930852370
+\t| Publisher=Olive Branch Press
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Hufschmid
+\t| Given=Eric
+\t| Title=Painful Questions: An Analysis of the September 11th Attack
+\t| Year=2002
+\t| ISBN=1931947058
+\t| Publisher=Olive Branch Press
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Meyssan
+\t| Given=Thierry
+\t| Title=9/11: The Big Lie
+\t| Year=2003
+\t| ISBN=1592090265
+\t| Publisher=Carnot USA Books
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Meyssan
+\t| Given=Thierry
+\t| Title=Pentagate
+\t| Year=2003
+\t| ISBN=1592090281
+\t| Publisher=USA Books
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Meyssan
+\t| Given=Thierry
+\t| Title=9/11
+\t| Year=2002
+\t| ISBN=2912362733
+\t| Publisher=Carnot Editions
+}}
+
+* {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname=Thompson
+\t| Given=Paul
+\t| Title=The Terror Timeline: Year by Year, Day by Day, Minute by Minute: A Comprehensive Chronicle of the Road to 9/11--and America's Response
+\t| Year=2004
+\t| ISBN=0060783389
+\t| Publisher=Regan Books
+}}
+----
+--[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 03:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+: What you say is good and reasonable, but the probleme here is that we have two standpoints. Both standpoints obviously thinks that THEIR standpoint have all the factual support, although evidently only one of them really can be. So what do you do to solve that? One of the POVs must be factually incorrect, but we can't agree which one that is. If you let both POVs have equal footing, then the article becomes POV. The article needs to be NPOV, that is reflect what is the generally accepted majority view.
+: One solution made in this article is to have the majority view, and put the large minority view into a second article, linking from the first. Do you find that like a reasonable solution? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 10:32, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:''Two standpoints'' is part of the communication gap here. There is an assumption by some that this is an adversarial political or metaphysical discourse, operating in an information vaccuum. But this article describes historical fact, and what little there is in the way of opinion or speculation is limited to credible experts. Alternate interpretations that have already been proven inaccurate are peripherial to the subject matter. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 11:48, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::I'm sure no one would like to rewrite 9/11 conspiracy theories to here. But this article in present form makes no mention about certain facts or discrepancies - it's difficult to discuss about it in general. Each should be looked into individually. I agree with using proposed sources in certain cases. As we are into the sources - Mongo, what would be your source to claim that The Terror Timeline is not appropriate? (you once accused it of being full of lies, while it is made of media reports - why would Paul Thompson lie in an attempt to gather information?) [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 11:27, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::''Each should be looked into individually.'' This has been the point all along. The article has been vetted and fact-checked, but of course errors are still possible. So identify them, and they can be corroborated or corrected. Errors are not a NPOV dispute. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 11:48, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::What I oppose here is repression of other reputable views by scholars, researchers, politicians - take this movie Oil, Smoke and Mirrors for example - this is a good example of different approach to the events of 9/11. Whether it's true or not it could be noted because of notability of proponents. Think what you want, but those are former highest rank politicians, experts etc. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 12:20, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::: I also oppose the repression of other reputable views. I also oppose the repression of notable views (as you mention later). The views of the mentioned movie are indded notable, even though they are not reputable. So these views should not be repressed. Are you of the opinion that these views are being repressed? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 14:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::History of this talk page shows clearly, it is not a matter of opinion it is a matter of a fact. [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 16:04, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Regarbro writes:
+
one of the POVs must be factually incorrect, but we can't agree which one that is. If you let both POVs have equal footing, then the article becomes POV. The article needs to be NPOV

+
+This again restates a misconception about NPOV I see here again and again. There are conflicting views on these attacks as with any historical event. We, as the edtiors of this encylopedia article, are not supposed to determine which one is correct. By doing that we make it reflect our own judgment and insert our own POV. The Wikipedia [[WP:NPOV |NPOV]] policy requires that we include the significant POVs. I think we would be hard pressed to determine which view was more widely held, let alone which one was correct. We would have to have information nonoe of us could possibly have to make an irrefutable judgement over which one was correct. So I encourage all the editors here to read the Wikipdia policies. In some ways it's liberating that we do not have to figure out who's correct. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:41, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Yes there are conflicting views. But this is not about a historical event to be compared with say, the resons behind the Battle of Hastings. When such as thing is discussed, everybody knows that it can on a certain level only be a matter pf sepculation. Therefore it is unfair to say that this is a debate about a historical event. It is a bout a FACT, namely, who is the instigator behind the attacks. And when you discuss this, only one answer can be correct. But yes, I'll rephrase what I said above. Only one of the viewpoints can be correct. Including both as equally correct does not make the article POV, but it does make it ''incorrect''. And we don't want that either. Therefore, I suggest that we in the main article state the verifiable views, those who have credible sources and those statement that can be proven to be correct. We then,from the main article in a prominent place point out that there are many notable alternative views, and link to them, in a separate page. That to me seems to satisfy all requirements. The main article is factually correct and verifiable, but the alternative views are NOT repressed, but instead given a prominent place and full billing in their own article. Does that sound OK? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 19:21, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: No that does not sound OK. That is something you could write on punditry blog: not on a wikpedia article. Yes we do have facts that are largely undisputed: hijackings of planes; collisions of planes into the twin towers; thousands of US citizens killed; military personnel killed at the Pentagon;; 3 buildings of the WTC complex collapsed; 4 other buildeings destroyed; fires raging in the WTC debris for weeks; further buildings around WTC needing demolition; a 16 foot diasmeter hole in the side of the pentagon. These are all facts the article can talk about without even citing sources (I imagine all the editors agree on these things).
+
+:: Then we have analysis of these facts by various interested parties: as with any historical event. Weighing in on this if the FBI, CIA, bin Laden, G.W. Bush, the 9/11 commission, FEMA, NIST, Griffin, Jones, Tarpley, Hufschmid, Meyssan, Thompson, CNN, CBS, MNBC, Fox, ABC, NBC. One way to desribe the NPOV problem with the artcile is that it takes the POV you endorse as your own above (Regebro). It presents the views and analysis of some of these theosirsts of the attacks as if they too are undisputed facts. Then it leaves completely out of the article the views of the other theorists of the attacks. Again, please read the NPOV policy, and try to understand that just because an article adequately reflects '''your''' point-of-view does not mean it is correct or meets wikipedia standards. Again, the correctness of these views does not belong in our discussion nor should they be endorsed as "correct" in the article. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:41, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::Could you explain to me what you are now saying differs from what I said above, and what is not OK with my suggested solution? You are consistently talking an generics, and never specifying anything. You don't say what disputed facts are presented as undisputed. You say my suggestion is not OK, but you don't say what is wrong with it. That makes further constructive discussion very hard. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 21:54, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Peter Grey, again look at the NPOV policy. Certainly we want to limit the historical facts, and "opinions or speculation" presented here to credible and verifiable sources. All of the sources I listed above fit that criteria. Their views are not reflected in this article at all. Verifiable sources and no original resarch are also important parts of Wikipedia policy. However, as with any historical facts, there are always multipel views, interpretations, weight and opinions about those facts. Currently the article does not reflect that. Instead it one-sidely treats certain historians and leaves completely out of account the others. That's precisely what a NPOV violation does. It would be good if an admin could go ahead and add the template back to the article so that other editors will be alerted to our need to fix this article. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 17:25, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Please state which views you're referring to. The article is 11 000 words; just saying you disagree with it doesn't tell us anything helpful. Do you mean a new viewpoint, which might possibly be legitimate and which merits discussion, or one of the conspiracy theory interpretations that are already known to be incorrect? [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 20:17, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: Let me repeat here again. The correctness of the views has no place in this discussion! Nor does the use of pejorative phrases such as "conspiracy theories". If you mean conspiracy theory in the non-pejorative sense well then what this article is largely and unavoidablely about is theories to tie together the facts that someone apparently conspired to attack the WTC and the Pentagon on September 11th 2001 and bring about significant loss of life and physical devestation. We are not interested here in the "correctness" or "incorrectness" of those theories. We are writing an encylopedia article that presents the various views (ivew that are sourced, verifiable and not views that are original research: like claiming something is correct or incorrect) --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:41, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::1) An encyclopedia is [[WP:NOT|not]] a chat room. Readers of an encyclopedia expect narratives that are true, false, or of unknown status to be distinguished. 2) This is a summary article. All the points not present here are addressed in a suitable sub-article. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 23:00, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::: Peter you're asolubtely right: Wikipedia is not a chat room. In chat rooms individuals try to convicen one another of the truth of their position agaainst the falisty of someone else's position. This is not supposed to take place here at Wikipedia. We're supposed to leave editors alone in the positions they advocate and instead respect the views of other editors and strive toward a narrative that includes the truths as understood by each of the various editors. This is true especially when so many editors here (I would say a majority) are complaining about the missing parts of the narrative. Second, its fine to provide a summary article. However, if you start out with a summary article that violates NPOV than you're more likely to end up with the linked articles also faling to meet Wikpedia's standards. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 23:56, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Peter,Regebro, others. Let's take one of things that strike me, that is complete lack of information about suspected foreknwoledge about the attacks. Please, just take a brief look on those two lists from 9/11 Timeline.[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_911_timeline&startpos=900#a070501ashcroftwarned][http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=complete_911_timeline&before_9/11=insiderTrading]. Those are ALL media reports about foreknwoledge, insider training (among others confirmed by a professor of finance at the UI). Recently Bob Woodward's book has been published in which he outlines the fact that so many warnings about 9/11 were ignored by Bush administration. Ok, so we have those media reports, books, other important people criticising. And where on Wikipedia can we read about it and it's implications? Only in 9/11 '''conspiracy''' theories article. So,... tell me... can't you see a bias here? It similiar with other topics like failure to investigate the events of 9/11 properly - those all facts we read here about, we can't be sure if they are 100%true, if they're everything we should know. Renaming the other article "9/11 contending theories" or 9/11 inconsistencies might be considered a solution... but then, it would have to be really cleaned up to represent real contending theories, not everything at once (including pure anti-Semitic conspiracy theory, which until recently was so boldly underlined here). This article needs major rewriting - not only this would be a whole lot of work but some editors were very opposing in the past to any changes made here. I, for example, don't feel qualified enough and don't have enough time to propose major rewrite. I suppose that others who might have had this in mind, were successfully repelled from here. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 20:59, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::: Foreknowledge is relevant only when discussing what the government could have done to PREVENT the attacks, not when discussing who DID it. It is a logical fallacy to think that partial foreknowledge of an event is proof that you did it. I can't see how a discussion of foreknowledge would be relevent for this article no matter who ordered the attacks. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 21:54, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::I don't say it's a proof. I say it is very relevant. I don't know how can't you see this. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 22:32, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::If it isn't proof it isn't relevant. This is a factual question, not speculation. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 01:29, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::You say official version is a proven fact, beyond doubt? ...According to their version "noone foresaw this kind of attack". So, you think that nothing that contradicts official version should find it's place in this article? (so you can read about foreknowledge only in 9/11 conspiracy theories article?). I don't know - one could imagine Wikipedia work like that - I just don't want to. The real question is wheather Tomphson's [[The Terror Timeline|Complete 9/11 Timeline]] satisfies [[WP:N]], [[WP:V]]. I does, I belive. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 02:37, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::I'm not saying anything even remotely similar to that. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:08, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Those reports have been around forever. Al Qaeda was known to be planning and executing attacks for the 10 years prior to 9/11. Insider trading was suspected immediately following the attacks and I believe the trading was Al Qaeda organizations looking to pay for the attacks with derivatives. Here's the deal: 19 Al Qaeda hijackers crashed four planes on 9/11. Certainly there are different recollection of events and the miniscule details as there always is when there are numerous eye witnesses. But the basic facts are not disputable. There is no credible "alternative theory." There is no credible evidence of a conspiracy other than Al Qaeda conspiring to kill Americans. There are no credible voices that claim the towers collapsed from anything other than as a result of the fully fueled planes crashing into them. The Jews didn't do it. George Bush didn't do it. Iraq didn't do it. The CIA didn't do it. The owner of WTC 11 didn't do it. The military didn't do it. Bill Clinton didn't do it. Mohammad Atta, and his 18 cohorts, however, did do it. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 21:12, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Thanks for a great example of what I have described above - this is how it looks like when you try to improve this article. With this kind of attitude, with ignorance of evidence like insider trading a day before attack, with jeering at different, opposing views, it seems completely pointless to discuss with you, Tbeatty. What you say are liesis untrue. There are credible voices, there is credible evidence to have another open investigation. Sorry, that's how it looks like. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:35, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::I already said that I recall hearing about the trading of short derivatives. I've read your evidence and all it says is that it happened and I had already heard that within weeks of 9/11. Your source lacks the detail of ''who'' did the trading. The obvious answer is that groups tied to al Qaeda did the trading and that is what I have read immediately following the attacks. I don't dispute that al Qaeda would have invested in short positions on airline stocks if they knew a terrorist attack was coming. That was their MO. Why do you think thisis anything other than terrorist organizations using the attacks to finance their operations? [[Occam's Razor]] should play here very nicely. Please don't call me a liar again as I have lied about nothing. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 03:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::I see you have quite developed theory about the trading. Well, that's good but I would preffer to hear this theory be investigated, while it wasn't. Traders were never officialy tracked down and official statement was that this trading was nothing unusual. Why should your theory or mine be important here? Be careful with razors, you can cut '''out''' something important '''possibility'''. I don't care what are official theories, yours, others, mine. I just point out that there are notable views on those matters which could be at least mentioned here with NPOV. Why in the world, a reader would have to look in the 9/11 conspiracy theories to gain information about foreknwoledge, or derivative training, or failure to track down the money for the hijackers? Anyway, this sort of "overall" discussion is rather pointless. I understand your pov and see it as pro-official version, you try to explain everything according to it - I don't see how this would be NPOV, and why should we do this here. I'll get back with some proposed edits in future. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 12:27, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::Tbeatty mentioned [[Occam's Razor]] and you then stated "Be careful with razors, you can cut something important."...next time I see you suggesting bodily harm, I will block you indefinitely.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 12:43, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::I suspect some kind of cultural misunderstanding here. I was suggesting possible harm to knowledge. Physically I use Gillette, not Occam. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 14:52, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::The meaning comes across the same...and your efforts here do little to retract the comment. It was unnecessary and uncalled for.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 14:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::So if it wasn't investigated, what is there to mention? Leaving it as an open, false light, libelous charge that something nefarious may have happened is not very encyclopedic nor is it within policy. There WERE insiders and they were the al Qaeda terrorists. Implying anything more is libelous garbage. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 16:01, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::First of all it's terribly incompetent to leave such thing not investigated - but I see that you swallow it without a problem. Why you keep repeating something completely unverifed? Why your opinion should matter? I would like to include opinions on this (to balance oppinions like yours) by [[Andreas von Bülow]], [[Michael Meacher]], [[David Ray Griffin]] and [[Bob Woodward]]'s report on foreknowledge. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 16:21, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== NPOV Dispute ==
+Just to bring everyone up to speed on the natrue of an NPOV dispbute and when a template can be removed, please take a look at this from the [[WP:NPOV_Dispute#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F| NPOV dispute tag article]].
+
+
Sometimes people have [[Wikipedia:Edit war|edit wars]] over the NPOV dispute tag, or have an extended debate about whether there is a NPOV dispute or not. In general, if you find yourself having an ongoing dispute about whether a dispute exists, there's a good chance one does, and you should therefore leave the NPOV tag up until there is a consensus that it should be removed.

+
+--[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 06:12, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Luckily there was consensus to remove it as there has been for a number of years. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 21:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I know you're just trying to be provocative here, but for the record, no consensus had been reached and the inappropriate repeated removal of the template only allowed a period of an hour in total for editors to make comments. From that period alone there were significant numbers of editors weighing in on both sides. Hence no judgement on consensus could be made (I don't think the word consensus mean what you think it means). --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 23:34, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== image ==
+
+please change MEDRES to HIGHRES on the commission cover image. --[[User:Ysangkok|Ysangkok]] 13:36, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+:It seems like that should be non-controversial, so I went ahead and did that. [[User:Tom harrison|Tom Harrison]] [[User talk:Tom harrison|Talk]] 13:52, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Say, how come that we always have some image(inary) problem in the nick of fiery discussions? [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 16:06, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Examples of NPOV problems ==
+
+Here are some missing analyses of the attacks that are missing from the article or do not receive proper NPOV treatment and due weight. These all are all from the verifiable, credible sources I listed above. Again, the correctness or incorrectness of these issues are immaterial to our discussion here. Its important that they be included in the article amidst the other hypotheses currently given a slanted POV treatment.
+
+=== Conspiracy Theories ===
+The use of the phrase "conspiracy theories" in the article is inappropriate. If what we are talking about are theories all the editors agree are waco and unsubstantiated than I do not see any reason to even include those in the article. Theories such as "the Jews did it" of the "illuminati did it" are no doubt verbalized about these attacks. But they are probably also blamed for [[Elmo_TMX|Elmo TMX]], yet that article makes no mention of conspiracy theories. However there are sources of theories surrounding these attacks that do not belong under the conspiracy theory heading that are also not represented in the article at all: Griffin, Jones, Tarpley, Hufschmid, Meyssan, and Thompson, just to name a few.
+
+I do not have the above sources at hand at the moment but from memory I'll try to list important analyses that are missing from this article.
+
+=== A possibility of controlled demolition ===
+Jones and others have found evidence — such as signs of molten iron, visual analysis of the collapses, and chemical and physics analysis borne out through experimentation — that the collapses may have been due to a controlled demolition of the twin towers and WTC 7 on September 11th. If this hypothesis is correct it accounts for the greatest number of fatalities on that day. This evidence says nothing on its own about a government conspiracy, but it does suggest the attacks were much more elaborate than alternative hypotheses.
+
+=== Simultaneous failure of routine defenses ===
+Fighter jets, routinely scrambled for commercial aircraft flying off course and typically intercepting wayward aircraft within 15 minutes, were not scrambled at all until every plane had already crashed. The time between the first reported hijacking and the last collision was over an hour. Again, this does not suggest Elmo TMX flew the plane into the pentagon. However, it is a notable failure on the day of the attacks and it is cited by sever authors published in verifiable sources.
+
+=== Documented efforts to delay, obstruct or avoid Congressional or other independent investigations ===
+Some of these sources present evidence that members of the US Congress, calling for a serious and more thorough investigation of the attacks, were intimidated by executive branch agents.
+
+=== The scientific surveys showing the doubts about prior investigations and the need for further investigation ===
+The NYT and other articles cited above should also be included in the article. They show the doubts Americans (and others around the world) have about the current state of investigation into the attacks.
+
+These last two subsections demonstrate the partiality of the official investigations (partial, both in the sense of incomplete and partial in the sense of representing an account of interested parties). The article how it currently stands presents only that one partial account: and it presents it (as some of the editors try to insist above) as simply the facts mam. Again, there are other partial accounts not included in the article.
+
+=== Attacks used as a pretense ("an opportunity" according to Rumsfeld) to ram through administrations policies ===
+Some of these sources also document this quite well. This is an important part of the US government response that is absent from that section. Some of these policies include homeland security, war against terror, war in Afghanistan, war in Iraq, the use of Guantanamo Bay Naval Base as a "zone of total despotism for the administration", TSA intimidation of airline passengers, suspension of Habeus Corpus, and so on. The article makes no mention of these and is written as if readers are a bunch of kindergartners on a tour of the Whitehorse.
+
+----
+These are accounts of the attacks in verifiable sources written by reputable authors. They should be incorporated into the main sections of the article. They should be interspersed through the various sections and subsections of the article Some of these sources provide additional analysis of the nature of the attacks (section 1), allegations and culpability (section 2), reactions (section 3), the response of US government entities (section 4), and the long-term implications of these attacks (section 5). Throwing them into an incited and pejorative subsection entitled "Conspiracy theories" or into another article with the same title advances a particular POV, or as Mongo calls it: it's POV pushing.
+
+I welcome other editors to add to this list above and make comments and criticisms below. Again, we're not arguing whether these accounts are correct or incorrect. We are discussing how these accounts can be included within the article to fix the NPOV violations.
+----
+=== Comments ===
+
+*All of these points are secondary. This article ''summarizes'' a notable historic event. It is not a random collection of every point that can possibly be connected to it. Not every element of the overall story belongs in this article, and whether something is true, or false, or of unknown status, is highly releveant. It is necessary to discriminate:
+**The acts of the terrorists and their consequences, and
+**Issues that, while an important part of the story, are not direct consequences of the terrorists' actions and typically are addressed in separate articles:
+***Folklore like the conspiracy theories and the controlled demolition hoax.
+***Unpreparedness and the contributory negligence.
+***Obstruction of investigation.
+***Political exploitation of the tragedy.
+**Speculation and innuendo by the general public, which are not encyclopedic content, except where they constitute a notable pop culture phenomenon, and then only where clearly identified as such. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 00:01, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+* OK, here are some comments:
+# Right, tickle me Elmo make no mention of conspiracy theories because there are no notable conspiracy theories about Elmo. When it comes to 9/11, there are TONS of notable conspiracy theories. That's why they are mentioned, yes, even have their own page. They ARE theories of the kind normally called conspiracy theories. I understand that you don't like the word, but unless you can come up with an equally clear word for these kinds of theories, I see no option than to keep it. I don't like that the democrats call themsleves liberal. As a European, that word mean something different to me. But I don't go around claiming that all references on Wikipedia to the democrats being liberal are POV. They aren't. It's just a word usage I am not happy with but have to accept.
+# All arguments for a controlled demolition has been thoroughly disproved. Nothing indicates a controlled demolition, and in fact, the installation of the explosives would not have gone unnoticed, and therefore a controlled demolition is an impossibility. Therefore we can not take up controlled demolition as a credible alternative event explanation. Stating disproved statements would remove Wikipedias credivility. We can't do that. You say this is not to discuss whether the claims are true or not, and fine, lets then not just discuss it. The fact still is that we can't take up disproven statement and claim them as credible theories when they aren't, adn the controlled demolition theories are not in any way shape or form even remotely credible.
+#:This is only your personal POV and it does not represent truth, sorry. Other people like Jones, Hoffman, Griffin, Ryan, who made more research than you have different opinion. So there is no need to shift discussion to this level, really. If your oppinion matters, then mine too. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 02:31, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+#::No, that is not a POV. If you read the [[NPOV]] article you see that this isn't a quetsion of view or opinion. It doens't even fit into that categorization. It's a question of factual accuracy. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:02, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+# The eventual failure of defense routines is a valid topic when one discusses how much the government could have done to prevent the events. Blaming the goverment is not a necessary topic when noting the chain of events, as this article does. In fact, it could be construed to be POV. The article is controversial, it needs to be as FACTUAL as possible, nothing else.
+# Again, the goverments unwillingness to make an investigation is not a valid topic when mentioning the chain of events.
+# You want to include documents that say that possible the scientific investigations are flawed because of political reasons. That would break NPOV. Scientific research is disproven by other scientific research, not by political intrigues.
+: Cpan, it is quite evident from your list of things above, that what you find missing from the article are efforts to blame the Bush government, wholly or partially for the event. Adding such bits would break the NPOV policy. '''We can't do that''', which you yourself agree with.
+: That *should* end the debate, but somehow I suspect it doens't. ;-) --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 01:53, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+# There are no notable conspiraqcy theories in the sense that all of us editors here would agree these are alternative views and criticisms are outlandish enought to be disparaged as "conspiracy theories". Your analogy to thee democrats and liberals is a false analogy. The democrats self-identify as liberals so the term is not disparaging in their view. The term "comspiracy theory" as its being used here is only in the disparaging sense. It's a word not to use and unencydlopedic.
+# Yours starting to try to prove and disprove things again. Take it to a usenet group somewhere else. I would welcome the inclusion of counter-arguments to the controlled demolition evidence. That's a great way to make the article conform to the NPOV policy
+# I and I would guess many other of the dissenting editors here would argue that the defense failures are very important pieces fot these attacks. Without those, it makes it look like the US was just some emporer with no close and that anybody with a few friends with box-cutters could have succeeded in a major attack at any time.
+# The issue of avoiding investigation belongs in the article long before the current draft"s overly long disucssion of all the of different investigations that all agree with each other.
+# you misunderstand. I merely want to include discussion of the views of the public (part of the public reaction) of the attacks and investigations. This is very relevant in a discussion of these attacks.
+
+Finally, I don't know why I have to keep repeating myself on this, but Regebro please read the NPOV policy. You completely misunderstand it. The relevant facts for this article are what the editors determine through compromise and concesnus are the relevant facts. The relevant facts are no simply what you say they are.. Including criticism of the Bush administration does not violate NPOV. That is rediculous. it balances the article so that it comforsm with the NPOV policy. Should we go change the Iraq war article to say that no one has died in Iraq to ensure we don't cast an unfavorable light on the Bush administration? I'm trying my best to presume good faith in these dicussion, and things seem to be improving, but some of these arguments you're continuing to make are absurd, seem intentionally obtuse and intentionally disruptive. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 02:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::One could go long way around, but in short, those statements above are crap. Commission report was even greater crap then yours, since you need a blink of a Google to verify why that whole investigation wasn’t an investigation at all, since people involved have been anything but independent ((actually first person which came to Bush's mind was Henry (you damn loon!) Kissinger)). Honestly, I'm tired of all this, and I do expect some decent perspective from you all. It took Bush 411! days to appoint Chairman of that commission, and there is (partially) decent article about it even here on Quikipedia (pardon my sarcasm…), so way don't you look that up? I've proposed a section about government [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks/archive21#Foreknowledge foreknowledge] some time ago, and as you see I'm not the only one with such things on mind… 03:19, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:''Yours starting to try to prove and disprove things again. Take it to a usenet group'' - Please learn the difference between an encyclopedia and a chat room. Views of the public have their place (usually a sub-article), but in an encyclopedia they don't supercede what is known to be true or known to be false. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 03:01, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Truth? How do we know it's true? Also what policy or guideline says that it has to be real or true to have an article? If truth were necessary, then [[evolution]], [[creation]], [[gravity]], etc. would have be deleted because they're all ''theories.'' Once again this seems like POV pushing on your part, as well as mongo's. And, lastly, prove to everyone here without a doubt that this article is 100% true. if you can't, your argument is moot--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 03:12, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Yes, how DO we know it's true? How do we know ANYTHING is true? Big questions. Luckily, we have answers. See [[Scientific method]] and if you want the philosophy behind it, [[Epistemology]]. Yes, evolution, creation and gravity are theories. That does not make them "untrue". You seem to think that nothing can be a fact and theory at the same time. That is a common misunderstanding, but nevertheless a misunderstanding. Evolution is a theory. AND a fact. The conspiracy theories with 9/11 are theories. And NOT in any way shape or form based onfacts, but based on misunderstandings, misconceptions and sometimes just plain paranoia. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:02, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::The point I was trying to make is that truth is subjective, and [[Nineteen Eighty-Four|reality only exists in the mind]]--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 18:39, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::That's what Jones did, he applied scientific method to Collapse of WTC, he analyzed ALL the data and come to different conclusion. His paper was peer reviewed by 4PhDs, (two physicists) (not by engineering journal, but why it should be? He takes physical approach there, why would engineer know better on this apporoach?). You must be aware of the fact that NIST report hasn't been peer-reviewed and that it has outspoken critics from both (official, inside job) sides? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 16:28, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::To say that Jones applied proper scientific method is fork bendingly silly. From the [[scientific method]] ''Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the science community.'' Pouring molten metal out of a 6 inch sauce pan is just a trick, not science. And yes, engineers need to be involved in these things, applied science is where the rubber meets the road and without their input it's incomplete. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 17:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::Jones never claimed his experiments were final, he always urged for another proper investigation. He is "making a case" for controlled demolition hypothesis investigation. And his experiments weren't so stupid if you look at them closely (the pan was red already while aluminium wasn't). Then, why NIST which has millions of $ didn't made those or similiar experiments? What about molten steel in the rubble? Do you really fell satisfied with this one RxStrangelove?: ''"The condition of the steel in the wreckage of the WTC towers (i.e., whether it was in a molten state or not) was irrelevant to the investigation of the collapse since it does not provide any conclusive information on the condition of the steel when the WTC towers were standing."''(NIST) [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 17:41, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::If they are not final, then their use on Wikipedia is of little value. Anyone looking at this with no preconceptions couldn't be very surprised there was molten metal after such a violent series of events. The NIST is under no obligation to spend my money investigating claims made by anyone with an axe to grind. And arguing about whether a sauce pan full of molten metal can give any real insight to such violence is beyond silly. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 17:54, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::It's beyond silly to focus on a sauce pan, and then make a comment about violence. Orange glowing saucepan full of hot, but silver alluminium gives insight exactly into that. "Anyone looking at this with no preconceptions..." - well that's the point... without... but with scientific knowledge? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:04, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::I'm not focusing on a sauce pan (full of what could be anything). If you've read my comments, I talked about the NIST's obligations when researching the events of that day, Jones research being of little value as it stands right now, the existence of molten metal after the collapse (and how it shouldn't have come as a surprise), the scientific method and how Jones is playing at it and how applied engineering needs to be involved when researching engineering topics. So, no....I'm not focusing on that sauce pan...though it is pretty funny you have to admit. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 18:26, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::I'm only guessing what you consider funny here. That's how science works - from small discoveries to big ones. Wasn't that funny when Darwin concluded about affinity between humans and apes from looking at Mockingbirds' beaks? Jones' points are really strong from physicist's point of view - molten metal is barerly explainded by something else than explosives (F. Gordon has some other theory which involves self-inducing thermite reactions - it needs to be investigated, strange isn't it?). NIST was under obligation to gather as much data as possible and provide theory that explains all the data. They failed. They contradicted themselves often (fire temperatures, pancake theory, sagging floors, allegedly dislodged fireproofing). They did bad science. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:06, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::: I'll tell you what's funny, pouring molten whoknowswhat on your desk and calling it science, that's comedy. No documentation, no controls, no reproducibility...no science. Though comparing Jones to Darwin is pretty funny also. Your assertions about the NIST are only that, maybe they didn't do perfect science either but that doesn't mean anything goes, and that we have to track down every lunatic with a video camera and spend a bunch of money investigating the results of their bad science. Jones doesn't have to believe what NIST (or every other mainstream source) says but if we going to take him seriously he has to do better. extraordinary claims need extraordinary evidence and all that. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 19:31, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::The experiment is perfectly reproducible. You would prefer to have some charts and so? Here you go, here it is explained how black body radiation depends on temperature: [[Black body radiation]] (check where bright yellow is). Can you come up with better experiment that would show exactly what Jones is trying to say about molten alluminium?(and would not need many 1000$). Extraordinary claims need the same kind of evidence as every other claim. Btw: what about WTC7 - isn't it extraordinary to claim that it collapsed the way it did only due to fires and some damage?[[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:50, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::Can it be? What was the aluminum mixture? How much of it was there? What temp? How large was the pan? What kind of wood and how much of that was added? What kind of plastic? Bad science. Bad reasoning. Jones can keep his rotating charts until he has done some science. Re: your comment on my Extraordinary claims need extraordinary evidence point, [[tu quoque]] is just a logical fallacy. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 20:13, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::::Tu quoque is not a fallacy - I just think that NIST did bad science. I hope you are in the same way critical of NIST putting their claim about "organic material glow" in their FAQ and not providing any data about it, not even making any experiments probably, as you are of Jones's experiments. I really hope you are. But to not "tu quoque" anymore (thank you for a new phrase), I won't defend Jones on his paper and presentations and dust analysis etc. as they could be done better (as always). I sustain that they are absolutely enough for what they were intended, that is to make a case for serious investigation of CD hypothesis. Dismissing the paper and hypothesis as you and many others do is inappropriate, unscientific, imho. Jones and Scholars are calling for a release of all evidence about both towers - would you support them? Thanks for the discussion. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 20:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::::Tu quoque is considered an ad hominem argument, close enough for a fallacy for me...and that's what you are doing. Look at what started this: ''That's what Jones did, he applied scientific method to Collapse of WTC, he analyzed ALL the data and come to different conclusion.'' That's you, way up above, and that's what we're talking about here. NIST may have done perfect science, it may have done none at all...it's not relevant here. What is on topic in this thread is that Jones has done nothing at all that would qualify as good science. Later in that paragraph you say that NIST report hasn't been peer-reviewed; defending Jones by attacking NIST....Tu quoque. So, no I don't think that he rises to the level needed to spend a bunch of $$$ on...and I would in a second if I thought he was on to something. All evidence? No, not for the fishing expedition they are on. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 21:10, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::No, there is nothing extraordinary with that claim. And if Jones tries to claim that aluminium needs high temperatures to melt, he is correct. The types of temperatures you get in intensive fires like the ones that was in WTC, and just the types of temperatures you do NOT get in a controlled demolition. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 20:41, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::::Swedish, dutch, structural engineers, demolition experts and many, many people think it is extraordinary. Don't grasp straws, please. And you completely misrepresented/misunderstood Jones's claims and arguments. Please read Jones's paper, presentations. and NIST report before further discussion. Thanks! [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 20:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::::Many may "think" so, but it still isn't. Science is NOT a matter of popular opinion. You don't understand how science works. We won't get further in this debate until you do. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 09:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::::::Regebro, you proved that you discuss about theories and you haven't even read most important papers to them. Stop to instruct me about science, will you? When I say they "think", I mean they are academics and they value their words, and their opinions are most probably strengthtened with reasoning, but still are nothing more than opinions. Where did I say otherwise? I could understand your agitation, but instead of arguing here I urge you to read Jones's paper, NIST report and Kevin Ryan's critique of it. Thanks. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:58, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::::::I'll happily discuss theories, but not in a discussion that is nominally about somethng else. As requested MULTIPLE TIMES, by MULTIPLE PEOPLE. If there is some section or thing you think could be improved, feel free to take that up for discussion, but do NOT do it in a context of "the whole article is POV", because if you do we nee dto concentrate about discussing if the article is POV or not. And I'll continue to instruct you on science when you show misunderstandsings about it. Jones paper for example doesn't even ATTEMPT to prove the controlled demolition hypothesis. Yet you bring it up in a discussion about the controlled demolition hypothesis. That shows that you don't udnerstand how science works. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::::::::One of my proposed edits (already made partially) has just been archived, second one is waiting under section "Proposed edits". Please have a look there. "by MULTIPLE PEOPLE" - that was me there, too, insisting on discussing edits - this discussion is sort of orthogonal to that, it somehow has emerged and is already finished...you know how it is goes when already started. "Jones paper for example doesn't even ATTEMPT to prove the controlled demolition hypothesis." - Wow, if you have read whole paper, that's very good. It does not attempt to prove - it points out very significant data that, according to Jones, makes CD hypothesis a must to be investigated, we agree here, right? Please, stop instructing me on science without a good reason, just to gain (false)advantage in discussion. Ok? :) [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 16:02, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::::::::"it points out very significant data that, according to Jones, makes CD hypothesis a must to be investigated, we agree here, right?" We agree that this is what Jones sais. We don't agree that he is right, or that his opinion has any scientific worth. Also, if Jones things the CD hypothesis must be investigated, he is free to investigate it. And if he finds PROOF for it, THEN we can include it on this page. But as of today, there is no proof, or even indications. To be completely and utterly clear on this topic: The CD hypothesis has as much scientific and factual basis as the theory that the towers were eaten by the [[Flying Spaghetti Monster]]. The logic is the same: "Hey airplanes can't fly into towers! Therefore the theory that the towers was eaten by the flying spaghetti monster must be seriously investigated!" Eh, no, it doesn't. Honestly, it doesn't. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 17:56, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::::::::::".., or that his opinion has any scientific worth" - by saing that you show yourself completely ignorant, imo (I doubt that you've read his paper and tried to understand it, am I wrong?). I've never proposed to include CD hypothesis here as a fact. Do you have any academic experience? Your comprehension of what science is is quite different from mine. (comment a bit adjusted)[[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 18:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::::::::::::::This comment violates [[WP:NPA]]. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 20:35, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::::::::::::::::What do you mean exactly? I think I used word comprehension in wrong meaning. I mean that not everyone knows how a process of creation of scientific paper looks like. What is considered a scientific paper, what is not, what has scientific meaning, what does not. Nothing wrong with that. There are many papers with great scientific significance that do not prove anything, that do not even try to. Their only purpose is to draw reader attention to a topic, to show a way of thinking, agitate for some proposition, etc. And you should know that very often such papers are the most cited ones. No doubt that you and I have completely different opinions about what is "science" or "scientific". I've changed this comment a bit. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 22:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+: Cpan, I HAVE read the texts on NPOV. I'm sure you have too. But you allow yourself to get blinded and not see what they are saying. Further comments:
+:# No, not everybody has to agree. If one editor thinks that Tickle me Elmo is a jewish conspiracy from outer space, this does not have to be mentioned in the article. With sex billion people around the world, I'm sure there is at least one evidently incorrect opinion on every wikipedia article. These do NOT have to be included. Wikipedia is NOT a complete listing of humanities ideas an opinions. it is a dictionatry, and the articles should therefore state the truth, not list every idea and opinion that somebody might have. Incorrect opinions and theories should be listed if they are NOTABLE. The 9/11 conspiracy theories ARE notable, and they are therefore listed. They even have their own article. YOU are argiung that we should consciously give known falsehoods equal billing in the article, just because you say so. Do you think that makes sense?
+:# No, I'm not trying to prove and disprove things. I just mention the fact that is is completely and totally disproved. You want to include things we KNOW are completely and utterly false in an article. Counter-arguments to the controlled demolition theory exist where they belong: In the conspircay theory article.
+:# ''"Without those, it makes it look like the US was just some emporer with no close and that anybody with a few friends with box-cutters could have succeeded in a major attack at any time."'' Which of course is completely correct. Are we getting to the core of why you feel the need to cling to conspiracy theories? Well, that's not what we are discussing anyway...
+:# No, in an article where the EVENTS are described, it necessary to mention the research of those events. It is NOT necessary to mention the politics behind the research.
+:#''"I merely want to include discussion of the views of the public (part of the public reaction) of the attacks and investigations."'' No, you are evidently NOT trying to merely include this, as your above points are all about including completely different things. In any case, I don't see how that belongs in the article. The article is about the attackes. There is a section about public response. The article is not about the investigations. Why would you want to include a section on public respons to that? Oh, right, because you desperately want to have text in the article that blames Bush for the attacks. Which would be POV, and which we therefore can't have.
+:Your points here boils down to one simple thing: You want to point the blame wholly or partially on the Bush-administration, something that would inherently be POV. In your quest to do so, you claim that UNLESS the article includes such a blame, the article would be POV. That is false. POV is when you misrepresent opinion as fact, which is EXACTLY what you are trying to do. The resolution to this, as the NPOV article sais are to let facts speak for themselves. Therefore, the article tries to be FACTUAL, and not state opinions. Of your five points here, only one is about factual things, the controlled demolition part. But when it is pointed out to you that the controlled demolition theory is proven to be false, you say it's not about being false or not. Yet, that's EXACTLY what it is about. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:02, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Where is the controlled demolition hypothesis proven to be false? Isn't an article that only shows the Governments POV, just POV? [[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 14:22, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Yes, it would be POV. That's why this article tries very hard to follow the NPOV rules and be factual. So as to not be POV. The controlled demolition hypothesis is proven to be false in many places including the article on 9/11 conspiracy theories, and also earlier in this debate. (although it should be noted that the separate page of the controlled demolition theory is strongly biased FOR the theory by almost leaving out any arguments against controlled demolition. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 14:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::According to many notable persons it is not proven to be false. How did you read it from 9/11 conspiracy theories article? Since when articles are proofs for anything? The only thing we know from officcial account about CD is one sentence from NIST report, which says that they didn't found anything to it. Well, where is data? Where are experiments? The data which found its place in NIST report strongly suggests possibility of CD. Steven Jones provided more data. Why do I explain it, anyway? eh... [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 15:02, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::"Notability" of persons is irrellevant. [[Paris Hilton]] is a notable person. Would you take her opinion on a scientific matter seriously? No, I thought not. This is not about notability or about persons, but about facts and science. You can't claim that a NPOV article is POV just because it doens't have YOUR POV. I think neither you or Cpan has understood what NPOV is, or possibly, you don't understand the difference between fact and opinion. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 17:54, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::It's not the "government" POV. It's the account that has been presented in media outlets, worldwide such as [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=35852 Al Jazeera], [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1550477.cms Times of India], the [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html CBC] (Canada), and major [[WP:RS|media outlets]] in the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/americas/2001/day_of_terror/ U.K.], [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-687756@51-641954,0.html France], [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,623034,00.html Germany], [http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1736235.htm Australia] and [http://service.china.org.cn/link/wcm/Show_Text?info_id=167467&p_qry=9/11 China] (list could go on), as well as the [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/sgsm7949.doc.htm United Nations]. I've yet to see a [[WP:RS|reliable source]] that presents conspiracy theories as facts. We give the theories appropriate [[WP:NPOV#Undue weight|due weight]]. --[[User:AudeVivere|Aude]] ([[User talk:AudeVivere|talk]]) 14:39, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::This whole notion of an "official account" is a [[straw man]] [[fallacy]]. The [[9/11 Commission Report]] is merely one (secondary) source, and by no means the most reliable or informative. Independent accounts which agree with reality are going to agree with each other. Demolition has been disproven, repeatly. If you've been duped by that hoax, that's unfortunate, but it doesn't have anything to do with an encyclopedia. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 15:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::Peter, could you point me to a place where I could probably see that "independent accounts" settled what happened to WTC7? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 17:04, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+We already have a place for discussions about alternate perspectives on the September 11, 2001 attacks -- it's at [[9/11 conspiracy theories]], to which this article already references. This page is for the actual account, not the pop-conspiracy theory. [[Image:Matt_Devonshire2.jpg|20px]][[User:Morton_devonshire|'''Morton Devonshire''']][[User talk:Morton_devonshire|Yo]] 18:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think the 911 commission report should be lumped in with all the other conspiracy theories, as it has "a low probability" of being an accurate assessment of the cause of the towers' collapse. It's not NPOV to call the so-called "alternate" theories conspiracy theories. '''All of the theories''' including the mainstream ones are just theories and all '''deserve equal treatment'''. '''The "actual account"''' of the events should not include anything but actual verifiable truth: '''Aircraft hit each tower''' -- these aircraft are not positively identified. The 'hijackers' are not positively identified, and their presence on the planes has not been reliably confirmed, nor has their connection/affiliation with Al-Quaeda been confirmed. '''The towers collapsed'''. There is a great deal of controversy surrounding the cause of the collapse, but the cause is not known, and is unlikely to have been 'structural weakening of the steel due to fire', '''according to every reliable report'''. The article as it stands is as ridiculously POV as an article stating that Kennedy was killed when a lone assassin acting on his own fired a single bullet, or an article stating that George W. Bush is the most popular president in history. [[User:Pedant|User:Pedant]] 19:15, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== I have a question. ==
+If 911 was perpetrated or even known about by the government and/or Bush administration so they could gain public support for attacking Iraq, then why ,pray, did they not just say that Saddam Hussein's army did it?--[[User:SweetNeo85|SweetNeo85]] 17:19, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Given how easily some fall into whatever Bush administration say, they could've probably got away with that, for some time at least. They've got away with non-existent WMD's, no doubt.
+:My real, speculative answer would be: Firstly, Osama and CIA are/were long-time "friends". Secondly, have you ever played war strategy games? Look, here is Afghanistan, here is Iraq... hmm what's that in the middle? [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 17:32, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::So, are you asserting that AlQuaeda and the CIA were working in cooperation? Secondly, are you also asserting that we attacked Iraq and Afghanistan for strategic purposes in order to invade Iran? Please, don't give cryptic answers. Be straightforward. Then you will see clearly if there are any fallacies to your arguments.--[[User:SweetNeo85|SweetNeo85]] 18:07, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::I wouldn't sweat it, if history has taught us anything, it's that governments can't keep a secret and this would be a whopper. Any major (or minor) news organization would go wild with it, and anyone who could clue them in (or write a book) would be set for life. Occam's Razor would be of use here, but it's used only selectively on these pages. Wild and convoluted theories make it easier to rave out loud without people thinking you're completely insane. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 18:52, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::Goverments can't keep secrets? Are you a CIA agent to conclude so? :) What about project Manhattan? What about JFK assasination? What about explosion in Moscow in 2000, which was blamed on Chechens and then war begun? What about those things we have completely no idea about? Do you know that Holocaust was considered a conspiracy theory for some time after war (and to this day is by some)? Occam's razor can only be used when there is 100% confidence that all the relevant data was gathered (and this assumption is very often flawed). [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 19:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::I'd say that we don't know anything about ''those things we don't know anything about''. Is there something you know about JFK you're not telling us? Because nothing has been proven so far....just more theories. The Manhattan Project? Lot's of people knew about that, and would have said something if the US wasn't completely united about that war...which it isn't now of course. Apple and oranges. I don't understand how a flawed conspiracy theory about the Holocaust fits into any of this. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 19:51, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::JFK? Oh, I forgot we all know Oswald did it... and then some freaky businessman killed Oswald... of course... except maybe for special commission which issued a statement that there was some conspiracy involved with high probability... and that all documents are top classified... nothing proven... does that make you right - goverments can't keep secrets??. You might want to read how exactly informations about Holocaust were denied at first. Take a look here, too: [[List of proven conspiracys]]. [[User:SalvNaut|SalvNaut]] 21:00, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::The point is that it doesn't make ''anyone'' right. Just because one conspiracy actually happened doesn't mean they all did. And re:JFK...nothing is proven. That list of proven conspiracys is pretty big huh? Must be hard to keep that stuff a secret when there really is a conspiracy. [[User:Rx StrangeLove|Rx StrangeLove]] 21:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::I don't think the US government would dare try anything like that. From 9/11 onwards I think it was widely agreed that terrorism was way out of control, however I highly doubt any US official would aid or incite it. They probably decided to take full advantage of the tragedy to do all the things they always wanted to do but would have never got away with under normal circumstances (pass the PATRIOT Act, attack Afghanistan and Iraq etc). If they were behind it, I don't think they would try it on that scale; they probably would have done it in some small town in the USA or abroad.--[[User:Rudjek|Rudjek]] 18:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Opinions, opinions, do you know what [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire Adolf Hitler] used to say on that topic? He use to say: "The great masses of the people... will more easily fall victims to a big lie than to a small one." [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 19:45, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Proposals for taming the discussion at this page==
+*Enforce an attribution (citation) only rule.
+*Keep all the discussion of conspiratorial talk / [implied] accusations
+
+to wikipedia articles on alternate theories of 9/11 attacks.[[User:Dogru144|Dogru144]] 19:06, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+*Nope, since we don't care about theories, since we work with facts. Warnings of the [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYbWaMqWy7s clear and present danger] must be mentioned. Inside trading, and unclaimed options should be noted. Obvious freefall (CD) of building 7 is obvious and it should be described as such. That constant gibberish of US administrators about 911 link to Saddam and Iraq deserves a few lines and (independently speaking) I don't give a rat's ass about patriotic acts and political correctness on that one… anyway, don’t wont to repeat what we all know, but please do restrain from such conspiratorial terminology when addressing to valid and [http://icssa.org/9-11%20Questions.htm reasonable questions] or well known facts. [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 19:34, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: [[User:Dogru144|Dogru144]], I'm not sure exactly what you're proposing since everything after your first bullet point looks garbeld to me. However, I do support the first point. This is not a usenet newsgroup. We are not trying to convince one another of the facts. We are trying to craft an article that includes relevant positions from verifiable sources. The facts we are concerened with here is whether position X was indeed published in source Y. We are not here to convince one another of our disparate POVs.
+
+:: Having said that, Its clear from this discussion that those proposing the so-called comspiracy theories are citing particular sources (Jones, Griffin, etc). while those opposing these so-called conspiracy theories are not: instead saying tthings like: "it has been disproven again and again" or "they're silly". These sorts of rebuttals do not belong on Wikipedia. Dogu144's first bullet would require citing specifically who says "Jones is silly" in a verifiable source? This is the material that can then be used in the redraft of this NPOV violating artricle. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 19:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+*We are advised to leave our emotions outside, but as we all know such things r easier said then done;). Anyway, those garbled issues were already [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks/archive22#9.2F11-Iraq_Link discussed] in the past.., however there was this hard and impenetrable line here. If things have changed, I'll state each and every case again… there is nothing to refute there, just facts… Well then, should we acknowledge foreknowledge and warnings of imminent attacks? We can start appropriate section below… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 20:09, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::You are trying to make this into a discussion of what is true or not. That's fine with me, but you have so far claimed that this isn't what it's about. You have up to now claimed that this is about the article being POV, not that it's incorrect. Have you changed your mind? Because now you require verifiable sources to the claims. That makes no sense, unless you are contensting the correctness of the claims. So, what is it? Is this about the articlebeing POV, or the article being factually incorrect? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 20:47, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Regebro, this gives me an opportunity to cite the NPOV policy once again. NPOV requires we not do oritinal research (decide what's true) and instead focus on an article that cites verifiable sources (sources that we can verify exist and in that sense is atruth).
+
+
Sometimes people have [[Wikipedia:Edit war|edit wars]] over the NPOV dispute tag, or have an extended debate about whether there is a NPOV dispute or not. In general, if you find yourself having an ongoing dispute about whether a dispute exists, there's a good chance one does, and you should therefore leave the NPOV tag up until there is a consensus that it should be removed.

+
+: Actually I meant this wiki policy quotation but the prior one is relevant too:
+
+:
Neutrality here at Wikipedia is all about presenting competing versions of what the facts are. It doesn't matter at all how convinced we are that our facts are the facts. '''If a significant number of other interested parties really do disagree''' with us, '''no matter how wrong we think they are''', the '''neutrality policy dictates''' that the discussion be '''recast as a fair presentation of the dispute between the parties'''. (highlighed portions to underscore the misunderstaniding about NPOV represented in the discussion thus far)

+
+
+So as I'm sure you understand, there is not a contradiction in my position. But thanks for asking the faux question it helps ensure that every disruuptive editor here (including each disruptive admin) has no plausiable denial on not understanding what they're doing wrong. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 21:11, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
+::This ''does'' contradict your position. You want to put in opinions, and conclusions that are disproven. This is:
+::# Not competing version of what the facts are. It's conclusions and opinions. Thus you want to MAKE the article POV from being NPOV.
+::# The quotes you have from the NPOV page are about opinions, not facts. You need to understand the difference between these. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 09:25, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+The first step of "taming the discussion at this page" is posting a "the neutrality of this article is disputed" on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks| this page]. [[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 01:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Also in [[WP:NPOV]]
+
+:
All Wikipedia articles must be written from a '''neutral point of view''' ('''NPOV'''), representing fairly and without bias all significant views that have been '''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|published by a reliable source]].''' For guidance on how to make an article conform to the neutral point of view, see the [[Wikipedia:NPOV tutorial|NPOV tutorial]]''.
--[[User:PTR|PTR]] 01:38, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+One can look at any part of this article and find POV problems. Here's a quick example.
+
In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan, in which Osama bin Laden is talking to Khaled al-Harbi. In the tape bin Laden admits foreknowledge of the attacks.

+This section cites [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/ret.bin.laden.videotape/ | this] CNN story. It does not reflect the POV in [http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/12/14/gen.muslim.reax/index.html | this] CNN story from the same day, or [http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,,619181,00.html | this] Guardian Unlimited story from the next day. That is a conflict of two different POV, and both should be reflected in this article. And, every section of this article contains the same bias POV.
+Again, the one and only one way to start "taming the discussion at this page" is posting a "the neutrality of this article is disputed" on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks| this page]. --[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 01:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+*The neutrality of this article is NOT disputed, except by a small group of conspiracy theoriests who do not understand or accept what the word "neutrality" means. They think it means that we have to present all theories as equal, even of they are proven to be wrong. That is NOT what it means. NPOV means that you keep the article FACTUAL. Most suggestions of how to make the article NPOV involves going AWAY from factuality and putting in MORE opinions. That would make the article LESS NPOV, not more so. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 09:25, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:*In reference to the post I made above, that paragraph is point of view. It is widely believed that the video is a fake. Two mainstream articles point this out (see above) the day of, and the day after, the tapes release. I have not seen any further evidence to support that the tape is not a fake. Where is this proven? The day that the tape was released, there were millions of people saying it was a fake. That's not my POV, that's theirs. Watch the tape yourself. The guy doesn't look like UBL! UBL is [http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/topten/fugitives/laden.htm left handed], but the guy in the tape if right handed. But, for get that. [http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0418/p11s02-coop.html Here's a third] mainstream article that shows that the world has a great deal of doubt about the POV expressed in this article. You can say that the tape is valid, but all the evidence is to the contrary. Where's your evidence? Where's your support? You have one CNN story, and I have a CNN story from the same day that reports on the doubt of the tape. And people are still expressing doubt. If you like, forget what the tapes shows, though it clearly shows a farce. What are the major views that this article fails to address. It's not opinion; it's major doubt on the factuality of this article.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 09:52, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::*If you want to discuss certain details of the page, you are welcome to do so. Start a new section on the talk page and discuss it. But do not claim that one problem with one detail of the page is a NPOV dispute or makes the whole article POV, because that is simply not true. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 09:58, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::*How about this. You chose a section of the page, and I'll show you how it is POV. The whole article is the same way. I've tried creating new sections on the talk page, and taking it one sentence at a time, but all I get is Tom and Mogo saying that they are not interested, or the article reflects the facts, in the face of clear evidence to the contrary. It's to late for that. This article is disputed, and this is one of the many disputes. You go through the talk history, find all the disputes, and address them, the way they should of been addressed a long time ago. The burden's not on me. Those disputes were not addressed, and by your response here, I have no faith that they will be address, so a disputed tag needs to go up.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 10:19, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::* How about this: YOU support the things YOU say, instead of requiring of me that I do your job. OK? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:28, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::*I did. I support this one change, and no one has said anything against it. Now, someone should make the change, or tell me why that section is not POV.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 12:24, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::* No you did not. The discussion now is whether the article as a whole is NPOV or not. Pointing out *one* detail where you don't agree with a afactual statement does not make the article as a whole POV (it's doubtful whether is even makes that DETAIL POV, as most factual disputes are not POV in any normal sense). Now we are discussing whether the article as a whole is POV. This is evidently not so, and you have evidently no arguments for this. As I mentioned, if you want to discuss details, do so, but not under the general heading of claiming that the article is POV. You also say that you HAVE discussed the details, but that you failed to convince people to change. Well, what does that tell you? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 12:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+* I think the first thing people need to do right now is archive this talk page and restart the discussion. The discussion also need to be extremely focused. Otherwise it becomes incomprehensible to outside readers (and that's exactly the way it is right now). [[User:Taxico|Taxico]] 02:08, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+** I think that's a bad idea. Maybe we should make all the archive pages into one page, so we can see in one glance just how disputed this article is.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 07:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+OK, I was being gentle.
+
+Basically, the bulk of the edits in the current impending edit war are involving conspiratorial accusations or conspiracy-toned analyses.
+Yes, we should deal explicitly with ''facts'', particularly verifiable facts.
+
+Secondly, yes, we should hew to a NPOV orientation. Much of the contributions material should have been directed to the talk page. [[User:Dogru144|Dogru144]] 23:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: I find myself in agreement with Dogu144 again (I think). I've proposed the elimination of the "conspiracy theory" section entirely. I don't believe the issue of conspiracy theories si any more notable for the 9/11 attacks than for most any other event. I'd be happy if the phrase never appeared in the article. Common beliefs that Sadaam Hussein or the Taliban were behind this should be mentioned (and the ways those ideas were spread), but I would be opposed to calling those conspiracy theories. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 00:54, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: If you are in agreement with Dogu144, then you are in agreement with me, as he says pretty much exactly what I have been trying to say. And as has been said here several times before: If there is some bit or detail you are not hapy with, take that up for discussion. But do not use that detail to claim that the article as a whole is POV, or as an excuse to mangle up the article, or to rewrite it, or as an excuse to put your OWN POV into the article. I have also asked for better words that "conspiracy theory" to describe a theory that has in it's center a conspiracy, but you haven't come up with one yet. I hardly think you want to remove all menton of the conspiracy theories, right? I think that would make the article rather less NPOV. ;) --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:47, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Just to make sure that I cover the essential points:
+"verifiable claims" means writing things that are supported by references, and reputable references, such as professional media outfits --such as newspapers, television stations or public radio stations, not blogs.
+
+This procedure will help us to keep this article in a NPOV format.[[User:Dogru144|Dogru144]] 23:25, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== NPOV Dispute ==
+
+The discussion has more than demonstrated there are serious doubts about the article’s adherence to the NPOV policy. Could we get an administrator to add the {{POV}} template to the top of the article.
+
+After that we should try to focus on specific edits to the article to bring it into compliance. This means we stop trying to convince one-another about what we think is factual or credible in the article and work on including verifiable sources and what they have to say about these attacks. Again, it doesn't matter if I think the NIST report is wrong, I'm not going to try to convince anyone of that. Rather the proper way to proceed is to include cited criticisms of the NIST report and other cited count-criticisms. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 04:45, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:I have no problem with including criticism of the NIST report so long as they are as credible as the NIST. Anything from a reviewed Civil or Structural engineering peer reviewed journal is acceptable. Anything less is undue weight. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 05:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: First of all this was only an example. And you're already moving the debate in the wrong direction. It's not up to only you to decide what sources are credible. A significant number of editors here find Jones paper credible (for many editors more credible because of it's independence from the Bush Whitehouse), so it belongs in a NPOV article. Besides the NIST report does not even meet your criterion, so we'd have to throw out all mention of that. Again, we need to end the stone-walling. Too many editors have expressed their interest in fixing these NPOV problems. Just because a minority of editors have the time to spend here guarding a NPOV violating article, doesn't make it OK to violate the policies of Wikipedia. For those disruptive editors still have trouble understanding how to work towards a NPOV compliant article, I'd suggest you also take a look at the [[Wikipedia:NPOV_tutorial]].. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 05:29, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::What you're suggesting is never going to happen, so save yourself the frustration. The 9/11 Truth Movement has ZERO credibility, and you have no credible sources to cite to support these incredible claims. [[Image:Matt_Devonshire2.jpg|20px]][[User:Morton_devonshire|'''Morton Devonshire''']][[User talk:Morton_devonshire|Yo]] 06:40, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+it has to happen to conform to Wikipedia policy. It's unfortunate that you disagree with the policies, but you should take it up with the board and not here on an article discussion page. We need to all try to be diligent to use this talk page for it's purpose. And that purpose is to discuss ways of improving the article. Right now the most pressing matter is crafting a NPOV redraft of this entire article. This page is not here for stonewalling. It's not here for unilateral declarions — against a significant number of editors — that one or another source is not credible.. It's not for convincing other editors that they're stupid or misguided, or that you have somehow found divine truth. There are other venues for those discussions and this page has already been sidetracked into those discussion way too much. [[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 06:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::You're missing the point. The sources you might cite to to support 9/11 Truth Movement/LIHOP/MIHOP/Controlled Demolition claims do not meet the reputable sources requirements of our policy [[WP:RS]]. I'm talking about Wikipedia rules here, which prevent citation to blogs and self-published web sources. Incredible claims require extraordinary citation. [[Image:Matt_Devonshire2.jpg|20px]][[User:Morton_devonshire|'''Morton Devonshire''']][[User talk:Morton_devonshire|Yo]] 07:09, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Jones’ paper is in {{Harvard reference \t
+\t| Surname1=Griffin
+\t| Given1=David Ray
+\t| Surname2=Scott
+\t| Given2=Peter Dale
+\t| Title=9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out
+\t| Year=2006
+\t| ISBN= 1566566592
+\t| Publisher=Olive Branch Press
+}} which unquestionably meets Wikpedia's guideline for reliable sources. In entering this collected volume, the paper was also reviewed by four PhDs (including 2 physicists). The 9/11 Truth movement website likewise publishes sources that meet Wikipedia's guideline. It is not a blog and it certainly doesn't fall under self-published. There are many web only (non-print) publications out there like the 9/11 truth movement that meet the guidelines for a reliable source. [[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 08:02, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+:There are always some exclusive (or eccentric) tags looming over main article, administrators would you be so kind to remove full protection, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:POV recognize] the nature of this dispute at the entrance point. [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 06:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:The discussion has NOT proven that there is dispute about the article beiong NPOV. All your siggestions about chamnging it is about going AWAY from a NPOV fact-based article, and put in MORE POVs. That would make the article LESS NPOV. You have not been able to point out what in the article is not NPOV, and you have constantly confused opinions and facts. The discussion has, if anything, proven that the article IS POV, thanks to your unability to point to how the articles would be NPOV. You need to accept that the article as a whole is NPOV and factual. If there is some details you find POV, you can discuss them,. but the article as a whole is clearly NOT POV. A neutrality dispute is not you saying "It's not neutral" over and over. Or, to quote some mor notable sources on this issue:
+"An argument is not just contradiction". http://www.mindspring.com/~mfpatton/sketch.htm. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 09:35, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+*There seems to be a lot of theoretical talk about what is potentially wrong with the article, but it's not bringing anything to a resolution. The major issue appears to be: how to apply the NPOV policy, particularly the undue weight rule, to sources with various degrees of reliability. This disagreement is not what views exist, or what is notable, but whether certain opinions should be given 'equal time' in this, the summary article, or should be restricted to matters of folklore.
+**One argument is that Wikipedia editors should consider every source as equally authoritative, because every judgment call is potential for NPOV violation, or absolute truth is unknowable, or some such.
+**The other is that clearly unreliable and misleading sources should be limited to support of conspiracy theory folklore. Consider the popular example of Steven Jones' paper. Building collapse is a question of structural engineering. It is not a political or philosophical question, nor is it a matter of popularity. Most importantly, it is not subject to appeals to intuition or analysis by amateurs. Steven Jones is not a demolition export or a structural engineer - he is an amateur, and has no more authority on the subject than any other amateur, and furthermore his findings are known to be incorrect. (This has been demonstrated a few times in the archives of this talk page.)
+**So we have this question: In an area which ''requires'' engineering expertise, how are non-professional opinions, even ones that, tragically, are popular, to be treated under the rule of undue weight? [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 16:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Unprotection requested ==
+
+Unprotection of this article has been requested at [[WP:RfPP]]; however, the talk page still seems rather hostile to me, and I'm a little hesitant to unprotect. Is there a general consensus for unprotection of this article? [[User:AmiDaniel|AmiDaniel]] ([[User talk:AmiDaniel|talk]]) 07:31, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Agree... Remove Protection.--[[User:y23|y23]] 01:14, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+Come on, there must be a way to sort this out. After all, the murderous events of 911 happened in a particular fashion, the fact that how they are happened is disputed does mean that there is considerable differences in perception. One is not cynical to assume that there was an intentional deception, (war ALL start with a deception), one '''can''' however be accused of total naivite believing the 'official version'. Wikipedia should reflect this, wikipedia often sets examples in other fields, too.. the official version of Henry Kissinger's entry would look different, too.
+:Agree... Remove Protection.--[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 07:49, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Disagree Slipgrid has made it clear above that he will, against consensus and against wikipedia rules, start adding POV to the article if it gets unprotected. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Not true. I'm not the one in the edit war. I do my work on th talk pages. But, why would it be a bad idea to put up the disputed tag? 20+ Pages of talk history show dispute.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 12:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::We are not discussing whether we are discussing. Evidently we are discussing. The discussion is about whether the article deserves a disputed tag or not. It doesn't, but it's evidently clear from the discussion about that neither you nor Cplot will accept this. Therefore, the article needs to be protected until you guys agree :
+:::# that the article does NOT need a general NPOV tag,
+:::# to stop trying to push YOUR agenda and YOUR POV into the articles and
+:::# to instead try to discuss each issue separately.
+:::--[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 13:03, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::# This article is disputed by many.
+::::# The truth has no agenda.
+::::# We have twenty pages of discussion, with it being ignored by people like you.
+::::—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 15:51, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::#* I agree. So please stop pushing YOUR agenda. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 16:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::* My only agenda is the truth. What's yours?—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 17:03, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::* OK, so stop pushing AN agenda then. I don't really care who's it is, just stop pushing it, please. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 18:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::::::* No, you stop pushing your agenda. I'll fight any day for the truth and Wikipedia against trolls like you.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 21:36, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::::::::* This comment violates [[WP:NPA]]. Please keep a civil tone. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 11:53, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:'''Disagree'''. Regrettably, there does not seem to be any consensus. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 12:51, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:'''Disagree'''-It appears this article will be attacked and reverted ad nauseum. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 13:28, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:'''Disagree''' - Discussions are still too heated. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 14:48, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:'''Disagree''' There is no consensus to give [[WP:NPOV#Undue weight|undue weight]] to conspiracy theories. I don't think [[User:Cplot]] and the few others will respect consensus. Cplot has created a POV fork at [[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/NPOV-rewrite1]] that severely violates [[WP:NPOV#Undue weight]]. --[[User:AudeVivere|Aude]] ([[User talk:AudeVivere|talk]]) 16:57, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+: '''Agree''' I was the one who requested unprotection, but for completelness I'll add my name here. There are many others who I know would support it too. The sampling of opinions you see here are just those editors who have a lot of time on their hands (including myself here) and not a real sense of the concensus of all editors in volved in this dicussion. No where in Wikipedia's policies does it say that a minority of editors (who just happend to have a lot of time on their handds) can decide what the truth and the facts are for an article. I am convinced the disruptive editors here are only pretending to be obtuse and know full well how to interpret Wikipedia policy. There responses to one editor after another have beeen disruptive and often playful yet insulting. At the very least the article should indicate at the top that a significant number of editors feels this article does not reflect the NPOV policy of Wikipedia. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 19:52, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:'''Disagree''' - From some of the comments, there appears to still be too much disagreement to unprotect the article. I feel there will need to be a full [[WP:RfC|RfC]] to get it settled on if enough editors believe the conspiracy theories (or alternate theories) deserve more space in the root article. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 20:05, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::I did that at the beginning of the debate. anyone for an [[WP:RFM|RFM]]?--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 20:11, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::It couldn't hurt to get some uninvolved eyes into it. I fear that this may end up all the way at [[WP:RfAr|ArbCom]] before it is done. Although I don't edit on the article beyond vandalism repair, I'm tainted as I have too much personal experience with the Pentagon attack. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 20:18, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:'''Disagree''' Still far too much conflict. I'm filing an RFM right now--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 20:47, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+Alright, that was pretty much what I expected--no consensus for unprotection. We'll leave it protected for a while longer. [[User:AmiDaniel|AmiDaniel]] ([[User talk:AmiDaniel|talk]]) 18:30, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+::If you choose to leave protection, be decent, place appropriate tag at the top of article… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 07:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+*'''Unprotect''' no amount of mediation or further discussion is going to result in anything other than further efforts by the conspiracy theory supporters to try and get their way here. We may as well unprotect the article and resume reporting them for 3RR as we have already done on 3 editors in the last week. Misusing Wikipedia to promote nonsense is going to be the end for any chance this project has of gaining credibility.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+**'''Comment''' How are you sure mediation isn't going to work MONGO? Has it been tried in the past? Is it that you have some sort of my way or the highway mentality (not an intentional personal attack)? Mediation will help smooth out the issues and tell us if we need an RFAr. I also noticed that, though you were the first I sent the message to, you still haven't accepted. Why? And If Iseem angry or edgy, this whole affair is stressing me out and I need a break ASAP, but I'm far too involved in this to take one (IE I'm involved in mediation, and if it goes far enough I may end up in arbitration.
+
+I can't imagine there's ever been amore obvious neutrality dispute in the history of Wikipedia (though if there is I bet these editors know about it). I second Lovelight's suggestion to add the template to the article. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 08:15, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+'''unprotect''' and '''add the npov dispute template''' as there is a clear dispute about whether this article is neutral according to the policy and guidelines. As it stands the article is crushingly embarrassing in it's POV, and it's quite clear there is a dispute and that the article contains much nonfactual and inappropriately-referenced (worse than unreferenced) material. [[User:Pedant|User:Pedant]] 19:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Redraft to comply with NPOV ==
+
+As has been pointed out above, I have established a new talk space for editors who do not want to deal with the disruptive editors standing guard over this article and talk page. [[Talk:September 11, 2001 attacks/NPOV-rewrite1| Here]] you'll find a draft rewrite of the article that is meant o conform with Wikipedia's policies. I ask that the disruptive editors here to please leave this spacea alone for the other editors to craft a more encylopedic article conforming to the NPOV policy. All others are welcome to join in the drafting and associated discussion. If the disruptive editors comply, discussion should be much lesss disruptive, frustrating, intimidating and abusive. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 21:05, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+:And I nominated that for deletion as it is a POV fork of this article. You have already been blocked twice in the least week for 3RR on this article and would likely have been blocked agin on the rtelated [[Steven E. Jones]] article had I not protected it on your preferred version just today. If anyone is being disruptive, it's most definitely you.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:10, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: Mongo, you know full well that the disciplinary actions taken against me are part of a vindictive approach, by a small group of relentless editors, to punish editors they disagree with. The admin who blocked me was involved in these debates and so did so inappropriately. This is not a POV push, this redraft is to make the article comply with NPOV policy All civil editors are invited to join intio the discussion and redraft. My position is that the conspiracy theories have no place in the article or even to have their own artilce. They're not notable enough around 9/11 attacks. Finally, I was the one who requested the protection on the Steven Jones article to avoid a potentially libelous editor to the article. Disruption does not mean disagreement as you seem to think it does. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 21:36, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::Your answer assumes that the article as it stands is POV, something that you and many others in several long discussions now and earlier has completely failed to show. Thus, the consensus is that the article IS NPOV, and therefore it does NOT need a rewrite to become POV. If you make a fork of an article that consensus agrees is NPOV, to change it's POV, that must reasonably be because you want to add YOUR POV to the article. Please stop trying that. It is pointless and takes uses time and energy that could be used to improve the article and improve wikipedia. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 12:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Proposed sources are more reliable than reports produced by Whitehouse ==
+
+Two things I want to stress here. First to quote from the NPOV dispute guielines again:
+
+
Sometimes people have [[Wikipedia:Edit war|edit wars]] over the NPOV dispute tag, or have an extended debate about whether there is a NPOV dispute or not. In general, '''if you find yourself having an ongoing dispute about whether [an NPOV] dispute exists, there's a good chance one does''', and you should therefore leave the NPOV tag up until there is a consensus that it should be removed.

+
+And second. The sources being insisted upon as reliable are no more reliaable than the one's proposed above. In fact, Wikipedia guidelines suggest more caution or even suspiscion for the sorts of sources blessed by the disruptive editors. I quote:
+
+
Reliability is a spectrum, and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. Typically peer reviewed publications are considered to be the most reliable, with established professional publications next. Government publications are often reliable, but '''governments vary widely in their level of reliability''', and '''often have their own interests which will explicitly allow for withholding of information, or even outright deception of the public'''.

+
+As this shows, the article is currently slanted towards these government sources even though Wikipedia provides guidance that the books listed above may be more reliable. In my estimation, the US has never had a government more notorious for its outright deception of the public than the present administration. And yet the article solely relies on those sources (or secondary sources reporting on government sources). --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 00:39, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Your perception of the current administration is your perception and has nothing to do with the fact that all news media has confirmed the "official story". There are no reliable sources that support a conspiracy theory of the events of 9/11.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 08:24, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+OK, I'll bite on this one, but as an administrator, this really isn't appropriate behavior. The media hasn't confirmed what the administration says. The media reported what the administration said. Sometime the media launches independent investigations, and then that would be valuable material for the article. Griffin's book ".The New Peral Harbo..." is one such investigation from the media (the book pubslhsing media). However, I don't see how you conclude from Griffin's book that he has confirmed the administrations story. It's quite the opposite. You should take a look at it if that's what you thought. The point is Wikipedia's guidelines tell us that a book like Griffin's is a more reliable source than any of the government reports used for this article. You've uncovered another splendid example of why there are such seirious NPOV problems here. Wikipedia doesn't deal with "official stories" that's something for Pravda. Wikipedia is for enyclopedia articles that need to reflect the relevant stories: not just the Whitehouse. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 09:22, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Mongo, shameful consent (and complicity) of mainstream media when it comes to forging of our post-911 actuality should certainly be [http://www.tvnewslies.org/ noted] in the article. However, that doesn’t mean that "associated media" is useless, as a matter of fact, apart from those jumbo sized issues, we have verifiable and notable sources there… We are working on encyclopedia and we should deal with facts, why should we care if streamed media lost its freedom, compass or knowledge how to perform investigative journalism? Are we here to confirm official story in spite ridiculous amount of inconsistencies in it? Anyway, we both know that administrators and editors in mainstream enjoy exactly the same.., vast and immeasurable freedoms we have here. Those sources are as reliable as this one is, they are [http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2006/10/911_conspiracy_theory_1.html questioned] as this one is… your point is pointless… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 09:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: - There are some big misunderstandings here, that goes through the whole discussion. Cplot and others think that "reliability" is the ''only'' concern for sources, and that reliability is in itself a matter of POV. They therefore think that ANYTHING you say and ANY part of science is POV, and therefore they demand equal billing for all theories, no matter how nutty they are. But first of all, reliability is only a matter of concern for factual claims, and also only for factual claims that are not easily independantly verifiable. This includes things as eye-witness accounts. They have to come from reliable sources. As an example, claims that have to do with say...(trying to find a neutral subject)... the making of Tibetan prayer books, have to be made by somebody that is an acknowledged expert on prayer books. A person who is an acknowledged export on pasta machines, is NOT reliable source on Tibetan prayer books, even though he is an honest and good man.
+
+: Secondly, there are things that do NOT need reliable sources, and that are things that are easily and evidently wrong. More importantly, the do not get helped by reliable resources. Or, in other words, ''a "reliable" source does not make an incorrect claim correct''. It doesn't matter how notable the person doing the claim is, or even if the person is supposed to be a reliable authority on the subject. No amount of authority makes a false statement correct, and if a statement can be easily show to be false by anyone, no amount of authority makes that statement worthy of inclusion. So if the expert on Tibetan prayer books say that a 200 year old Tibetan prayer book are made by lizard-headed martians from the skin of George W Bushs face, this claim should NOT be included in the article on tibetan prayer books, because the persons authority on the subject does not override the evident and overwhelming impossibility of the claim. If the expert on pasta machines makes that claim, it should be included even less. :)
+
+: So what are then these reliable sources that we CAN include? Well, here comes the next mistake: Cplot above tries to claim that government sources are not realiable. I agree. But he includes in "government sources" independent research that have been done on the governments request, or in any other way contradicts his POV. That is an incorrect standpoint based on the fact that HE doesn't like what they say. Again he thinks that reliability is nothing but a POV. But it isn't. It CAN be POV, but it is not always so. In fact, in most cases it is not. Sources that are biased are not reliable, but thise sources must then be SHOWN to be biased. For example, a source should be seen as biased, if the researcher only get payed if he reaches the desired conclusion. But a resarcher that gets payed no matter what conclusion he gets is not necessarily biased.
+
+: In short, the talk about government sources are in itself a red herring. Very few of the sources in the article are can be seen as "government" sources. If there are sources in the article that are not reliable, again, please take them up one by one. The sources that has been mentioned in this article as missing (that is Steven Jones) can not in any way be construed as being authorative on the subjects which they try to make claims, and should therefore not be included.
+
+: Again, I have to ask the critics to stop talking in generalities and start making specific claims of what they percieve as problems with the article so we can discuss these specifics, instead of discussing vague generalities for which you have no arguments. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 13:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Look, why don't you go a bit back into the history of this talk page? You'll notice cycle after cycle of reoccurring "specific claims" with all appropriate references. You'll also notice that all discussions, no matter how far from conspiracy talk they were (foreknowledge, 911/Iraq link, building 7…) ended with reverts (if we would get that far) in spite the fact there are no valid reasons or arguments for such actions. The sort of "consensus" (or quorum if you prefer) we have here is our foremost problem. POV tag at the top of the article is necessity. Such action would recognize dispute and show that there is some good will among all editors. I'm certainly not in mood to spend a fine day on drafting draft, just so that Aude would come with such puzzling reply: "as maybe later…?" Or to hear Mongos infamously elaborated, yet rather simple and apparently irresistible veto… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 15:17, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::: Cycle after cycle, you say. So, you say that you have constantly and repeatedly failed to point out any errors or POV parts of the article. Not one of your attempts to point out sections that may be POV has succeeded. If every single specific claim you have of bits and pieces being POV is rejected, what does that tell us about the article? Does it tell us that it's POV, or NPOV? --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 15:38, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Don't be silly, look at the history of the talk page and learn where you are… I'm saying that administrators such as MONGO are force checking article to reflect official story, and that this is done against consensus. Are you aware that we had government warnings (tags) here? Are you aware that decent and valid suggestions to improve article are stopped without arguments with simple: "No, thanks"… Here, read [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/MONGO/Evidence this]… Saying that there is no POV dispute here is like Rice saying that there were no warnings about attacks while she held one in her hands… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 16:48, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::If what you claim is true, and I was the only person doing the reverts to this article, I would have been blocked dozens of times for violating 3RR. Your attempts to introduce misinformation in this article has been repeatedly overturned by a large number of editors...clear indication that the consensus is not in favor of your alterations. My arbcom case here has nothing to do with this article...zero. Yes, when people come along and try and force feed us a bunch of nonsense like you have been doing for a long time now, we can waste our time rebutting your comments, say nothing at all (probably the best option), or just provide a simple...No thanks.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 17:15, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Mongo, you know the answer to this question. Considering the accusations in the [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_%28miscellaneous%29#US_Authorities_on_Wikipedia.3F|village pump discussion]] that US Bush administration officials are involved in this page, then of course Lovelight's edits were "repeatedly overturned by a large number of editors". Of course the repeition of the mantra "clear concesnsus" is unwarranted and I know you know that too. Come on Mongo, stand up for what you know is right. This is conduct unbecoming an administrator. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 18:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:What? What conduct are you talking about? I stated that had I been the only one that had been doing all the reverts as Lovelight claims, then I would have been repeatedly blocked...much as you have already. Your edit warring as of late is conduct unbecoming an contributor.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 18:28, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Requested Edit ==
+After reading the [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(miscellaneous)#US_Authorities_on_Wikipedia.3F|discussion]] at the village pump I arrived over here to look through this discussion. I can't believe that this NPOV disputes has been going on for so long and this is the first request I've seen for an NPOV template. Don't any of you understand how to work towards comprommise and NPOV. I would recommend reading the [[Wikipedia:NPOV_tutorial|NPOV tutorial]]. And by all means someone add a the template. --[[User:67.37.179.61|67.37.179.61]] 03:45, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Oh, but all this was pointed earlier, we had requests like these before… Here, let me quote Lovelight on that one: "And I won't that false flag about reasons for dispute to be removed immediately, there is no vandalism here but from your side, the lack of accuracy and outrageous bias of this article is obvious and appropriate warning should be clearly stated at the entrance point." You know, all this repeating tends to bore after a while… Perhaps we can protest, and tag all our posts with appropriate reminder for everyone? [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 08:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Wow. I read the discussion and came to the complete opposite conclusion. It seems odd that your first contribution to Wikipedia is to the Village Pump. What account do you normally use? --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 04:09, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::It's not my first contribution, I've been contributing for years (and reading even longer): just anonymously. Tbeatty, I think you might be one of the ones they village pump is talking about. So I'm not surprised you would not read it the same way. --[[User:67.37.179.61|67.37.179.61]] 04:32, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::It's considered good form to identify your previous editing IP/Usernames lest someone consider you a sockpuppet. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 04:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think this discussion should be taken elsewhere. (or at least start a new heading). --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 06:05, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+*We could also discuss those government issued tags we had here around memorial. Would you care to share a sample of those Mongo?;P [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 09:30, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+:How about [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_mediation/September_11%2C_2001_Attacks#Issues_to_be_mediated it]? [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 11:22, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::None of the issues mentioned in that RFM are issues that are debated or need to be mediated. The RFM as it stands is ridicolous. That said, I don't oppose mediation in any way, but I hope that the list of issues needing mediation can be improved to something at least remotely resembling what we are actually discussing, which is whether the article is POV or not. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 12:07, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::I agree. Foreknowledge is one thing often discussed here, and it should be part of the mediation.—[[User:Slipgrid|Slipgrid]] 12:33, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::No. You guys are now trying to suddenly jump from the dispute that we ARE having, to completely other things. That is . The thing you, Cplot and Lovelight has been try to push so far is whether the article as a whole is POV or not. This is not even mentioned in the RFM. I don't oppose mediation, but I can not support that RFM. Sorry. You have to redo that, and as issues to be mediated list the things we actually discuss, and not completely different issues. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 13:08, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::::OK, I'm reading up on how mediation works. Most notably it sais ''Note: Only members of the Mediation Committee may remove material from the RfM page or otherwise edit comments'', but on the other hand it sais ''Do not, under any circumstances, edit the "Issues to mediate" section unless you are the party who filed the request'' I don't know if this means that the requestor (Acebrock?) can change it or if he can ask the Mediation Committee to change it. If it doesn't get changed I will have to disagree to this mediation, since it's a request to mediate issues that isn't in conflict, in an abvious attempt to misrepresent the dispute. The fact that the RfM was files with such an attempt to misrepresent the dispute also gives me little hope that Acebrock really wants mediation. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 13:20, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::To be honest, I wasn’t aware of such concept until today, but I did ask recently if there are other ways to break this hula hoping and looping. I'm grateful to see that exclamation at top, thanks Ace... [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 13:50, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Sorry, the list of issues to be mediated now include not only such patent nonsense as "Whether clear and well documented facts should be called conspiracy", "Whether article should only draw sources approved by the Bush administration", but it now also includes argumentation: ''Because of sensitive and evergreen nature of article which is probably the most disputed, vandalized and abused entry in Wikipedia brief summary of all "double think" issues is impossible. However good willing mediators should quick-scan related talk page archive and recognize seriousness of discussions as well as misbehaving of administrators.'' This inclusion of argumentation in the statement probably would have made the RfM rejected anyway, but I though I would speed up the process, and add my disagreement immeditely. I'm all for a mediation, but it is clear from the edits made by Lovelight and Cplot that you are not interested in it. If you want a mediation, do it *seriously*, and stop misrepresenting the dispute. This discussion is so far about, and only about, whether the article should be marked as POV or not, and why.
+: (I'll better point out here that Acebrocks original point was "Whether including conspiracy theories in detail is POV" which I think is not a misrepresentation. Acebrock: Thanks, and I'm sorry Lovelight and Cplot messed up your RfM).--[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 15:23, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I've reverted those edits since they were done hastily and without knowledge of due process… [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_mediation/September_11%2C_2001_Attacks RfM] is now in original form, apologies for any inconvenience as for my unintentionally damaging edits… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 17:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: Where Cplots edits also done without knowledge of due process? ;) How dow you know, are sock puppets? (just kidding ;)). OK, as the RfM stands now I have no quarrel with it. I still think mediation is pointless and that you guys are not interested in listening to reason, but that's the mediators problem. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 17:36, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: I too apologize for my edits to the RfM. I tryied to find an explnation of the process but did not. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 18:16, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Discussion/RFM/NPOV ==
+
+Does anyone want to start discussions on the areas of the article that they believe are POV - one at a time - or do we just want to argue in general terms? This is degenerating into, "It's POV.", "No, it's not.", "Yes, it is."--[[User:PTR|PTR]] 17:16, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:I guess no one actually wants to discuss the article then. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 17:16, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I have brought up specifics before. See:
+* [[Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Reworking_the_article_so_that_it_follows_Wikpedia_policies|Reworking the article so that it follows Wikipedia policies]]
+* [[Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Examples_of_NPOV_problems| Examples of NPOV problems]]
+
+However, as the RfM stands now, I cannot support it. My view is that conspiracy theories have not been significant enough nor notable enough surrounding the 9/11 attacks to be included in the article at all. My NPOV problems mostly relate to the slanted state of this article where a minority of editors camping out here insist that only sources casting the Bush administration in the most favorable light can be included here. Is there any way for the RfM to simply list NPOV dispute, or does it have to characterize the dispute? --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 18:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:You don't want the conspiracy section in the article but you do want to put the alternate theories throughout the article? Is that right? If so, can you start with one item, start a discussion and work from there? --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 20:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Apparently there can be appropriate section called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_mediation/Guide_to_filing_a_Request_for_Mediation] "Additional issues to be mediated" where involved parties can refine their concerns? There is also some mentioning of it on chairman's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Essjay#What_to_do_when_a_participant_edits_an_RfM_page.3F talk page.] [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 18:37, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Restoring Requested Edit Inappropriately Deleted ==
+
+{{Editprotected}}
+Please add the {{POV}} template to the top of the article. The preceding discussion demontrates a clear dispute over NPOV problems.{{unsigned|Cplot}}
+
+Mongo, you put your name into this situation. Not me. This is conduct very unbecoming an administrator. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 18:59, 28 November 2006 (UTC) —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:70.8.159.158|70.8.159.158]] ([[User talk:70.8.159.158|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/70.8.159.158|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
+
+:: Why not just provide an explanation for removing the edit request? That seems like that would solve the problem. Since Cplot is talking about behaviour it's definitely not a personal attack. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:70.8.159.158|70.8.159.158]] ([[User talk:70.8.159.158|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/70.8.159.158|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
+
+:: Cplot should not have violated the 3rr. However, there's something wrong when the feds are forcing Wikipedia editors to violate the 3RR just for an editor to keep his or her opinions on a discussion page. --[[User:70.8.159.158|70.8.159.158]] 19:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I have apologized to Mongo for including his name in this heading. I can see how it was inappropriate. Please everyone stop trying to restore it. We all know what Mongo did was wrong. It doesn't help the situation to play these silly reverrts wars. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 19:59, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:You don';t get your way so you attack others? I repeat...there is no NPOV tag on this article and won't be until you can demonstrate what the problems are with the neutrality of the article.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 20:05, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Mongo, please. I said I was sorry. I wrote you on your talk page now twice. Let's kiss and makup on this. We don't want to degrade into incivility and personal attacks. That would be conduct unbecoming and I know I would never want to do that (not that I'm an admin. I wouldn't want to shoulder that responsibility. I admire those who can do it well) . --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:10, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Considering that your apology contained the words, "we all know what Mongo did was wrong," I can understand his reluctance to accept, kiss, and makeup. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 20:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Federal authorities should not be editing this article ==
+That's all I wanted to say. --[[User:70.8.159.158|70.8.159.158]] 19:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:To cite a famous quote, "And when did you stop beating your wife". Can you provide any evidence that federal authorities are editing this article? Any ipwhois or checkuser reports to backup the claim? That's the nice thing about conspiracy theories, people can throw them out there with little or contrived evidence and then let lots of other people spin their wheels documenting that they are false. Won't work with this claim. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 19:36, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:: I never said federal authorities, were editing this article. I just said I thought they shuldn't. Someone's got their defensive guard up. --[[User:70.8.159.158|70.8.159.158]] 19:42, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Since it flows around.., those "memorial and memorable" tags were a bit outlandish weren’t they? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks/archive20#Boilerplate Look] there was a discussion about it once, those tag's warned that there should be "no discussion of government ineptitude". It would be really nice if MONGO would provide a sample, sort of a reminder for us all? [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 19:57, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think the discussion about federal authorities inappropriately editing Wikipedia articles should be ekpt over at the village pump. Likewise, the discussion of this article should remain here at this discussion page and not on the village pump discussion about these clowns. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:02, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:I agree but also note that your use of the word "clowns" is disparaging towards other editors. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 20:04, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Just to point out, anyone can edit as long as they follow the rules. [[User:Tom harrison|Tom Harrison]] [[User talk:Tom harrison|Talk]] 20:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: Well I'm not an administrator (I think I've said before I wouldn't want to should that much responsibility). But I think if federal authorities were editin this article in an official capacity that would be a violation of the rules. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:26, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Which rules would it violate? And what does it mean to edit 'in an official capacity?' [[User:Tom harrison|Tom Harrison]] [[User talk:Tom harrison|Talk]] 20:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::: Well I'm not an administrator. I think it involves an enormous amount or responsibility. However, I would say that it raises the same policy and guideline issues as [[Wikipedia:Autobiography#Creating_an_article_about_yourself|contributing to an article about yourself]]. And since this article reads like a press release from the Bush administration, if federal authorities acting in an official capacity were paid to maintain it in that situation, that look to me like serious violations of Wikipedia rules. I'm just saying is all. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 21:06, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: User:StuffOfInterest writes: 'the word "clowns" is disparaging towards other editors'. Really? Which ones? --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 20:15, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==The Article==
+The preceding is just way over the top. Please focus on the article, not editors. [[User:Morton devonshire|Morton devonshire]] 20:35, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Yes, no doubt. I have yet to see one argument why an NPOV tag needs to be put on htis article.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 20:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::And I have yet to see anything that makes me think that this article is not POV--[[User:Acebrock|Acebrock]] 20:58, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Then demonstrate what you think needs to be fixed to make it neutral. The editors here will decide if you have a valid argument. So far, I have seen no valid argument.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:03, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Mongo, we are the eidtors here. And we have decided the article is a Bush administration puff piece with no place on Wikipedia. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 21:17, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:I see no evidence..do you have some evidence, or are we forced to take your opinion as fact?--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 21:19, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Then please clarify as the POV tag requires by starting a new section ont he talk page, which is here, and stating your points that you feel need addressing to remove the POV slant of the article. Name specific sections and paragraphs/sentences etc. Be as specific as possible to allow for a colaborative effort to tackle what you may feel is POV. Thank you. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 21:20, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Cplot, '''you''' are '''one''' of the editors here. There appears to be many more who disagree with you. I see this very likely turning into an ArbCom case before too long. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 21:22, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Please do not make passive Arbcom threats, it only serves to make a bad situation worse. Thank you. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 21:23, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::I'm not making threats, and I won't be one to file an ArbCom case. Today there has been an edit war over what the request for mediation will represent. If the parties can't settle on what is being discussed what are the chances of it actually being settled? When the RFM failes to materialize it seems likely that Cplot, MONGO, or one of the other involved editors (perhaps even one of the anons) will file a request as the next step in dispute resolution. --[[User:StuffOfInterest|StuffOfInterest]] 21:27, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::::That would be a RfC, not RfA --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 21:50, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::It seems as if this might have been the reason for this approach in the first place. There has been no real discussion about changing the article just a lot of pushing buttons. No parts of the article have been presented with suggested changes and reasons why, no open discussion, no attempt to reason. Perhaps it's just people without a talent for dealing with others but there has been a lot of off topic discussion here and I've tried a couple of times to open a reasoned discussion with no response. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 21:39, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Don't know of their worth, but these [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_mediation/September_11%2C_2001_Attacks#Involved_parties RFM] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration#Involved_parties Arbitration committees] are somewhat interesting concepts. Perhaps everyone invited/involved would be so kind and incline to agreement? If I understood correctly, it is non obligatory moderation, and it would certainly be refreshing to have a few refreshing perspectives about all this... [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 21:42, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:More button pushing and still no discussion of this article. Strange. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 21:47, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+PTR there is no need to constantly readdress same ever burning issues, we are all well aware of them. How many [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Discussion.2FRFM.2FNPOV summaries] do you need? [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 21:52, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Summaries are not quite enough. A task list is an easy thing to write but then you need to address each bullet point. If you pull one item out to focus on it becomes much easier to discuss it with others. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 22:01, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: Since there are only two of us amateurs logged on right now, I want to be sure that I second what LoveLight says. This is becoming a ridiclous sham. Why don't you all just admit you've b een beat and go play shuffl board or something more appropriate like that. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:17, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==NPOV CLaims==
+I created the below and hopefully this can be filled and dicussed by everyone, if noone brings forth sections then I guess its obvious that there are no POV concerns. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 21:57, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: NuclearUmpf, you're free to join in the discussion, but this ridiclousness about facilitating has got to stop. You can't come in here defending blatant violations of Wikipedia rules and then pretend to be a facilitaror in this. Se my reiteration of claims below. If you want to play this role, you can start by adding a POV template to the article. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Sorry what did I defend? You make an accusation back it up please. Your claims arent specific and as usual they will be ignored because of that, you want to make a case, then make a good one, not general blanket statements. I was attempting to help you, however you want to continue to make blanket statements that will get ignored cause they are not addressing anything, fine with me, complain to your hearts content. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 22:47, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+===Claims of POV===
+This section is for editors to bring forth their claims of POV parts in the article for examination by the editing community. Please post a quote of what you feel is POV, then explain your reason afterwards.
+
+# (quote)
+#: (reasoning)
+# (quote)
+#:(reasoning)
+# (quote)
+#:(reasoning)
+# (quote)
+#:(reasoning)
+# (quote)
+#:(reasoning)
+# (quote)
+#:(reasoning)
+
+===Discussion===
+Since the section will be numbered, please do not post up there any rebuttals and instead post them in this section below. Please stick to the format given. Thank you.
+
+'''Dispute against 1.'''
+*(Reasons)
+
+'''Dispute against 2.'''
+*(Reasons)
+
+== Substatntive discussion of the article ==
+There have been many substantive discussion of the article. Here's a few examples from above.
+
+I have brought up specifics before. See:
+* [[Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Reworking_the_article_so_that_it_follows_Wikpedia_policies|Reworking the article so that it follows Wikipedia policies]]
+* [[Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Examples_of_NPOV_problems| Examples of NPOV problems]]
+
+Typically we get the usual suspects (I call them the US for short), claimming nothing has been said. Then we request an POV tag and the US say why don't you just request a POV tag. This is a silly game. NuclearUmpf, if you really came to provide some reasoned independent analysis, you would have made sure the POV template was added rather than [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks&diff=next&oldid=90745890 altering your remarks] when you realized not even that minimal step has been taken.
+
+:Summaries are not quite enough. A task list is an easy thing to write but then you need to address each bullet point. If you pull one item out to focus on it becomes much easier to discuss it with others. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 22:02, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think we need to start with those. As one can see from reading the debate that's gone on here for quite some time, whenever someon raises changing the article from a Bush administration press release into an encylopedia article they're told things like "it's not going to happen". It's alot of work to compose encylopedic content then to find out that federal authorities won't the topic into the article. If we could come to an agreement over what the feds will accept, then we can better understand where to focus on drafting more detailed material. I think the list of POV problems and the sources needed to correct them are a good starting point for the conversation. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:I am more convinced than ever that you are right...surely the illuminati/"feds"/Reptilian master race are in control of what goes on in this article...I wish I had noticed this sooner.--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 22:16, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Cplot: In your reworkings part, you rejected all efforts of discussion of what to do without explanation. In your examples part, all the points you took up has been answered one by one. That discussion is finished. You did not succeed in pointing out either any poart of the article that was POV or discuss any improvement of the article. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 00:23, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Identifiable issues ==
+
+There seems to be a movement away from discussion of [[WP:NPOV|NPOV]] to borderline [[WP:NPA|personal attacks]]. The focus should be on actual disputes. I think what the dissenters are trying to say is:
+#. (Sources used) That the [[9/11 Commission]] report is an inherently non-NPOV source, and that reliance on it compromises the article. The counter-argument would be that, while that particular source is open to criticism, only those findings which have been independently corroborated have been used. The article does not rely on any one source, and therefore the suitability of that source cannot compromise the entire article.
+:: * '''Comment''' It's not the 9/11 commission report per se, it's that no independent (independent of the Bush Whitehouse) sources have been allowed. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+#. (Sources not used) That narratives supporting conspiracy theories should be given equal weight and editors should refrain from making judgments about the suitability of sources, even those that are demonstrably misinformed or misleading. The counter-argument is that the [[WP:NPOV|undue weight rule]] implies giving priority to verifiable opinions of experts, in particular with respect to technical questions not suited to intuition or analysis by amateurs.
+:: * '''Comment''' I do not support conspiracy theories. I have called for the removal of the section on conspiracy theories because they are not notable enough to include. What I have called for is the inclusion of analysesindependent of the Bush Whitehouse be included in the article, even if it makes George sad. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think this needs to be narrowed down to specific issues that, hopefully, can be discussed rationally. [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 22:14, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: See the specific issues just raised. Oh, yeah your just pretending you don't see them. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:21, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::What specific issues are you talking about? Where shall we reference these issues that are different than the "Whitehouse" version that may make Bush sad? What are these specific pieces of information and where are we to read about them?--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 22:36, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+::I can't imagine a worse NPOV violation than putting everything into George Bush's frame of reference (even ignoring his disconnect from reality). [[User:Peter Grey|Peter Grey]] 22:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::I couldnt either though I dont see that happening in the article, what non white house sources are not being permitted that pass WP:RS and WP:V? I am not really sure what the complaint is about as it doesnt reference section just blanket ideas without showing where that situation is occuring. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 22:45, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+These:
+* [[Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Reworking_the_article_so_that_it_follows_Wikpedia_policies|Reworking the article so that it follows Wikipedia policies]]
+* [[Talk:September_11%2C_2001_attacks#Examples_of_NPOV_problems| Examples of NPOV problems]] --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:40, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+You want us to put in a section about what people "think" happened...ie:polls? Then you want us to add a list of conspiracy theory books to the article?--[[User:MONGO|MONGO]] 22:49, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+
+== Requested edit again ==
+{{Editprotected}}
+Please add the {{POV}} template to the top of the article. The preceding discussion demontrates a clear dispute over NPOV problems. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:39, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:I disagree, you havent given a single example and instead just make blanket statements, people are requesting more information, please give it. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 22:49, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:It would be good to have some specific paragraphs currently in the article you would like to rewrite and how you would like to rewrite them and why. I know you believe it is not NPOV but which is your goal; to have it tagged with the dispute tag or to fix the article? Besides, I need something to think about while I'm playing shuffleboard. --[[User:PTR|PTR]] 22:50, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Fellows, if you won't to ponder upon reasons of dispute go through history, everything is well documented and since any decent proposal or draft is time consuming you should understand that this constant spinning is as boring as tiresome… Fact is, well intended edits are often reverted without valid reasons, discussions are either disrupted or left without conclusion, newcomers are discouraged, article is locked all the time due to vandalism (just a desperate form of dissent in this case) and so on… Whether we talk about references or particular sections, current form of article is useless. One has to wonder how are we to agree about serious issues if all this blistering blabbering about placing and recognizing appropriate tag is addressed in same old hear no evil, see no evil manner… [[User:Lovelight|Lovelight]] 23:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Good then this editor can take a few seconds to copy and paste and we can all discuss, if they do not care enough to take the time, then surely you cannot expect us to care enough to take the time. If this is a serious issue, then present it seriously, dont tell people you have a problem, and they should go fetch the reasons. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 23:52, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::There is not a dispute just because somebody sais there is a dispute. You have to be able to point out at least some things that you are actually disputing. After repeated requests, all you guys come up with are claims that there is a lot of claims. This kind of argument is circular and pointless. A claim does not magically poof into existance because you claim it exists. A NPOV dispute does not magically appear because you claim there is an NPOV dispute.
+::This discussion has the last few days NOT been about what in the article would be POV, instead it it was a couple of days ago about whether the article is POV as a whole. These last 24 hours your refusal to explain what it wrong with the article, now means that the dispute is whether there is a dispute or not. Soon we are starting to dispute whether you there is a dispute about the dispute.
+::Please stop this ridicoulous insanity. Either you come up with real actual complaints about how and where the article would be POV, or you just give up. Or, more shortly: Put up or shut up. ;) I see Cplot is trying that. Thanks. You others should join too. --[[User:Regebro|Regebro]] 00:18, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Clowns ==
+Someone has suggested that the article is run by what Wikipedia I think calls '''clowns''' (if I'm using the right term). It might be better for others to just avoid the discussion here for a while and look to draft a rewrite of the entire article elsewhere. It does no on eany good to engage here where they seek to bait people into 3rr violations or personal attacks. Obviously they're just playing games here. We can return later and fix the article. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 22:59, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+:[[WP:NPA]], trying be civil please. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 23:18, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:: This has got to be the nth time someone has suggested I'm being uncivil of violating NPA for using the term '''clowns'''. Am I using the term wrong? Who am I attacking? --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 23:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::Maybe you should take the advice. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 23:50, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::: I'm trying to take the advice. I do not understand who I'm attacking. Just tell me who this could possibly be attacking personally and I"ll apologize profussely. I thought I was just using a common wiki word. --[[User:Cplot|Cplot]] 23:56, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Federal authorities should definitely not contribute to this article ==
+
+Just to make sure we're clear on that. Some of you are trying to argue that it's ok. It's not. --[[User:70.8.151.103|70.8.151.103]] 21:11, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Just to make it clear, it surely is. Since Federal Authorities were not responcible for the attacks like some believe but never prove, its perfectly fine for someone who works for a federal position to edit the article as long as they do it according to guidelines and policies. --[[User:NuclearUmpf|Nuclear]][[User:Zer0faults|Zer0]] 21:17, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+: You are way off base here. The accusations that are being made here about federal authorities working in official capacity to alter wikipedia iw inappropriate on so many levels. And besides that the spreading perception is that they're not even playing fair with the rules besides that.
+
+Again, anyone can contribute as long as they follow the rules. [[User:Tom harrison|Tom Harrison]] [[User talk:Tom harrison|Talk]] 22:07, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
2013-03-13 16:30:47 90000368 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3130136]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,9 +1,60 @@\n
-'''Dynamos''' may mean:
-*The plural of [[dynamo]]
-A football club:
-*[[Dynamos (South Africa)|Dynamos FC]], a South African soccer club
-*[[Dynamos (Zimbabwe)|Dynamos FC]], a Zimbabwean soccer club
-*[[Lusaka Dynamos]], a Zambian soccer club
-*[[Power Dynamos FC]], a Zambian soccer club
-also a chicago based indie band
-{{disambig}}
+{{cleanup fiction-as-fact}}
+
+[[Image:Professor_Charlie_Eppes.jpg|thumb|300px|Dr. Charles Edward Eppes]]
+'''Charlie Eppes''', played by [[David Krumholtz]], is one of two [[protagonist|main]] [[fictional characters]] in the [[television show]] ''[[NUMB3RS]]''.
+
+Charlie is a young [[mathematics|mathematical]] [[genius]] and [[professor]] of [[applied mathematics]] at the fictional California Institute of Science, CalSci (primarily based on [[Caltech]], where some filming and mathematics consulting is done). As a world-class [[mathematician]], he helps his brother [[Don Eppes]] solve many of his perplexing FBI cases, sometimes with close friends and colleagues [[Larry Fleinhardt]] and [[Characters of NUMB3RS#Amita Ramanujan|Amita Ramanujan]] who further refine Charlie's approach and help him stay focused, and has consulted for the [[NSA]] for nearly five years, having attained the highest level of national security clearance.
+
+[[Image:Mathematics and Numb3rs.jpg|thumb|left|250px|One of Charlie's mathematical models in ''CharlieVision''.]]
+
+:''And I tend to remember numbers.'' — "Uncertainty Principle"
+
+According to Charlie's [[Alan Eppes|father]], he could multiply 4-digit numbers mentally at age 3 and at the age of 4 required special teachers. In the second grade, he attempted to find a 70-digit [[narcissistic number]] in [[Duodecimal|base 12]] — Charlie has described himself as "[[Don Quixote|quixotic]]" in elementary school. A [[child prodigy|prodigy]], Charlie attended [[Princeton University]] at the age of 13 after graduating from high school at the same time as his older brother, published his first mathematical treatise at the age of 14, and graduated at the age of 16. In fact, he was the youngest person to ever write a paper of importance.
+
+It was his paper on the Eppes [[convergence]], which concerned [[asymptote|asymptotics]] of [[Hermitian]] [[Random matrix|random matrices]], that made him a star in his field. Following a seminar that heavily criticized this seminal piece many years after its initial publication, Charlie realized that his work with the FBI has prevented him from doing research significant to other mathematicians and now hopes to spend decades on [[cognition|cognitive]] [[emergence|emergence theory]] ("the mathematics of the brain") to rectify this certain inequity, which has delighted Larry. Although he was a child prodigy, Charlie now moreover fears the fact that his best years in his research will never come ahead of schedule again.
+
+He is extremely talented in [[chess]], as it requires both his father and brother to play against him and a distraction to defeat him. Charlie also has vast understanding of [[theoretical physics]], often assisting Larry with his multi-dimensional [[supergravity|supergravity theory]] and papers on [[gravitational wave|gravity waves]], and [[biology]], extending to knowledge of [[ciliate]] [[protozoa]] and the spread of infectious diseases. While brilliant in some areas, he is lacking in others. He is apparently a bad speller (e.g., he misspells "[[anomaly]]" and "conceited") and does not know the meaning of "defenestration" (for which Larry chastises him stating that the idealization is to be a [[polymath|Renaissance man]] and that even math and physics majors had to have a course on English). Thus, his father likes playing [[Scrabble]] with him.
+
+[[Image:Charlie at the Chalkboard.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Charlie at the chalkboard working on a [[probability]] [[mathematical model|model]].]]
+
+Charlie has wild furrowed hair, is wary of people and frequently enthralled with objects and patterns. His father has said Charlie is easily fascinated, possesses a big heart and is thorough. But he misses certain things completely. Meanwhile, Larry observed that he is "a talented [[theory|theoretician]] with an ego problem" and a student once described him as fast talking and disorganized, and Larry agrees. Fleinhardt also accurately noticed that his colleague has a high standard of guilt and is a pragmatist. Charlie is rather fond of providing excessive explanations (e.g., his discussion of [[Occam's razor]]) and reducing complex phenomena to intuitively obvious situations through practical analogies that are quite unlike Larry's metaphysical musings and cosmic metaphors. While contemplating, his antics and mannerisms may even disconcert more conventional thinkers. Wearing his headset, Dr. Eppes has an intense focusing ability as he voraciously writes [[equation]]s, often covering several [[blackboard|chalkboards]] with a staccato clacking and the aid of a red chalk holder. Nevertheless, if his line of thought is interrupted during a tense moment, as one of restricted foresight, he can become very disgruntled. Further, when deeply concentrating on a particular problem, it seems Charlie is unable to provide insights to other topics for the sake that they are simply needed or wanted — he has to write what is in his head. Like his brother Don, he is characteristically stubborn and obsessive ("one part exuberance, two parts obsession"), especially when it comes to work, but he's rather naïve when it comes to human behavior. The latter often interferes with his FBI work and, thus, is the cause of much distress for him at times.
+
+[[Image:Amita_with_Charlie.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Amita working with Charlie.]]Quite conversely, Charlie's research often interferes with his relationships: as with Amita on their first date, for all they could talk about is mathematics; Fleinhardt said that it was a common interest and they should not struggle to avoid the subject. Charlie has also spent some time with his ex-girlfriend, Susan Berry ([[Sonya Walger]]), an attractive [[neuroscience|neuroscientist]] from [[London, England|London]]. He had lived with Susan for two years, and Larry described this as his very own [[Geometric phase|Berry's phase]]. However, she later revealed that she is currently involved with someone else and had to return to [[England]]. Charlie has attempted to start a relationship with Amita once more, though her job offer at [[Harvard University]] had strained this possibility and made him distraught for some time. Recently, she decided to take the alternative offer at CalSci and hopes to begin a romantic relationship with him, though his fear of possible failure caused him to question whether he wanted this second chance; Don cautioned him about such an attitude. Amita noticed his ambivalence and wasn't certain if she wanted to back out of the relationship, but he then pushed it forward.
+
+The episode "Uncertainty Principle" is significant for the backstory it gives on the family relationships, particularly Charlie's difficulty in dealing with his mother's death from cancer. While it's unclear how Don reacted, Charlie spent the last three months of his mother's life isolated in the garage, incessantly working on one of the [[Clay Mathematics Institute#Millennium Prize Problems|Millennium Prize Problem]]s, specifically [[Complexity classes P and NP|P vs NP]]; it's a point of contention between the brothers. Also, Charlie doesn't think Don understood what he went through during their school years, especially how he was treated as "Don's brainiac little brother" by his peers in high school. However, Charlie's relationship with Don remains strong, as he has begun to increasingly fear for his brother's safety on the job and still looks to his older brother for acceptance. Charlie and his father worry about Don committing to relationships, and feared that he had been cheating on Robin Brooks. Ironically, Charlie has similar problems with women himself. FBI agent [[David Sinclair]] of Don's team has even commented that he has never seen two brothers so similar and yet so different.
+
+[[Image:Eppes family.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Eppes family.]]
+
+In "Prime Suspect," Charlie purchases the beautiful [[Arts and Crafts movement|Craftsman]] family home from his father, who continues to live with him. Now 30 years old, Charlie wants to be responsible and take care of his father but still believes that much of the pressures involving their dad has been put on his shoulders as Don doesn't seem to have enough time. Realizing this, Alan had set his sights on moving out to accomplish things on his own, with Charlie seemingly supporting the idea, but has since chosen to stay as he favors his son's company. Recently, Charlie was bothered by his father trying to impose his will on him with maintaing the house, as he is a full [[tenure]]d professor at one of the most prestigious institutions in the country working on "life-altering" mathematics, i.e., in solving crimes. Alan just wanted him to be responsible and not end up like Larry, though Mr. Eppes respects Fleinhardt. Even he has thought of this possibility and decided to do more around the home. After Charlie compared his own situation to that of [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] his father looked into information on the [[physicist]] and understood his son's predicament. Charlie also feels guilty about the amount of time his parents, particularly his mother, who always was attuned to his way of thinking, spent with him as a child; he even asks his mother ([[JoBeth Williams]]) in a dream if she regrets the time away from Don and Alan because of the special attention he needed growing up.
+
+[[Image:Charlie, Amita, and Larry.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charlie with colleagues Amita Ramanujan and Larry Fleinhardt at CalSci.]]
+
+As of late, unforeseen complications with his work have emerged as the new [[Chair (official)|Chair]] of the CalSci Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy Division, Dr. Mildred French ([[Kathy Najimy]]), has made Charlie share the position as head of the [[Ph.D.]] admissions committee against his wishes, bogging him down with more work, and gave him pressures about using the school's [[supercomputer]] for FBI work or missing classes for such. This led to Charlie being confrontational, but she calmed him when she said she just wanted him to be "the [[Sean Connery]] of the mathematics [[academic department|department]]."
+
+When Larry announced his leave of absence to the [[International Space Station]], Charlie was shocked and upset. He denied Larry's ambitions, as he thought reason of the risks involved would assert itself firmly in Larry's mind. Larry remanded his prized possessions to him. When Charlie told him his concerns, Larry was angered. Amita said to Larry, "[Charlie] has never dreamt of something he couldn't reach, so he has no idea what it is like to want something he is not able to get. So how could he understand how much [Larry] would give up when this chance comes along?" Larry understood and decided to ignore Charlie's contestations. Though neither apologized, they were on good terms. Charlie said to Amita that he does not know what he would do without him, as he perused through Larry's precious items that were bestowed upon him.
+
+==Notes==
+*Following his five-year studies on [[random matrix|random matrices]], Charlie worked on [[sequence]]s with [[orthogonality|orthogonal]] [[symmetry]] and has given a seminar on the [[root (mathematics)|zeros]] of [[randomness|random]] [[orthogonal polynomials]]. He has also provided insights for possibly solving the [[Complexity classes P and NP|P vs NP]] problem and published a work on [[H∞|H-infinity]] [[Non-linear control|Control of Non-Linear Systems]], while his current research is in [[cognition|cognitive]] [[emergence|emergence theory]]. Charlie has taught courses on [[calculus]], [[chaos theory]], [[fluid dynamics]], and [[probability]] at CalSci in addition to giving guest [[lecture]]s on [[probability theory|applied probability]]. The lecture in which he converted the classroom into a miniature [[casino]] for analyzing probabilities is considered an "Eppes Classic". He also has given lectures on [[group theory]] and [[Kac–Moody algebra]]s.
+*Charlie corrected the loophole at the infinite-dimensional [[simplex]] in the Eppes convergence pointed out by rival prodigy and fellow Princeton graduate Dr. Marshall Penfield ([[Colin Hanks]]), a [[set theory|set theorist]] who has worked on [[representation theory]], calling it the Penfield variation.
+*It has been implied that he also studied at [[Stanford University]] and [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]].
+*Charlie is considered a "code-breaking machine" and served, in part, as a [[cryptanalysis|cryptanalyst]] for the NSA.
+*Larry has compared Charlie to [[Évariste Galois]], another once-plagued mathematical prodigy. Also, the young [[fantasy baseball]] and [[sabermetrics]] fanatic Oswald Kittner called him ''[[Good Will Hunting]]''.
+*According to Charlie's high school yearbook, his favorite person is [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]]. (The picture of [[Charlie Eppes|Charlie]] in his [[high school]] [[yearbook]] is actually a publicity still of [[David Krumholtz]] from his role in the movie "[[10 Things I Hate about You]]".)
+*Charlie likes to play Frisbee golf, video games and basketball. He also enjoys snowboarding, hiking and may be getting the hang of golfing and rock climbing. Fleinhardt has challenged him in air hockey, with his "physics" against Charlie's "geometry."
+*Charlie never liked his mother's pancakes, though Don did. He is partial to the garage like his mom (keeping much of his work on blackboards contained therein) and spreading his work out in a manner similar to his father with his blueprints.
+*In "Convergence," it is revealed that Charlie has a "substance abuse problem" with lemon meringue pie.
+*He feels that fingerprint analyses are non-standardized.
+*Professor Eppes didn't have a driver's license in season 1 and usually rode a bicycle, but got a second learner's permit. In the season 2 episode "Harvest," he shows a California driver's license. He is also a little wary about signing up to become an organ donor.
+*He cannot balance a checkbook very well.
+*Charlie is quite skilled in the art of [[origami]].
+
+== See also ==
+* [[NUMB3RS]]
+
+{{NUMB3RS}}
+[[Category:Fictional geniuses|Eppes, Charlie]]
+[[Category:Fictional Jews|Eppes, Charlie]]
+[[Category:Fictional mathematicians|Eppes, Charlie]]
+[[Category:NUMB3RS]]
+
+[[fr:Charlie Eppes]]
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+++ \n
@@ -1,4 +1,75 @@\n
-{{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}}
-
-Resetted again! Heh heh heh...
-Let's take this to your talk page!
+{{talkheader}}
+{{Comicsproj}}
+
+I think we should avoid "vital stats" lists in WP articles on fictional characters, as their info is usually unverifiable, vague, a subject of significant debate, and/or simply not interesting writing. I've removed the info from this article, especially as it also duplicates some of the info in the existing text. -[[User:Michael Rawdon|mhr]] 03:52, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
+
+----
+
+Hmm, do we really want to boldface the real names of superheroes on WP? That seems a bit distracting to me. -[[User:Michael Rawdon|mhr]] 01:45, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
+
+
+----
+
+I removed this from the main article because I agree that it really doesn't belong here. Since large numbers of these "vital stats" sections have been added to various articles, I'm using [[Talk:Strength level (comics)]] to discuss this in general. [[User:Bryan Derksen|Bryan]] 07:58, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
+
+*Real Name: Dr. Henry "Hank" Peter McCoy
+*Group affiliations: X-Men, X-Factor (disbanded), The Defenders (Disbanded), The New Defenders (Disbanded), Avengers, West Coast Avengers (Disbanded)
+*Height:(Ape-like Form) 5 ft. 11 in. Current Feline Form: 7ft. 0 in.
+*Weight: (Ape-like Form) 355 lbs. Current Feline Form: 450 lbs
+*Eyes: Blue
+*Hair: (originally) Brown, (currently) Blue-black
+*Other distinguishing features: Covered with fur, unusually large hands and feet, pointed ears, fang-like teeth
+*Source of powers: Benevolent mutation.
+**Intelligence Level: Genius
+**Extent of Education: Doctorate
+**Strength: Superhuman Class 50 (Recent mutation into a more feline form currently enables him to lift(military press) between 25 and 50 tons)
+**Speed: Superhuman(75 miles per hour, but can run at speeds of 100 miles per hour on all fours)
+**Reflexes:Superhuman(well beyond the natural limits of the human body)
+**Agility: Superhuman(well beyond the natural limits of the human body)
+**Stamina: Superhuman(can exert himself at peak capacity for 24 hours)
+**Durability: Superhuman Regenerative(able to regenerate damaged or destroyed cells and tissues to an extraordinary extent, but not able to regenerate missing limbs or organs.
+*Note: Hank McCoy once appeared almost completely human, with the exception of unusually large hands and feet. However, due to his attempts to scientifically remove the effects of his genetic mutation completely from his body he accidentally accellerated his mutation transforming him into an ape-like figure, which he retaind for a period of many years. However, after recently recieving a severe wound from the villain Vargas, Hank's body underwent another mutation in which he mutated in to a larger feline form. Many of Hank's original superhuman abilities, most notably his strength, stamina, and healing ability, are at much greater levels in his current form.
+
+==References==
+The references have been put in order of use in the article. Most of the information is from the ''Official Marvel Comics Site''. ''The Xavier Files'' reveals that he possesses a "'''superhuman''' intellect", which means he was born with a vast intellect, as it suggests that it is a power. However, this is not confirmed in other sources, and if it is a power he would lose his brilliant mind while in the Savage Land. In ''The Uncanny X-Men #308'', [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]] says that Beast has a doctorate in biophysics. ''X-Men: The Ultimate Guide'' states that he is on par with [[Professor X|Xavier]] in genius. ''Science of the X-Men'' explains genetic atavism and neoteny as related to Beast's mutation. ''X-Men: Reign of Apocalypse Hero Handbook'' was an official website (now removed) that showed Beast's role in the [[Legacy Virus]] and his reading of Proust. The ''Wolverine's Revenge'' website states that Beast is a Renaissance Man, and ''The Marvel Universe Roleplaying Game'' lists many of Dr. McCoy's specialties. [[User:24.253.120.206|24.253.120.206]] 16:48, 15 Jan 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+
+== Rejected by parents? ==
+
+Im pretty sure that in the original marvel continuity Beasts parents accept and love him, i seem to remember a Post Onslaught visit with Franklin Richards and Atrie and Leech
+
+:Dead right. Ultimate Beast was apparently rejected by his parents (until he became famous, when they sold out to the media. So he horrified them with his black girlfriend), but mainstream Beast still has a good relationship with his parents (so good, in fact, that Dark Beast was unable to bring himself to kill them).
+
+==Images==
+Wouldn't an image of him in his original form (furless) be useful on here since it's the way he existed for his for 16 years as a character? The "Cover to Astonishing X-Men #4" comes close, but it shows a black and white, upside down, distorted-looking image. What about [http://www.marveldatabase.com/wiki/index.php/Image:Beast_002.jpg something like this]?[[User:AriGold|AriGold]] 13:55, 28 March 2006 (UTC)
+* I agree, there needs to be a pre blue beast, at least so we can compare with how he looks to kelsey grammer, as I think the two are pretty similar. But, I would like to touch up my memory [[User:JackpotDen|Jackpot Den]] 19:38, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Merge Ultimate Beast ==
+
+Per the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics#Proliferation of Ultimate character articles|WP:COMIC talk page]], Ultimate character entries should be merged into the character's main article. --[[User:Psyphics|Newt ΨΦ]] 18:21, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
+===Survey===
+
+*'''Merge''' --[[User:Psyphics|Newt ΨΦ]] 18:21, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
+*'''Merge''' -[[User:Markeer|Markeer]] 19:59, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
+*'''Merge'''--[[User:ChrisGriswold|Chris Griswold]] 07:52, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
+*'''Merge''' [[User:Dr Archeville|Dr Archeville]] 14:28, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
+*'''Merge''' --[[User:Jamdav86|Jamdav86]] 12:45, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
+
+===Discussion===
+On top of his alternate-reality characterdom, he's a dead alternate reality character, and thus, barring any [[Comic book death|Marvel Death]], it's doubtful the [[Beast (comics)]] article will grow to the size that merits a new article. --[[User:Psyphics|Newt ΨΦ]] 18:21, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Berserker rage and similarities to Wolverine in current feline form==
+In the ''Danger'' storyline written by [[Joss Whedon]], the Beast clearly lets his "animal" side take over while fighting (and overcoming) Danger in Genosha. Earlier on, during [[Grant Morrison]]'s ''E is for Extinction'' story arc he also stated that trying to fight Cassandra Nova with his brains when she first revealed herself (and made [[Beak]] beat him into a coma) was a mistake, and then let loose a deep animal growl with Wolverine by his side. He's also been seen holding his own against Wolverine in terms of savagery when they fought over his temptation to cure himself from his mutation with Dr. Rao's medecine in the ''Gifted'' storyline (also by Whedon).
+
+That's an unusual behaviour for a character whose genius-level IQ had always been preeminent, and it seems likely that his feline form has been affecting his self-perception and allowed him to rely on his increased animal instinct and heightened senses when needed, while retaining his usual genius and humour in most cases. These facts make him the other "animal-minded" Astonishing X-Man, alongside [[Wolverine]]. --[[User:Cosmic Camel Clash|Cosmic Camel Clash]] 00:21, 16 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Middle Name==
+Is it Philip or Peter? --[[User:68.224.247.53|68.224.247.53]] 22:07, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
+*I don't know for sure, but uncannyxmen.net and marveldatabase.com (both linked at the bottom of the page) both say "Phil(l)ip" [[User:TSN|TSN]] 09:36, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Birthplace? ==
+
+Is Dunfee a typo for [[Dundee]]?
+
+Nope, it is really the fictional city of Dunfee, Illnois.
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-{{Infobox University
-|name = Parsons The New School for Design
-|image = [[Image:Parsons.gif|180px|Parsons: The New School for Design]]
-|established = [[1896]]
-|type = [[Private school|Private]]
-|faculty = 705
-|head_label = [[Dean (education)|Dean]]
-|head = Tim Marshall
-|undergrad = 3,100
-|postgrad = 400
-|city = [[New York City]]
-|country = [[United States|USA]]
-|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
-|affiliations = [[The New School]]
-|website = [http://www.parsons.edu/ www.parsons.edu]
-}}
-'''Parsons The New School for Design''' (abbreviated '''Parsons'''), located in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of [[New York City]], is a esign school affiliated since 1970 with [[The New School]], formerly known as New School University. Parsons is a member of the [[Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design]] (AICAD), a consortium of thirty-six leading art schools in the United States.
-
-Parsons has approximately 3,100 undergraduates and more than 400 graduate students enrolled. The School also offers continuing education courses and certificate programs, as well as weekend and summer pre-college programs for high school students.
-
-Parsons used to have four affiliate schools, located in [[France]], [[South Korea]], the [[Dominican Republic]], and [[Japan]]. These affiliate schools operated independently, but embrace Parsons' philosophy and teaching methodology. Recently, Parsons has cut off connections with all other schools except Parsons Paris in France.{{fact}}
-
-There are 30 full-time faculty members and more than 675 adjunct faculty members, many of whom are successful working artists and designers in New York City. Faculty members and visiting critics include architect [[Brian Lewis (architect)|Brian Lewis]] and artist [[Brian Tolle]].
-
-Parsons is the setting for the [[Bravo (television network)|Bravo]] reality television program ''[[Project Runway]].'' [[Tim Gunn]], Chair of Fashion Design at Parsons, serves as the mentor to the designers on the program.
-
-==History==
-Founded as the Chase School in [[1896]] by impressionist painter [[William Merritt Chase]], it changed its name in [[1898]] to the New York School of Art.
-
-[[Frank Alvah Parsons]] joined the faculty in [[1904]]. He became an administrator in [[1907]], and worked to broaden the curriculum, opening the first programs in [[interior design]], [[graphic design]], and [[advertising]] in the [[United States]]. In [[1909]], the school was renamed the New York School of Fine and Applied Art to reflect these offerings. Parsons became sole director in [[1911]], a position which he maintained to his death in [[1930]].
-
-William Odom, who established the school's Paris Ateliers in [[1921]], succeeded Parsons as president. In [[1941]], he renamed the institution the Parsons School of Design to recognize his predecessor's formative influence.
-
-In [[1970]], the school was incorporated into [[The New School for Social Research]]. In [[2005]], when the parent institution was renamed [[The New School]], Parsons School of Design was renamed Parsons The New School for Design.
-
-==Notable Alumni==
-===General & Miscellaneous===
-{{col-begin}}
-{{col-2}}
-*'''[[Hector Luis Bustamante]]''' [[Actor]] and [[Graphic Designer]]
-*'''[[William Scott Mahr]]''' [[Graphic Designer]]
-*'''[[Kelly Chen]]''' [[Hong Kong]] [[Singer]]
-*'''Amy V. Cooper''' [[Photographer]]
-*'''[[Jane Frank]]''' [[Painter]], [[Mixed media|Mixed media artist]], [[Sculptor]], [[Advertising|Advertising Designer]] and [[Illustrator]]
-*'''[[Edward Hopper]]''' [[Painter]]
-*'''[[Matthew Perpetua]]''' [[Fluxblog]] Creator
-*'''[[Paul Rand]]''' [[Graphic Designer]]
-{{col-2}}
-*'''[[Norman Rockwell]]''' [[Painter]]
-*'''[[Joel Schumacher]]''' [[Film director]] and [[Film Producer|Producer]]
-*'''Jason Witenstein-Weaver''' [[Artist]] and Creative Technologist
-*'''Robert ''[[Rob Zombie]]'' Cummings''' [[Musician]], [[Writer]] and [[Film director|Director]]
-*'''[[Joe Dunn (webcomics)|Joe Dunn]]''' [[Cartoonist]] and [[Film Critic]]
-*'''[[Roman Turovsky-Savchuk]]''' [[Composer]], [[Lutenist]] and [[Painter]]
-{{col-end}}
-
-===Fashion Related===
-{{col-begin}}
-{{col-2}}
-'''Fashion Designers'''
-*'''Doo Ri Chung'''
-*'''[[Tom Ford]]'''
-*'''Lazaro Hernandez'''
-*'''[[Marc Jacobs]]'''
-*'''[[Donna Karan]]'''
-*'''Jack McCoullough'''
-*'''[[Isaac Mizrahi]]'''
-*'''[[Anna Sui]]'''
-*'''[[Narciso Rodriguez]]'''
-{{col-2}}
-'''Other'''
-*'''[[Steven Meisel]]''' Fashion Photographer
-*'''Zulema Griffin''' Fashion & Costume Designer ''(Contestant in Project Runway)''
-*'''Emmet McCarthy''' Fashion Designer ''(Contestant in Project Runway)''
-*'''[[Robert Best (designer)|Robert Best]]''' Clothing and Toy Designer ''(Contestant in Project Runway: Season 3)''
-*'''[[Julia Restoin-Roitfeld]]''' Model ''(Daughter of [[Vogue (magazine)|French Vogue]] editor Carine Roitfeld)''
-{{col-end}}
-
-==See also==
-* [[Parsons Table|Parsons table]]
-
-==External links==
-*[http://www.parsons.edu/ Parsons The New School for Design]
-
-[[Category:1896 establishments]]
-[[Category:Architecture schools]]
-[[Category:Art schools in the United States]]
-[[Category:Design schools]]
-[[Category:Furniture designers|Parsons New School for Design]]
-[[Category:New School University]]
-[[Category:Fashion]]
-[[Category:New York City culture]]
-[[Category:Universities and colleges in New York City]]
-[[Category:Project Runway]]
-{{Northeast U.S. Art Colleges}}
+*To Prepare for FA STATUS, from Peer Review:
+*Sparse inline citations, and many of the ones that are there aren't high quality.
+*Get more critical analysis of her work (look up reviews in Rolling Stone, Entertainment Weekly, newspapers of large cities, etc.).
+*Fill in 2 citations
+*Format external links in the text
+*fair use rationales
+*It is mainly structural and syntactical issues like this that which separate it from FA status - there are plenty of facts but they are poorly presented and organised.
+*the article also has a very messy supporting article base, many needing serious cleanup.
+*I'd suggest to do a lot of paragraph merging - keep them nice and long. (I think the size of the paragraghs are perfect right now, if you merge them I think it will look like a mess)
+*Resolve self-redirect via [[Jason Allen Alexander]]
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-:''For the fictional city of Quahog, Rhode Island on the TV show Family Guy see [[Quahog (Family Guy)]].''
-----
+'''[[Professional wrestling]] in [[Australia]]''' makes up a small but growing part of Australian [[culture]]. Unlike the [[North America]]n or [[Japan]]ese products which have large, globally renowned organisations such as [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] or [[New Japan Pro Wrestling]] with several hundred smaller [[professional wrestling promotion|promotions]], Australia has thirteen smaller [[independent circuit]] promotions which exist in all but two of the states, those being the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Tasmania]]. Tours from the North American product are regularly sold out in capital cities such as [[Melbourne]], [[Sydney]] and [[Brisbane]].

-{{Taxobox
-| color = pink
-| name = Hard Clam or Quahog
-| image = LittleNeck_clams_USDA96c1862.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
-| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
-| ordo = [[Veneroida]]
-| familia = [[Veneridae]]
-| genus = ''[[Mercenaria]]''
-| species = '''''M. mercenaria'''''
-| binomial = ''Mercenaria mercenaria''
-| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
-}}
-The '''hard clam''' or '''quahog''', ''Mercenaria mercenaria'' is a [[bivalve]] [[mollusc]] native to the eastern shores of [[North America]], from [[Nova Scotia]] to the [[Yucatan Peninsula]]. Older sources may give it the systematic name ''Venus mercenaria''. It is one of many unrelated bivalves referred to as [[clam]]s.
+==History==
+Professional wrestling in Australia first became popular in the 1970s when [[WCW Australia]] was broadcasted nationally. The home-grown promotion kept audiences entertained before [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] became a global wrestling empire.

-==Distribution==
-Hard clams are quite common throughout [[New England]], north into [[Canada]], and all down the [[Eastern seaboard]] of the [[United States]] to [[Florida]], but are particularly abundant between [[Cape Cod]] and [[New Jersey]], where seeding and harvesting them is an important commercial form of [[aquaculture]]; for example, the species is an important member of the suspension-feeding, [[benthic]] fauna of the lower [[Chesapeake Bay]], while tiny [[Rhode Island]], situated right in the middle of "quahog country," has supplied a quarter of the USA's total annual commercial quahog catch. The quahog shell is the Rhode Island state shell. The species has also been [[introduced species|introduced]] and is farmed on the [[Pacific]] coast of North America and in [[Great Britain]] and continental [[Europe]].
+Throughout the 1990s, both ''[[WCW Monday Nitro]]'' and ''[[WWE RAW]]'' were broadcasted on free-to-air networks but were put in poor timeslots and were subsequently cancelled because of poor ratings. WWE's major [[pay-per-view]]s (''[[Royal Rumble]]'', ''[[WrestleMania]]'', ''[[King of the Ring]]'', ''[[SummerSlam]]'' and ''[[Survivor Series]]'') were all shown up until [[2001]], when every pay-per-view began being shown.

-==Description==
-The hard clam has a thick tan [[animal shell|shell]], usually [[egg (biology)|egg]]- or [[heart]]-shaped, with concentric growth lines on its exterior. Its white interior has a deep purple stain surrounding its muscle [[scar]], and its hinge has three white cardinal [[tooth|teeth]]. This [[species]] may grow to a width of 10 cm. In most stages the hard clam has thick hard shells that contrast with the thin, easily broken shells of the soft-shell. An alternative name, "Littleneck", refers to the two barely visible [[Siphon (organ)|siphons]] that can be seen in freshly shucked clams just below one of the cut [[muscle]]s. They are separate from each other and short, so the hard clam does not [[burrow]] deeply. It thrives best in salt concentrations of 18-26 ppt, which is less salty than open ocean salinity of 35 ppt, and thus tends to be found in less-salty tidal [[estuaries]] and bays. Hard clams have a "foot" they use to dig themselves into the sand and mud, and they are filter feeders, and are susceptible to concentrating human toxins if the toxins are present in their environment (especially, see [[Red tide]], and more commonly [[coliform bacteria]]).
+WWE programming returned in [[2000]] with ''[[WWE RAW]]'' being shown on [[Fox Sports]] on Tuesday nights. ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]'' followed and was broadcasted on [[FOX8]] Friday nights but was moved to Saturday nights in 2001.

-==Alternative names==
-The hard clam has many alternative names in addition to quahog. It is also known as the Northern Quahog, round clam, littleneck, cherrystone or the chowder clam. Of all these names, the most distinctive is Quahog (pronounced "KO-hog", [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/kohɑɡ/}}, "kwag", or "kwa-HOG", [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/kwɑhɑɡ/}}), which comes from the [[Narragansett (tribe)|Narragansett]] Indian word "poquauhock" (the word is similar in [[Wampanoag]] and some other [[Algonquian]] languages), and as New England Indians made valuable beads called [[wampum]] from the shells (especially the purple color), the species name ''mercenaria'' is related to the [[Latin]] word for "money".
+In September [[2002]] negotiations between FOX8 and WWE fell through and ''SmackDown!'' was cancelled. A special [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling|NWA-TNA]] package replaced it in early [[2003]] but only lasted a year. NWA-TNA pay-per-views were shown once a month throughout 2003 during a time when they were being presented weekly in the [[United States]]. WWE pay-per-views were also lost to Main Event in the same deal that cost Australian fans SmackDown. [[Village Roadshow|Village Cinemas]] showed them for a few months until August 2003 when ''SmackDown!'' returned on Saturday nights as well as the pay-per-views, starting with ''[[SummerSlam]]''. RAW was moved from Fox Sports to FOX8 and was shown on Friday nights. In order to prevent spoiler hunting on the internet, FOX8 moved WWE programming to timeslots closer to their United States air date.

-==Culinary use==
-In coastal areas of New England, restaurants known as [[raw bars]] specialize in serving cherrystones served raw on an opened half-shell, usually with a [[cocktail sauce]] with [[horseradish]], and often with [[lemon]]. Sometimes, quahogs are steamed and dipped in butter, though not as commonly as their [[Soft-shell Clam|soft-shelled clam]] cousin, the "steamer". Littlenecks are often found in-the-shell in soups, stews, "Clams casino", or substituted for European varieties such as the [[cockle]] in southern European seafood dishes. The largest clams with the toughest meat are used for flavor in more processed forms including the traditional [[clam chowder]] and [[stuffed clam]].
+In February [[2005]], ''[[WWE HEAT]]'', ''[[WWE Velocity]]'' and ''[[The WWE Experience]]'' were added to FOX8 and set up a large wrestling program on Saturdays and Sundays which now exists today. Despite ''Heat'', ''Velocity'' and ''Experience'' all being cancelled in the [[United States]] the shows are still shown in Australia to fulfill contractual obligations. When ''SmackDown!'' was moved to Friday nights in the United States, in Australia it remained on Friday afternoons.

-== Preparation and cooking ==
-It is especially important to prepare quahogs properly to remove sand and mud lodged in their stomachs. Here is the best way to accomplish this:
+After just over 3 years, Australian wrestling fans are once again being treated to TNA. Beginning with ''[[TNA Sacrifice 2006]]'' on [[May 27]] on tape delay TNA monthly [[pay-per-view]] events are being broadcasted in Australia. At this current time. there are no plans to screen the weekly show Impact on Australian television.

-1. Let the quahogs stand in sea water for 15 minutes. If using tap water, add salt so the quahogs will stay alive. This technique will release the sand and mud in their stomachs.
+WWE announced that on the international market, ECW would replace ''Velocity'', but Foxtel announced that there are no plans to show the ECW show in Australia. After receiving email upon email requesting ECW television in Australia, Foxtel finally laid concerns to rest and confirmed that ''[[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|ECW on Sci Fi]]'' would begin broadcasting in Australia starting from [[September 2]], 2006. The [[WWE Fanatic Series]] began airing in [[October 2006]].
+
+ECW joined the other programs on Fox 8.

-2. Scrub the shells thoroughly with a stiff bristled brush under cold water.
+==Live events==
+Shows from North American promotions have been held in Australia as early as [[1985]] when WWE toured through [[Melbourne]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] and [[Adelaide]] and through Melbourne and Brisbane again in 1986. That was the last Australia saw of a live North American product until [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] did a ''[[WCW Monday Nitro|Nitro]]'' and ''[[WCW Thunder|Thunder]]'' taping in Melbourne and a ''[[WCW Thunder|Thunder]]'' taping in Brisbane in [[2000]].

-==Popular culture references==
-The Quahog achieved prominence in popular culture in the [[animation|animated]] [[television]] show ''[[Family Guy]]'', which takes place in the fictional town of Quahog, Rhode Island, which was named after this legendary clam.
+The next time WWE came to Australia was for the ''[[WWE Global Warning Tour]]'' in 2002. A crowd of 56,000 packed into [[Telstra Dome|Colonial Stadium]] as well a pay-per-view audience throughout [[Asia]] witnessed the first WWE show on Australian soil in 16 years.

-==External links==
-*[http://www.quahog.org quahog.org]
+WWE has visited Australia regularly since Global Warning by touring at least once a year since [[2003]]. An [[independent circuit]] show was organised in [[October 2005]] called ''International Assault'' to further increase the amount of North American product showcased live in Australia.

-[[Category:Molluscs]]
-[[Category:Seafood]]
+* Photos of the August SummerSlam Tour are available to view [http://ringsideconsulting.com/gallery/index.php?cat=21 here].
+
+* ''For a full list of live events in Australia see [[Professional wrestling tours of Australia]]''
+
+==Programming==
+''Note: All times are in Eastern Daylight Time. [[Queensland|Qld]] subtract 1 hour, [[South Australia|SA]] subtract 30 minutes, [[Western Australia|WA]] subtract 3 hours''
+
+
+===Weekly programming===
+[[FOX8]] is currently the only network to air all televised shows in Australia. Times for programmes are as follows:
+*''[[WWE RAW]]'' - Wednesdays at 3:30pm, replayed Saturdays 12:00pm
+*''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!]]'' - Fridays at 3:30pm, replayed Sundays at 12:00pm
+*''[[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|WWE ECW]]'' - Saturdays at 2:00pm
+*''[[The WWE Experience]]'' - Saturdays at 3:00pm ''
+*''[[WWE HEAT]]'' - Sundays at 2:00pm
+
+''Note: all programs are aired 2 hours later on FOX8+2.''
+
+===Pay-per-view===
+[[Pay-per-view]]s in Australia are shown on [[Main Event]], the only provider in Australia. Main Event has been broadcasting pay-per-views for both [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] starting in [[1999]] until the present time and [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] pay-per-views from [[1997]] until they were bought out in [[March 2001]]. Main Event also began broadcasting [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling|TNA]] pay-per-views due to the high demand from wrestling fans. They have been broadcasted since [[May 2006]], starting with [[TNA Sacrifice 2006|Sacrifice]].
+
+* ''For list of upcoming pay-per-view events in Australia, see [[Main Event]]''
+* ''For a full list of WWE pay-per-views see the [[list of WWE pay-per-view events]].''

+* ''For a full list of TNA pay-per-views see the [[list of TNA pay-per-view events]]. TNA sites will not have Australian times.''
+
+===WWE Fanatic Series===
+The November documentary featured on ''[[WWE Fanatic Series]]'' will be ''[http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/788711 "McMahon"]''. It will be screening on pay-per-view on [[November 10]] and [[November 25]], screening every two hours from 8am to 8pm (AEST) and is available to order now on [[Main Event]]. The cost will be [[Australian dollar|AU$]]9.95 for an all day ticket.
+
+===WWE Films===
+All WWE Films to date had production at [[Warner Bros. Movie World]], on the Gold Coast, Queensland. The mst recent film being produced there was "[[The Condemned]]" starring [[Stone Cold Steve Austin]]. "[[The Condemned]]" also filmed around the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Brisbane]], [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]] the [[Moreton Bay Islands]].
+
+It has also been announced that the Australian release date for [[John Cena|John Cena's]] movie "[[The Marine]]". It will be released as "Marine" in Australia on [[February 22nd]] [[2007]].
+
+[[See No Evil (film)|See No Evil]] starring [[Glen Jacobs|Kane]] will be released [http://72.14.235.104/search?q=cache:VK4L0GMy-poJ:www.moviemarshal.com/releasedates-upcoming.html+See+No+Evil+DVD+Release&hl=en&gl=au&ct=clnk&cd=1 Straight to DVD] but a release date has not been announced.
+
+==Other media==
+* [[WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007]] is now released !
+
+*A fortnightly wrestling program is available online at [http://www.sport927.com.au Sport927 Radio] at 12am midnight Thursday night/Friday morning. It covers Australia's interests in WWE, TNA, UFC and the local [[independent circuit]].
+
+*WWE's [[mobile phone|mobile]] service is available in Australia. Content including ringtones, voicetones and wallpapers are available to purchase. The service is available on [[Optus]], [[Telstra]] and [[Vodafone]] and is charged directly to the phone bill. The mobile alert feature is currently not available.
+
+*[[Matt Striker]] wrote a [http://www.wwe.com/inside/news/strikerclassroom diary entry] on the [[August 2006]] tour of Australia.
+
+==Promotions==
+
+* [[Australian Wrestling Federation]] (AWF) - Sydney
+* [http://www.iwawrestling.com.au International Wrestling Australia] (IWA) - Sydney
+* [http://www.maineventwrestling.net Main Event Wrestling] (MEW) - Canberra
+* [http://www.wcwaustralia.tk Major Impact Wrestling] (MIW) - Gold Coast
+* NWA Pro: Explosive Pro Wrestling (EPW)
+** [http://www.epwperth.com Perth]
+** [http://www.epwadelaide.com Adelaide]
+* [http://www.newagewrestling.net New Aussie Wrestling] (NAW) - Melbourne
+* Pro Wrestling Alliance (PWA)
+** [http://www.pwaweb.com Melbourne]
+** [http://www.pwacanberra.com Canberra] 1
+** [http://www.jpwrestling.com Adelaide] 2
+* [[Professional Championship Wrestling (Australia)|Professional Championship Wrestling]] (PCW) - Melbourne
+* [http://www.totalwrestlingentertainment.com Total Wrestling Entertainment] (TWE) - Melbourne
+* [[Ultimate Wrestling Alliance]] (UWA) - Sydney
+
+'''Defunct'''

+* [[All Star Wrestling (Australia)|All Star Wrestling]] (ASW)
+* [[International Wrestling Alliance]] (IWA)
+* [[NWA Australia]] 3
+* [[Superstars of Wrestling]] (SOW)
+* [[WCW Australia]] 4
+* [[World Wrestling All-Stars]] (WWA)
+
+
+'''Notes'''

+1 Previously Capital Pro Wrestling - now part of PWA.

+2 Previously Joint Promotions Wrestling - now part of PWA.

+3 Not merged with any company as suspected. Became defunct.

+4 No relation with [[World Championship Wrestling|United States promotion of same name]].
+
+==See also==
+*[[Professional wrestling in Japan]]
+*[[Professional wrestling in Mexico]]
+*[[Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom]]
+
+==External links/References==
+*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bId14ZXRcIc Stone Cold at Movie World]
+*[http://au.movies.yahoo.com/Marine/movie/13340/ The Marine]
+*[http://www.wrestling-titles.com/australia/ Wrestling-Titles.com: Australia]
+*[http://www.angelfire.com/indie/independentwrestling Independent Wrestling]
+*[http://www.foxtel.com.au/ Foxtel Official Site]
+*[http://www.mainevent.com.au/home.asp Main Event Official Site]
+*[http://www.wwe.com/worldwide/australia/ WWE Australia]
+*[http://www.sport927.com.au/ 927 Sports Radio]
+*[http://www.wrestling.net.au/ Wrestling.net.au]
+[[Category:Professional wrestling by country|Australia, Professional wrestling in]]
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@@ -1,45 +1,543 @@\n
-[[Image:Marinesko.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Marinesko]]
-'''Alexander Ivanovich Marinesko''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Александр Иванович Маринеско, ''Aleksandr Ivanovich Marinesko'', ''Alexander Marinesco''; [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''Alexandru Marinescu''; [[January 15]], [[1913]] - [[November 25]], [[1963]]) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sailor and, during [[World War II]], the captain of the [[Soviet submarine S-13|S-13 submarine]] that sank the [[Nazi Germany|German]] ship ''[[KdF Ship Wilhelm Gustloff|Wilhelm Gustloff]]'', with casualties estimated between 6,000 and 9,000.
-
-Born in [[Odessa]], Marinesko was the son of a [[Romania]]n sailor and a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] woman. He trained in the [[Soviet Navy]] as part of the [[Black Sea Fleet]], and was later moved to a command position in the [[Baltic Fleet]].
-
-It turned out that ''Wilhelm Gustloff'' was transporting evacuated civilians and wounded soldiers, and the opinions about this hit are highly controversial, ranging from praise to accusations of a [[war crime]]. At the same time, it is reported that the ship was carrying a noticeable military force: around 1,000 submarine trainees, a female battalion of the [[Kriegsmarine|German Navy]], anti-aircraft forces, [[Independent State of Croatia|Croat]] volunteers; moreover, it was armed and under escort, with no markings of a hospital ship.
-
-In a short period of time, Alexander Marinesko sank a second German ship, ''[[SS General von Steuben|Steuben]]'', this time carrying mostly military personnel, with a total number of 3,000. The second hit was as important as first, from the strategic point of view. This way, Marinesko became also the most successful Soviet submarine commanders as for tonnage of ships sunk (42,000 [[Tonnage|BRT]]; not counting those, he also sank a small transport ship).
-
-However, Marinesko was not awarded for this the ''[[Hero of the Soviet Union]]'' title: his commanders refused to trust reports regarding the scale of the hit; in addition, he was deemed a controversial person, "not suitable to be a hero". Instead, he was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner]]. Due to problems with discipline and his [[alcoholism]], in September 1945 Marinesko was removed from submarine command, with a lowered rank, and in November he was put into reserve.
-
-He was awarded the title ''Hero of the Soviet Union'' posthumously, in [[1990]]. He is one of the more prominent characters in [[Günter Grass]]' novel ''[[Crabwalk]]''.
-
-==External links==
-*{{cite web
-| author =
-| year =
-| url =http://www.vor.ru/English/whims/whims_011.html
-| title =Hitler's Most Hated Man
-| format =HTML
-| work =
-| publisher =
-| accessdate =May 6
-| accessyear =2006
+{{references}}
+{{Infobox_Airline |
+airline = Avianca |
+logo = Aviancalogo1.PNG |
+logo_size = 300px |
+fleet_size = '''Avianca:''' 35
'''[[SAM Colombia|SAM]]:''' 17
'''Total:''' 52([http://www.avianca.com/QuienesSomos/NuestraFlota/ 2006]) |
+destinations = 41(+2) ([http://www.avianca.com/ParaViajeros/MapasDestinos/ 2006]) |
+IATA = AV |
+ICAO = AVA |
+callsign = AVIANCA |
+parent = [[Synergy Group]] Corp. |
+founded = [[December 5]], [[1919]], as [[SCADTA]] |
+headquarters = [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]] [[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px|]] |
+key_people = Fabio Villegas Ramírez, [[CEO]] |
+hubs = [[El Dorado International Airport]] |
+focus_cities = [[José María Córdova International Airport|José María Córdova Int'l Airport]]
[[Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport|Ernesto Cortissoz Int'l Airport]]
[[Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport|Alfonso Bonilla Aragón Int'l Airport]]
[[Rafael Nuñez International Airport|Rafael Nuñez Int'l Airport]]
[[Matecaña International Airport|Matecaña Int'l Airport]] |
+frequent_flyer = [http://www.avianca.com/ViajeroFrecuente/ AviancaPlus] |
+lounge = [http://www.avianca.com/ViajeroFrecuente/PoliticasyReglamento/salaselite.htm Avianca VIP lounges] |
+alliance = '''Codeshare partners''' ([http://www.avianca.com/ParaViajeros/Alianzas/ 2006])
[[Air Canada]]
[[Air France]]
[[Delta Air Lines]]
[[Grupo TACA]]
[[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]]
[[Mexicana de Aviación]] |
+website =
[http://www.avianca.com/ Avianca Colombia]
[http://www.avianca.us/ Avianca USA]
[http://www.avianca.co.uk/ Avianca UK] |
}}
-*[http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Perecoisky_Bridge Statue of Marinesko in Odessa, Ukraine]
-
-{{russia-mil-bio-stub}}
-
-[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:People from Odessa|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:People of Romanian descent|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:Soviet military personnel|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:Soviet World War II people|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:Submarine commanders|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:Ukrainian people|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:1913 births|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-[[Category:1963 deaths|Marinesko, Alexander]]
-
-[[de:Alexander Iwanowitsch Marinesko]]
-[[fr:Alexandre Marinesko]]
-[[pl:Aleksander Marinesko]]
-[[ru:Маринеско, Александр Иванович]]
-[[sl:Aleksander Ivanovič Marinesko]]
-[[sv:Aleksandr Marinesko]]
+
+'''Avianca''' ([[acronym]] for ''Aerovías del Continente Americano'', formerly ''Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia'') is a commercial [[airline]] headquartered in [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]]. It is the sixth largest air carrier in [[Latin America]] and the largest [[airline]] in [[Colombia]], holding the title of [[flag carrier]] since its founding in [[1919]].
+
+Avianca's main base of operations is located at [[El Dorado International Airport]], in [[Bogotá|Bogotá, D.C.]], [[Colombia]], with scheduled service to international destinations in [[Europe]], [[North America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Central America]] and [[South America]], as well as an extensive domestic and charter operation.
+
+Avianca operates five subsidiary [[airline]]s: [[SAM Colombia|SAM]] in [[Colombia]], [[OceanAir]] in [[Brazil]], [[Capital Airlines, Nigeria|Capital Airlines]] in [[Nigeria]] and [[VIP Ecuador|VIP]] in [[Ecuador]], as well as controlling 49% of [[Peru|Peruvian]] [[airline]] [[Wayraperú]]. [[Avianca Cargo]] is its [[cargo airline]], [[Avianca Services]] its [[Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul|MRO]] and [http://www.deskubra.net/ Deskubra] its travel agency.
+
+== History ==
+
+Avianca is considered by many to be the second oldest [[airline]] still operating in the [[history of aviation]], after [[KLM]] of the [[Netherlands]]. This claim is disputed by those who cite the continuing operation of [[Chalk's International Airlines]], a scheduled [[seaplane]] [[airline]] flying between [[Florida]] and [[the Bahamas]], which had been founded two years earlier, beginning scheduled service in February of [[1919]].
+
+=== SCADTA ===
+
+[[Image:Scadtapromotionallogo.jpg|thumb|right|202px|[[SCADTA]] was established in [[1919]].]]
+
+The airline traces its history back to [[December 5]], [[1919]], in the city of [[Barranquilla]], [[Colombia]]. [[Germans]] Werner Kämerer, Stuart Hosie, Alberto Tietjen, and [[Colombia]]ns Ernesto Cortissoz (the first President of the Airline), Rafael Palacio, Cristóbal Restrepo, Jacobo Correa, and Aristides Noguera founded the Colombo-German Company called ''Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transporte Aéreo'', or [[SCADTA]]. The company accomplished its first flight between Barranquilla and the nearby town of [[Puerto Colombia]] aboard a [[Junkers F.13|Junker F13]] wherein 57 pieces of mail were transported; the flight was piloted by German Helmuth Von Krohn. This and another aircraft of the same type were completely mechanically constructed [[monoplane]]s, the engines of which had to be modified in order to be able to efficiently operate in the climatic conditions of the country; there were nine airplanes in the fleet with a total range of 850 KM (525 Mi) and could carry up to four passengers and two crewmen. Due to the topographic characteristics of the country, and the lack of airports at the time, two [[seaplane|floaters]] were adapted to the [[Junkers|Junker]] aircraft in order for them to accomplish water landings in the rivers of different towns. Using these floaters Helmuth Von Krohn was able to perform the first inland flight over Colombia on [[October 20]], [[1920]], following the trail of the [[Magdalena River]]; the flight took eight hours and had to perform four emergency landings in the water.
+
+[[Image:Scadtalogo.jpg|thumb|left|161px|Avianca as [[SCADTA]].]]
+
+Soon after the vision of the founding group had become a reality, German [[scientist]] and [[philanthropy|philanthropist]] Peter von Bauer became interested in the airline and contributed general knowledge, [[capital]], and a tenth aircraft for the company as well as obtaining [[concession]]s from the Colombian government to operate the country's [[airmail]] transportation division using the airline. This new contract allowed [[SCADTA]] to thrive in a new frontier of aviation. By the mid [[1920s]], [[SCADTA]], having ocercome many natural obstacles, inaugurated its first international routes that initially covered destinations in [[Venezuela]] and the [[United States]]. Regretfully, in [[1924]], the aircraft that both Ernesto Cortizzos and Helmuth Von Krohn were piloting crashed into an area currently known as Bocas de Ceniza, in Barranquilla, causing their deaths. Despite this tragedy the airline continued to thrive under the guidance of German Peter von Braun until the early [[1940s]] where circumstances related to the outbreak of [[World War II]] forced him to sell his shares in the airline to the [[United States|U.S.]] owned [[Pan American World Airways]].
+
+=== National Airways of Colombia ===
+
+[[Image:Aviancapromotionallogo.jpg|thumb|right|264px|''Avianca, the oldest air company of the [[Americas]]'']]
+
+On [[June 14]], [[1940]], in the city of Barranquilla, [[SCADTA]], under ownership by [[United States]] [[business]]men merged with [[Colombian]] Air Carrier [[SACO]] ([[acronym]] of ''Servicio Aéreo Colombiano'') forming the new ''Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia S.A.'' or Avianca. Five [[Colombia]]ns participated in this act (Rafael María Palacio, Jacobo A. Corea, Cristobal Restrepo, Aristides Noguera), and [[Germany|German]] citizens Alberto Teitjen, Werner Kaemerer, and Stuart Hosie, while the post of first President of Avianca was acquired by Martín del Corral. There had been decades of dedicated work and contribution to [[Colombia|Colombia's]] development through actions among which the following may be highlighted:
+
+*In September of [[1920]], with Fritz Hammer as pilot, Wilhem Schnurrbush as copilot, and Stuart Hosie as a passenger, [[SCADTA]] accomplished its first flight between [[Barranquilla]] and [[Puerto Berrío]].
+
+*On [[October 19]] of that same year, Helmuth Von Krohn accomplished the first flight between [[Barranquilla]] and [[Girardot]], and by [[1921]] routes between [[Barranquilla]], [[Girardot]], and [[Neiva]] were established.
+
+*In [[1922]] Avianca began to provide airmail service.
+
+*In August of [[1922]], General [[Pedro Nel Ospina]], then [[President of Colombia]], used for the first time a [[SCADTA]] aircraft to conduct official business.
+
+*On [[July 19]], [[1923]], to save the country from [[bankruptcy]], [[SCADTA]] transported a gold and currency load from [[Puerto Berrío]] to [[Girardot]].
+
+*On [[July 12]], [[1928]], a [[SCADTA]] [[Junkers F.13|Junker F13]], commanded by Pilot Herbert Boy crossed the [[Equator]].
+
+[[Image:Aviancaformerlogo.gif|thumb|right|140px|Avianca's former logo.]]
+
+*On [[July 23]], [[1929]], regular routes between Girardot and [[Bogotá]] were established.
+
+*The cost of the first [[SCADTA]] air tickets were as follows: from [[Bogotá]] to [[Barranquilla]], COP $75; from [[Bogotá]] to [[Cartagena]], COP $85; from [[Bogotá]] to [[Cartago, Colombia|Cartago]], COP $35; from [[Bogotá]] to [[Cali]], COP $ 50.
+
+*On [[July 16]], [[1931]], [[SCADTA]] established the first mail service between [[Bogotá]] and [[New York City]].
+
+*In [[1937]], the [[airline]] acquired 10 [[Boeing 247]] twin-engine aircraft, extending its domestic routes.
+
+*By October [[1939]], Avianca acquired the first [[Douglas DC-3|Douglas DC3]] aircraft arriving in the country, flying then at the incredible speed of 200 miles per hour.
+
+*Beginning in [[1946]], Avianca inaugurated flights to [[Quito]], [[Lima]], [[Panama City]], [[Miami]], [[New York City]], and finally [[Europe]] using [[Douglas DC-4|Douglas DC4]] and [[C-54]] aircraft,.
+
+*In [[1951]], Avianca acquired the [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockeed Constellation 0749]] and the [[Lockheed Constellation|Super Constellation 1049L]] aircraft, the biggest and fastest of the time.
+
+*A grand feat in [[Colombia]]n commercial aviation was also conducted by Avianca in [[1956]] when the [[airline]] committed to take the [[Colombia]]n delegation that was to participate in the [[Melbourne]] [[Olympic Games]] in [[Australia]]. There were 61 hours of continuous operation, with only one stop for refueling allowed.
+
+*Four years later, in [[1961]], Avianca leased two [[Boeing 707|Boeing 707-100]] aircraft to operate its international routes, and on [[November 24]], [[1961]], it acquired its own [[Boeing 720]], baptizing them with the names [[Simón Bolívar]] and [[Francisco de Paula Santander]].
+
+*The year [[1976]] was an important one for Avianca becoming the first [[Latin America|Latin American]] [[airline]] to continuously operate a [[Boeing 747]]. Three years later it started operations with another 747, this time a [[Boeing 747|747 Combi]] mixed cargo and passenger operations.
+
+*In [[1981]] the possibilities for in-ground service for passengers in [[Bogotá]] expanded thanks to the modern air terminal that Avianca commissioned: [[El Dorado International Airport|Avianca’s Air Bridge]]. The new terminal originally operated routes to [[Miami]], [[New York City]], [[Cali]], [[Medellín]], [[Pasto]], and [[Montería]].
+
+*By [[1990]] Avianca had acquired the most modern aircraft in the world: two [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-200ER]]s, which were baptized with the names of [[Cristóbal Colón]] and [[Américo Vespucio]].
+
+=== Avianca's System ===
+
+In [[1994]], a strategic alliance was established to merge three of the most important enterprises of the aeronautical sector of Colombia: Avianca, [[SAM Colombia|SAM]] ([[acronym]] of ''Sociedad Aeronáutica de Medellín''), and [[Helicol]] ([[acronym]] of ''Helicópteros Nacionales de Colombia''), which brought life to Avianca’s new system of operations.
+
+[[Image:Avianca.anet.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|left|305px|Avianca [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767]] at [[Los Angeles International Airport]] in [[1992]]. [[Air New Zealand]] [[Boeing 747|B747]] can be seen nearby.]]
+
+This system offered specialized services in Cargo ([[Avianca Cargo]]) and mail ([[Avianca Cargo|Postal Services]], as well as the most modern aircraft fleet in [[Latin America]] made up of: [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-200]], [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-300]], [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757–200]], [[McDonnell Douglas MD-83|McDonnell Douglas MD83]], [[Fokker 50|Fokker F50]] and Bell Helicopters.
+
+Avianca’s new system covered the following destinations:
+
+*In [[Colombia]]: [[Bogotá]], [[Arauca]], [[Armenia]], [[Cali]], [[Medellín]], [[Barranquilla]], [[Bucaramanga]], [[Cartagena]], [[Cúcuta]], [[Santa Marta]], [[Leticia]], [[Manizales]], [[Montería]], [[Pasto]], [[Pereira]], [[Popayán]], [[Riohacha]], [[San Andrés]], [[Valledupar]], [[Providencia]], [[Capurganá]], [[Bahía Solano]], [[Nuquí]], [[Caucasia]], and [[Chigorodó]].
+
+*In [[South America]]: [[Buenos Aires]], [[Santiago de Chile]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[São Paulo]], [[Lima]], [[Quito]], [[Guayaquil]], [[Caracas]].
+
+*In the [[United States]]: [[Los Angeles]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New York City]], and [[Miami]].
+
+*In [[Europe]]: [[Madrid]], [[Paris]], [[Frankfurt]], and [[London]].
+
+*In [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]]: [[Mexico]], [[Panama]], [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], [[Curaçao]], and [[Aruba]].
+
+By [[1996]], the trademark [[Avianca Cargo|Deprisa]] was created as an evolution of [[Avianca Cargo|Avianca’s Postal Services]] to ship and deliver documents and urgent goods in 24 hours, with the most competitive rates of the market, through Deprisa and Deprisa Empresarial, Traditional Mail, Certified Mail, shipment Airport-to-Airport, and [[Post Office Box|P.O. Boxes]].
+
+On [[December 10]], [[1998]], Avianca announced the inception of a new "connections center" in [[Bogotá]] with around 6,000 possible weekly connecting flights, and an increased number of frequencies, schedules, and destinations, taking advantage of the privileged geographical location of the country’s capital for the benefit of [[Colombia]] and international travellers between South America, Europe, and North America.
+
+=== Summa Alliance ===
+
+[[Image:Alianzasummalogo.jpg|thumb|right|202px|Avianca as [[Alianza Summa]]'s airline.]]
+
+After a rigorous and complex process which faced the Colombian airline and the aviation industry worldwide following the [[9/11|September 11 Terrorist Attacks in the United States]], Avianca, regional carrier [[SAM Colombia|SAM]] and its major rival [[ACES Colombia|ACES]] ([[acronym]] of ''Aerolíneas Centrales de Colombia''), joined together to create [[Alianza Summa]] which began merged operations on [[May 20]], [[2002]]. These three airlines decided to strategically merge their strengths to offer a more efficient service with concerns to quality, quantity, security, and competition in a new struggling marketplace. However, adverse circumstances within the industry and markets forced the alliance to disband, and airline shareholders decided to initiate the liquidation of Alianza Summa in November of [[2003]], to focus in streghtening the Avianca trademark. These decisions resulted in the liquidation of [[ACES Colombia|ACES]] altogether, and the acquisition of [[SAM Colombia|SAM]] as a regional carrier under Avianca's system.
+
+=== American Continent Airways ===
+
+On [[December 10]], [[2004]], Avianca concluded one of the most important and ambitious reorganization processes undertaken after filing for ''[[Chapter 11]] Bankruptcy Protection'' by obtaining confirmation of its Reorganization Plan which was financially backed by the [[Brazil]]ian consortium [[OceanAir]]/[[Synergy Group]] and the [[National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia]], allowing the airline to obtain funds for US$63 million dollars in the 13 months following withdrawal from C-11.
+
+[[Image:Pichincha.jpg|thumb|left|305px|[[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-200]] flying over [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]] in [[2003]], with [[Pichincha (volcano)|Pichincha volcano]] in the background.]]
+
+The Plan, which counted with the support of 99.8% of the voting creditors and which obtained the majority endorsement of the Creditors Committee, will enter into force once the Company emerges from bankruptcy. In accordance with [[United States]] laws, the administration has the trust obligation to consider any other investment proposal until the final term expiration stipulated. Notwithstanding, such offer, besides being better than the one that has been approved by Avianca’s domestic and international creditors and confirmed today by the Court, must be final, i.e. fully financed and backed with non-reimbursable cash deposits or equivalent mechanisms. Likewise, such proposal must be binding. As known, the only investment that complies with these requirements is that of [[OceanAir]]/[[Synergy Group]] and the [[National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia]], which already makes part of the Reorganization Plan already voted favorably by the creditors and confirmed by the Judge.
+
+[[Image:Aviancalogo1.PNG|thumb|right|220px|Current logo with [[Flag of Colombia|Colombian flag]] colors.]]
+
+[[Synergy Group]] is an evidenced credit-worthy [[Brazil]]ian entrepreneurial conglomerate. Its strength lies in the oil sector, building, installing, and offering maintenance to offshore oil platforms; it is currently carrying exploration work in [[Brazil]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Colombia]]. Other businesses include the extraction of gas in the [[United States]]; naval construction, telephony infrastructure, hydroelectric power plants, communications and a hydrocarbons marine exploration company which extends throughout nine countries with more than 5,000 workers.
+
+It also owns and operates [[OceanAir]], which services around thirty cities in [[Brazil]], as well as [[VIP Ecuador|VIP]], an airline in [[Ecuador]], Taxi Aero, a charter airline in Brazil, and the recently acquired [[Wayraperú|Wayra]] in [[Peru]], as well as [[Turb Serv]] dedicated to the maintenance of turbines.
+
+==Incidents and accidents==
+
+[[Image:Avianca Boeing 767.gif|thumb|500px|right|Avianca [[Boeing 767]] with the current airline livery.]]
+
+Accidents on Avianca aircraft have been significantly low for an [[airline]] of its age and location within a nation that has struggled with drug trafficking and organized crime problems. The [[airline]] suffered a few incidents during the 1980s, which were caused by warring gangs, under the assumption that a member of a rival gang was aboard. The deadliest of those incidents was [[Avianca Flight 203]], which was bombed in 1989 following orders from [[Pablo Escobar]] to kill a politician. In the aftermath, it was found that the politician had not boarded the plane. Only one successful bombing has occurred in the airline's history, while most other gang related incidents were related to hijackings, or shootings on board. In most hijackings, all passengers and crew members unaffiliated with the hijacker's cause were immediately released.
+
+On [[April 26]], [[1990]], [[M-19]] presidential candidate Carlos Pizarro was gunned down during a domestic Avianca flight[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+co0011)][http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2138929.stm].
+
+In the 1990s, after the death or arrest of various traffickers at the hands of [[Colombia|Colombian]] police, Avianca was able to regain its status as one of the safest [[airline]]s in the world.
+
+Throughout its history, the [[airline]] has had several crashes not related to violence. These include:
+
+*[[Avianca Flight 011]], a [[Boeing 747|Boeing B747-200]] that crashed onto a mountain just short of landing at [[Barajas International Airport]] in [[Madrid, Spain]] in September of [[1983]]. The cause was determined as pilot error.
+
+*[[Avianca Flight 410]], a [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727]] domestic flight which crashed into low mountains after take-off on [[March 17]], [[1988]], killing all on board. It was determined that pilot error was also the cause of this crash in a situation similar to that of [[Avianca Flight 011]] five years earlier.
+
+*On [[January 25]], [[1990]], [[Avianca Flight 52]], a [[Boeing 707|Boeing B707-321]] jet (built in [[1965]]) en route from [[Bogotá]] to [[New York City]] via [[Medellín]], crashed into a town in Long Island after running out of fuel while in a [[hold (aviation)|holding pattern]], killing 73 of the 158 people aboard. There was much controversy surrounding this crash. The Spanish-speaking pilots appeared not to know how to indicate the urgency of their situation in English. Also, air traffic controllers may have contributed to the disaster by not providing sufficient information regarding poor weather conditions around [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|JFK airport]] and the time, and maintaining the jet in a holding pattern for too long despite being told that Flight 52 was low on fuel.
+
+== Destinations ==
+
+{{main|Avianca destinations}}
+
+Avianca's hub is Bogotá's [[El Dorado International Airport]]. Its focus cities are Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla.
+
+Recently in a press interview Avianca said that it is thinking of starting a new flight from [[José María Córdova International Airport|Medellín]] to Fort Lauderdale, They also said that they are thinking of starting a new flight from [[Jose Maria Cordova International Airport|Medellín]] to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] via [[El Dorado International Airport|Bogotá]]. Flights are anticipated to begin in December of [[2006]]. However, as of November 2006, these flights have not been announced.
+
+During the course of 2005, Avianca announced that it opted not to expand its [[Europe|European]] operations to destinations other than [[London]], [[Paris]], and [[Frankfurt]]. Instead, it preferred to focus on its other route expansions.
+
+Avianca will thus fly to [[London]] and [[Frankfurt]] in [[2007]], recovering its previous European destinations. At the moment, Avianca will not begin flights to [[Paris]] due to the competition from [[Air France]]; during the next 5 years Avianca will see an expansion in the European market. Avianca has stated it will fly in the future to [[Rome]], [[Paris]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Milan]] and [[Zürich]] but has stated it will instead only focus on opening new routes to [[Frankfurt]] and [[London]] .
+
+Many European airlines abandoned flying to [[Bogotá]], among them [[Lufthansa]], [[KLM]] and [[Alitalia]]. The latter has reconsidered this and is due to restart services in 2007.
+
+Avianca has added new frequencies to [[Guayaquil]], [[Quito]], [[Mexico]], [[Aruba]], and [[Curaçao]]. These started in June and July [[2006]].
+
+Avianca has now added [http://www.avianca.co.uk online booking] for flights from the UK [[Manchester]] and [[London]] via [[Barcelona]] to Bogotá. The connecting flights from the UK to Spain are with [[British Airways]].
+
+=== Avianca VIP Lounges ===
+
+They are for the exclusive use of those enjoying our Business Class and AviancaPlus travelers with the greatest number of miles in their accounts, prior to boarding every flight. Avianca has set up these exclusive Lounges at main airports in [[Colombia]], and VIP Lounges at other national and international airports, thanks to agreements signed with airlines and hotels.
+
+At VIP Lounges, travelers enjoy a comfortable area with the required facilities to check in at the Lounge (if traveling without baggage), a foods and beverages service, areas for meetings and for relaxing, telephone, fax, television and free connection to Internet, through Wi – Fi technology.
+
+=== DesKubra ===
+
+[[Image:Avianca DesKubra.PNG|right|220px|DesKubra: Avianca's travel agency]]
+
+DesKubra is Avianca’s commercial division specialized in the design and offer of tourist packages for destinations in [[Colombia]] and abroad.
+
+At present, Deskubra offers plans to:
+
+* The [[Colombia]]n [[Caribbean]] ([[Santa Marta]], [[Cartagena]], [[San Andrés Island]])
+* [[Armenia, Colombia|Armenia]]
+* The interior of [[Colombia]] ([[Bogotá]], [[Cali]], [[Medellín]])
+* [[Argentina]]
+* [[Chile]]
+* [[Chile]] plus [[Argentina]] (Lake crossing)
+* [[Margarita Island]]
+* [[Aruba]]
+* [[Florida]] ([[Miami]] and [[Fort Lauderdale]])
+* [[Panamá]]
+* [[Mexico]] ([[Mexico City]], plus [[Taxco]] and [[Acapulco]] and plus [[Puerto Vallarta]])
+* [[Brazil]]
+* [[Perú]] ([[Lima]] and [[Cusco]])
+* [[Spain]] ([[Madrid]])
+
+Other new domestic and international destinations will be included soon, as well as special products for similar interest groups. Everything to be combined with our spectacular Deskubra Promos.
+
+==News==
+
+*[[Synergy Group]] bought 30 [[Fokker 100]] to distribute it between Avianca and its subsidiaries.
+*Germán Efromovich, Avianca's new owner, in an interview with [[Colombia]]'s newspaper [[El Tiempo]] explaining the future of Avianca, pointed out that [[OceanAir]] is going to change its name to Avianca in a two-year period. This is going to be made thanks to Avianca controlling 100 percent of [[OceanAir]].
+*Efromovich also pointed out that when all [[Fokker 100]] remaining to be delivered are integrated to the fleet, Synergy Aerospace (Avianca and its subsidiaries airlines [[SAM Colombia|SAM]], [[OceanAir]], [[VIP Ecuador|VIP]] and [[Wayraperú]]) will be operating a total of 86 airplanes.
+* There are rumors that Avianca is negotiating with [[Delta Air Lines]] to join the [[Skyteam]] Alliance.
+* Avianca's owner Germán Efromovich said that the airline will make an order this year to replace its 767, 757 and MD-83 fleet, the candidates are the 787 or A350 to replace the widebodies and the 737 or A320 series to replace the narrowbodies.
+* Avianca to Invest $2 Billion to Buy 30 Jets By 2014: "I don't have preference for any of the jet makers, but we will choose the one who offers the best conditions," Efromovich told reporters at a press conference to inaugurate the $7.5 million upgrade of Avianca's hub for domestic flights. "We want to change our planes with more fuel-efficient and more modern jets," he said. Efromovich said Avianca plans to buy the first of the new airplanes later this year. Avianca, which owns 52 jets, plans to start flights from Bogotá to London in 2007, he added. Brazilian-born Efromovich, through his company Synergy Group, pulled Avianca out of U.S. bankruptcy protection in 2004 and took a 75% stake after agreeing to inject $63 million of fresh capital and assuming nearly $220 million of debt. Synergy then bought the remaining 25% of Avianca in November 2005. Synergy, which also operates airlines in Brazil, Ecuador and Peru, had bought 10 secondhand Fokker 100 jets earlier this year.
+
+== Alliances ==
+
+=== Affinity programs ===
+
+[[Image:AviancaPlus.PNG|right|220px|AviancaPlus: Avianca's frequent flyer program]]
+
+AviancaPlus, Avianca's frequent flyer program, was created in 19xx.
+
+Avianca offers frequent flyer partnerships the following:
+
+{|
+|- valign="top"|
+|
+* [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px|Flag of France]] [[Air France]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px|Flag of Canada]] [[Air Canada]]
+* [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px|Flag of the United States]] [[Delta Air Lines]]
+* [[Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg|20px|Flag of El Salvador]] [[Grupo TACA]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px|Flag of Spain]] [[Iberia]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Mexico.svg|20px|Flag of Mexico]] [[Mexicana de Aviación]]
+|
+* [[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|Flag of Brazil]] [[OceanAir]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px|Flag of Canada]] [[SAM Colombia|SAM]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Chile.svg|20px|Flag of Chile]] [[Sky Airline]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg|20px|Flag of Ecuador]] [[VIP Ecuador|VIP]]
+* [[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|20px|Flag of Peru]] [[Wayraperú]]
+|}
+
+=== Codeshare partners ===
+
+Presently, Avianca has codeshare agreements with:
+
+*[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px|]] '''[[Delta Air Lines]]''': Offering connecting service to the United States via the airline's codeshare agreement with [[Delta Air Lines]]; Delta's non-stop flight from Bogotá to Atlanta allows for codeshare connections to [[Los Angeles]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Dallas]], [[Chicago]], and [[Boston]]. Connections from [[Fort Lauderdale]] to [[Boston]] and to [[La Guardia airport]] in [[New York City]] using Avianca's non-stop Bogotá-Fort Lauderdale service will soon be offered.
+
+*[[Image:Flag of Mexico.svg|20px|]] '''[[Mexicana de Aviación]]''': Allows Avianca to offer booking services 11 times per week between [[Bogotá]] and the [[Mexico City]]: four frequencies operated by Avianca and seven operated by [[Mexicana de Aviación]].
+
+*[[Image:Flag of Spain.svg|20px|]] '''[[Iberia Airlines|Iberia]]''': Through this alliance, Avianca offers three destinations in [[Spain]] and one in [[France]], through [[Iberia]]’s [[hub]] in [[Madrid]]. Connections available from [[Madrid]] include, [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]], [[Alicante]], [[Paris]] ([[Orly Airport]]), [[La Coruña]], [[Santiago de Compostela]], [[Vigo]], [[Asturias]], [[Bilbao]], [[San Sebastián]], [[Pamplona]], [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Málaga]], [[Sevilla]] and [[Las Palmas]], and [[Tenerife]] in the [[Canary Islands]].
+
+*[[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px|]] '''[[Air Canada]]''': With this agreement, Avianca is able to offer its travelers the two most important destinations in [[Canada]]: [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]]. The [[Air Canada]] operation is initiated in [[Bogotá]] with its direct flight to [[Toronto]], subsequently connecting with [[Montreal]]. Notwithstanding, this agreement may be commercialized by Avianca from any other city, provided the connections allow.
+
+*[[Image:Flag of El Salvador.svg|20px|]] '''[[Grupo TACA]]''': With this agreement, Avianca offers three destinations in [[Central America]], served by [[Lacsa]] and [[TACA]] airlines: [[San José de Costa Rica]], [[Guatemala]], and [[El Salvador]], in direct flight [[Bogotá]] – [[San José de Costa Rica]] with subsequent connection to the other two destinations.
+
+== Subsidiaries ==
+
+*[[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px|]] '''[[Avianca Cargo]]''' is a [[cargo airline]] based at [[El Dorado International Airport]] in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]].
+*[[Image:Flag of Colombia.svg|20px|]] '''[[SAM Colombia|SAM]]''' is an [[airline]] based at [[El Dorado International Airport]] in [[Bogotá]], [[Colombia]].
+*[[Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|]] '''[[OceanAir]]''' is an [[airline]] based at [[Guarulhos International Airport]] in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]].
+*[[Image:Flag of Peru.svg|20px|]] '''[[Wayraperú]]''' is a [[regional airline]] based at [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]] in [[Lima]], [[Perú]].
+*[[Image:Flag of Ecuador.svg|20px|]] '''[[VIP Ecuador|VIP]]''' is a [[regional airline]] based at [[Mariscal Sucre International Airport]] in [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]].
+*[[Image:Flag of Nigeria.svg|20px|]] '''[[Capital Airlines, Nigeria|Capital Airlines]]''' is a [[regional airline]] based at [[Murtala Mohammed International Airport]] in [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]].
+
+== Fleet ==
+=== Current ===
+
+Avianca is set for a major fleet renewal and has issued re­quests for proposals ([[RFP]]) to [[Airbus]] and [[Boeing]] for up to 56 aircraft. It declines to comment on the [[RFP]], but manufacturing sources say it comprises up to 42 narrowbodies (22 firm and 20 options), and 14 widebodies (seven firm and seven options) – most likely the [[Airbus A350]] or [[Boeing 787|Boeing B787]]. [[Airbus]] and [[Boeing]] sources confirm receipt of the [[RFP]].
+
+==== Avianca ====
+
+Avianca fleet consists of following aircraft (as of November [[2006]]) [[Flight International]], 3-9 October 2006:
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="pink"
+! Aircraft || Number || Seats || Routes || Photo
+|-
+|[[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-300ER]] ||align=center|2 ||align=center|210-213 || Medium and long range flights within [[Americas|America]].|| align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/i/IMG_7750b.jpg.19089.jpg B767-300]
+|-
+|[[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-200ER]] ||align=center|5 ||align=center|175-181 || [[Europe]] and medium and long range flights within [[Americas|America]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/4/3/9/1095934.jpg B767-200]
+|-
+|[[Boeing 757|Boeing 757-200]] ||align=center|7 ||align=center|168-170 || Medium range flights within [[Americas|America]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/8/5/7/1038758.jpg B757]
+|-
+|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-80 / MD-90|McDonnell Douglas MD-83]] ||align=center|15 ||align=center|143-147 || Flights within [[Colombia]] and international short range routes || align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/n/N836RA_07NOV05MIA.jpg.66322.jpg MD-83]
+|-
+|[[Fokker F50|Fokker 50]] ||align=center|6 ||align=center|52 || Flights within [[Colombia]] || align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/img2/j/jp1.jpg.95364.jpg F50]
+|}
+
+Avianca's average fleet age is 14.2 years old as of June [[2006]].
+
+==== SAM ====
+
+Avianca's Subsidiary, [[SAM Colombia|SAM]] has a separate fleet (even when all of them make use of Avianca livery) consisting of the following aircraft (as of November [[2006]]) :
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="pink"
+! Aircraft || Number || Seats || Routes || Photo
+|-
+|[[McDonnell Douglas MD-83]] ||align=center|3 ||align=center|143-147 || Flights within [[Colombia]] and international short range routes || align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/n/N836RA_07NOV05MIA.jpg.66322.jpg MD-83]
+|-
+|[[Fokker 100|Fokker F100]] ||align=center|10 ||align=center|98 || Flights within [[Colombia]] and international destinations in its neighboring countries.|| align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/img2/h/HK4420X_2.JPG.40777.jpg F100]
+|-
+|[[Fokker 50|Fokker F50]] ||align=center|4 ||align=center|52 || Flights within [[Colombia]] || align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/img2/j/jp1.jpg.95364.jpg F50]
+|}
+
+[[SAM Colombia|SAM]]'s average fleet age is 14.2 years old as of June [[2006]].
+
+==== OceanAir ====
+
+Avianca's Subsidiary, [[OceanAir]] has a separate fleet consisting of the following aircraft (as of November [[2006]]):
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="pink"
+! Aircraft || Number || Seats || Routes || Photo
+|-
+|[[Fokker 100|Fokker F100]] ||align=center|11 ||align=center|120 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/5/8/1/1047185.jpg F100]
+|-
+|[[Fokker 50|Fokker F50]] ||align=center|3 ||align=center|52 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://us.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/5/5/1125556.jpg F50]
+|-
+|[[Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia|Embraer EMB120 Brasilia]] ||align=center|- ||align=center|30 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/7/4/5/0757547.jpg EMB120]
+|-
+|[[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier Learjet 45 XR]] ||align=center|- ||align=center|8-9 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/9/5/2/1068259.jpg L45]
+|-
+|[[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier Learjet 35 A]] ||align=center|- ||align=center|8 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://taxi.oceanair.com.br/imagens/LEARJET35.jpg L35]
+|-
+|[[King Air|King Air C90]] ||align=center|- ||align=center|6-7 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://taxi.oceanair.com.br/imagens/king-air-c-90.jpg C90]
+|-
+|[[Bell 407|Jet Ranger]] ||align=center|- ||align=center|4 || Flights within [[Brazil]] || align=center|[http://taxi.oceanair.com.br/imagens/jet-ranger.jpg B407]
+|}
+
+[[OceanAir]]'s average fleet age is 13.7 years old as of June [[2006]].
+
+==== Wayraperú ====
+
+Avianca's Subsidiary, [[Wayraperú]] has a separate fleet consisting of the following aircraft (as of June [[2006]]):
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="pink"
+! Aircraft || Number || Seats || Routes || Photo
+|-
+|[[Fokker 100|Fokker F100]] ||align=center|5 ||align=center|120 || Flights within [[Perú]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/8/6/4/1036468.jpg F100]
+|}
+
+[[Wayraperú]]'s average fleet age is 14.1 years old as of June [[2006]].
+
+==== VIP ====
+
+Avianca's Subsidiary, [[VIP Ecuador|VIP]] has a separate fleet consisting of the following aircraft (as of June [[2006]]):
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="pink"
+! Aircraft || Number || Seats || Routes || Photo
+|-
+|[[Dornier 328|Dornier Do328-100]] ||align=center|3 ||align=center|32 || Flights within [[Ecuador]] || align=center|[http://images1.jetphotos.net/images/0/01VIPHC-CFC.jpg.82876.jpg Do328]
+|}
+
+==== Capital Airlines ====
+
+Avianca's Subsidiary, [[Capital Airlines, Nigeria|Capital Airlines]] has a separate fleet consisting of the following aircraft (as of March [[2006]]):
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="pink"
+! Aircraft || Number || Seats || Routes || Photo
+|-
+|[[Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia|Embraer EMB120 Brasilia]] ||align=center|4 ||align=center|30 || Flights within [[Nigeria]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/1/6/0/0513061.jpg EMB120]
+|}
+
+[[Capital Airlines, Nigeria|Capital Airlines]]'s average fleet age is xxx years old as of June [[2006]].
+
+=== Retired ===
+
+The following have been airplanes the airline has used in the past:
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor=lightblue
+! '''Aircraft''' || '''Year retired''' || '''Replacement''' || '''Photo'''
+|-
+| [[Junkers F.13]] || align=center|- || [[Boeing 247|Boeing B247]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/2/0/5/0236502.jpg J.13]
+|-
+| [[Boeing 247|Boeing B247]] || align=center|- || [[Douglas DC-3|Douglas DC3]] || align=center|-
+|-
+| [[Douglas DC-3]] || align=center|- || [[Boeing 737|Boeing B737]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/9/5/1/0273159.jpg DC-3]
+|-
+| [[Douglas DC-4]] || align=center|- || [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-749 Constellation]] and [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-1049-G Super Constellation]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/0/5/3/0609350.jpg DC-4]
+|-
+| [[C-54 Skymaster|Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] || align=center|- || [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-749 Constellation]] and [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-1049-G Super Constellation]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/5/8/8/0229885.jpg DC-54]
+|-
+| [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-749 Constellation]] || align=center|- || [[Boeing 707|Boeing B707]] and [[Boeing 720|Boeing B720]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/4/7/9/0107974.jpg L-749]
+|-
+| [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed L-1049-G Super Constellation]] || align=center|- || [[Boeing 707|Boeing B707]] and [[Boeing 720|Boeing B720]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/2/1/0095126.jpg L-1049]
+|-
+| [[Boeing 707|Boeing B707]] || align=center|[[1992]] || [[Boeing 757#757-300|Boeing B757]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/1/5/4/0000451.jpg B707]
+|-
+| [[Boeing 737|Boeing B737]] || align=center|[[1971]] || - || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/2/7/9/0107972.jpg B737]
+|-
+| [[Boeing 720|Boeing B720]] || align=center|[[1984]] || [[Boeing 757#757-300|Boeing B757]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/1/0/5/1036501.jpg B720]
+|-
+| [[Boeing 747|Boeing B747]] || align=center|[[1995]] || [[Boeing 767-300|Boeing B767]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/4/3/1/1064134.jpg B747]
+|-
+| [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11]] || align=center|- || [[Boeing 757#757-300|Boeing B757]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/7/3/9/0117937.jpg MD-11]
+|-
+| [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727]] || align=center|[[2002]] || [[McDonnell Douglas MD-83]] || align=center|[http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/8/9/3/1014398.jpg B727]
+|}
+
+== Livery ==
+
+Livery through time:
+
+{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"
+|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
+! Date || Aircraft || Notes || Photo
+|-
+| Early [[1930]]'s || [[Junkers F-13|Junkers F13]] || Avianca as [[SCADTA]] || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/2/0/5/0236502.jpg]
+|-
+| November [[1968]] || [[Boeing 737|Boeing B737-159]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/2/7/9/0107972.jpg]
+|-
+| April [[1973]] || [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727-24C]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/7/2/4/0981427.jpg]
+|-
+| June [[1977]] || [[Boeing 747|Boeing B747-124]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/4/5/6/0113654.jpg]
+|-
+| June [[1979]] || [[Boeing 747|Boeing B747-124]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/3/6/4/0797463.jpg]
+|-
+| March [[1980]] || [[Boeing 737|Boeing B727-21]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/7/6/6/0000667.jpg]
+|-
+| Mid [[1980]]'s || [[Boeing 747|Boeing B747-123]] || [[American Airlines]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/4/2/1/1011124.jpg]
+|-
+| December [[1980]] || [[Boeing 707|Boeing B707-321C]] || [[Pan Am]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/7/1/8/0766817.jpg]
+|-
+| September [[1988]] || [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727-225/Adv]] || [[Eastern Airlines]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/5/3/1/0096135.jpg]
+|-
+| December [[1989]] || [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727-225/Adv]] || [[Eastern Airlines]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/2/5/0126526.jpg]
+|-
+| Early [[1990]]'s || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-23A]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/7/5/0640576.jpg]
+|-
+| Mid [[1990]]'s || [[Boeing 747|Boeing B747-128]] || [[Air Atlanta Icelandic]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/7/4/0147476.jpg]
+|-
+| [[December 5]], [[1993]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-236]] || [[Ambassador Airlines]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/3/4/0214436.jpg]
+|-
+| April [[1995]] || [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727-2H3/Adv]] || - || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/9/9/4/0827499.jpg]
+|-
+| February [[1998]] || [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727-2H3/Adv]] || Bancoquia Bank colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/5/2/4/0147425.jpg]
+|-
+| [[August 16]], [[1998]] || [[Boeing 727|Boeing B727-2A1/Adv]] || [[Spanish language|ES]]: ''Tómese ya unas Aviancaciones. Usted se las merece.''
[[English language|EN]]: ''Take an Aviancations off now. You deserve it. || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/8/9/9/0104998.jpg]
+|-
+| January [[1999]] || [[McDonnell Douglas MD-11|McDonnell Douglas MD-11ER]] || [[World Airways]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/7/3/9/0117937.jpg]
+|-
+| September [[1999]] || [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-3S1/ER]] || [[Grupo TACA]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/6/3/4/0049436.jpg]
+|-
+| [[October 9]] [[2000]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-2Q8]] || [[1960]]'s colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/9/3/1/0114139.jpg]
+|-
+| [[August 15]], [[2002]] || [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-284/ER]] || [[Summa Alliance]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/1/7/2/0266271.jpg]
+|-
+| [[October 28]], [[2002]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-2Q8]] || [[Spanish language|ES]]: ''80 años''
[[English language|EN]]: ''80 years'' || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/9/4/2/0290249.jpg]
+|-
+| [[October 24]], [[2003]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-256]] || [[Icelandair]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/1/0/1/0460101.jpg]
+|-
+| [[November 23]], [[2003]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-236]] || [[TransMeridian Airlines]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/9/0/3/0464309.jpg]
+|-
+| [[January 12]], [[2005]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-208]] || [[Icelandair]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/4/8/6/0771684.jpg]
+|-
+| [[April 17]], [[2005]] || [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-3Y0/ER]] || [[Spanish language|ES]]: ''85 años''
[[English language|EN]]: ''85 years'' || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/2/4/0/0828042.jpg]
+|-
+| [[October 22]], [[2005]] || [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-2B1/ER]] || Current livery || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/3/9/2/0995293.jpg]
+|-
+| [[December 30]], [[2005]] || [[Boeing 757|Boeing B757-28A]] || [[North American Airlines]] colors || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/3/1/7/0986713.jpg]
+|-
+| [[July 8]], [[2006]] || [[Boeing 767|Boeing B767-283/ER]] || [[Spanish language|ES]]: ''[[Colombia]] es pasión''
[[English language|EN]]: ''[[Colombia]] is passion'' || [http://p.airliners.net/photos/photos/8/0/5/1080508.jpg]
+|}
+
+== Awards and nominations ==
+=== Awards ===
+
+*[http://www.avianca.com/QuienesSomos/Boletines/2006/308.htm Avianca VIP Lounge at El Dorado Int'l Airport - Latin America & Caribbean - 2006 Priority Pass Lounge of the Year Awards]
+
+=== Nominations ===
+
+*[http://www.worldtravelawards.com/index.php/wta/nominees_2006/2006/south_america South America's Leading Airline - 2006 World Travel Awards]
+*[http://www.worldtravelawards.com/index.php/wta/nominees_2006/2006/south_america South America's Leading Business Class Airline - 2006 World Travel Awards]
+*[http://www.worldtravelawards.com/index.php/wta/nominees_2006/2005/south_america South America's Leading Airline - 2005 World Travel Awards]
+*[http://www.worldtravelawards.com/index.php/wta/nominees_2006/2005/south_america South America's Leading Business Class Airline - 2005 World Travel Awards]
+
+== Notes ==
+
+* Avianca might become the second Latin American airline to purchase a [[Boeing 787]], after [[Aeromexico]].
+* Avianca might be the second Latin American airline to purchase the [[A350-800]] after [[TAM Linhas Aéreas]]
+
+== Avianca around the world ==
+
+{|
+|- valign="top"|
+|
+* Avianca [[Benelux]] - [http://www.avianca.be www.avianca.be]
+* Avianca [[Argentina]] - [http://www.avianca.com.ar www.avianca.com.ar]
+* Avianca [[Brazil]] - [http://www.avianca.com.br www.avianca.com.br]
+* Avianca [[Chile]] - [http://www.avianca.cl www.avianca.cl]
+* Avianca [[Colombia]] - [http://www.avianca.com.co www.avianca.com.co]
+* Avianca [[Ecuador]] - [http://www.avianca.com www.avianca.com]
+* Avianca [[Europa]] - [http://www.aviancaeuropa.com www.aviancaeuropa.com]
+|
+* Avianca [[France]] - [http://www.avianca.net www.avianca.net]
+* Avianca [[Mexico]] - [http://www.avianca.com www.avianca.com]
+* Avianca [[Panamá]] - [http://www.avianca.com.pa www.avianca.com.pa]
+* Avianca [[Spain]] - [http://www.avianca.es www.avianca.es]
+* Avianca [[Venezuela]] - [http://www.avianca.com.ve www.avianca.com.ve]
+* Avianca [[United Kingdom]] - [http://www.avianca.co.uk www.avianca.co.uk]
+* Avianca [[United States]] - [http://www.avianca.us www.avianca.us]
+|}
+
+== External links ==
+
+{|
+|- valign="top"|
+|
+* [http://www.avianca.com/ Avianca]
+* [http://www.deprisa.com/ Avianca Cargo]
+* [http://www.avianca.com/ViajeroFrecuente/ AviancaPlus]
+* [http://www.avianca.com/ViajeroFrecuente/PoliticasyReglamento/salaselite.htm Avianca VIP lounges]
+* [http://www.avianca.com/PyS/Assistance/ Avianca Services]
+* [http://www.deskubra.net/ Deskubra]
+* [http://www.airfleets.net/ageflotte/Avianca.htm Avianca´s fleet age]
+* [http://www.airlinequality.com/Airlines/AV.htm Avianca's star ranking by Skytrax]
+|
+* [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?sort_order=photo_id%20DESC&first_this_page=0&page_limit=120&&airlinesearch=Avianca&thumbnails= Avianca's aircraft photos by Airliners.Net]
+* [http://www.jetphotos.net/showphotos.php?offset=0&where=search|-2|-2|-2|-2|avianca|90|1|||||||-2|-2|-2|-2|||90|1||-2|-2||||all|2||||||-2|||1||||||| Avianca's aircraft photos by JetPhotos.Net]
+* [http://www.myaviation.net/search/search.php?view=&airline=Avianca Avianca's aircraft photos by MyAviation.Net]
+* [http://www.airlineroutemaps.com/Latin_America/Avianca_domestic.shtml Avianca's domestic route map]
+* [http://www.airlineroutemaps.com/Latin_America/Avianca.shtml Avianca's international route map]
+* [http://www.oceanair.com.br/ OceanAir]
+* [http://www.vipec.com/ VIP]
+* [http://www.wayra.com.pe/ Wayraperú]
+|}
+
+== References ==
+
+
+
+{{Avianca}}
+{{Airlines of Colombia}}
+{{airlistbox}}
+
+[[Category:Airlines of Colombia]]
+[[Category:Transportation in Colombia]]
+[[Category:Companies of Colombia]]
+
+[[de:Avianca]]
+[[es:Avianca]]
+[[fr:Avianca]]
+[[it:Avianca]]
+[[nl:Avianca]]
+[[pt:Avianca]]
+[[fi:Avianca]]
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+++ \n
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@\n
+Founded in 1898 by the Missouri Press Association and a trustee of the state since 1901, '''The State Historical Society of Missouri''' is a comprehensive research facility established for the purpose of preservation and study of Missouri's cultural heritage. Housed in Ellis Library on the [[University of Missouri-Columbia]] campus, the Society is centrally located in [[Columbia, Missouri]]--a city located half-way between St. Louis and Kansas City on Interstate 70.

-'''Welcome!'''
+===Collections===

-Hello, {{PAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the [[WP:BC|Wikipedia Boot Camp]], where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type '''{{helpme}}''' on your user talk page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions.
+The State Historical Society of Missouri houses an art gallery, a photography collection, and newspaper and reference libraries. All collections are open collections fully accessible to those interested in researching Missouri history.
+
+===References===

-Here are a few good links for newcomers:
-*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
-*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
-*[[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
-*[[Wikipedia:How to write a great article|How to write a great article]]
-*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
-I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Where to ask a question]], ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!  [[User:Dr_Debug|Dr Debug]] ([[User_talk:Dr_Debug|Talk]]) 04:00, 4 February 2006 (UTC)
+1. [http://umsystem.edu/shs The State Historical Society of Missouri Website]
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+++ \n
@@ -1,35 +1,176 @@\n
-{{Infobox swansea electoral ward|
- |Electoral Ward = Cockett Ward
- |WardMap = [[Image:Wm swansea cockett.jpg]]
- |GridReference = SS6395
- |Principal Locality = Cockett
- |Total Population = 12,586 (2001 census)
- |Land Area = 8.59 (2001 census)
- |Local Council = [[City and County of Swansea]]
- |NoofCouncillors = 1
- |PostCodes = SA2
- |DiallingCode = +44-1792
- |Constituency = [[Swansea West (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea West]]
- }}
+--[[User talk:Hgilbert/Archive|Archive]]
+--[[User talk:Hgilbert/Archive2|Archive2]]
+== WikiProject: Alternative education ==

-'''Cockett''' is the name of an [[Ward (politics)|electoral ward]], a [[Community council|community]] and a [[suburb]] in the City and County of [[Swansea]], [[South Wales]].
+Hello, we are currently seeking additional participation in a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|WikiProject]] that been launched on the subject of [[alternative education]]. I have noticed that you seem to have an interest and/or some experience in this area. I would like to invite you to join this effort. If you are interested, please visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative education|WikiProject page]]. Several of our participants are helping on a daily basis, some weekly, and a few only have a little time to contribute sporadically. Any level of participation is helpful and welcome. We hope you will consider joining our team. Thanks, [[User:Master Scott Hall|Master Scott Hall]] | [[User talk:Master Scott Hall|''Talk'']] 01:44, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

-The electoral ward consists of some or all of the following areas: Cadle, Cwmdu, Coedweig, Gendros, Gors, Fforestfach, Cockett and Waunarlwydd, in the parliamentary constituency of [[Swansea West (UK Parliament constituency)|Swansea West]]. The community does not have its own community council. The ward is bounded by [[Kingsbridge, Swansea|Kingsbridge]] and [[Penderry]] to the north; [[Cwmbwrla]] to the east; [[Townhill]] to the south east; [[Sketty]] and [[Killay North]] to the south; and [[Gowerton]] to the west.
+==Appreciation of your recent contributions==
+Based on recent events (however amorphous such events may be – a bunch of arranged bytes on someone else's screen ), I appreciate your tenacity and quest for reasonable accuracy in extremely difficult areas of analysis. Good regards to you. ... [[User:Kenosis|Kenosis]] 03:13, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

-The suburb of '''Cockett''' is located about 1.5 miles north west from Swansea City Centre. The headquarters of Swansea Police is based here.
+==Science==
+Hgilbert, I had my doubts whether the edits you made to the intro of [[science]] would hold. But they have. Nice work. ... [[User:Kenosis|Kenosis]] 04:40, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

-==Fforest-fach==
-The suburb of '''Fforest-fach''' (or '''Fforestfach''') lies immediately north of the suburb of Cockett. There is a significant industrial Estate in the area with a range of light industries. [[3M]] and [[Walkers|Walkers Crisps]] have factories here. Fforest-fach is home to a busy out of town shopping Complex with significant parking problems during peak hours, some of the stores include Tesco Extra, Borders, Marks & Spencer, JJB Sports, Next, Outfit, WH SMith, Dixons XL, The Carphone Warehouse, Pizza Hut and Thomson. The area is well suited to light industry and out of town shopping due to its proximity to the [[M4 motorway]] and several dual carriageways.
+== Pseudoscience Category ==

-==Waunarlwydd==
-The suburb of '''Waunarlwydd''' ({{lang-en|The Lord's Meadow}}) adjoins Fforest-fach and Cockett to the West. A rapidly growing mostly residential area Waunarlwydd is home to a large Alluminium Rolling Operation owned by the American Conglomerate [[Alcoa]].
+"The Cat pseudoscience is a member of its own group" – so should WP be restricted to only having categories that aren't members of their own group? (Sorry, couldn't resist.) --[[User:Wclark|Wclark]] 18:39, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

-Despite its ever expanding size the 'Village' as it is still referred to by its inhabitants boasts a small community feel. The local rugby team [[Waunarlwydd RFC]], won promotion to the Welsh Premiership in 2005 and have provided several players to Welsh teams since the clubs inception in 1900.
+== Invitation to Join Waldorf Project ==

-The pronunciation of Waunarlwydd sounds like "Wine are Lloyd" in English.
+Dear HGilbert,

-{{Swansea electoral wards}}
-{{Communities of Swansea}}
+I am writing to invite you to join a project to revamp the Waldorf page and bring a close to the unending edit wars. With the help of unbiased administrators and Wikipedians, I hope to create a balanced article about Waldorf education with a balanced section on critical views. In my own view of this, the article will contain no outside links except to scholarly articles. The project participants, however, with the help of comment and input from unbiased Wikipedians, will make the final call on that.

-[[Category:Swansea electoral wards]]
-[[Category:Communities of Swansea]]
+We could use your expertise and experience in turning this into a Wiki page rather than a war zone.
+
+Thanks for your consideration,
+
+[[User:Wonderactivist|Wonderactivist]] 15:31, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Update on Waldorf Project ==
+
+Dear HGilbert, I am sending each project member a copy of the note I am sending to the adminsitrators about our project. I remain very optimistic that this project can make a big difference in the quality of the Waldorf page as experienced by the Wiki reader. I am pasting the letter below my signature and invite feedback on my Talk. Wonderactivist 04:26, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
+
+Dear Longhair and Cormaggio, Thank you immeasurably for your help with the Waldorf project so far. As you will note below, I am planning shortly to move the project pages to within alt ed - just want to clarify structure first. It is currently at User:Wonderactivist/Waldorf Project Team Page
+
+With your admin experience, and the amount of back-n-forth this article has undergone - actually speeding up since the proposed project - I would like your opinion on strategies to manage the project if you should have time.
+
+I see two major issues:
+
+1 there are "sides" within the group instead of a single focus on creating a good article. While this is somewhat to be expected, I also expected a greater level of professionalism. Is there a known strategy to begin to turn this around?
+
+2 Unbelievably, I think,we have actually reached almost a consensus on the Introduction. I would like to focus on this positive and if possible have it become a springboard for examining just one section at a time. 3 On the current project page, a format for the article has been proposed, while the person actually rewrote the whole article, I propose taking just the OUTLINE - the section names 0- and beginnning with agreeing upon the sections.
+
+Other than the administrative questions, my project strategy will be to set up two pages within the alt ed project:
+
+1 to lay out a structure - outline only - for the page 2 to finalize with formal agreement, the introduction. 3 ONLY begin work on the next section when we have agreed upon the above two, then moving just one section at a time.
+
+My hope is that it will disarm the ongoing wars over fine points and pet projects.
+
+What is your opinion?
+
+And thank you from the bottom of my transplanted Texas heart! Wonderactivist 04:14, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Proposal at Waldorf Project ==
+
+With advice from an admin, I have taken the next step in the Waldorf project and invite your opinions or alternative suggestions for a first formal proposal. In the face of the ongoing conflict it will be necessary to work especially hard toward NPOV and to establish groundrules before we can begin our real editing work. I invite you to be part of that process at
+[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Waldorf_Project_Proposals]] [[User:Wonderactivist|Wonderactivist]] 14:27, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Hello Waldorf Project Team Members ==
+I just wanted to let you know that two proposals have passed on the Waldorf project and two more - one based on Fergie's starting place - have been set out for discussion [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Waldorf Project Proposals |here]]. Feedback has been given that the project has been going slow. I apologize as I had hand surgery a week ago, but truly nothing should wait for one person. If we each check in once or twice a week, we should be able to get through the article in a month or two. I would appreciate your valuable insights on the proposals and timing. [[User:Wonderactivist|Wonderactivist]] 12:09, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
+
+'''Waldorf Edits'''
+In clicking around to user pages to send the note, I have seen that the edit wars are truly still raging - they just have moved from the Waldrof page to user pages. As a result, I do not advise speeding up this project - time will be well-spent hashing out the disagreements civilly, with the result being a better page for Wikipedia and its readers. The problem with this page, overall, has been each person's need to push their own agenda without taking time to consider other viewpoints. Please do not resume your edit wars on the page. Wonderactivist 12:25, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
+
+Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Waldorf_Project"
+
+==Mediation==
+{{RFM-Request|Rudolf Steiner}}
+
+Hello HGilbert, I did go ahead and sign the mediation thing on the 11th and place the project on hold. Thanks for the note to besure I saw it in time. Please let me know if I should do anything else as I am not very familiar with the mediation process. [[User:Wonderactivist|Wonderactivist]] 13:44, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Request for Mediation==
+{| class="messagebox" style="width:80%"
+|-
+|[[Image:Info-icon.svg|100px]]
+|
+|A [[WP:RFM|Request for Mediation]] to which you are a party has been accepted. You can find more information on the mediation subpage, [[Wikipedia:Requests for mediation/Rudolf Steiner]].
+::::::::''For the Mediation Committee,'' [[User:Essjay|'''Essjay''']] [[User talk:Essjay|(Talk)]]
+
+
This message delivered by [[User:MediationBot|MediationBot]], an automated bot account operated by the [[WP:MC|Mediation Committee]] to open new mediation cases. If you have questions about this bot, please [[WT:MC|contact the Mediation Committee directly]].

+|}
+
''This message delivered: 12:00, 15 October 2006 (UTC)''.

+
+==Racism==
+I want to commend you for your brilliant solution to fixing the problem in the final sentence of the section, with "warm praise." [[User:Boogafish|Boogafish]] 01:13, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+=='Advert' tag on waldorf education==
+Hi HGilbert! Please do not remove the advert tag from the Waldorf Education page until a consensus has been reached that this is OK. As you are aware, a project has been set up with the aim of making the article less brochure-like- I suggest you await the outcome.--[[User:Fergie|Fergie]] 10:49, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I asked you to identify specific problems with the text; you did not do so. The project is apparently inactive, in part due to the refusal of two users to participate in the mediation process. Please identify specific sentences/sections, at least as examples of the "brochure-like" quality. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 13:26, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:I agree - please don't remove the tag. The WHOLE article is a brochure. The mediation process, like the Waldorf project, was set up unfairly - with extreme bias. Are you saying the Waldorf project has been officially terminated? If not, could you please let us know the status of the project? '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 15:00, 2 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+The article is largely objectively descriptive; nevertheless, it can be improved. Bias meaning that two single-issue editors who are active in a prominent anti-Waldorf organization are not able to dominate a process in which 9 or 10 other users drawn from a wide spectrum of experienced Wikipedia editors were agreeing to mediation? Hmmm...
+
+I am trying to determine the state of mediation and project. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 02:57, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:LMAO - "wide spectrum of experienced Wikipedia editors"? Um... I don't think so. You, HGilbert, are a Waldorf teacher. Wonderactivist runs a Waldorf homeschool. Vindenheim is a Waldorf parent. TheBee is a Waldorf activist/extremist. Professor marginalia is another Waldorf activist/extrimist - both TheBee and Professor marginalia represent AWE - an extremist group that makes false claims of "hate group" and use their own organization to substantiate them. Who else have you got on the project? A lot of Waldorf people hiding behind aliases. The brochure language has got to go - everybody agrees on this. I begged you to produce a reasonable mediation request, BTW, and you didn't care to. You derailed the process before it began. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 04:01, 3 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+The list of editors that signed on is:
+*{{user|Hgilbert}}
+*{{user|Wonderactivist}}
+*{{user|Goethean}}
+*{{user|Thebee}}
+*{{user|Fergie}}
+*{{user|Professor marginalia}}
+*{{user|Vindheim}}
+*{{user|Trueblood}}
+*{{user|Lumos3}}
+There are four experienced editors there that are unconnected with Waldorf; all signed on. So much for the reasonableness of the mediation request. In addition, at least two of those you listed edit widely outside Waldorf articles and are also experienced. You and DianaW, on the other hand, are single-issue editors with strong POVs and without much Wikipedia experience. You could have added issues to the mediation request; to remove all the ones to which 9 editors had already agreed is not constructive. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 14:02, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Which four editors are you suggesting aren't connected to Waldorf (and I assume you mean Anthroposophy as well here)? BTW, I edit other articles as well. Re: the advert tag - I'm not the only editor on the list that has insisted it should stay (I think it was Fergie who replaced it last time). AGAIN, please stop removing it until there is agreement. We're a LONG ways from removing the brochure talk. It would be better if you didn't continulally reverse the edits that are getting away from the brochure language. Then it would be possible to actually remove the tag. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 16:40, 5 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+:I'm glad you're back Harlan. I think you forgot to answer my question above. It asked "Which four editors are you suggesting aren't connected to Waldorf (and I assume you mean Anthroposophy as well here)?" '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 00:02, 12 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+There are five that I believe have no such connection. I might be wrong about one of them, but I doubt more than one.
+*{{user|Fergie}}
+*{{user|Vindheim}}
+*{{user|Trueblood}}
+*{{user|Lumos3}}
+*{{user|Goethean}}
+[[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 01:01, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Yes, you are wrong. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 01:04, 12 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+Perhaps, but you provide no evidence, and I am afraid I await this to be convinced. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 01:12, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Well, one of these five, at least, has a child or children in Waldorf (Vindheim, I believe). Another, (Lumos3 I believe) has indicated that he has, at least, researched Waldorf education and visited Waldorf schools first-hand (more than one). Without speculating about personal details about persons who haven't mentioned their affiliations, at least these two people have indicated they are connected to Waldorf through their statements here. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 01:35, 12 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+::Here, this is from Lumos3's talk page - in a discussion with YOU.
+
+Your original statement was that the editors were just "a lot of Waldorf people hiding behind aliases". The above statement by Lumos3 (and his edits) indicate that he is not a "Waldorf person", though he may have encountered schools (it's not clear how); similarly, Vindheim may have a child in a Waldorf school, but is clearly independent of and often critical of Waldorf (based upon his edits). The five stand as independent editors who were willing to enter mediation. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 09:05, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::I am far from a single-issue editor, and my wikipedia experience is significantly broader than yours.[[User:DianaW|DianaW]] 02:20, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Up to Oct. 27, 2006, all of your edits were to ''very'' closely related articles (Waldorf/PLANS), definitely around a narrowly defined single issue. Since that time, i.e. the last 3 weeks, you have spread out a bit. I have a long history of contributing to a very wide spread of articles, however much reduced recently given the edit wars here. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 23:55, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::Actually, I'm looking to spread out more. There's an article on "White People" that is locked up right now. I can't wait to get Steiner's views into it when it is available for editing. Maybe, Harlan, we can diversify our editing together... '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 18:53, 12 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+That doesn't sound like spreading out; it sounds like a single-issue editor promulgating the issue from article to article. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 23:53, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I actually write about many, many issues - in Wikipedia and outside it. Try it sometime, it'll refresh your outlook![[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 01:42, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:I do too... I'm a published author... how about you? '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 01:45, 13 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+Actually, I am too. What have you published (I'm genuinely curious, Pete)? [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 01:51, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Google my name if you want to know what I've published. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 04:19, 13 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+== "Clarification" ==
+
+That reminds me of the way some public figures "clarify" their comments when they want to rescind sub rosa something too truthfully said. Why privilege Mackay's anarchism over his pederasty, and why so diplomatically? [[User:Haiduc|Haiduc]] 01:33, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Because he was primarily known and active as an anarchist; I have never heard of the other side of his activity (is it really true?), and Steiner certainly emphasized his interest in MacKay's individualist-anarchist philosophy. It's like Einstein siring an illegitimate daughter and leaving her with the grandmother; not the main emphasis of his life for most people (other than the daughter, no doubt). [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 23:52, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==[[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Waldorf education]]==
+Hello,
+
+An Arbitration case involving you has been opened: [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Waldorf education]]. Please add any evidence you may wish the arbitrators to consider to the evidence sub-page, [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Waldorf education/Evidence]]. You may also contribute to the case on the workshop sub-page, [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Waldorf education/Workshop]].
+
+On behalf of the Arbitration Committee, [[User talk:Thatcher131|Thatcher131]] 01:32, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Rudolf Steiner ==
+
+My view is that both sides are right, and that the basic points of both sides should stay in the article. Once there is a valid criticism documented, you don't get to try to disprove it. And you can't disprove it with any number of quotes, so please let the other side's position stand as well as your own. —[[User:Hanuman Das|Hanuman Das]] 01:19, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:The section on Steiner's stance on assimilation can stand, and no one is trying to remove or disprove this. The opening line, however, is clearly inaccurate as it stands, and no documentation has been presented for its present formulation. On the contrary, extensive documentation exists for Steiner's general (and harsh) criticism of anti-Semitism. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 01:38, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Harlan, this "extensive documentation" that Steiner criticized anti-Semitism is from Anthroposophists who *don't get* that anti-Semitism includes assimilation. That's really NO point at all. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 13:49, 27 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+Sorry? On the [[Talk:Rudolf Steiner|talk page]] I have provided extensive documentation that you have been clearly seen, as you have deleted it from the article itself. That is in the form of direct quotes of Steiner's criticism of anti-Semitism in the most general terms possible. You are falsifying these critiques and inserting your own POV for which you have provided no documentation, only your own assertion. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 19:41, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Steiner's criticism of "anti-Semitism" doesn't include his OWN anti-Semitism. Are you suggesting he was opposed to assimilation? The evidence that he supported assimilation is absolutely there in the article and has been referenced by his own words. It is only YOUR contention that assimilation and that the wiping out of the culture of the Jews *isn't* anti-Semitism which is in question here. My POV is not in any of this. Your POV, that assimilation is not anti-Semitism is at the basis of your complaint. And that, friend, is only your own assertion. '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 19:49, 27 November 2006 (UTC)'''
+
+No, it's your assertion: I never said anything like this. Let's put the direct quotes in from Steiner and resolve the issue...you have always said that Steiner's own words are best in a disputed case like this. [[User:Hgilbert|Hgilbert]] 00:00, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:I have no problem with this, but I have a problem with a citation that goes nowhere. If there is a page where these words appear, please cite it so that the context can be verified. Thanks! '''[[User:Pete K|Pete K]] 00:27, 30 November 2006 (UTC)'''
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+++ \n
@@ -1,38 +1 @@\n
-{| align="center" cellpadding=3 id=toc style="margin-left: 15px;"
-|-
-| align="center"|'''[[Centuries]]:'''

-[[18th century in the United States|18th century]]
-- '''[[19th century in the United States|19th century]]''' -
-[[20th century in the United States|20th century]]
-|-
-| align="center"| '''[[Decades]]:'''

-[[1830s in the United States|1830s]]
-[[1840s in the United States|1840s]]
-[[1850s in the United States|1850s]]
-- [[1860s in the United States|1860s]] -
-[[1870s in the United States|1870s]]
-[[1880s in the United States|1880s]]
-[[1890s in the United States|1890s]]
-|-
-|align="center"| '''Years:'''

-[[1861 in the United States|1861]]
-[[1862 in the United States|1862]]
-[[1863 in the United States|1863]]
-[[1864 in the United States|1864]]
-[[1865 in the United States|1865]]
-[[1866 in the United States|1866]]
-[[1867 in the United States|1867]]
-[[1868 in the United States|1868]]
-[[1869 in the United States|1869]]
-[[1870 in the United States|1870]]
-|}
-
-==Events and Trends==
-[[Image:National-atlas-1970-1870.png|thumb|U.S. territorial extent in 1870]]
-''For more trends, see [[19th century in the United States]]''
-
-* [[1861 in the United States|1861]] - [[1865 in the United States|1865]]: The ruinous [[American Civil War]], illustrating severe sectional tensions, kills two percent of the population.
-
-== Leaders ==
-
-[[Category:1860s in the United States|*]]
+#REDIRECT [[Brest Voblast]]
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@@ -1,4 +1,34 @@\n
-{{context}}
-'''Riot''' is the most obscure of all the symbiotes. Not much is known except that he is the spawn of Venom, and was created in a facility where Venom was captured called the L.I.F.E. Foundation. Venom went through a procedure where multiple 'offspring' were created from him - thus, Riot is born. He appears dark gray and has one eye. He has all the powers of Venom but he is extremely aggressive and evil(worse than his "siblings"). His host is never mentioned, nor named. He appeared in the Genesis and SNES video game "Venom: Separation Anxiety", but sadly, not as a boss. He also appeared in the comic book mini-series. His status is uncertain. He was defeated by Venom and Spider-Man following a massive rampage.
+[[Image:rosstheboss.jpg|thumb|Ross The Boss]]'''Ross Friedman''' (born [[New York City]]) is a [[guitar]]ist best known as a founding member of both the [[Punk Rock|punk]] band [[The Dictators]] and the [[Heavy Metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Manowar (band)|Manowar]].

-{{Cvg-stub}}
+Ross Friedman aka Ross Funicello or Ross The Boss joined the New York based [[Punk Rock|punk]] band [[The Dictators]] as guitarist in 1973. After recording 3 albums with them Friedman went to [[France]] and worked for one year in [[Shakin' Street]]. On [[Black Sabbath]]'s ''[[Heaven and Hell (Black Sabbath album)|Heaven and Hell]]'' tour in 1980 (on which Shakin' Street were the support act) Friedman met bass player [[Joey DeMaio]]. Later in 1980 Friedman and DeMaio formed Manowar with whom he recorded six albums before leaving the band after the 1988 album ''[[Kings of Metal]]''.
+
+He returned to his old friends to play in a band called "Manitoba's Wild Kingdom" which eventually evolved back into The Dictators. All the members of the Dictators continue to do side projects.
+
+In 1994 he had a blues rock band called "Heyday" and in 1999 he vowed to put the fun back in Rock-N-Roll with "The Spinatras".
+
+2004 saw him join [[Albert Bouchard]], the original drummer for [[Blue Öyster Cult]], in his band "The Brain Surgeons NYC". He also recorded an instrumental album with Dictators drummer JP Thunderbolt Patterson.
+
+Ross is currently with [[The Brain Surgeons]]. He's also constantly writing and recording new music and reuniting with his old bands and former band members for special shows and projects.
+
+Many ardent Manowar fans have expressed their burning desire to see Ross rejoin the band and write new material with them again, as the time he spent in the band during the '80s is considered as their golden era.
+
+In April 2006 He played one night of early Manowar Music at the Keep It True IV Festival in Germany backed by German Manowar cover band [[Men of War]], who has since become his own backing band, changing their name to The RTB Band and beginning work on some original material.
+
+In October 2006 he reunited with The Dictators to play the last Friday and Saturday nights at legendary punk rock venue [[CBGB]]s, one of the clubs where they got their start.
+
+==External links==
+*[http://www.ross-the-boss.com Ross-the-Boss.com]
+*[http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/001265.html 2005 Ross the Boss Interview]
+
+{{US-musician-stub}}
+
+[[Category:American punk rock guitarists|Friedman, Ross]]
+[[Category:American heavy metal guitarists|Friedman, Ross]]
+
+[[de:Ross The Boss]]
+[[es:Ross Boss Friedman]]
+[[fi:Ross The Boss]]
+[[it:Ross the Boss]]
+[[pl:Ross Friedman]]
+[[ru:Фридмен, Росс]]
+[[sv:Ross the Boss]]
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@@ -1 +1,62 @@\n
-#REDIRECT [[Book of Common Prayer]]
+[[image:cumberland_md_alco_campers.jpg|thumb]]
+
+'''Allegany High School''' is a [[high school]] (grades 9 to 12) in [[Cumberland, Maryland|Cumberland]], [[Allegany County, Maryland|Allegany County]], [[Maryland]].
+
+Allegany High School was built as Allegany County High School in 1887. The current principal is Michael Calhoun, and the vice principals are Ray Kiddy and Heidi Laupert.
+
+As of 2005 it had 825 students and 49 teachers. Students were 93% white, 5% African-American and 2% Asian. 19% were eligible for reduced lunch, less than the state average of 27%.
+
+Allegany High School is known for its marching band. It is under the direction of Larry Jackson and Brian White. It's Drum Major is Senior Kayla Bloom. Allegany was recently placed 9th at TOB at Scranton, PA however, it has been ranked number one on the road. The band has winds, pit, and a color guard.
+
+
+
+==Notable Alumni==
+
+Allegany High School has some famous grads including:
+
+* [[William H. Macy]] ([[Fargo (film)|Fargo]], [[Door to Door]])
+* [[Eric Hayhurst]] Published photographer in several books
+* [[David Mertz]]
+* [[Brennan "Tall Boy" Pyles]] Well over 6'6" tall he is a founding member of "G-Money" and former employee of Wal-Mart
+* [[Ryan "Buzzsaw" Buzzerd]] Former Allegany personality he is 6'4" tall and formerly 294lbs, now he is 195lbs after switching to Jenny Craig. He is currently employed at Ruby Tuesdays.
+
+== Football ==
+
+[[image:cumberland_md_alco_football_2005.jpg]]
+
+In the 2005 football season, the [[Allegany Campers]] [[varsity team]] went undefeated in their best season in the school's history, with a 14-0 record.
+
+In 2006, The Allegany Campers had high expectations comming of the 2005 season. Blowing out all of their opponents until they played the Keyser Golden Tornados and lost 14-7. They went on to beat Berkley Springs and Sidwell Friends, only to lose homecoming to cross town rivals Fort Hill 35-14. The Campers defeated Boonsboro in region playoffs blowing them out by a wide margin. Allegany met Fort Hill again at Greenway for the Region 1A west championship, but lost 51-19. Allegany finished the 2006 season with a winning record of 9-3.
+
+== Cross Country ==
+Allegany's runners had a great season this year with the boys team making the state meet. The team was coached by Tommy Channdler and Dennis Robertson. The boys team had members such as Julian Gates, Stephen Heath, Sumeet Gupta, Gavin Brant, and the people that are named Shuck. For the girls Lauryn MacFawn won states with Kendra Roberts also going to states.
+
+== Boy's Soccer ==
+
+The biggest surprise of this year was the boy's soccer team, which had an 8-5-2 record. The team was coached by Richard Zimmerman and Mike Sallerson. The team consisted of 19 members, and jv members.
+
+== Golf ==
+
+Despite what many think, the priciple sport of Allegany High School is golf. The team is lead by the 6' 135lb senior at golfer Thadeus Eirich. The only female member of the team is Madison Martin. The team was did well this year, with the only female member Madison Martin, placing 6th in states.
+
+== Related Links ==
+
+* [[Fort Hill High School]]
+* [[Bishop Walsh School]]
+* [[Cumberland, Maryland]]
+
+== External Links ==
+
+*[http://boe.allconet.org/al/ Allegany High School]
+*[http://www.alcoband.org/ Allegany High School Band]
+*[http://eteamz.active.com/bigbluereview The Big Blue Review] Allegany High School Football.
+*[http://www.westernmarylandrunning.com/ Western Maryland Running Club]
+*[http://www.cumberlandpaintball.com Cumberland Paintball Club]
+*[http://eteamz.active.com/alcosoccer/ Allegany Soccer]
+
+== See also ==
+* [[List of high schools in Maryland]]
+
+[[Category:High schools in Maryland]]
+[[Category:Cumberland, Maryland]]
+[[Category:Allegany County, Maryland]]
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-{{otheruses}}
-
-{{Infobox_Country|
-native_name = Rzeczpospolita Polska
Republic of Poland |
-common_name = Poland |
-flag_border = true|
-image_flag = Flag of Poland.svg |
-image_coat = Herb Polski.png |
-image_map = LocationPoland.png |
-national_motto = none{{ref|1}}|
-national_anthem = [[Mazurek Dąbrowskiego]] |
-official_languages = [[Polish language|Polish]]{{ref|2}}|
-capital = [[Warsaw]] |
-latd=52|latm=13|latNS=N|longd=21|longm=02|longEW=E|
-largest_city = [[Warsaw]] |
-government_type= [[Republic]] |
-leader_titles = [[President of Poland|President]]
[[Prime minister of Poland|Prime minister]] |
-leader_names = [[Lech Kaczyński]]
[[Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz]] |
-area_rank = 68th |
-area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
-area=312,685 |
-percent_water = 2.6% |
-population_estimate = 38,635,144 |
-population_estimate_year = 2005 |
-population_estimate_rank = 32nd |
-population_census= 38,230,080|
-population_census_year=2002 |
-population_density = 123.5 |
-population_density_rank = 64th|
-GDP_PPP_year=2005 |
-GDP_PPP = $512.9 billion |
-GDP_PPP_rank = 23rd |
-GDP_PPP_per_capita = $13,275 |
-GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 51st |
-HDI_year = 2003 |
-HDI = 0.858 |
-HDI_rank = 36th |
-HDI_category = high |
-sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |
-established_events = •[[Baptism of Poland|Christianisation Date]]{{ref|3}}
 • Declared
 • [[Partitions of Poland|Redeclared]] |
-established_dates =
966
10th century
[[November 11]], [[1918]] |
-currency = [[Złoty]] |
-currency_code = PLN |
-time_zone= [[Central European Time|CET]] |
-utc_offset= +1 |
-time_zone_DST= [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
-utc_offset_DST= +2 |
-cctld= [[.pl]] (also [[.eu]] as part of the European Union) |
-calling_code = 48 |
-footnotes =1{{note|1}} See also [[unofficial mottos of Poland]].
2{{note|2}} [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Cassubian language|Cassubian]], [[German language|German]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] are used in five [[gmina|communal]] offices; however, they are not [[official language]]s.
3{{note|3}}The adoption of [[Christianity]] in Poland is seen by many Poles, regardless of their religious affiliation, as one of the most significant national historical events.
-}}
-
-
-The '''Republic of Poland''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: ''[[Rzeczpospolita]] [[wikt:polska#Adjective|Polska]]'') is a country located in [[Central Europe]], between [[Germany]] to the west, the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] to the south, [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]] to the east, and the [[Baltic Sea]], [[Lithuania]], and [[Russia]] (in the form of the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] [[exclave]]) to the north.
-
-The Polish [[state]] was formed over 1,000 years ago under the [[Piast dynasty]], and reached its [[Polish Golden Age|golden age]] near the end of the 16th century under the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]], when Poland was one of the largest, wealthiest, and most powerful countries in Europe. In 1791 the [[Sejm]] of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] adopted the [[Constitution of May 3]], Europe's first modern codified [[constitution]], and the second in the world after the [[Constitution of the United States]]. Soon afterwards, the country ceased to exist after being [[partitions of Poland|partitioned]] by its neighbours [[Russia]], [[Austria]], and [[Prussia]]. It regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of the [[First World War]] as the [[Second Polish Republic]]. Following the [[Second World War]] it became a [[Communism|communist]] [[satellite state]] of the [[Soviet Union]] known as the [[People's Republic of Poland]]. In 1989 the first partially-free [[election]]s in Poland's post-[[World War II]] history concluded the [[Solidarity]] (''Solidarność'') movement's struggle for freedom and resulted in the defeat of Poland's communist rulers. The current Third Polish Republic was established, followed a few years later by the drafting of a [[Constitution of Poland|new constitution]] in 1997. In 1999 Poland acceded to [[NATO]], and in 2004 it joined the [[European Union]].
-
-
-
-==History==
-{{seesubarticle|History of Poland}}
-Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the [[Piast dynasty]]. Poland's first historically documented ruler, [[Mieszko I]], was baptized in 966, adopting [[Catholicism|Catholic Christianity]] as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the [[Mongol]] armies of the [[Golden Horde]] in 1241. In 1320 [[Wladislaus I of Poland|Władysław I]] became the King of the reunified Poland. His son [[Casimir III of Poland| Kazimierz Wielki]] repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Russian dukedom ([[Lwów]] became a Polish City).
-The [[Black Death]] which affected most parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351 did not come to Poland.{{"''One of the greatest calamities in European history began in 1347 when [[bubonic plague]] struck, brought to Italy, it is thought, by a group of Genoese returning home through Sicily and Pisa from Kaffa in the Crimea. Their fortress there had been besieged by Mongol invaders who had suddenly begun to die of a disease that caused black, blood-oozing swellings and immense pain....By 1351, it had spread over most of Europe. The only areas which escaped were Milan, Poland, Belgium, eastern Germany and part of southwest France.''" (Page 235 of "Timelines of World History" by John B. Teeple, ISBN 0-7894-8926-0 www.dk.com Dorling Kindersley).}}
-
-Under the [[Jagiellon]] dynasty, Poland forged an alliance with its neighbour [[Lithuania]]. A [[Polish Golden Age|golden age]] occurred in the 16th century during its union ([[Lublin Union]]) with Lithuania in the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and [[Sejm|Sejm parliamentary system]], although the ''[[szlachta]]'' monopolised most of the benefits as most of Poles since the middle of the fourteenth century were [[serf]]s. Landowners gained almost unlimited ownership over serfs. Since that time Poles have regarded [[freedom]] as their most important value. Poles often call themselves the ''nation of the free people''.
-
-[[Image:Rzeczpospolita.png|thumb|left|200px|The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at its greatest extent]]
-{{Polish statehood}}
-In the mid-17th century a Swedish invasion rolled through the country in the turbulent time known as [[The Deluge (Polish history)|"The Deluge"]] (''potop''). Numerous wars against the [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Russia]], [[Cossacks]], [[Transylvania]] and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] ultimately came to an end in 1699. During the following 80 years, the waning of the central government and deadlock of the institutions weakened the nation, leading to anarchistic tendencies and a growing dependency on [[Russia]]. In Polish Democracy every member of parliament was able to break any work or project by shouting 'Liberum Veto' during the session. Russian [[tsar|tsars]] took advantage of this unique political vulnerability by offering money to Parliamentary traitors, who in turn would consistently and subversively block necessary reforms and new solutions.
-
-The [[The Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in what is claimed to be the first modern written [[constitution]] in Europe, the [[Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791|Constitution of May 3]] in 1791. The process of reforms ceased with the [[partitions of Poland]] between [[Russia]], [[Prussia]], and [[Austria]] in 1772, 1793 and 1795 which ultimately dissolved the country. Poles resented their shrinking freedoms and several times rebelled against their oppressors (see [[List of Polish Uprisings]]).
-
-[[Napoleon]] recreated a Polish state, the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], but after the [[Napoleonic wars]], Poland was split again by the Allies at the [[Congress of Vienna]]. The eastern part was [[List of Polish rulers|ruled]] by the Russian [[tsar]] as a [[Congress Kingdom]], and possessed a liberal constitution. However, the tsars soon reduced Polish freedoms and Russia eventually ''de facto'' annexed the country. Later in the 19th century, Austrian-ruled [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] became the oasis of Polish freedom.
-
-During [[World War I]] all the [[Allies]] agreed on the restitution of Poland that [[United States]] President [[Woodrow Wilson]] proclaimed in point 13 of his [[Fourteen Points]]. Shortly after the surrender of [[Germany]] in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the [[Second Polish Republic]] (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). It was established after a series of military conflicts, like the 1919-1921 [[Polish-Soviet War]]. [[Image:Rzeczpospolita 1920.png|thumb|left|Poland between 1922 and 1938]]
-
-The 1926 [[May Coup]] of [[Józef Piłsudski]] turned the Second Polish Republic into [[Sanacja]] that lasted until the start of [[World War II]] when [[Germany]] and the [[Soviet Union]] [[Polish September Campaign|invaded Poland]]. Warsaw capitulated on [[September 28]] [[1939]]. The eastern part of the German occupied zone was transformed into the [[General Government]] area, and the western part was simply incorporated to the German Reich.
-
-Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over 6 million perished, half of them Polish [[Jew]]s. At its conclusion, Poland's borders were shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the [[Curzon line]], even though the defense of Poland was the reason that [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]] had declared war on Germany. The second aggressor, the [[Soviet Union]], was given the right to occupy former Polish territory in negotiations, which means that the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] was partially confirmed.
-
-On the other hand, the western border of Poland was moved to the [[Oder-Neisse line]]. After the shift, Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 km² (29,900 [[square mile|mi²]]); although the important cities of [[Gdańsk]] (Danzig), [[Szczecin]] (Stettin) and [[Wrocław]] (Breslau) were all incorporated into its post-war borders. The shift forced the migration of millions of people – Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Jews.
-
-As a result of these events, Poland became, for the first time in history, an ethnically unified country. A Polish minority is still present in neighbouring countries of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in other countries (see [[Poles]] article for the population numbers). The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the [[United States]].
-
-The Soviet Union instituted a new [[Communism | communist]] government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Military alignment within the [[Warsaw Pact]] throughout the [[Cold War]] was also part of this change. In 1948 a turn towards [[Stalinism]] brought in the beginning of the next period of totalitarian rule. The [[People's Republic of Poland]] (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1956 the régime became more liberal, freeing many people from prison and expanding some personal freedoms. In 1970 the government was changed. It was a time when the economy was more modern, and the government had large credits. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent [[trade union]], "[[Solidarity]]", which over time became a political force. It eroded the dominance of the [[Polish United Workers' Party | Communist Party]]; by 1989 it had triumphed in parliamentary elections, and [[Lech Wałęsa]], a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement greatly contributed to the soon-following collapse of Communism all over Eastern Europe.
-
-A [[shock therapy (economics)|shock therapy]] program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Despite a temporary slump in social and economic standards, there were numerous improvements in other [[human rights]] (free speech, functioning democracy and the like). Poland was the first post-communist country to regain pre-1989 [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] levels. Poland joined the [[NATO]] alliance in 1999 along with the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Hungary]]. Polish voters then said ''yes'' to the EU in a referendum in June 2003. Poland joined the European Union on [[1 May]] [[2004]].
-
-==Politics==
-{{seesubarticle3|Politics of Poland|Foreign relations of Poland|Military of Poland}}
-
-Poland is a democratic [[republic]]. Its current [[Constitution of Poland|constitution]] dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a [[Prime Ministers of Poland|prime minister]]. The president appoints the [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the bicameral legislature's lower house (the ''[[Sejm]]''). The [[Presidents of Poland|president]], elected by popular vote every five years, serves as the [[head of state]]. The current president is [[Lech Kaczyński]].
-
-Polish voters elect a two house [[parliament]], consisting of a 460 member lower house [[Sejm]] and a 100 member Senate (''[[Senate of Poland|Senat]]''). The [[Sejm]] is elected under a [[proportional representation]] electoral system using the [[d'Hondt method]] similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems. The Senate, on the other hand, is elected under a rare plurality [[bloc voting]] method where several candidates with the highest support are elected from each [[electorate]]. With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of [[Political parties in Poland|political parties]] receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and Senate form the National Assembly, ([[Polish language|Polish]] ''Zgromadzenie Narodowe''). The National Assembly is formed on three occasions: Taking the oath of office by a new president, bringing an indictment against the President of the Republic to the Tribunal of State, and declaration of a President's permanent incapacity to exercise their duties due to the state of their health. Only the first kind has occurred to date.
-
-The [[judiciary|judicial branch]] plays a minor role in decision-making. Its major institutions include the Supreme Court (''Sąd Najwyższy''), the Supreme Administrative Court (''Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny'') (judges appointed by the president of the republic on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period), the Constitutional Tribunal (''Trybunał Konstytucyjny'') (judges chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms) and the Tribunal of State (''Trybunał Stanu'') (judges chosen by the Sejm for the current term of office of the Sejm, except for the position of chairperson which is held by the First President of the Supreme Court). The Sejm (on approval of the Polish Senate) appoints the Ombudsman or the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (''Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich'') for a five-year term. The Ombudsman has the duty of guarding the observance and implementation of the rights and liberties of the human being and of the citizen, the law and principles of community life and social justice.
-
-==Geography==
-[[Image:Tatry Panorama01xxx.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tatra Mountains in the very south of Poland]]
-[[Image:Polska2005 026.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Warsaw]].]]
-[[Image:Krakau05.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Krakow]].]]
-[[Image:Katowice rynek1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Katowice]] ]]
-[[Image:Wroclaw 1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Wrocław]].]]
-[[Image:Poznan_Poland.jpg |thumb|250px|right|Old Market square in [[Poznań]].]]
-[[Image:Gdansk Glowne Miasto.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Old town in [[Gdańsk]].]]
-{{seesubarticle|Geography of Poland}}
-
-The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the [[North European Plain]], at an average height of 173 metres (568 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]), though the [[Sudetes]] (including the [[Karkonosze]]) and the [[Carpathian Mountains]] (including the [[Tatra mountains]], where one also finds Poland's highest point, [[Rysy]], at 2,499 m or 8,199 ft) form the southern border. Several large rivers cross the plains; for instance, the [[Vistula]] (''Wisła''), [[Oder River|Oder]] (''Odra''), [[Warta]] the (Western) [[Bug (Rivers)|Bug]]. Poland also contains over 9,300 lakes, predominantly in the north of the country. [[Masuria]] (''Mazury'') forms the largest and most-visited lake district in Poland. Remains of the ancient forests survive: see [[list of forests in Poland]]. Poland enjoys a [[temperate climate|temperate]] [[climate]], with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms.
-
-===Principal Cities===
-{| class="wikitable"
-|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
-!   
-! [[Agglomeration]] or [[conurbation]]
-!  Voivodship 
-! Inhabitants
(Estimated, 2005)
-
-|-
-| align="right" | 1 || [[Katowice]] / [[Metropolian Katowice|MK]] ([[Upper Silesian Metropolitan Area|USMA]])|| [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | '''3,487,000'''
-|-
-| align="right" | 2 || [[Warsaw]] (Warszawa) || [[Masovian Voivodship|Masovia]] || align="right" | 2,679,000
-|-
-| align="right" | 3 || [[Łódź]] || [[Łódź Voivodship|Łódź]] || align="right" | 1,100,000
-|-
-| align="right" | 4 || [[Tricity]] || [[Pomeranian Voivodship|Pomerania]] || align="right" | 1,028,000
-|-
-| align="right" | 5 || [[Kraków|Cracow]] (Kraków) || [[Lesser Poland Voivodship|Lesser Poland]] || align="right" | 1,024,000
-|-
-|}
-
-{| class="wikitable"
-|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
-!   
-! City
-!  Voivodship 
-! Inhabitants
[[20 May]] [[2002]]
-! Inhabitants
[[31 December]] [[2004]]
-|-
-| align="right" | 1 || [[Warsaw]] (Warszawa) || [[Masovian Voivodship|Masovia]] || align="right" | '''1,671,670''' || align="right" | '''1,692,854'''
-|-
-| align="right" | 2 || [[Łódź]] || [[Łódź Voivodship|Łódź]] || align="right" | 789,318 || align="right" | 774,004
-|-
-| align="right" | 3 || [[Kraków|Cracow]] (Kraków) || [[Lesser Poland Voivodship|Lesser Poland]] || align="right" | 758,544 || align="right" | 757,430
-|-
-| align="right" | 4 || [[Wrocław]] || [[Lower Silesian Voivodship|Lower Silesia]] || align="right" | 640,367 || align="right" | 636,268
-|-
-| align="right" | 5 || [[Poznań]] || [[Greater Poland Voivodship|Greater Poland]] || align="right" | 578,886 || align="right" | 570,778
-|-
-| align="right" | 6 || [[Gdańsk]] || [[Pomeranian Voivodship|Pomerania]] || align="right" | 461,334 || align="right" | 459,072
-|-
-| align="right" | 7 || [[Szczecin]] || [[West Pomeranian Voivodship|Western Pomerania]] || align="right" | 415,399 || align="right" | 411,900
-|-
-| align="right" | 8 || [[Bydgoszcz]] || [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship|Cuiavia-Pomerania]] || align="right" | 373,804 || align="right" | 368,235
-|-
-| align="right" | 9 || [[Lublin]] || [[Lublin Voivodship|Lublin]] || align="right" | 357,110 || align="right" | 355,998
-|-
-| align="right" | 10 || [[Katowice]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 327,222 || align="right" | 319,904
-|-
-| align="right" | 11 || [[Białystok]] || [[Podlasie Voivodship|Podlasie]] || align="right" | 291,383 || align="right" | 292,150
-|-
-| align="right" | 12 || [[Gdynia]] || [[Pomeranian Voivodship|Pomerania]] || align="right" | 253,458 || align="right" | 253,324
-|-
-| align="right" | 13 || [[Częstochowa]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 251,436 || align="right" | 248,032
-|-
-| align="right" | 14 || [[Sosnowiec]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 232,622 || align="right" | 228,192
-|-
-| align="right" | 15 || [[Radom]] || [[Masovian Voivodship|Masovia]] || align="right" | 229,699 || align="right" | 227,613
-|-
-| align="right" | 16 || [[Kielce]] || [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodship|Świętokrzyskie]] || align="right" | 212,429 || align="right" | 209,455
-|-
-| align="right" | 17 || [[Toruń]] || [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship|Cuiavia-Pomerania]] || align="right" | 211,243 || align="right" | 208,278
-|-
-| align="right" | 18 || [[Gliwice]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 203,814 || align="right" | 200,361
-|-
-| align="right" | 19 || [[Zabrze]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 195,293 || align="right" | 192,546
-|-
-| align="right" | 20 || [[Bytom]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 193,546 || align="right" | 189,535
-|-
-| align="right" | 21 || [[Bielsko-Biała]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 178,028 || align="right" | 176,987
-|-
-| align="right" | 22 || [[Olsztyn]] || [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodship|Warmia-Masuria]] || align="right" | 173,102 || align="right" | 173,850
-|-
-| align="right" | 23 || [[Rzeszów]] || [[Subcarpathian Voivodship|Subcarpathia]] || align="right" | 160,376 || align="right" | 159,020
-|-
-| align="right" | 24 || [[Ruda Śląska]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 150,595 || align="right" | 147,403
-|-
-| align="right" | 25 || [[Rybnik]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 142,731 || align="right" | 141,755
-|-
-| align="right" | 26 || [[Tychy]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 132,816 || align="right" | 131,547
-|-
-| align="right" | 27 || [[Dąbrowa Górnicza]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 132,236 || align="right" | 130,789
-|-
-| align="right" | 28 || [[Opole]] || [[Opole Voivodship|Opole]] || align="right" | 129,946 || align="right" | 128,864
-|-
-| align="right" | 29 || [[Płock]] || [[Masovian Voivodship|Masovia]] || align="right" | 128,361 || align="right" | 127,841
-|-
-| align="right" | 30 || [[Elbląg]] || [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodship|Warmia-Masuria]] || align="right" | 128,134 || align="right" | 127,655
-|-
-| align="right" | 31 || [[Wałbrzych]] || [[Lower Silesian Voivodship|Lower Silesia]] || align="right" | 130,268 || align="right" | 127,566
-|-
-| align="right" | 32 || [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]] || [[Lubuskie Voivodship|Lubusz]] || align="right" | 125,914 || align="right" | 125,578
-|-
-| align="right" | 33 || [[Włocławek]] || [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship|Cuiavia-Pomerania]] || align="right" | 121,229 || align="right" | 120,369
-|-
-| align="right" | 34 || [[Tarnów]] || [[Lesser Poland Voivodship|Lesser Poland]] || align="right" | 119,913 || align="right" | 118,267
-|-
-| align="right" | 35 || [[Zielona Góra]] || [[Lubuskie Voivodship|Lubusz]] || align="right" | 118,293 || align="right" | 118,516
-|-
-| align="right" | 36 || [[Chorzów]] || [[Silesian Voivodship|Silesia]] || align="right" | 117,430 || align="right" | 115,241
-|-
-| align="right" | 37 || [[Kalisz]] || [[Greater Poland Voivodship|Greater Poland]] || align="right" | 109,498 || align="right" | 108,792
-|-
-| align="right" | 38 || [[Koszalin]] || [[West Pomeranian Voivodship|Western Pomerania]] || align="right" | 108,709 || align="right" | 107,773
-|-
-| align="right" | 39 || [[Legnica]] || [[Lower Silesian Voivodship|Lower Silesia]] || align="right" | 107,100 || align="right" | 106,143
-|-
-| align="right" | 40 || [[Słupsk]] || [[Pomeranian Voivodship|Pomerania]] || align="right" | 100,376 || align="right" | 99,827
-|-
-| align="right" | 41 || [[Grudziądz]] || [[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship|Cuiavia-Pomerania]] || align="right" | 99,943 || align="right" | 98,757
-|}
-
-===Administrative division===
-[[Image:EC map of Poland.gif|Map of Poland|thumb|300px|right|Administrative map of Poland]]
-{{seesubarticle|Voivodships of Poland}}
-
-Poland is subdivided into sixteen [[administrative region]]s known as [[voivodship]]s (''województwa'', singular - ''województwo''):
-
-{| class="wikitable"
-! Voivodship!! Capital city (cities)
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship|Cuiavian-Pomeranian Voivodship]] (Kujawsko-Pomorskie) || [[Bydgoszcz]] and [[Toruń]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Greater Poland Voivodship]] (Wielkopolskie) || [[Poznań]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Lesser Poland Voivodship]] (Małopolskie) || [[Kraków]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Łódź Voivodship]] (Łódzkie) || [[Łódź]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Lower Silesian Voivodship]] (Dolnośląskie) || [[Wrocław]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Lublin Voivodship]] (Lubelskie) || [[Lublin]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Lubusz Voivodship]] (Lubuskie) || [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]] and [[Zielona Góra]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Masovian Voivodship]] (Mazowieckie) || [[Warsaw]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Opole Voivodship]] (Opolskie) || [[Opole]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Podlasie Voivodship]] (Podlaskie) || [[Białystok]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Pomeranian Voivodship]] (Pomorskie) || [[Gdańsk]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Silesian Voivodship]] (Śląskie) || [[Katowice]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Subcarpathian Voivodship]] (Podkarpackie) || [[Rzeszów]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Swietokrzyskie Voivodship]] (Świętokrzyskie) || [[Kielce]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[Warmian-Masurian Voivodship]] (Warmińsko-Mazurskie) || [[Olsztyn]]
-|-
-|valign="top"|[[West Pomeranian Voivodship]] (Zachodniopomorskie) || [[Szczecin]]
-|}
-
-Lower levels of administrative division are:
-* [[powiat]]s (counties)
-* [[gmina]]s (commune)
-
-==Economy==
-{{seesubarticle|Economy of Poland}}
-
-[[Image:100zl r.jpg|thumb|left|A hundred [[złoty]] note]]
-[[Image:Wawka.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Warsaw]] after dark]]
-[[Image:Wawka2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Skyscrapers in [[Warsaw]].]]
-[[Image:Katowice Spodek.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Spodek]] in [[Katowice]].]]
-[[Image:Autostrada A 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Highway A2 ([[European route E30]]) near [[Poznań]].]]
-[[Image:Gdynia kamienna marina.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Marina at [[Gdynia]].]]
-[[Image:Lanckoronaa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Lanckorona]].]]
-[[Image:ZninZLotu.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Żnin]] - the medieval town]]
-[[Image:2_SPN_01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Seacoast]]
-
-Since its return to [[democracy]], Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of [[neoliberalism|liberalising]] the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open examples of the transition from a partially state-capitalist market economy to a primarily privately owned market economy.
-
-The [[privatisation]] of small and medium state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing new firms have allowed for the rapid development of an aggressive private sector, followed by a development of [[consumer rights]] organisations later on. Restructuring and privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., [[coal]], [[steel]], [[railway]]s, and energy) has begun. The biggest privatisations so far were a sale of Telekomunikacja Polska, a national telecom to France Telecom (2000) and an issue of 30% shares of the biggest Polish bank, PKO BP, on the Polish stockmarket (2004).
-
-Poland has a large [[agriculture|agricultural]] sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the [[European Union]] now that Poland is a member. Challenges remain, especially under-investment. Structural reforms in health care, education, the [[pension]] system, and state administration have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Warsaw leads [[Central Europe]] in foreign investment and allegedly needs a continued large inflow. [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] growth had been strong and steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002. The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track, with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. In 2004 GDP growth equalled 5.4%, and in 2005 3.3%. Forecasted GDP for 2006 is 4.3%.
-
-Annual growth rates broken down by quarters:
-
-* 2003: Q1 - 2.2% | Q2 - 3.8% | Q3 - 4.7% | Q4 - 4.7%
-* 2004: Q1 - 6.9% | Q2 - 6.1% | Q3 - 4.8% | Q4 - 4.9%
-* 2005: Q1 - 2.1% | Q2 - 2.8% | Q3 - 3.7% | Q4 - 4.4%
-
-Although the Polish economy is currently undergoing an economic boom there are many challenges ahead. The most notable task on the horizon is the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the [[Euro|European Single Currency]]. There is much speculation as to just when Poland might be ready to join the [[Eurozone]], although the best guess estimates put the entry date somewhere between 2009 and 2013. For now, Poland is preparing to make the Euro its official currency (as other countries of the [[European Union]]), and the Złoty will eventually be abolished from the modern Polish economy. Since joining the European Union, many young Polish people have left their country to work in other EU countries because of high unemployment rate (about 17%).
-
-'''Poland produces:''' clothes, electronics, cars (including luxury [[car Leopard]]), buses ([[Autosan]], [[Jelcz SA]], [[Solaris Bus & Coach|Solaris]], [[Solbus]]) helicopters ([[PZL Świdnik]]), planes ([[PZL Mielec]]), ships, military engineering (including [[PT-91|tanks]]), medicines ([[Polpharma]], [[Polfa]], etc), food, chemical products etc.
-
-==Science, technology and education==
-{{seesubarticle2|Polish science and technology|Education in Poland}}
-
-The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of [[Kraków]] dating back to 1110 shows that already in the early 12th century Polish intellectuals had access to the European literature. In 1364, in [[Kraków]], the [[Jagiellonian University]], founded by King [[Kazimierz Wielki]], became one of Europe's great early universities. In 1773 King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] established his Commission on National Education ([[Komisja Edukacji Narodowej]]), the world's first state ministry of education. Today, Poland has more than a hundred tertiary education instutions; traditional universities to be found in its major cities of [[Gdańsk]], [[Bydgoszcz]], [[Katowice]], [[Kraków]], [[Lublin]], [[Łódź]], [[Poznań]], [[Rzeszów]], [[Warsaw]] and [[Wrocław]] as well as technical, medical, economic institutions elsewhere, employing around 61,000 workers. There are also around 300 research and development institutes, with about 10,000 more researchers. In total, there are around 91,000 scientists in Poland today.
-
-===Telecommunication and IT===
-{{seesubarticle2|Communications in Poland|Software development in Poland}}
-
-The share of the telecom sector in the GDP is 4.4% (end of 2000 figure), compared to 2.5% in 1996. Nevertheless, despite high expenditures for telecom infrastructure (the coverage increased from 78 users per 1000 inhabitants in 1989 to 282 in 2000)

-the coverage mobile cellular is 660 users per 1000 people (2005)
-* Telephones - mobile cellular: 25.3 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)
-* Telephones - main lines in use: 12.5 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)
-
-==Transportation==
-{{seesubarticle|Transportation in Poland}}
-
-*'''Rail''': The Polish State Railways ([[PKP]]) is one of the larger railway systems of central and western Europe, with 23,420 kilometres (14,552 mi) in its network (1998). Refurbishment of the network has commenced to bring standards into line with western European railway networks. [http://www.plk-sa.pl/]
-*'''Road''': By Western European standards, Poland has a relatively poor infrastructure of expressways/highways. The Government has undertaken a programme to improve the standard of a number of significant national highways by 2013. The total length of expressways/highways is 364,657 kilometres (226,587 mi). There are a total of 9,283,000 registered passenger automobiles, as well as 1,762,000 registered trucks and buses (2000).
-*'''Air''': Poland has eight major airports (in decreasing order of traffic: [[Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport|Warsaw]], [[John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice|Kraków]], [[Katowice International Airport|Katowice]], [[Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport|Gdańsk]], [[Poznań-Ławica Airport|Poznań]], [[Wrocław International Airport|Wrocław]], [[Szczecin Airport|Szczecin]], [[Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport|Bydgoszcz]] and [[Rzeszów-Jasionka Airport|Rzeszów]]), a total of 123 airports and airfields, as well as three heliports. The number of passengers at Polish airports has consistently increased since 1991.
-*'''Marine''': The total length of navigable rivers and canals is 3,812 kilometres (2,369 mi). The [[merchant marine]] consists of 114 ships, with an additional 100 ships registered outside the country. The principal ports and harbours are: [[Port of Gdańsk]], [[Port of Gdynia]], [[Szczecin|Port of Szczecin]], [[Swinoujscie|Port of Świnoujście]], [[Ustka|Port of Ustka]], [[Kolobrzeg|Port of Kolobrzeg]], [[Gliwice]], [[Warsaw]], [[Wrocław]].
-
-==Demographics==
-{{seesubarticle|Demographics of Poland}}
-
-Poland formerly played host to many languages, cultures, and religions. However, the outcome of [[World War II]] and the following shift westwards to the area between the [[Curzon line]] and the [[Oder-Neisse line]] gave Poland an appearance of homogeneity. Today 36,983,700 people, or 96.74% of the population considers itself Polish (Census 2002), 471,500 (1.23%) declared another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) didn't declare any nationality. The officially recognised ethnic minorities include: [[ethnic German|German]]s, [[Ukrainians]], [[Lithuanians]], [[Jew]]s and [[Belarusians]]. The [[Polish language]], a member of the West Slavic branch of the [[Slavic languages]], functions as the official language of Poland. Most Poles adhere to the [[Roman Catholic]] faith and 95% count as practising Catholics. The rest of the population consists mainly of [[Eastern Orthodox]] (about 509 500), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (about 123 034) and various [[Protestant]] (about 86 880 in the largest [[Evangelical-Augsburg Church]] and about as many in smaller churches) religious minorities.
-[http://www.stat.gov.pl/opracowania_zbiorcze/maly_rocznik_stat/2003/rocznik4/relig.htm]
-
-==Culture==
-[[Image:Stanczyk Matejko.JPG|left|thumb|"[[Stańczyk]]" painted by [[Jan Matejko]].]]
-
-Polish culture has a rich thousand-year history influenced from both west and east. Today, we can see these influences in Polish architecture, folklore and art. Poland has also had a strong influence on the countries surrounding it.
-{{seesubarticle|Culture of Poland}}
-{{sect-stub}}
-
-==UNESCO World Heritage in Poland==
-* [[Warszawa]] (Old Town)
-* [[Kraków]] (Old Town)
-* [[Wieliczka]] (Salt mine)
-* [[Malbork]] (Biggest Brick Stone Castle)
-* [[Zamość]] (Renaissance Town)
-* [[Toruń]] (Gothic Town)
-* [[Oświęcim]] ([[Auschwitz concentration camp]])
-* [[Jawor]] (Baroque Peace Church)
-* [[Świdnica]] (Baroque Peace Chruch)
-* [[Kalwaria Zebrzydowska]] (Pilgrim´s Place)
-* [[Białowieża Forest]] (National Park - largest remaining [[primeval forest]] in Europe)
-* [[Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland]] and Subcarpathia
-* [[Park Mużakowski]] (shared by Poland and Germany)
-
-==International rankings==
-[[Image:Wladyslaw-Jagiello.jpg|right|240px|thumb|The history of Poland is celebrated worldwide. For example, this equestrian statue of [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] is on display in [[Central Park]], [[New York City]] ([[United States]]).]]
-* [[Human Development Index]] 2005: Rank 36th out of 177 countries.
-* [[Reporters Without Borders]] world-wide press freedom index 2004: Rank 32nd out of 167 countries.
-* [[Index of Economic Freedom]] 2005: Rank 41st out of 155 countries.
+[[Image:Nizami Rug Crop.jpg|right|175px|thumb|Nezami (1141–1209)]]
+
+'''Nezāmī Ganjavī''' ({{lang-fa|نظامی گنجوی}}; {{lang-az|Nizami Gəncəvi}};‎ [[1141]] – [[1209]]), whose full name was ''Nizām ad-Dīn Abū Muhammad Ilyās ibn-Yusūf ibn-Zakī ibn-Mu'ayyid'', is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in [[Persian literature]], who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic.Encyclopædia Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055636 "Nezami"]Dr. Julie Scott Meisami, ''"The Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance (Oxford World's Classics)", [[Oxford University|Oxford University Pr.]] (T), 1995, ISBN 0-19-283184-4, [http://www.azargoshnasp.net/famous/nezami/nezamijuliascott.htm extract] His heritage is widely appreciated and shared by [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tajikistan]].
+
+==Life==
+His mother, named Ra'isa, was of a [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] background and his father's name, Yusuf, is mentioned once by Nezami in his poetry. Nezami was orphaned early and lived with his maternal uncle Khwajah Umar. Little is known of Nezami's life, except that he spent it in what is now [[Azerbaijan]].
+
+He married three times. His first wife, Afaq, a [[Kipchaks|Kipchak]] slave girl, was sent to him by Fakhr al-Din Bahramshah, the ruler of [[Derbent|Darband]], as a part of a larger gift. She became Nezami's first and most beloved wife. His only son Mohammad was from Afaq. Afaq died after "Khosrow and Shirin" was completed. Mohammad was seven at the time. Strangely enough, Nezami's other wives, too, died prematurely - the death of each coinciding with the completion of an epic, prompting the poet to say, "God, why is it that for every mathnavi I must sacrifice a wife!"Iraj Bashiri, [http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Teahouse/Figures.html#Nizami "The Teahouse at a Glance" - Nizami's Life and Works], 2000
+
+==Education==
+About Nezami's prodigious learning there is no doubt. Poets were expected to be well versed in many subjects; but Nezami seems to have been exceptionally so. His poems show that not only he was fully acquainted with Arabic and Persian literature and with oral and written popular and local traditions, but was also familiar with such diverse fields as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, alchemy, medicine, Koranic exegesis, Islamic theory and law, history, ethics, philosophy and estoeric thought, music, and the visual arts.
+
+==Region==
+When in the twelfth century the Seljuks extended their control into the region, their provincial governors, virtually autonomous local princes called Atabek, encouraged Persian letters. Ganja was a major city of the ''Ildegezid Atabek'' rulers of Azerbaijan.Encyclopædia Iranica, [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home1/iranica/articles/v2_articles/atabakan-e_adarbayjan&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/logs/pdfdownload.html "Atabakan-e Adarbayjan"] Saljuq rulers of Azerbaijan, 12th–13th, Luther, K. pp. 890-894.Encyclopædia Iranica, [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f3/v10f372.html "Ganja"], C. Edmund Bosworth By the mid-twelfth century, many important poets enjoyed their patronage, and there developed a distinctive "Azerbaijani" style of poetry in Persian, which contrasted with "Khurasani" ("Eastern") style in its rhetorical sophistication, its innovative use of metaphor and its use of technical terminology and Christian imagery.
+
+==Works==
+[[Image:Bahram-e Gur.jpg|thumb|[[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] king, [[Bahram V of Persia|Bahram Gur]] is a great favourite in Persian tradition and poetry. Depction of Nezami's "Bahram and the Indian Princess in the Black Pavilion" ''Khamse'' ("Quintet"), mid-16th century [[Safavid]] era.]]
+
+[[Image:Miraj manuscript.jpg|thumb|A manuscript from Nezami's ''Khamse'' dated 1494, depicting [[Muhammad]]'s journey from [[Mecca]] to the [[Dome of the Rock]] to [[heaven]]. The [[archangel]] [[Gabriel]] is seen to Muhammad's right with multiple wings.]]
+
+Nezami lived in an age of both political instability and intense intellectual activity, which his poems reflect; but little is known about his life, his relations with his patrons, or the precise dates of his works, as the accounts of later biographers are colored by the many legends built up around the poet. Although he left a small corpus of lyric poetry, Nezami is best known for his five long narrative poems. He dedicated his poems to various rulers of the region as was custom of that time for great poets, but avoided court life.
+
+Often referred to by the honorific ''Hakim'' "the Sage", Nezami is both a learned poet and master of a lyrical and sensuous style. His poems show that not only was he fully acquainted with Arabic and Persian literature and with [[Oral literature|oral]] and written popular and local traditions, but was also familiar with such diverse fields as mathematics, geometry, astronomy and astrology, alchemy, medicine, Koranic exegesis, Islamic theology and law, history, ethnics, philosophy and esoteric thought, music and the visual arts.
+
+Nezami was a master of the ''[[Masnavi]]'' style (double-rhymed verses) and one of the four great Persian language poets of the [[12th century]] CE. He wrote poetical works; the main one is the ''Panj Ganj'' (Persian: Five Jewels) "Quinary", also known by the Persian pronunciation of the same word in Arabic, ''Khamse''. The ''Quinary'' includes the five Persian books of Nezami:
+
+*'''Makhzan al-Asrar''' "The Storehouse of Mysteries" ([[1163]])(some put it at 1176)
+::Persian: مخزن الاسرار
+:: The ethico-philosophical poems of about 2,250 Persian distichs was dedicated to Fakhr al-Din Bahramshah, the ruler of Erzinjan. The story deals with such esoteric subjects as philosophy and theology. The story contains twenty discourses, each of them portraying an exemplary story on religious and ethical topics. The stories which discuss spiritual and practical concerns enjoin kingly justice, riddance of hypocrisy, warning of vanity of this world and the need to prepare for the after-line. Not a romantic epic, the "The Treasury of Mysteries" was translated into English by Gholam H. Darab in 1945.
+
+*'''Khusraw o Shirin''' "Khusraw and Shirin" ([[1177]]-[[1180]])
+:: A story of Persian origin which is found in the great epico-historical poems of Shahnameh which was based on a true story which was further romanticized by Persian poets. The story chosen by Nezami, was commissioned and dedicated to the Seljuk Sultan Toghril II , the Atabek Muhammad ibn Eldiguz Jahan Pahlavan and his brother Qizil Arsalan. It contains about 6,500 distichs in length, the story depicts the love of [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanian]] [[Khosrau II|Khusraw II Parviz]] towards his ArmenianEncyclopædia Iranica, [http://www.iranica.com/articles/v8f6/v8f645.html "Eskandar-Nama of Nezami"], François de Blois or Caucasian AlbanianM.Shaginyan, “Studies/sketches about Nizami”, 1955/1981 princess, [[Shirin]]. Khusraw o Shirin recounts the story of King Khusraw’s courtship of Princess Shirin, and vanquishing of his love-rival, Farhad. Shirin eventually consents to marry Khusraw after several romantic and heroic episodes, including his rescue of her from a lion by killing the animal with his bare hands.
+
+An excerpt from ''"The Labors of Farhad"''Charles F. Horne, ed., The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol.VIII: Medieval Persia, pp. 103-107.
+
+'''The Labors of Farhad'''
+


+On lofty Beysitoun the lingering sun

+looks down on ceaseless labors, long begun:

+The mountain trembles to the echoing sound

+Of falling rocks, that from her sides rebound.

+Each day all respite, all repose denied---

+No truce, no pause, the thundering strokes are plied;

+The mist of night around her summit coils,

+But still Farhad, the lover-artist, toils,

+And still---the flashes of his axe between---

+He sighs to ev'ry wind, "Alas! Shireen!

+Alas! Shireen!---my task is well-nigh done,

+The goal in view for which I strive alone.

+Love grants me powers that Nature might deny;

+And, whatsoe'er my doom, the world shall tell,

+Thy lover gave to immortality

+Her name he loved---so fatally---so well!

+

+A hundred arms were weak one block to move

+Of thousands, molded by the hand of Love

+Into fantastic shapes and forms of grace,

+Which crowd each nook of that majestic place.

+The piles give way, the rocky peaks divide,

+The stream comes gushing on---a foaming tide!

+A mighty work, for ages to remain,

+The token of his passion and his pain.

+As flows the milky flood from Allah's throne

+Rushes the torrent from the yielding stone;

+And sculptured there, amazed, stern Khosru stands,

+And sees, with frowns, obeyed his harsh commands:

+While she, the fair beloved, with being rife,

+Awakes the glowing marble into life.

+Ah! hapless youth; ah! toil repaid by woe---

+A king thy rival and the world thy foe!

+Will she wealth, splendor, pomp for thee resign---

+And only genius, truth, and passion thine!

+Around the pair, lo! groups of courtiers wait,

+And slaves and pages crowd in solemn state;

+From columns imaged wreaths their garlands throw,

+And fretted roofs with stars appear to glow!

+Fresh leaves and blossoms seem around to spring,

+And feathered throngs their loves are murmuring;

+The hands of Peris might have wrought those stems,

+Where dewdrops hang their fragile diadems;

+And strings of pearl and sharp-cut diamonds shine,

+New from the wave, or recent from the mine.

+

+"Alas! Shireen!" at every stroke he cries;

+At every stroke fresh miracles arise:

+"For thee these glories and these wonders all,

+For thee I triumph, or for thee I fall;

+For thee my life one ceaseless toil has been,

+Inspire my soul anew: Alas! Shireen!"

+

+What raven note disturbs his musing mood?

+What form comes stealing on his solitude?

+Ungentle messenger, whose word of ill

+All the warm feelings of his soul can chill!

+"Cease, idle youth, to waste thy days," she said,

+"By empty hopes a visionary made;

+Why in vain toil thy fleeting life consume

+To frame a palace?---rather hew a tomb.

+Even like sere leaves that autumn winds have shed,

+Perish thy labors, for---Shireen is dead!"

+

+He heard the fatal news---no word, no groan;

+He spoke not, moved not, stood transfixed to stone.

+Then, with a frenzied start, he raised on high

+His arms, and wildly tossed them toward the sky;

+Far in the wide expanse his axe he flung

+And from the precipice at once he sprung.

+The rocks, the sculptured caves, the valleys green,

+Sent back his dying cry--- "Alas! Shireen!"

+ 


+
+*'''Layli o Majnun''' "[[Layla and Majnun]]" ([[1192]])
+::A story Of Arabic origin, the poem of 4,700 distichs was dedicated, in 1192, to Abu al-Muzaffar Shirvanshah, a descendant of Bahram Chubin, the Sassanid general, whose exploits are reflected in Nezami's "Seven Beauties." The poem is based on the popular Arab legend of ill-starred lovers: the poet Qays falls in love with his cousin Layli, but is prevented from marrying her, and goes mad (Hence called Majnun meaning mad and possessed in Arabic). Majnun abandons society and family and moves to the desert and composes poems for his love Layli, who has been married to another. Although they were never united in life, when the lovers pass away, they are buried in the same grave. ''The Story of Layla and Majnun by Nizami'', was translated and editied by Dr. Rudolf Gelpke into a English version in collaboration with E. Mattin and G. Hill Omega Publications and published in 1966. The Story of Layla and Majnun, by Nizami. Translated Dr. Rudolf. Gelpke in collaboration with E. Mattin and G. Hill, Omega Publications, 1966, ISBN #0-930872-52-5. (see http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0930872525/202-4922643-7900611?v=glance&n=266239] Amazon).
+:: A comprehensive analysis containg partial translations of Nezami's romance Layli o Majnun examining key themes such as chastity, constancy and suffering through an analysis of the main characters was recently accomplished by Prof. Ali Gohrab. Layli and Majnun: Love, Madness and Mystic Longing, Dr. Ali Asghar Seyed-Gohrab, Brill Studies in Middle Eastern literature, Jun 2003, ISBN 90-04-12942-1 (see [http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/9004129421/202-4922643-7900611?v=glance&n=266239] Amazon)
+
+*'''Haft Peykar''' "The Seven Beauties" ([[1196]])
+::A story of Persian origin, it was dedicated to the ruler of Maragha, 'Ala' Al-Din korp Arslan. It is the story of Bahram V, the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] king, who is born to Yazdegerd after twenty years of childlessness and supplication to Ahura Mazda for a child. The Haft peykar is a romanticized biography of the Sasanian Persian empire ruler Bahram-e Gur. His adventurous life had already been treated in Persian verse by [Ferdowsi] in the [Shahnama], to which fact Nezami alludes a number of times. In general, his method is to omit those episodes that the earlier poet had treated, or to touch on them only very briefly, and to concentrate in new material.Encyclopædia Iranica, [http://www.iranica.com/articles/v11f5/v11f5015.html "Haft Peykar"], François de Blois
+:: The story was translated to English in 1924 by Charles Edward Wilson. The Haft paikar [engl.], Wilson, Charles Edward, London: Probsthain. 1924. (Probsthain's oriental series.). ISBN 0-85382-017-1 (see [http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0853820171/202-6520409-3637443?v=glance&n=266239 Amazon]). A newer English rendering based on more complete manuscripts was accomplished by Professor Julia Scott Meysami.
+
+Original Persian:


+گوهر نیک را ز عقد مریز وآنکه بد گوهرست ازو بگریز
+
+بدگهر با کسی وفا نکند اصل بد در خطا خطا نکند
+
+اصل بد با تو چون شود معطی آن نخواندی که اصل لایخطی
+
+کژدم از راه آنکه بدگهرست ماندنش عیب و کشتنش هنرست
+
+هنرآموز کز هنرمندی در گشائی کنی نه در بندی
+
+هرکه ز آموختن ندارد ننگ در برآرد ز آب و لعل از سنگ
+
+وانکه دانش نباشدش روزی ننگ دارد ز دانش‌آموزی
+
+ای بسا تیز طبع کاهل کوش که شد از کاهلی سفال فروش
+
+وای بسا کور دل که از تعلیم گشت قاضی‌القضات هفت اقلیم
+
+English translation by Wilson:
+
+

+\t

+\t\tTake not apart the good pearl from the string; from him who
+\t\tis of evil nature flee.

+\t

+\t\tAn evil nature acts consistently: have you not heard that Nature does
+\t\tnot err?

+\t

+\t\tThe evil-natured man keeps faith with none; the erring nature does not
+\t\tfail to err.

+\t

+\t\tThe scorpion since it is by nature bad—to let it live’s a fault, to kill
+\t\tit, good.

+\t

+\t\tSeek knowledge, for through knowledge you effect that doors to you be
+\t\topened and not closed.

+\t

+\t\tHe who shames not at learning can draw forth pearls from the water,
+\t\trubies from the rock.

+\t

+\t\tWhilst he to whom no knowledge is assigned—that person (you will find)
+\t\tashamed to learn.

+\t

+\t\tHow many, keen of mind, in effort slack, sell pottery from lack of
+\t\tpearls (to sell)!

+\t

+\t\tHow many a dullard, through his being taught, becomes the chief judge of
+\t\tthe Seven Climes!

+

+
+*'''Eskandarname''' "The Book of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]" ([[1196]]-[[1202]])
+::The [[Alexander Romance|Romance of Alexander the Great]]" contains 10,500 distichs. The names of its dedicatees are uncertain. The story is based on Islamic myths developed about Alexander the Great, which derive from [[Qur'an]]ic references to the Dhu'l-Qarnayn as well as from the Greek Alexander romance of [[Pseudo-Callisthenes]]. It consists of two books, Sharaf-nameh and Iqbal-nameh. The Iqbal-nameh is a description of Alexander's personal growth into the ideal ruler on a model ultimately derived, through Islamic intermediaries, from [[Plato]]'s [[Republic]]. An English translation of the book by H. Wilberfore Clarke was published in 1881.
+
+== Influence and Legacy ==
+[[Image:Nizami monument.jpg|thumb|A statue of Nezami in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].]]
+Nezami was influenced greatly by [[Ferdowsi]], [[Sanai]], [[Asad Gorgani]], [[Asadi Tusi]], [[Rudaki]] and other poets before him. The legacy of Nezami is widely felt in the Islamic world and his poetry has influenced the development of Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Kurdish and Urdu poetry amongst many other languages. Amongst the many notable poets who have taken the Five Treasures of Nezami as their model may be mentioned [[Amir Khosrow]] Dehlavi, Jalal Farahani, [[Khwaju Kermani]], Mohammad Katebi Tarr-Shirini, Abdul Rahman [[Jami]], Hatefi Jami, Vahshi Baqfi, Maktabi Shirazi, [[Mir Ali Shir Nava'i]], Abdul Qader-e Bedel Dehlavi, [[Fuzuli]], Hashemi Kermani, Fayzi and [[Ahmad Khani]]. Not only poets, but historians such as Rawandi were also influenced by Nezami's poetry and used his poem in rendering history.
+
+Besides these, scores of poets have started their composition with the first line of the Makhzanol - Asrar.
+
+According to Dr. Rudolf Gelpke : ''Many later poets have imitated Nizami's work, even if they could not equal and certainly not surpass it; Persians, Turks, Indians, to name only the most important ones. The Persian scholar Hekmat has listed not less than forty Perisans and thirteen Turkish versions'' of Layli and Majnun.
+
+According to Vahid Dastgerdi, ''If one would search all existing libraries, one would probably find more than 1000 versions of Layli and Majnun''.
+
+[[Jami]] in his Nafahatol Ons remarks that: ''Although most of Nezami's work on the suface appear to be romance, in reality they are a mask for the essential truths and for the explanation of divine knowledge''.
+
+[[Jami]] in his Baharestan mentions that: ''Nezami’s excellence is more manifest than the sun and has no need of description''. Hashemi of Kerman remarks: ''The empire of poetry obtained its law and order from Nezami's beautiful veses'' and ''To present words before Nezami's silent speech is a waste of time''.
+
+[[Amir Khosrow]] writes:
+"The ruler of the kingdom of words, famed hero,
+Scholar and poet, his goblet [glass] toasts.
+In it - pure wine, it's drunkingly sweet,
+Yet in goblet [glass] beside us - only muddy setting."
+
+Johann Wolfgang von Goethe writes:
+''A gentle, highly gifted spirit, who, when [[Ferdowsi]] had completed the collected heroic traditions, chose for the material of his poems the sweetest encouters of the deepest love. Majnun and Layli, Khusraw and Shirin, lovers he presented; meant for one another by premonition, destiny, nature, habit, inclination, passion staunchly devoted to each other; but divied by mad ideas, stubbornnes, chance, necessity, and force, then miraculously reunited, yet in the end again in one way or another torn apart and separated from each other.''
+
+== Nezami Museum of Literature ==
+[[Image:Nizami Mausoleum.jpg|thumb|Nezami Mausoleum]]
+
+The Nezami Museum of Literature is located in Baku, Azerbaijan. [[Nezami Mausoleum|Nezami's mausoleum]] is located in [[Ganja]]. The monument was built on Nezami's grave in 1947, and replaced a similar obelisk dating from the early 1900s. The mausoleum is an elegant marble covered structure about 20 m tall. Behind it there is an open area with a display of scenes from Nezami's books, sculpted in metal. Monuments to Nezami are found in many cities of Azerbaijan, as well as in Tabriz (Iran), Moscow, St. Petersburg and Udmurtiya (Russia), Kiev (Ukraine), Tashkent (Uzbekistan), Marneuli (Georgia), Chişinău (Moldova).

==See also==
-* [[Tourism in Poland]]
-* [[Holidays in Poland]]
-* [[Extreme points of Poland]]
-* [[List of castles of Poland]]
-* [[List of cities in Poland]]
-* [[List of Poland-related topics]]
-* [[List of Poles]]
-* [[Polish Armed Forces]]
-* [[You forgot Poland]]
-{{portal}}
-{{sisterlinks|Poland}}
+*[[List of Persian poets and authors]]
+*[[Persian literature]]
+
+==Notes==
+

+
+

+
+==References==
+

+* E.G. Browne. ''Literary History of Persia''. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998. ISBN 0-7007-0406-X
+* Jan Rypka, ''History of Iranian Literature''. Reidel Publishing Company. ASIN B-000-6BXVT-K
+*[http://www.azargoshnasp.net/famous/nezami/nezamijuliascott.htm Biography of Nizami Dr. Julie S. Meisami of Oxford University ]
+


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-
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-
-===English-language websites on Poland===
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+{{wikisource|Author:Nezami}}
+{{Commons|Nezami}}
+*[http://www.azargoshnasp.net/famous/nezami/nezamijuliascott.htm Biography of Nezami Ganjavi by Professor Julia Scott Meysami]
+*[http://www.farhangsara.com/nezami_ganjavi.htm Bio: Nezami Ganjavi]
+*[http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/Teahouse/Figures.html#Nizami Nizami, Jamal al-Din Ilyas]. A biography by Prof. Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
+*[http://bamdad.org/~digilib/index.php?page=view&mod=classicpoems&obj=poet&id=30 Nezami's works in original Persian]
+*[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_legendleyli.html The Legend of Leyli and Majnun]
+
+[[Category:Persian poets]]
+[[Category:Iranian poets]]
+[[Category:Medieval writers]]
+[[Category:1141 births]]
+[[Category:1209 deaths]]
+
+[[az:Nizami Gəncəvi]]
+[[bg:Незами Ганджеви]]
+[[de:Nezāmī]]
+[[fa:نظامی گنجوی]]
+[[fr:Nizami]]
+[[ko:니자미]]
+[[ka:ნიზამი განჯელი]]
+[[ja:ニザーミー]]
+[[pl:Nizami]]
+[[pt:Nezami]]
+[[ru:Низами Гянджеви]]
+[[tg:Низомии Ганҷавӣ]]
2013-03-14 19:31:25 90180515 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 8 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q352860]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@\n
-[[Image:Kristin_Clemet.jpg|thumb|Kristin Clemet. Photo: Magnus Fröderberg/[http://www.norden.org norden.org]]]
+{{WikiProjectSongs}}
+An info on the Fatboy Slim remix of this song?

-'''Kristin Clemet''' (b. [[20 April]] [[1957]]) is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] economist and politician ([[Conservative Party of Norway|Conservatives]], Høyre). She was member of [[Stortinget|parliament]] from [[1989]] to [[1993]], Minister of Labour and Administration 1989–[[1990]], and Minister of Education and Research [[2001]]–[[2005]]. As minister of education, Clemet became known for her work in carrying out "the quality reform" ''(kvalitetsreformen)'' in the Norwegian [[university]] system.
-
-Kristin Clemet graduated as a [[social economy|social economist]] in [[1981]] and has a long history of public service. She was editor-in-chief of the conservative party's journal ''[[Tidens Tegn]]'' [[1993]]–[[1997]] and vice managing director of the [[Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise]]s from 1997 to [[2001]].
-
-== External link ==
-*[http://epos.stortinget.no/biografi.aspx?initialer=KRCL CV of Kristin Clemet from the parliamentary archives] (in Norwegian)
+:It uses a slowed down version of the main riff, the lyrics are said in some weird European accent and different rhythm, the chorus is him screaming "Hoes!" At the end he sings the actual chorus softly in a high voice.


-{{norway-politician-stub}}
-[[Category:1957 births|Clemet, Kristin]]
-[[Category:Norwegian politicians|Clemet, Kristin]]
+== Crappy Article ==
+This is one awlful article. It repeats "was ranked #200 on the rolling stones greatest songs ever". Someone make it good. --[[User:24.11.213.167|24.11.213.167]] 05:32, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

-[[de:Kristin Clemet]]
-[[no:Kristin Clemet]]
+* I've fixed the source of your complaint, but, you know, you could have too, with great ease... the same edit button you used to post on this discussion page works on the article page too. -[[User:Chinju|Chinju]] 21:49, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Video on Trial==
+[[Video on Trial]]'s verdict about Paris Hilton is NOT actual; therefore please DON'T put a picture of her. --Addict 2006 07:14, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
2013-03-20 09:13:15 91000357 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3084319]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,54 +1,287 @@\n
-{{Taxobox
-| color = pink
-| image = Ammophila sabulosa01.jpg
-| image_width = 240px
-| image_caption = ''[[Ammophila sabulosa]]''
-| name = Sphecidae
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
-| classis = [[Insecta]]
-| ordo = [[Hymenoptera]]
-| subordo = [[Apocrita]]
-| superfamilia = [[Apoidea]]
-| familia = '''Sphecidae'''
-| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
-| subdivision =
-[[Ammophilinae]]

-[[Sceliphrinae]]

-[[Sphecinae]]
+{{POV-check}}
+{{featured article}}
+The '''separation of church and state''' is a political doctrine which states that the institutions of the state or national government should be kept separate from those of [[religion|religious]] institutions. The concept has been a topic of [[politics|political]] debate throughout history. The term ''separation of mosque and state'' is sometimes used in context when referring to an Islamic or Muslim-majority country, ''separation of synagogue and state'' is sometimes used in context when referring to Israel, etc. These substitute terms are often used facetiously.
+
+==Overview of the principle==
+{{mergeto|Separation of church and state in the United States}}
+
+In the [[United States]], separation of church and state is sometimes believed to be in the [[Establishment Clause of the First Amendment|Establishment Clause]] of the [[First Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] and by legal precedents interpreting that clause, some being extremely controversial. The Establishment Clause states that, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;" However, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decided that the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] (one of the [[Reconstruction|Reconstruction Amendments]]) makes the Establishment Clause and other portions of the [[Bill of Rights]] binding on state and local governments as well, although it is arguable that this restriction on state and local government existed in Article VI of the unamended Constitution and that the Fourteenth Amendment was a clarification on the limitation of government power. Many other democratic governments around the world have similar clauses in their respective constitutions.
+
+The phrase "separation of church and state" does not appear in the Constitution, but rather is derived from a letter written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to a group identifying themselves as the [[Danbury Baptists]]. In that letter, quoting the [[First Amendment]] of the [[United States Constitution]], he writes: "I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State." [http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9806/danpre.html Letter to Danbury Baptists (1802)]
+
+While Jefferson's letter is often cited by separationists to prove that the original intent of the First Amendment was complete separation of church and state, anti-separationists either consider it irrelevant or might say that it supports the idea that the original intention of the First Amendment was to guarantee religion the freedom to exist without government influence, and say that it makes no mention of government being wholly separate from all religious activity. Anti-separationists also point to the fact that Thomas Jefferson was not in America during the constitutional convention, but in France as the American ambassador. This is supported by Federal Government decisions on the matter, such as Supreme court case [[Vidal v. Philadelphia]], as well as Federal Government's past involvement in printing Bibles, and using the Bible as a textbook in public schools.
+
+[[James Madison]], the principal drafter of the [[Bill of Rights]], often wrote of "total separation of the church from the state" ([[1819]] letter to Walsh). "Strongly guarded . . . is the separation between religion and government in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government as essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States" (1811 letter to Baptist Churches). This attitude is further reflected in the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which was originally authored by [[Thomas Jefferson]], but championed by Madison. The Declaration guarantees that no one may be compelled to finance any religion or denomination.
+
... no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. [http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/42.htm]

+
+The belief that religious and state institutions should be separate covers a wide spectrum, ranging between one extreme which would secularize or eliminate the church, and theocracy, in which the government is an affiliate of the church. Some secularists believe that the state should be kept entirely separate from religion, and that the institutions of religion should be entirely free from governmental interference. Churches that exercise their authority completely apart from government endorsement, whose foundations are not in the state, are conventionally called "Free" churches.
+
+A ''[[secular]]'' government does not cite a specific religious institution for the justification of its authority. However, some secular governments claim quasi-religious justifications for their powers, emphasizing the relationship mainly for ceremonial and rhetorical purposes. This is done for the general welfare and the benefit of the state, does not necessarily favor any specific religious group, and the state does not conform to any doctrine other than its own. This arrangement is called ''[[civil religion]]''. Some secularists would allow the state to encourage religion (such as by providing exemptions from taxation, or providing funds for education and charities, including those that are "faith based"), but insist the state should not establish one religion as the [[state religion]], require religious observance, or legislate dogma.
+
+Some countries embrace a middle position, a compromise between secular and religious government. In these countries the state uses the powers of government to directly support a specific religious institution or [[established church]]. In Turkey, for example, despite it being an officially secular country, the Preamble of the Constitution states that ''"There shall be no interference whatsoever of the sacred religious feelings in State affairs and politics."'' In order to control the way religion is perceived by adherents, the State pays imams' wages, and provides religious education in public schools (article 24 of [[Constitution of Turkey|that country's Constitution]]). The State has a Department of Religious Affairs (article 136 of the Constitution), directly under the Prime Minister bureaucratically, responsible for organizing the Muslim religion - including what will and will not be mentioned in sermons given at mosques, especially on Fridays. Such an interpretation of secularism, where religion is under strict control of the State is largely at odds with the [[Free Exercise Clause]] of the [[First Amendment]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]], and is a good example of how secularism can be applied in a variety of ways in different regions of the world.
+
+A [[theocracy]] exists when a religion establishes the government and religious law is applied to state policy under the direct authority of the religious institution. In a theocracy, the courts or officials of the religion direct policies of the civil government.
+
+The separation of church and state is similar to the concept of [[freedom of religion]], but the two concepts are not the same. For example, the citizens in a country with a state church may have complete freedom of religion. And citizens in a country without a state church may or may not enjoy the freedom to practice their religion. In the United States, the structure and wording of the [[First Amendment]] with both the [[Establishment Clause]] and the [[Free Exercise Clause]], demonstrates this difference. Both clauses have evolved an important body of case law from the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as well as lower federal courts.
+
+While many states or nations permit freedom of religious ''belief'', no country allows completely unrestricted freedom of religious ''practice''. National laws, when they reflect important or fundamental governmental interests, may prohibit certain acts which some citizens may claim represent the free exercise of their religious belief.
+
+In the United States, state laws can prohibit practices such as bigamy, sex with children, human and occasionally animal sacrifice, use of drugs, or other criminal acts, even if citizens claim the practices are part of their religious belief system. However, the federal courts give close scrutiny to any state or local laws that impinge upon the ''bona fide'' exercise of religious practices. The courts ensure that genuine and important religious rights are not impeded, and that questionable practices are limited only to the extent necessary. The courts usually demand that any laws restricting religious practices must demonstrate a fundamental or "compelling" state interest, such as protecting citizens from bodily harm. See [[Free Exercise Clause]] for further discussion.
+
+==History==
+===Ancient===
+
+[[Jesus Christ]] is sometimes credited with the invention of the separation of church and state when he advised his followers, "[[Render unto Caesar...|Render unto Caesar]] the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's." (Matthew 22:21) [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022:21&version=31;]
+
+In most ancient cultures, the political ruler was also the highest religious leader and sometimes considered divine. Under republican government, religious officials were appointed just like political ones.
+
+Ancient Israel was different in as much the King and the priesthood were separate and limited to their respective spheres of authority and responsibility, though interferences did happen as well. Later, under foreign supremacy, the high priest also held the highest civil authority in an autonomous [[theocracy]].
+
+[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] emperors were considered divine and also occupied the highest religious office. This was challenged by Christians who acknowledged the Emperor's political authority but refused to participate in the state's religion or to recognize the emperor's divinity. Because of this, Christians were considered enemies of the state and adherence to Christianity was punishable by death (e.g., [[Justin Martyr]] under [[Marcus Aurelius]]). At various times, this resulted in violent [[Persecution of Christians|persecutions]] until the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313. The [[Roman Empire]] formally became Christian by edict of [[Theodosius I]] in 380.
+
+===Medieval===
+:''Main article: [[Separation of church and state (medieval)]]
+In the West, the separation of church and state during the medieval period saw monarchs who ruled by [[Divine Right of Kings|divine right]] and papal authorities who claimed to wield God's earthly authority. This unresolved contradiction in ultimate control of the state led to power struggles and crises of leadership that resulted in a number of important events in the development of the west.
+
+In the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the [[Byzantine Empire]], the Emperor had supreme power over the church and controlled its highest representative, the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]]. [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] was the state religion. When the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquered Constantinople (now Istanbul), the Emperor was killed. The position of head of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] was given to Gennadius II Scholarius by the conquering Islamic Ottoman ruler, Sultan Mehmed II, who continued to practice the right of the Roman Emperor to appoint the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
+
+===Modern===
+Countries in the modern world have varying degrees of separation of church and state; some countries are stricter than others in disallowing church influence on the state. In some countries, however, the two institutions are heavily interconnected.
+
+==Secularism and theocracy==
+[[Secularism]] in government is a policy of avoiding or reducing entanglement between civil and religious institutions, ranging from reducing ties to a state church to promoting the secularization of public discourse.
+
+There are automatic entanglements between the institutions, inasmuch as the religious institution, and its adherents, are members of civil society. Secularism ''requires the primacy of civil laws'' within its jurisdictions; but some policies provide for protections of religious expression, in order not to unnecessarily conflict with the claims of religion over the public lives of its adherents. Most forms of secularism propose policies guided by an interest in the free exercise of religion, and freedom also for lack of religion, for the sake of assuring equal protection under the same laws. But to the extent that religion cannot be a strictly private matter, some policies defined as "free exercise of religion" are, in terms of a religion which mandates a public duty for its adherents, restrictive of their religion in certain respects.
+
+Some political philosophies, such as [[Marxism]], generally hold the belief that ''any'' religious influence in a state or society is a negative thing. In nations that have officially embraced such beliefs, such as the former [[Eastern Europe]]an [[Communist Bloc]] countries, the religious institution was made subject to the secular state, in the public interest. Freedom to worship was subject to licensure and other restrictions, and the doctrine of the church was monitored to assure conformity to secular law, and inoffensiveness to the official public philosophy. In the Western democracies, it is generally agreed that such a policy is not conducive to freedom of religion.
+
+The [[#France|French version]] of secularism is called [[laïcité]]. This model of a secularist state protects the religious institutions from some types of interference by the state, but public religious expression is also limited. The intention is to protect the public power from the influences of the religious institution, as these might be mediated through the decisions of its adherents, especially in public office (''see [[anti-clericism]]''). Religious perspectives which contain no idea of public responsibility, or which hold religious opinion to be irrelevant to politics, will be less impinged upon by this type of secularization of public discourse.
+
+Though the goal of a secularist state is to be religiously neutral, when the expression of religious opinion is excluded from the public sphere it is repressive of some aspects of religion. Ostensibly, it is equally repressive toward all religions in order to be equally protective of all from interference by others.
+
+Many [[Western world|Western]] democratic nations place a high importance on the separation of the institutions of church and state. Some nations, such as the [[United States|United States of America]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]], even have specific clauses in their [[constitution]]s which are widely interpreted as forbidding the government from favoring one religion over another.
+
+Other democracies, such as the [[United Kingdom]], have a constitutionally established [[state religion]], but are inclusive of citizens of other faiths. In countries like these, the [[head of government]] or [[head of state]] or other high-ranking official figures may be legally required to be a member of a given faith. Powers to appoint high-ranking members of the state churches are also often still vested in the worldly governments. These powers may be slightly anachronistic or superficial, however, and disguise the true level of religious freedom the nation possesses.
+
+The opposite end of the spectrum from secularization is a [[theocracy]], in which the state is founded upon the institution of religion, and the [[rule of law]] is based on the dictates of a religious court. Examples include ancient Israel, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Vatican City|the Vatican]] and [[Iran]]. In such countries state affairs are managed by religious authority, or at least by its consent. In theocracies, the degree to which those who are not members of the official religion are to be protected is decided by professors of the official religion, and ordinarily the civil rights, or restrictions of rights of the unfavored group, are defined in terms of the official religion.
+
+==Enactment==
+Separation of church and state occurs in different ways:
+* legal separation
+* voluntary separation, such as by churches teaching that religious ceremony should be confined to either the church or the [[home]].
+
+Some countries of the world have a stable separation between church and state, while other countries are in a state of political unrest over the separation. The [[1905]] [[France|French]] [[1905 French law on the separation of Church and State|law on the separation of church and state]] started considerable [[controversy]] and even [[riot]]s.
+
+Separation of church and state is a notion related to, but separate from, [[freedom of religion]]. There are many countries with an official religion, such as the United Kingdom or [[Norway]], where freedom of religion is guaranteed. Conversely, it is possible for a country not to have an official religion, or a set of official religions, yet to discriminate against [[atheism|atheist]]s or members of religions outside of the mainstream. For instance, while the United States does not officially advance any particular religion, proponents of atheism were persecuted in many US jurisdictions in the 19th century.
+
+There are different interpretations of the notion of separation of church and state:
+* one sees this separation from a legal and financial point of view: the State should not establish nor fund religious activities, and may even be prohibited from funding non-religious activities affiliated to religious organizations;
+* another sees this separation in keeping motivations of public policies out of the religious beliefs, preventing interference from state authorities into religious affairs. In this way every person may worship whoever and however they desire.
+* another sees this separation in keeping religious beliefs out of the motivations of public policies, preventing interference from religious authorities into state affairs, and disapproving of political leaders expressing religious preferences in the course of their duties.
+
+For instance, [[France]] is legally prohibited from funding religious activities (except for [[Alsace-Moselle]] and military [[chaplain]]s), but funds some private religious schools for their non-religious activities as long as they apply the national curriculum and do not discriminate on grounds of religion; yet religious motivations are usually kept out of the political process.
+
+== Advocacy ==
+=== Religious arguments for separation===
+{{weasel}}
+Some religious believers, including Jews, Christians and Muslims, support the separation of church and state in the belief that it protects their religion from the coercive power of government. That is to say, the state might harm the church. For example, the state may force on the church a system of ethical principles that compromises the freedom of the church to frame its own teachings. As the state is supported by taxation, the taxes support ideas or practices that offend religious convictions and conscience (for instance, [[Shinto#State Shinto|State Shinto]] in Japan).
+
+Some [[Baptists]] support separation also, and hold the assertion that separation of church and state does not mean separation of God and state. In particular, many radical [[Anabaptist]] movements, sensitised by the persecution they suffered under both [[Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] authorities, held that the state should not interfere in religious affairs and vice-versa. The earliest well-known formal plea for separation of church and state, called ''Religious Peace: or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience'', was written to [[James I of England|King James]] of [[England]] by a London citizen named Leonard Busher, whom Dr. William Whitsitt identified as an Anabaptist. In 1868, the renowned Baptist pastor [[Charles Spurgeon|Charles Haddon Spurgeon]] perhaps best summed up the Baptist stand on church-state separation thusly (from ''The Inquisition'', 1868 ''The Sword and The Trowel''):
+
+

+Is it not proven beyond all dispute that there is no limit to the enormities which men will commit when they are once persuaded that they are keepers of other men's consciences? To spread religion by any means, and to crush heresy by all means is the practical inference from the doctrine that one man may control another's religion. Given the duty of a state to foster some one form of faith, and by the sure inductions of our nature slowly but certainly
+persecution will occur. To prevent for ever the possibility of Papists roasting Protestants, Anglicans hanging Romish priests, and Puritans flogging Quakers, let every form of state-churchism be utterly abolished, and the remembrance of the long curse which it has cast upon the world be blotted out for ever.
+

+
+Since the 5th century, the [[Coptic Church]] has advocated separation of church and state. Most [[Unitarian Universalists]] advocate separation of church and state.
+
+[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] has long held to the doctrine of separation of church and state due to the long antagonism local and state governments have had towards their faith. Mormon writings have affirmed "[n]o domination of the state by the church; No church interference with the functions of the state; No state interference with the functions of the church, or with the free exercise of religion; The absolute freedom of the individual from the domination of ecclesiastical authority in political affairs; The equality of all churches before the law."[http://education.byu.edu/edlf/archives/prophets/1st_pres.html] (see also: [http://www.lds.org/newsroom/issues/answer/0,19491,6056-1-462-44-462,00.html])
+
+Historically, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] enforced the view, within its domains and jurisdictions, that all Christians must recognize the authority of the [[pope]] and submit themselves to the discipline of the Church's doctrines. Combined with political power, the view of papal supremacy or, the denial of it by Protestant princes, led to persecution, wars, and forced emigration during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. Similarly, in England, Scotland and Ireland, Protestants and Catholics who refused to acknowledge the authority of the bishops of the state church, were denied by the state the freedom to worship as their conscience dictated, resulting in wars and bloody persecution, leading many to emigrate to the [[Americas]], and elsewhere. Once there, many of the early settlers sought to establish their colonies on principles of religious liberty combined with ideals of public godliness. However, some like [[Roger Williams]] found reason to object to those principles as framed by the leaders of [[Boston, Massachusetts]], because the laws of the colony included matters, as he saw it, of concern exclusively to the church - issues of the "first table" of the Law of Moses, as he distinguished them - which punished false worship, idolatry, blasphemy, and Sabbath-breaking. Rogers saw this as an establishment of religion, and an infringement on the liberty of the soul.
+
+American Catholics, some suffering discrimination from mainstream, majority Protestants, eventually came to see the separation of church and state as a positive development (in contrast to the long standing Church tradition). The work of Jesuit priest and theologian John Courtney Murray in the 1960's was significant as he developed a theological justification of the separation view based upon St. Thomas Aquinas's observation that there existed a necessary distinction between morality and civil law; that the latter is limited in its capacity in cultivating moral character through criminal prohibitions. As Murray said:"it is not the function of civil law to prescribe everything that is morally right and to forbid everything that is morally wrong." Murray Memo to Cardinal Cushing (1965), Archives of the Archdiocese of Boston.
+
+=== Secular arguments for separation ===
+
+{{weasel}}
+Some non-religious people desire the legal separation of church and state to keep what they regard as [[superstition]] out of government. For example, many [[Atheism|atheists]], [[Agnosticism|agnostics]] and [[Freethinking|freethinker]]s believe it inappropriate for government to be controlled by a religion.
+
+The [[church]] might harm the [[state]]. For example, religious conviction might cause the state to become involved in a disastrous war, or to remain pacifist when force is necessary for the preservation of the state. It may also influence public policies in a manner detrimental to those who do not follow all the church's teachings.
+
+Many people believe that the founding fathers wanted them completely separate, pointing to such statements like those made by Thomas Jefferson. They also note that the founding fathers broadly espoused key principles of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], specifically their support for [[Rationalism|Rationalist]] philosophy and [[Empiricism]]. These doctrines hold that truth can best be discovered through the application of reason and rational processes rather than faith or superstition, and thus rationality and science rather than faith or religious doctrine should serve as the basis for government policy-making.
+
+The United States Supreme Court held in [[Lemon v. Kurtzman]] that state action must have a secular purpose, which neither advances nor inhibits religion: "The Establishment Clause forbids the enactment of any law 'respecting an establishment of religion.' The Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether legislation comports with the Establishment Clause. First, the legislature must have adopted the law with a secular purpose. Second, the statute's principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute must not result in an excessive entanglement of government with religion." Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-613, 91 S.Ct. 2105, 2111, 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971).
+
+When the [[Louisiana]] state legislature passed a law requiring [[public school]] biology teachers to give [[Creationism]] and [[evolution]] equal time in the classroom, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion, and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education. [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=482&page=578#593] See also, [[Creation and evolution in public education]].
+
+Also, religious texts such as the [[Ten Commandments]] cannot be displayed in public buildings for the purpose of converting people to a religion. That is, religious people cannot display religious symbols on public property with the purpose of advocating their religion. There are still many exceptions to the general rule
+[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=449&invol=39#41]
+
+=== Religious arguments against separation ===
+{{weasel}}
+{{Dominionism}}
+
+Some religious opponents of secular government hold that while the state should not establish a particular state religion or require religious observance because of the dangers noted above, it still must be infused with the ethics and values of religion generally if it is to operate properly, and ought to encourage ethical and beneficial religious belief of all types, both inside and outside of government. These persons argue that the teachings of religion are the basis of law and civil society, and that a society which discourages the promulgation of those beliefs cannot function successfully. Further, these groups argue that religious groups ought to be involved in politics, to assure that laws are passed which reflect what they perceive as universal truths as revealed through their religion. Some, such as the [[Christian Voice]] and the [[Christian Coalition]], have become highly and vocally involved in promoting what they believe to be Christian values in government.
+
+The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]'s 1983 [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Code of Canon law]], while not laying down general rules about relations between Church and State, considers that a religious and moral education in harmony with the conscience of the pupils' parents is an integral part of education, and obliges Catholics to try to secure its inclusion: "Christ's faithful are to strive to secure that in the civil society the laws which regulate the formation of the young also provide a religious and moral education in the schools that is in accord with the conscience of the parents" (canon 799)[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2M.HTM]
+
+Other religious persons argue that the State ought to maintain an [[established church]].
+
+Islam holds that political life can only function properly within the context of Islamic law. To such believers, since God's law is universally true and beneficial to all people, any state law or action opposed to God's law would be harmful to the citizens, and displeasing to God. Many Muslims consider the Western concept of separation of Church and State to be rebellion against God's law. There is a contemporary debate in [[Islam]] whether obedience to Islamic law is ultimately compatible with the Western secular pattern, which separates religion from civic life.
+
+Another view is that the state should provide a default religion for the large number of [[citizen]]s who wish to identify themselves as religious believers without actively choosing between the various alternatives. A slightly more extreme version of this is that the state should determine (or at least have the power to determine) the doctrine and structure of the state religion - this is the position in England, and has links to ideas underlying [[Erastianism]]. There need not be obligation on individuals to follow the state in religion in such cases.
+
+Some religious people in America believe that prayer in the schools will improve the morals of American children, and they maintain that the inability of public school officials to conduct prayers in school does not protect religion but rather harms religion. Though multiple United States courts, including the United States Supreme Court, have concluded that such activity is unconstitutional, these people argue that the courts' interpretation of the separation of church and state is incorrect in this particular instance, relying on a strict interpretation of the [[First Amendment]].
+
+==== Arguments against "separation of church and state" claimed to be based on American history ====
+
+One of the most common arguments against separation of church and state in the United States is that the original settlers of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], the [[Puritans]], desired a level of unity between church and state and that the early history of the country is an explicitly Christian history.
+
+[[Puritan]] groups were among the first settlers of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. They emigrated from Britain (from 1630 to the early 1640s) in order to create a society where religious precepts would be followed by all, because they would be strictly enforced by law. Many others also emigrated to Massachusetts and Virginia during that time who did not share the Puritan's vision. The Puritans' utopian vision was of a Christian [[theocracy]] that would "purify" what they saw as a corrupt [[Church of England]]. Their founder [[John Winthrop]] referred to this vision as a "[[City upon a Hill]]" that would be a model of moral authority to the world. They believed in a merging of religious and state authority. They established a [[theocracy]] in Massachusetts ruled by clergy members and established religious courts that strictly enforced Puritan religious dogma through the rule of law.
+
+This argument that many of the original settlers of America intended no separation between church and state ignores the fact that the Puritans and their descendents made up only a small fraction of the settlers of the America's original 13 colonies. In fact, many of the founders of the other American colonies chose to settle those lands because they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs by the Puritans of Massachusetts!
+
+The colonies of [[Rhode Island]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]],[[Pennsylvania]], among others were all founded by immigrants to the New World who were persecuted for their beliefs by the Puritans upon their arrival in [[Massachusetts]]. These colonies were founded as safe havens for the practice of any religion - out of reach of Puritan legal/religious authorities in the Massachusetts colonies.
+
+Other colonies, such as Virginia, were not founded by religious groups, nor for any religious reasons at all, but entirely as economic ventures. Even in Massachusetts, not everyone emigrated there for religious reasons. The Puritan theocracy eventually lost the support of the people. They were driven from power in Massachusetts nearly a century ''before'' the ratification of the U.S. Constitution established the United States government as a secular republic.
+
+
+==== Views on the intentions of America's Founding Fathers ====
+
+Modern-day adherents to the pre-Constitutional view that church and state should not be kept separate often point out that several of the "founding fathers" indicated that they wished for the church to have an active role in the government, but did not want the government to interfere in the business of the church. Particularly, they point to:
+
+*[[Patrick Henry]], who once said: "It cannot be emphasized too strongly or too often that this great nation was founded not by religionists but by Christians, not on religions but on the Gospel of Jesus Christ" (although this quote is often used to support these views, there is no evidence that Patrick Henry ever said this).
+
+*[[John Jay]], the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, said: "Americans should select and prefer Christians as their rulers."
+
+*The opening of every session of Congress has opened with a prayer by a preacher paid from the government's budget since 1777
+
+*The Senate's importation of bibles into the United States, as a necessary commodity, after the bible supply was interrupted due to the [[War of 1812]]/[[American War]].
+
+*The requirement that public school teachers profess Christianity during the country's first 100 years
+
+However, this evidence for the true intent of America's Founding Fathers (i.e. the authors of the [[U.S. Constitution]], not the Puritan colonial leaders ousted from government almost a century before the USA was founded) is discreditted even by the words of the Constitution itself. Neither Jesus nor God are mentioned anywhere in it. This is no doubt intentional—as colonists still remembered the horrors of the Puritan theocracy in Massachusetts less than a century before.
+
+The [[Establishment Clause]] in the [[First Amendment]] of the Constitution says: "''Congress shall make no law respecting an [[establishment of religion]]''". This is a direct reference to the official "established" [[Church of England]] of Great Britain. In addition, Article VI states, "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States."
+
+In fact, among the framers of the U.S. Constitution there were actually remarkably '''few''' devout religious men. Only one signatory was a former member of the clergy, and even he had given up that profession 20 years before to become a government administrator. The colected writings of most of America's Founding Fathers show that these were men who were far more concerned with secular pursuits, than religious ones. Most were worldly, well-educated men - they were lawyers, businessmen, soldiers, diplomats, and even scientists.
+
+The model they chose for American government came not from the Puritans, but from the example of the (pagan) ancient Romans & Greeks. The ideas of the Constitution's framers on civil liberties and human rights come primarily from [[Enlightenment]]-era English and French philosophers of the 1600s and 1700s (many of whom were well-known religious skeptics). The American Constitution was drafted mostly by colonial attorneys trained in the British legal system. The [[Bill of Rights]] comes from English Law.
+
+Washington, Franklin, Jefferson were [[Freemasons]] and [[Deists]] (meaning they denied the divinity of Jesus). Jefferson even wrote his own edited version of the Bible, which specifically deleted all references to Jesus as god. Other prominent leaders of the [[American Revolution]] such as [[Thomas Paine]] and [[Ethan Allen]] were even more vocal about their Deism.
+
+Although it is claimed that Washington was a deist and thus denied the divinity of Jesus, he has been quoted as saying "You do well to wish to learn our arts and our ways of life and above all, the religion of Jesus Christ. These will make you a greater and happier people than you are. Congress will do everything they can to assist you in this wise intention." This was in a speech to the Delaware Indian Chiefs on May 12, 1779 (The Writings of George Washington, Vol. XV (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1932), p. 55).
+
+Furthermore, the [[Treaty of Tripoli]], written during the administration of President George Washington, signed by President John Adams and unanimously approved by the Senate in 1797, stated, "The Government of the United States is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion."
+
+So, the idea (often repeated by members of the [[Religious Right]] today) that Constitutional guarantees of religious freedom means only freedom '''to''' worship and not also freedom '''from''' religious intrusion in the affairs of government (and government-sponsored public programs) is simply not well-supported by the evidence - at least not if one interprets ''establishment of religion'' broadly as any activity that might establish a particular religious preference, or bias, by the government in favor of one particular religious views over anyone other.
+
+Some religious leaders in the 1780s opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution because of its clearly-stated religious neutrality in the [[Establishment Clause]] but this view was not widely held. With the deep regional religious difference among the original 13 American colonies (e.g. between Puritan Boston & Quaker Philadelphia), it is doubtful that any guarantee other than complete religious neutrality would have been ratified as the basis for a new federal government.
+
+Historical arguments ''against'' strict interpretation of the [[Establishment Clause]] - claiming that the framers of the Constitution "intended America to be a Christian nation" - simply do not hold water when the historical context of who, when, where, and why the Constitution created this strict separation of church and state are considered.
+
+=== Secular arguments against separation ===
+{{weasel}}
+There were non-believers, like [[Charles Maurras]] of [[France]], who thought that the influence of the Catholic Church was necessary for the continuation of their country and their political objectives.
+
+Some secularists, while favoring separation of church and state in general, believe that religion has a good effect on people's conduct and that the state has a stake in supporting this role of religion. Similarly, there are those who believe that state displays of religious symbols are acceptable so long as they are not meant to advocate any one religion over another.
+
+== References ==
+
+
+== See also ==
+*[[Laïcité]]
+*[[State religion]]
+*[[Antidisestablishmentarianism]]
+*[[Freedom of religion]]
+*[[Status of religious freedom by country]]
+*[[State religion]]
+*[[Religious toleration]]
+*[[Christian anarchism]]
+*[[Christian Reconstructionism]]
+*[[Islamic leadership]]
+*[[Ayatollah Mohamed Hossein Kazemini Borujerdi]]
+
+== External links ==
+{{globalize/USA}}
+
+===International Separation of church and state===
+*{{cite web
+| url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/
+| title = International Religious Freedom Report 2006
+| accessdate = 2006-10-08
+| accessmonthday =
+| accessyear =
+| author =
+| last =
+| first =
+| authorlink =
+| coauthors =
+| date =
+| year =
+| month =
+| format =
+| work =
+| publisher = U.S. Department of State
+| pages =
+| language =
+| archiveurl =
+| archivedate =
+| quote =
}}
-[[Image:IC_Ammophila.JPG|thumb|250px|''unidentified sphecoid[[User:195.157.126.246|195.157.126.246]] 00:15, 14 November 2006 (UTC)'' blocking its burrow with a stone]]
-'''Sphecidae''' ([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], [[1802]]) is a cosmopolitan family of [[wasp]]s that include [[digger wasp]]s, [[mud dauber]]s and other familiar types that all fall under the category of '''thread-waisted wasps'''. Both of the traditional definitions of the Sphecidae (the conservative one, where all the sphecoid wasps other than ampulicids and heterogynaids were in a single large family, and the more refined one, where the 7 large sphecid subfamilies were each elevated to family rank) have recently been shown to be [[paraphyletic]], and the most recent classification is closer to the conservative scheme; the families [[Heterogynaidae]] and [[Ampulicidae]] are the sister taxa to what are now two families (instead of one), the Sphecidae and [[Crabronidae]]. Thus, the bulk of the sphecoid wasps are now placed in Crabronidae, and Sphecidae ''per se'' is a much more restricted concept, equivalent to what used to be the subfamily Sphecinae.
-
-The biology of the Sphecidae, even under the restricted definition, is still fairly diverse; some sceliphrines even display rudimentary forms of sociality, and some sphecines rear multiple larvae in a single large brood cell. Many nest in pre-existing cavities, or dig simple burrows in the soil, but there are also species which construct free-standing nests of mud and even (in one genus) resin. All are predatory, but the type of prey ranges from [[spider]]s to various [[dictyoptera]]ns or orthopteroids to caterpillars (of either [[Lepidoptera]] or other [[Hymenoptera]]).
-
-== Subgroups ==
-
-* Subfamily Ammophilinae
-* ''[[Ammophila]]''
-* ''[[Podalonia]]'', etc
-* Subfamily Sceliphrinae
-* ''[[Chlorion]]''
-* ''[[Sceliphron]]''
-* ''[[Stangeella]]'', etc
-* Subfamily Sphecinae
-* ''[[Chilosphex]]''
-* ''[[Isodontia]]''
-* ''[[Palmodes]]''
-* ''[[Prionyx]]''
-* ''[[Sphex]]'', etc
-
-==External links==
-{{Commons|Sphecidae|Sphecidae}}
-* [http://www.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera_and_species_PDF/introduction.htm Catalog of Sphecidae at Cal Academy]
-* [http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_wasps/SPHECIDAE.htm Biology of Australian Sphecidae]
-* [http://www.rutkies.de/bienen-5/index.html Image Gallery]
-
-[[Category:Wasps]]
-
-[[de:Grabwespen]]
-[[fr:Sphecidae]]
-[[it:Sphecidae]]
-[[nl:Sphecidae]]
-[[no:Gravevepser]]
-[[pl:Grzebaczowate]]
+* [http://www.undergodprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-B%20sub2.db&command=viewone&op=t&id=12&rnd=79.07654701875278 Which other governments have separation of church and state issues?]
+
+===American court battles over separation===
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=330&page=1 1947], first case concerning separation of church and state; supporting busing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=333&invol=203 1948], banning religious instruction in public schools
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=343&invol=306 1952], allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=370&page=421#422 1962], banning teacher-led prayer from public schools
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=374&invol=203 1963], banning Bible-reading and the recital of the Lord's Prayer in public schools
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=411&invol=192 1973], allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers' salaries in religious schools; creating the Lemon test
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=482&page=578#593 1987], declared the Creation Act invalid, which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=492&invol=573 1989], banning religious displays depicting only one religion
+* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=505&page=577#581 1992], banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony.
+
+===American activism in favor of separation===
+* [http://www.au.org Americans United for Separation of Church and State]
+* Scholars in favor, with [http://members.tripod.com/~candst/toc.htm historical documents] on-line
+* [http://baltimorewritersproject.com/nicholas/blog/index.php?category=5 ReligiousRightWatch Blog]
+* [http://www.ffrf.org Freedom from Religion Foundation] (Freethought)
+* [http://www.aclu.org/ American Civil Liberties Union]
+* [http://www.ihatepatrobertson.com/archives/category/church-and-state/ News and commentary on the Separation of Church and State from a liberal atheist]
+* [http://www.religiousliberty.info/ North American Religious Liberty Association]
+* [http://www.pfaw.org/ People for the American Way]
+* [http://www.iwgonline.org/ Interfaith Working Group]
+* [http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/ab/ChurchState.asp Anti-Defamation League] (Jewish)
+* [http://www.bjcpa.org/ Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs]
+* [http://www.churchstate.org/ Seventh-day Adventist Church State Council]
+
+=== Origins of the phrase ===
+* [http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/federalist/ The Federalist Papers]
+* [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/history_of_the_separation_of_chu.htm History of the Separation of Church and State in America]
+* [http://www.undergodprocon.org/pdf/feldman.pdf "The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause"] by Noah Feldman, Asst. Professor of Law, New York University, 2002.
+
+===Islamic activism in favor of separation===
+* [http://www.secularislam.org/ Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS)]
+* [http://www.icapi.org International Coalition Against Political Islam]
+* [http://www.ntpi.org No to Political Islam]
+
+===Religion and politics===
+* [http://americas.org/item_17199 The Privatization of God]
+* [http://www.undergodprocon.org God in Government]
+
+[[Category:Christian interfaith and secular relations]]
+[[Category:Religious law]]
+[[Category:Religion and politics]]
+[[Category:Secularism]]
+[[Category:Political systems]]
+[[Category:Separation of church and state]]
+
+[[de:Trennung von Kirche und Staat]]
+[[es:Separación Iglesia-Estado]]
+[[fr:Rapports entre États et religions]]
+[[he:הפרדת הדת מהמדינה]]
+[[nl:Scheiding van kerk en staat]]
+[[ja:政教分離原則]]
+[[pl:Rozdział państwa od kościoła]]
+[[zh:世俗主義]]
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-{{Infobox CVG| title = Diablo
-|image = [[Image:Diablo1cdcoverscan.jpg|250px|The CD insert for Diablo.]]
-|developer = [[Blizzard North]]
-|publisher = [[Vivendi Universal]]
-|designer = Erich Schaefer
David Brevik
[[Stieg Hedlund]]
-|engine =
-|released = '''(PC), (Mac)'''
{{flagicon|USA}} / {{flagicon|Canada}} [[January 2]], [[1997]]
'''(PS)'''
{{flagicon|USA}} [[March]], [[1998]]
{{flagicon|UK}} [[April]], [[1998]]
{{flagicon|Japan}} [[July 9]], [[1998]]
-|genre = [[Action role-playing game]]
-|modes = [[Single player]], [[multiplayer game|Multiplayer]]
-|ratings = [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: M (Mature)
[[PEGI]]: 16+
[[Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association|ELSPA]]: 15+
[[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC]]: MA 15+
[[OFLC/NZ]]: R16+
-|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS]] and [[Sony]] [[PlayStation]]
-|media = [[CD-ROM]]
-|requirements = '''Windows''':
[[Windows 95]] or better, 60 MHz Pentium or better, 8MB RAM (16MB for multiplayer), SVGA-compatible graphics card, 2X CD-ROM drive
'''Mac OS''':
Power Macintosh or compatible, 16MB RAM with virtual memory, System 7.5 or higher, 2X CD-ROM drive
-|input = [[computer keyboard|Keyboard]], [[Mouse (computing)|Mouse]]
-}}
-
-'''''Diablo''''' is a best-selling [[hack and slash]] [[action role-playing game]] [[Developer|developed]] by [[Blizzard North]] and released by [[Blizzard Entertainment]] on [[January 2]], [[1997]]. Following the first game's popularity, an expansion pack, entitled ''[[Diablo: Hellfire]]'', was released in [[1997]], followed by a true sequel, ''[[Diablo II]]'', in [[2000]] .
-
-==Overview==
-In this [[hack and slash]] game, the central goal is to slay the many demons summoned by Diablo, the Lord of Terror, in a sixteen-level dungeon underneath the small town of [[Tristram (Diablo)|Tristram]], and ultimately confront Diablo himself.
-
-Early in its history, ''Diablo'' had been influenced by [[Moria (computer game)|Moria]] and [[Angband (computer game)|Angband]].[http://www.escapistmagazine.com/print/48/3] ''Diablo'' in many ways resembles [[roguelike]] games, the main differences being more realistic graphics (utilizing [[DirectX]]) and the fact the game is in real time, rather than turn based.
-
-Its own expansion ''[[Diablo: Hellfire]]'', its popular sequel ''[[Diablo II]]'' and also the subsequent expansion pack ''[[Diablo II: Lord of Destruction]]'' extend the gameplay through additions such as new character classes, monsters, items, quests, areas, and plot. The latest installment, the expansion pack for ''[[Diablo II]]'', ''[[Diablo II: Lord of Destruction]]'' has a huge online gaming community, complete with a primitive gameworld [[Economics|economy]] due to the rarity of most of the popular items.
-
-==Levels==
-''Diablo'' is highly replayable because of its randomly generated levels. This means every single map that you encounter is unique compared to the last. Even the monster population is random, though they are generated from a group appropriate for that level, and you won't be seeing high level monsters appearing randomly in the first level of the dungeon. In addition, in Single Player mode there are only three core missions as the rest of them are drawn from several pools, making it impossible to complete every quest in one setting. In Multiplayer mode, many of the quests are disabled, such as the poisoned well quest. Either way, only the last two quests (to slay Archbishop Lazarus and Diablo) are compulsory, although it is recommended to complete missions for experience, items, or learning more of the backstory. Thus, no two playthroughs of the game are ever exactly alike.
-
-Diablo pioneered a system {{citationneeded}} to handle the many combinations of random items imbued with random magical properties (i.e. any item "of the Eagle" will give hitpoints to the player, any "Bronze" item will increase the chances of a hit, etc), this system is adopted by its sequels. The only items which are relatively constant are ''Unique items'', which have the same types of bonuses, though sometimes of varying amounts, every time they are found; but Uniques are rare, and some of them are only found as rewards for Single Player mode quests.
-
-By contrast, its sequel [[Diablo II]] is more linear by comparison, as every playthrough follows many of the same levels and quests (many of which are compulsory).
-
-==Classes==
-[[Image:DiabloScreenshot.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Three Warriors and a Rogue battle enemies in the Caves.]]
-The three character classes of ''Diablo'' are the [[warrior]], [[rogue]], and [[Sorcerer (person)|sorcerer]]. Each character, following typical role-playing conventions, has his or her own particular traits. The warrior possesses physical strength, the rogue has high dexterity, and the sorcerer is oriented towards magic.
-
-===Differences between Classes===
-Unlike [[Diablo II]] and other games that strictly differentiate between classes, a character's abilities are not unique; a warrior can use the same spells as a sorcerer, while a sorcerer can use an axe. All three classes require the same amount of experience to level up, and there are no class-based requirements for equipping items or using spells. However, this does not mean that a warrior could easily turn into a perfect sorcerer: different classes have different starting attributes. For example. a warrior always starts with more strength than a sorcerer.
-
-In terms of game mechanics, the different characters also each have different maximum possible levels for their attributes, and gain different amounts of life and mana per level. As a result, some classes may have difficulty attaining the attribute levels required to equip or use high level items/spells. For instance, to raise a spell to the highest levels may require 250 Magic to read the spellbook; this is only possible for the Sorcerer class and is not possible for a Warrior even with the best equipment (and is very difficult for a Warrior to achieve in the Hellfire expansion). In an opposite example, only the Warrior can natively achieve the necessary strength to wear a full suit of plate armor or wield a heavy sword (the others requiring strength-enhancing equipment), while only the Rogue has the maximum possible dexterity required to use a high-level bow.
-
-The maximum attribute values for each class are as follows:
-*Warrior: Strength-250, Magic-50, Dexterity-60, Vitality-100
-*Rogue: Strength-55, Magic-70, Dexterity-250, Vitality-80
-*Sorceror: Strength-45, Magic-250, Dexterity-85, Vitality-80
-
-Also, the characters have hidden differences in their in-game performance. The Warrior has an innately higher chance to hit in melee combat, a chance to cause a critical hit (causing twice the original damage; other characters lack this), as well as the best chance to block with a shield. The Rogue calculates not only her strength but her dexterity as well when determining the damage she can deal with a bow. The Sorcerer has the highest chance to hit with a magical spell, as well as gaining more mana than any other class from items that improve Magic.
-
-===Result on Gameplay===
-Overall, there are no class-based requirements for equipping items or using spells, but class-based attributes and performance do limit the ability of characters to cross over.
-
-Warriors are the most effective for melee combat, though their limited level of magic allows them to use spells for support situations, notably Stone Curse against tough enemies and Teleport for "telekilling" (to quickly move in close quarters with ranged enemies). Their maximum magic levels ''are'' enough to allow them to access every spell in every tier but ''not'' to raise them to high enough levels to be efficient and/or effective in the later stages of the game.
-
-Like Warriors, Rogues use magic mainly to supplement (their main expertise is archery) rather than as a primary offense/defence, as their maximum mana level is not much higher than that of a Warrior. Nonetheless, they do have more magic (see Attribute Maximums above) so they can rely upon Mana Shield and Golem on a more regular basis than Warriors.
-
-Sorcerers on the other hand essentially rely on spells, given their high levels of magic and low levels of strength, dexterity, and vitality. They have little use for dexterity and vitality, instead focusing on the use of Mana Shield to compensate for low hitpoints. Nonetheless players often max out a Sorcerer's strength in order to wear certain types of armour (these are nicknamed "Battle Mages" or "[[Tank (computer gaming)|Tank]] Mages").
-
-The large majority of "abilities" are spells, and only Sorcerers have the maximum amount of magic possible to raise tier four spells (Fireball, Bone Spirit, or Chain Lightning) to high enough levels to be efficient (reduces amount of mana required) and/or effective (does more damage, faster casting). Thus, Sorcerers are considered the most powerful characters in the long run, while Warriors and Rogues generally drop off as the game progresses.
-
-===Warrior===
-The warrior is a powerful melee fighter, master of weapons of war and capable of enduring more damage than any of the other classes. Seeking fortune and glory, warriors come to Tristram every day to challenge the dark unknown in the subterranean [[labyrinth]]. They are not necessarily of any particular clan or group and range from barbarians from the northern highlands to noble paladins. Warriors are able to repair their equipment at the cost of diminishing maximum durability. The amount of maximum durability lost with use decreases as character level increases. Given this lost durability, most players opt instead to pay for non-destructive repairs in town for equipment they will be using in the long-term.
-
-===Rogue===
-The Sisters of the Sightless Eye are the best archers in the world of [[Sanctuary]] and the rogue therefore is master of killing enemies from a distance. They can have a higher level of magic than warriors and thus are able to make better use magic in their battles, although not nearly as well as sorcerers. Willing to test their skills against the evil in the labyrinth, where untold riches are rumored to be stashed, rogues have come from the far east to Tristram. Rogues have the ability to spot doors, chests and sarcophagi that have traps and are able to disarm them. The chance to successfully disarm a trap increases with the character's dexterity attribute.
-
-===Sorcerer===
-A powerful master of the arcane arts, the sorcerer is the hero that is able to achieve the greatest heights of magic, so that he never really has need of physical weapons - he can kill his enemies solely with magic, whether it would be balls and walls of fire or powerful bolts of lightning. Eager to gather knowledge about demons and see them slain, sorcerer acolytes of the [[Vizjerei]] mage clan have come to Tristram - seeking to discover long lost tomes of magic knowledge under the cathedral. The sorcerer is able to recharge magic staves at the cost of the maximum number of charges. The amount of maximum charges lost with use decreases as character level increases. As per the warrior class's skill, this is less-used in late-game and with equipment used in the long-term.
-
-==Character attributes==
-
-The four numerical character attributes in Diablo affect the characters' combat statistics which in turn determine how powerful the character is. With each level up, five points may be distributed among the "Base" attributes to permanently increase them at the player's choice. They may also be modified by elixirs and magical shrines encountered in the game. Various magical items acquired in game increase the effective character attributes "Now" (while these items are being used).
-*'''[[Physical strength|Strength]]''' affects the amount of damage the character may deal in melee combat. Advanced armor and weapons have minimum Strength requirements.
-*'''[[Magic (gaming)|Magic]]''' affects the amount of mana the character has (see Character Statistics). Magic affects the chance of a spell striking its target. Also, many spells are affected in some way (such as damage dealt or duration) by the Magic attribute. Spellbooks, staves, and many scrolls have minimum Magic requirements.
-*'''[[Dexterity]]''' affects the chance of hitting enemies in combat and the chance of being hit by enemies. It also increases the amount of damage dealt by ranged attacks (for the Rogue only). Advanced bows have minimum Dexterity requirements.
-*'''[[Vitality (gaming)|Vitality]]''' affects the Life statistic of the character (see Character Statistics). It also determines how much damage a monster needs to deal in order to stun the character.
-
-==Character statistics==
-*'''[[Life]]''' represents how much damage the character can take before dying, also informally called "hit points". The amount of Life remaining is constantly displayed as a red orb on the left.
-*'''[[Mana]]''' represents the character's spiritual life force. Casting spells requires mana. Therefore the more mana is available, the more spells can be cast. The amount of Mana remaining is constantly displayed as a blue orb on the right.
-*'''Chance to Hit''' represents the likelihood that physical attacks will inflict damage on their targets. The caveat is that players must carefully control ranged attacks to actually enter the game tiles that their targets occupy; failing this, there is zero chance to hit.
-*'''Armor Class''' represents the amount and quality of armor worn as a whole, modeling this as a reduction in chance of being hit. The body location, type of armor (fabric, chain, plate), and type of attack (bow, sword, etc.) are not considered by the game in combat. Armor does not protect a character against magical attacks.
-*'''Damage''' represents the reduction in Life a physical attack will cause if it hits.
-*'''Resist Fire''', '''Resist Lightning''', and '''Resist Magic''' represent the character's ability to resist damage from the respective categories of magical attacks. "Magic" attacks are all those that are not fire or lightning, which include magical acid. These statistics can only be non-zero as a result of the use of magical items, as characters can never innately possess resistance. None of the resistances can exceed 75% under any conditions for any character, though some creatures in the Labyrinth have immunities to Fire, Lightning, or Magic.
-
-==Monsters==
-The monsters of ''Diablo'' are [[undead]] monstrosities, vicious creatures of the night, and demons spawned from [[Hell]]. As the player progresses, he/she passes through four distinct areas: the [[church]], the [[catacomb]]s, the [[cave]]s, and [[Hell]], which starts to seep into the mortal plane due to Diablo's presence. Each of the sixteen levels contains monsters that are tougher and stronger than ones from the level before it. When the player kills a monster, the monster may randomly drop an item or gold. Upon killing more enemies, the player may find out more details about the monsters, such as hit points and resistances and/or immunities.
-
-In the world of Diablo, monsters are divided according to their masters.
-
-The followers of [[Mephisto (Diablo)|Mephisto]], the Lord of Hatred, are the [[undead]] ([[skeleton]]s and [[zombie]]s), demonically corrupted creatures whose unshapely forms and twisted limbs leave them in eternal agony and rage (overlords), and lava demons spawned by the spilling of Mephisto's blood in Hell.
-
-The followers of [[Baal (Diablo)|Baal]], the Lord of Destruction, are creatures that seek the undoing of the physical [[Universe]] and the manifestation of [[chaos]]. Some of them include the Fallen Ones, Goat Men and Poison Spitters.
-
-The minions of Diablo, the Lord of Terror, are the fears of man in a corporeal form, figuratively-speaking. They prefer to attack their victims from the shadows, especially after their prey demonstrates weakness. Some of those demons are The Hidden and [[Scavengers]].
-
-In Diablo, enemies are also divided in 3 groups:
-*Animals: take greater damage from swords/blades and less damage from blunt/clubbing weapons.
-*[[Demon]]s: Take equal damage from all kinds of weapons. Diablo himself is considered a Demon.
-*[[Undead]]: Take greater damage from blunt/clubbing weapons and less damage from swords/blades. Undead are the only monster type (aside from Diablo himself) vulnerable to the Holy Bolt spell.
-
-==Items==
-Items are sold by the vendors, randomly dropped by slain monsters, and can be discovered within the labyrinth inside of chests or barrels or sometimes just laying on the floor. There are several types of items :
-
-===Consumables===
-These are items that are destroyed when used.
-
-*'''Potions''' : Healing Potions (red) refill life, Mana Potions (blue) refill mana, and Rejuvenation Potions (yellow) refill both. All varieties come in normal (partial refill) and full (complete refill) types. Potions take their effect instantaneously, rather than over time as in Diablo II.
-
-*'''Scrolls''' : Appear as "Scroll of (spell name)". When used, the scroll simply casts the named spell. The benefits are that the spell costs no mana to use, and the user doesn't need to actually know that spell in order to use the scroll (though they must meet the scroll's Magic requirement, if it has one). Scrolls of Town Portal and Identify are staple items for any player. Some scrolls bear spells which the player cannot learn, such as Apocalypse in the original Diablo.
-
-*'''Elixirs''' : Appear as "Elixir of (attribute name)". Using an Elixir increases the named base attribute by 1 (but not over the base attribute's natural limit). They typically don't begin to appear until late in the game in Single Player, and only appear for characters level 26 and higher in Multi-Player. Three of the Elixirs can be bought from Adria for 5000 gold apiece, as well as from Pepin (in Single Player only). Elixirs of Vitality can never be bought.
-
-*'''Spellbooks''' : Appear as "Book of (spell name)". Using one grants the player the named spell, or increases the spell's level by 1 if the player already knows it. Minimum magic requirements have to be met in order to read a book; but in order to cast the spell the player only needs enough mana to pay its casting cost. To that end, most players keep a special set of "reading gear" (equipment with +magic modifiers) in town in order to learn spells that they otherwise couldn't. Spellbooks can be found in the dungeon (either dropped by monsters or found on bookshelves and scroll racks), or can be bought from Adria. Some spells cannot be learned from books; in the original Diablo, Apocalypse cannot be learned from a book; in the expansion, Hellfire, books of Apocalypse are dropped by the boss Na-Krul. Those spells which cannot be learned from books must be cast using staves and scrolls.
-
-===Equipment===
-Weapons, shields, helmets, armor, amulets, and rings are the basic types of equipment. Any character can use any piece of equipment so long as they meet its statistical requirements. The only restrictions are that characters may not equip two weapons simultaneously or use a two-handed weapon in conjunction with a shield.
-
-Weapons and protective gear have durability values that decrease with usage. When a piece of gear gets low, an icon appears the corner of the screen to warn the player. If a piece of equipment runs out of durability, it breaks. An item's durability can be restored by paying Griswold to repair it, or using the Warrior's repair skill on it.
-
-Staves are magical weapons used primarily for the spell charges they contain; each charge allows one casting of the spell contained within the staff; staves also can have magical prefixes. Some of the most popular abilities found on staves are "Angel's" and "Archangel's", which add to all spell levels, and "Emerald" and related prefixes which improve resistances. A Sorcerer can recharge a staff using his Recharge skill, but at the cost of permanently reducing its maximum charge level. Therefore, it is preferable when possible to have Adria recharge staves, though this can be expensive.
-
-Equippable items can have various modifiers, and break down into three major classes as a result:
-
-*'''Normal''' (white text) : Common mundane items without any special attributes. Most abundant in the game. These can be bought from Griswold or found in the dungeon.
-
-*'''Magic''' (blue text) : Enchanted items that can have up to one modifier prefix and/or one modifier suffix. Unless buying one from a vendor, magic items must be identified using a Scroll of Identify or a visit to Deckard Cain in order to reveal and enable their modifications. Most modifiers are beneficial to the player, but early in the game it is possible to get items with negative modifiers that make them less powerful and less valuable. These are sometimes referred to as "Cursed" items. Non-cursed Magical items can be bought from Griswold, Wirt, and Adria, and an item with negative affixes will only sell for one gold piece.
-**'''Prefixes and Suffixes''': Magical items in Diablo have an idiosyncratic naming system; a particular enchantment will be either a ''suffix'' or ''prefix''. The "Godly" prefix, appearing only on armor, adds greatly to armor class. An item with this ability would appear as "Godly (itemname)". The "of the Whale" suffix adds a great deal to the character's life stat. An item with this ability would appear as "(itemname) of the Whale". Magical items can have both a prefix and a suffix; however, certain systemic limitations within the game mechanism prevent some prefixes and suffixes from appearing together on the same item. For example, the item "Godly Plate of the Whale" (abbreviated on Battle.net as "GPOW") cannot be generated by any monster or vendor in the game. It was created, and then duplicated, using third-party software known as item editors.
-*'''Unique''' (gold text) : Very rare and powerful items that may have up to 6 magic bonuses. Some unique items have a unique item graphic. They grant great bonuses but might also possess some negative qualities. Like magic items, uniques must be identified before their modifications become known and usable; but unlike magic items, uniques have pre-determined stats that are largely the same each time the item is found. They can never be bought from vendors.
-
-===Gold===
-Last but not least, gold is the currency used to buy goods and services from the vendors. When gold is picked up from the ground or received from selling an item, the amount is added to the smallest pile of gold in the player's inventory. A maximum of 5000 gold pieces can be in one pile (which takes up 1 square of inventory space). In the Hellfire expansion, an item gained as a quest reward is a unique amulet that allows each inventory space to hold 10,000 gold instead.
-
-==Shrines==
-Shrines add a twist to Diablo. They create effects upon one's character and sometimes others when activated. The normal Shrines found in the Dungeon and Catacombs (first 8 levels) are labeled when the mouse cursor is placed over them. However, the Goat Shrines found in the Catacombs and the Cauldrons of Hell choose one random effect from the list below, leaving the player only with the result and a cryptic clue displayed in the center of the screen. The cryptic clues are reproduced in quotes below.
-*Abandoned Shrine : adds 2 points to the Dexterity of the player who activated it. "The hands of men may be guided by fate."
-*Creepy Shrine: adds 2 points to the Strength of the player who activated it. "Strength is bolstered by heavenly faith."
-*Cryptic Shrine : restores the Mana of the player activating the shrine and casts Nova. "Arcane power brings destruction."
-*Divine Shrine: fills the Mana and Life of the player activating it; also gives either 2 Full Rejuvenation potions or 1 Full Mana and 1 Full Healing potion. "Drink and be refreshed."
-*Eerie Shrine: adds 2 points to the Magic of the player activating it. "Knowledge and Wisdom come at the cost of self."
-*Eldritch Shrine: Health and Mana potions become Rejuvenation potions; Full Health and Full Mana potions become Full Rejuvenation potions. "Crimson and azure become as the sun."
-*Enchanted Shrine: one spell goes down a level, all others up one level. "Magic is not always what it seems to be."
-*Fascinating Shrine: the activator gains 2 levels to his/her Firebolt spell, but loses 1/10 of his/her maximum Mana. "Intensity comes at the cost of wisdom."
-*Glimmering Shrine: all items in the activator's inventory are identified. "Mysteries revealed in the light of reason."
-*Gloomy Shrine: adds 2 points to the Armor Class of all shields, helmets, and armor in the inventory or on the person of the player who activated the Shrine; subtracts a point off of the maximum damage of all the weapons in the same player's inventory (or on their person). "Those who defend seldom attack."
-*Hidden Shrine: adds 10 points to the maximum and current durability of all items in the inventory of the player who activated the shrine, and subtracts 10 from one. "New strength is forged through destruction."
-*Holy Shrine: teleports the activating player to a nearby part of the level. "Wherever you go, there you are."
-*Magical Shrine: casts Mana Shield on the player who activated the Shrine. "While the spirit is vigilant the body thrives."
-*Mysterious Shrine: adds 5 points to a random attribute of the player who activated the Shrine and takes 1 point away from all others. "Some are weakened as one grows strong."
-*Ornate Shrine: player activating Shrine gains 2 levels of Holy Bolt, but loses 1/10 of maximum Mana. "Salvation comes at the cost of wisdom."
-*Quiet Shrine: adds 2 points to the Vitality of the player who touched the Shrine. "The essence of life flows from within."
-*Religious Shrine: repairs all weapons in the activator's inventory and/or on his/her person. "Time cannot diminish the power of steel."
-*Sacred Shrine: player activating the Shrine gains 2 levels of charged bolt, but loses 1/10 of their maximum Mana. "Energy comes at the cost of wisdom."
-*Secluded Shrine: completes the automap of the activating player for the current level. "The way is cleared when viewed from above."
-*Spiritual Shrine: fills player's inventory with gold. "Riches abound when least expected."
-*Spooky Shrine: gives Full Rejuvenation potions to other players, but not to the player who activated the Shrine. "Where avarice fails, patience gains reward."
-*Stone ShrineL recharges all staves contained within the player's inventory or on his/her person. "The powers of mana refocused renews."
-*Tainted Shrine: all players in the game other than the one who activated the Shrine gain 1 to 3 points to some of their attributes and -1 to others. "Those who are last may yet be first."
-*Thaumaturgic Shrine : all chests on the level regenerate with new items. "What once was opened now is closed."
-*Weird Shrine: adds +1 to the maximum damage of all weapons in the player's inventory or on his/her person. "The sword of justice is swift and sharp."
-
-==Story==
-The story of ''Diablo'' is based on the premise of a war between [[Heaven]] and [[Hell]]. The town of Tristram is under attack by demons, and the player must save the town. As the player delves into the underworld, he discovers more about the demon Diablo, through large tomes that are found throughout the levels. Eventually, the player reaches the lair of Diablo and must kill him. Here is a more detailed summary of Diablo's background story:
-
-Diablo, an incredibly powerful demon, is the Lord of Terror and one of the Three Prime Evils of Hell, who had been imprisoned in a [[Soulstone]] and buried in caverns deep beneath the town of Tristram. Though his imprisonment was meant to be eternal, the power of the Soulstone weakened over the centuries, eventually allowing Diablo to awaken from his forced slumber. He [[telepathy|telepathically]] turns a nearby human, the [[Archbishop]] [[Lazarus]], into his loyal puppet. In order for Diablo to actually leave the Soulstone, Diablo needs a human body to possess. At first he tries to gain control of [[King Leoric]], the local ruler, through his puppet, Lazarus. But, since Diablo is in too weak of a state to possess the king, he fails and merely drives the unfortunate monarch insane. He then gets Lazarus to kidnap King Leoric's son, Prince Albrecht, so that Diablo can possess and warp his body, thereby attaining physical form and freedom from the stone. At the moment of the boy's possession, his terror is so great that the boundaries between the realms are broken and parts of Hell itself seep into the mortal world and take root in the subterranean labyrinth beneath Tristram. Diablo may have a body now, but he is nowhere near his full power, so he bides his time and summons countless hordes of demons and infests the whole underground complex, claiming the new region of Hell as his own personal lair.
-
-Soon afterwards the maddened Leoric is slain by his own lieutenants. Demonic creatures appear in the countryside as the Lord of Terror regains his strength in the heart of the labyrinth and prepares for the time when he would once again emerge in the world and seek out his brothers - Baal and Mephisto - and free them as well. It seemed to be a matter of time until the Prime Evils gained dominion over the entire mortal realm.
-
-Then, one day, a lone traveller approaches the town of Tristram…
-
-==Online play== \t
-''Diablo'' can be [[multiplayer|played with others]] over the [[Internet]] via [[Battle.net]].
-
-Unfortunately, the game lacked the stronger anti-cheating methods of Blizzard's later games and as a result, many characters online have been altered in various ways by common third-party programs known as "trainers". It is difficult to play a fair online game of ''Diablo'' in public games, as hacks and duplicated items are common. The use of trainers (which modify memory locations while the game is running in order to cheat) is fairly common and character editors are often used to give incredible statistics to even newly-created characters. Additionally, buggy game code allows any player to infinitely duplicate items and avoid being stunned in combat using the Mana Shield spell. A typical duped/hacked item seen online is the "Godly Plate of the Whale", a combination of enchantments which actually can never appear on a legitimate item due to the way the game generates items. Another is the "Archangel's Staff of Apocalypse" with 255 charges (while Archangels' Staves of Apocalypse are possible, they can never have more than 12 charges legitimately). However, a number of legitimate players still exist and may be found primarily on forums related to Diablo, as well as on Battle Net.
-
-==Timeline and expansion packs==
-''Diablo'' was released by Blizzard on January 2, 1997, with an official announcement on the release by Blizzard Entertainment on January 3, 1997. A release date of November 30, 1996 is often stated, but is a mistake, as Diablo only went gold and into full production on December 27, 1996. The beta test phase ended on November 27, 1996, so a release on November 30, 1996 seemed unlikely.
-
-The only official [[expansion pack]] made for ''Diablo'' was ''[[Diablo: Hellfire]]'' and was produced by [[Sierra Entertainment]] rather than an in-house development team in [[1997]]. The game featured two additional dungeon segments located within a new side storyline, several new unique items and magical item properties, new spells, and a fourth class, the Monk. There were also two possibly-unfinished "test" classes (the Bard and Barbarian) and two quests which could be accessed through a configuration file.
-
-The offline only [[expansion pack]] never achieved the fame of the original, and is hard to obtain today. Some complaints included the fact that much of its content seemed less "polished" than that of the original game, nor did the new content mesh with the atmosphere of the original perfectly. Hellfire was also relatively buggy, and since a version of ''Diablo'' with Hellfire installed could not be patched using Blizzard's ''Diablo patches'', and Sierra themselves only released one patch for Hellfire, Hellfire retained some bugs that the original ''Diablo'' did not. Hellfire also had design problems wherein many of the new unique items could simply never be found.
-
-==Influence==
-''Diablo'' has been credited with creating a [[Computer and video game genres|sub-genre]] of [[point-and-click]] [[Action RPG]]s. Since [[1999 in video gaming|1999]] many games have used the concepts introduced in Diablo and some have imitated the game. These games include ''[[Dungeon Siege]]'', ''[[Mu Online]]'', ''[[Sacred (game)|Sacred]]'', ''[[RF Online]]'', ''[[Ragnarok Online]]'' and ''[[Titan Quest]]''. Other influenced games are ''[[Neverwinter Nights]]'', ''[[Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance]]'', ''[[Spellforce]]'', ''[[Freedom Force]]'', ''[[Champions of Norrath]]'', ''[[Drakengard]]'', ''[[Dungeon Lords]]'', ''[[Fate (computer game)|Fate]]'' and ''[[Divine Divinity]].''
-
-==Secrets and hidden files==
-Like a great majority of games, ''Diablo'' has many files hidden on its CD that were never used. Some of these "loose ends" are:
-
-*Some spells never made it into the final game. The original game was supposed to have six spellbook pages (this can be checked in Diablo's manual, page 18, in a screenshot where the spellbook has six pages), unlike the four in the final, and the spells left on the CD are: Invisibility (whose icon graphic was reused for the Teleport spell in [[Diablo II]]), Blood Boil, Blood Ritual, Doom Serpents, Etherealize, Sentinel. Most of these spells are disabled, but some, like Etherealize, can be enabled with the help of hacks, and Doom Serpents' graphics can still be extracted from the game's main data file.
-
-*Some enemies don't appear in the final game, such as the Unraveler (which is now a monster found in Act 2 of [[Diablo II]]), Goat Lord, Incinerator, Bone Demon, Invisible Lord, The Arch Lich Malignus, and Devil Kin Brute. Their images can still be viewed in sprite form (.cl2) in the game's main data file. Several of these monsters later appeared in Hellfire.
-
-*A towner named Tremain the Priest does not appear in the final game, but there are sound files of his speech in the game's main data file. He was supposed to travel in and out of Tristram. He was also supposed to be the trigger of the "Fleshdoom, Wielder of Shadowfang" quest, which also never made it into the game's final stage. As originally planned, Tremain was to give the player a quest to destroy the demon Fleshdoom and retrieve his cursed sword, Shadowfang. However, when the player returned the demonblade to Tremain, he was to be consumed by hellfire and slain. He was also said to have been supposed to guide you through the "Archbishop Lazarus" quest, instead of Cain; the reward in that quest was to be a powerful unique mace called Lightforge. Since the quest was not removed, it is not possible to obtain a Lightforge legitimately; many players have used third-party programs to gain this item, and some have even changed it into other forms to create Lightforge helmets and armor.
-
-*Many hints for quests that never made it into the final game can still be viewed on the game's main data file. These include "Izual, the Fallen Angel," in which the player talks to Gillian the Barmaid and receives a quest to find and destroy Izual to release his tormented soul. The reward of this quest was likely Azurewrath, a unique sword. Both the quest and the sword were used separately in [[Diablo II]].
-
-*Two [[cutscene]]s appear on the CD but not in the game. One of them is a video you are supposed to see when you enter The Butcher's lair, and the other one is of Diablo gaining power if you failed the (never implemented) Map of Stars quest.
-
-*Many item graphics were never used in the final game, including the Map of the Stars, which was hacked many times into the game and spread over [[Battle.net]]. When the stars become aligned, Diablo will become "all but invincible," so you had to complete this quest on time or you "may never have a chance to rid the world of his evil ever again." This is the only quest of the whole lot which was ever officially recognized by Blizzard. They said that it was turned off because it "changed the way you played Diablo."
-
-*A sound file of the game's namesake, apparently [[Glossolalia|speaking in tongues]], is played when entering level 16. It can be extracted from the game's main data file and, when played backwards, produces "Eat your vegetables and brush after every meal." This is a play on the myth that [[satanic]] [[subliminal messages]] perceived to be included in songs through [[backmasking]] effectively lead teenagers towards sex, drugs and violence. The file is named lvl16int.wav; it is in the directory sfx/misc in the MPQ file named DIABDAT located on the Diablo CD.
-
-*One of the extra sub-quests from Diablo supposedly involved Gillian. Gillian was involved in two quests, the first one she would issue early in the game. Rumor has it that Gillian requested that you clean out a cellar in one of the town houses. "Giant Worms" had invaded the cellar. To complete this quest, you needed to enter a town house. A very interesting thing to note is that there is an abandoned house inside Tristram with an opened door. This could possibly be the house you were meant to clean up.
-
-==The legendary Cow Level==
-One of the more famous aspects of ''Diablo'' was something that didn't actually exist. It was a rumor started on the Internet about a secret level, which (according to many forum posts) supposedly contained ridiculously powerful items, incredibly dangerous enemies, and was headed up by a boss who was stronger than Diablo himself. The manner of accessing this level varied from report to report, but the most popular involved clicking on one of the [[cow]]s in Tristram more than fifty times in a row. As such, it eventually became known as the "Cow Level". Of course, it did not really exist; no matter how many times you clicked on the cow, it would only ever cause the cow to moo at you (and cause some humorous comments from the hero). Internet forums were awash with increasingly grandiose stories by players who claimed to have been to the cow level, along with the various items they found and monsters they fought. Later in the rumour's life, players new to the idea became confused by the 'cow level' name, and described the level as being full of cow monsters: one popular version of the rumor stated that the cow level contained 'cow' variants on every type of monster in the game, for example, an acid spitter with a bell round its neck, a white and black skin pattern, and a milk spraying attack. The boss in this version of the cow level rumor was a monstrous creature called the Cow King, who was indeed supposedly stronger than Diablo.
-
-Although the cow level was nothing but a rumor, badly edited screenshots and detailed stories kept it alive for years, to the point where Blizzard, who'd been receiving 'how do I get to the cow level' emails for a long time, put a cheat code in ''StarCraft'': 'there is no cow level.' Typing this caused instant victory.
-The Hellfire expansion also mocks this rumor - if ''cowquest'' is added to command.txt, the first new dungeon segment is accessed by speaking to one of the townsfolk, who's dressed in a cow-suit (reason: clothes stolen).
-
-As [[fan service]], Blizzard actually did put a cow level in ''[[Diablo II]]'', although it was merely a very large area full of monsters called 'Hell Bovines' who were cows walking upright and carrying [[halberd]]s. All of their sound files were of humans saying the word 'moo'. Net lore has it that the ridiculously bad voices of the cows were those of various Blizzard employees. The Cow King did make an appearance, but only as a unique Hell Bovine, nowhere near as strong as Diablo is in either game.
-
-In recent years, since the real cow level was discovered, the cow level is rarely brought up other than as a joke, for example, ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' players who tell each other about a cow level that can be accessed from Mulgore, the homeland of the [[Tauren]], who are a race of [[anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] bulls and cows. However, an item named The Cow King's Hide does exist in game. A recent update to the game also introduced tips on loading screens, one of which appears as "TIP: There is no cow level".
-
-==Trivia==
-*References to ''Diablo'' are scattered throughout the various Blizzard products that followed.(Example is Adria's quote 'I sense a soul in search of answers',used by both Protoss Arbiter and Observer in Starcraft and its expansion)
-**When the ''Diablo'' game launcher is opened, the game plays a deep, evil laugh (often assumed to be that of Diablo). When this laugh is recorded and sped up several times, it becomes the sound that Fallen Ones emit upon death.
-
-===Diablo II and Diablo II: Lord of Destruction===
-**According to ''Diablo II'', the [[Canon (fiction)|canon]] hero who defeated Diablo in Tristram was a Warrior: the wanderer who is possessed by the Lord of Terror is clearly a man, ruling out the Rogue. His skin is pale, edging away from the dark-skinned Sorcerer, and in the opening cutscene, the wanderer leans on a sword, the weapon most closely associated with the Warrior.
-**''Blood Raven'' (the corrupted Rogue from the first act of Diablo II) was evidently the Rogue in the first Diablo game. Akara and Charsi say that Blood Raven was a rogue captain at Tristram, battling Diablo. They say she returned unlike before, bringing an evil influence. Shortly thereafter, Andariel's uprising in the west began and Blood Raven began raising the dead.
-**''The Summoner'', the corrupted Mage from the Second Act that was impersonating Horazon, was evidently the Sorcerer in the first Diablo game. Jerhyn and Drognan speak of a near-insane Vizjerei mage who arrived in Lut Gholein (presumably seeking Horazon's sanctuary) claiming to have fought against Diablo in Tristram, suggesting that mage became the Summoner. The Summoner is also dark skinned, like the dark-skinned Sorcerer in the original Diablo.
-**Both the Diablo manual and the ''Arreat Summit'' battle.net strategy guide gives an account of the Sin War between Horazon and his brother Bartuc. Bartuc, who was known as the Warlord of Blood supposedly meets his end in the first Diablo self-titled quest ''Warlord of Blood'' though this is disputed (see below). Horazon presumably meets his fate in Act II, although this is disputed as others say that Horazon was being impersonated by the Sorcerer (in this case, Horazon's end is unknown).
-**''Bartuc the Bloody'' makes an appearance in the Lord of Destruction expansion Act V, as the leader of Baal's Council Members during the battle in the Throne Room of the Worldstone fortress. This however may conflict with the ''Warlord of Blood'' quest from the first Diablo.
-**Act I continues the story of the town of Tristam and Act IV revisits Hell, making these acts the most similar to the first Diablo game. In Tristam, you rescue Deckard Cain and learn the fate of Griswold the Blacksmith, while Wirt is killed, though there is nothing told of the whereabouts of the other town characters (Pepin, Adria, Ogden, Farnham and Gillian). In Tristam if you look closely, you can see corpses on the ground, whether or not these are the other townsfolk is unknown.
-**Although Act II and Act III present an entirely new theme, they expand upon what happens to [[Tal-Rasha]]'s tomb and the Zakarum religion, respectively, stories which were presented in the first Diablo manual.
-**The expansion Act V plays little homage to the first Diablo, but it does bring back [[Succubi in fiction|Succubi]], enemies that were not found in the original Diablo II. Although it is thought that all of the Succubi were killed in the battle beneath Tristam, Baal unleashed his personal harem on Arreat.
-**After the player beats Diablo II or the expansion, an item called ''Wirt's Leg'' (which is be obtained in Tristam) can be used to open the Secret Cow Level[http://www.battle.net/diablo2exp/quests/cow.shtml]. This item is a reference to the character Wirt, a teenager who lost his leg to demons and wears a peg leg, as well as a homage to the well-spread cow level rumour in the first Diablo.
-**It's believed that originally Blizzard only planned to have one character skin. This is backed up by early screenshots, which not only showed only the warrior skin, but also depicted the warrior skin using magic and ranged weapons. The early names for the classes were the Fighter, Archer and Mage. You can find more about the early Diablo at this ''' website ''' [http://www.diablo-evolution.com/].
-
-===Other Blizzard Franchises===
-**In ''[[StarCraft]]'', the [[Protoss]] Arbiter and Observer units are heard to repeat Adria's greeting line, 'I sense a soul in search of answers.'.
-**Also in ''StarCraft'', the Observer will play a line of Griswold's, namely the line he speaks as he gets overenthusiastic about the large mushroom. Furthermore, the explosion of critters in the game when they are continuously clicked may have been a reference to the fabled "Cow Level".
-**In Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, if players click on Illidan enough times, he will eventually say, "Wings, horns, hooves... what are we saying, is this Diablo?"
-**In the last Human level of ''[[Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne]]'', one of the hostile units is the Butcher. As he attacks the player's units, he even greets them the same way he greets the player in ''Diablo'': "Ahhh, fresh meat!" If this creature is killed, he drops an item called "Wirt's Other Leg".
-**One of the items that can be found in Blizzard's [[MMORPG]], ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', is called [http://www.thottbot.com/index.cgi?i=16808 ''Wirt's Third Leg''].
-
-==Bugs==
-Many gameplay bugs were fixed by the patches made available by Blizzard. However, two critical bugs were never addressed by these patches. One of these is a bug allowing item duplication, also called the "dupe bug". With practise and timing, a character can duplicate any single item, including stacks of money. However, the existence of trainers and other third-party programs made item duplication far quicker and easier, so few learned to use the duplication bug after the trainers became widely available.
-
-The other critical bug is in the damage routines for the "Mana Shield" spell, a spell which causes damage to its caster to be deducted from Mana rather than Life. "Stunning" is the term for the delay in action of a character when struck forcefully by a monster; during "stun", a character can do nothing but display a recovery animation. If the character is stunned again before recovering, a state called "stunlock" can arise, paralyzing the character. Typically this occurs when surrounded or when facing greatly superior enemies in melee combat. Since stun chance is partially based on the Life of the target, Sorcerers are the most vulnerable to being stunned. However, due to the bug in the Mana Shield coding, a character with extremely low Life (typically less than thirty) with Mana Shield up can never be stunned. This bug is typically exploited by allowing a monster called the "Black Death" to strike oneself; Black Deaths steal one Life point per successful attack, permanently. This reduces the character's life to a low enough level that the bug will take effect. The advantage of exploiting this bug is that it allows a sorcerer to stand in the midst of a swarm of monsters and continue to cast spells, when normally he would be stunlocked and killed.
-
-==Other versions==
-In 1998, a [[PlayStation]] version of Diablo was published by Electronic Arts. The game lacked online play, but featured a 2-player cooperative mode. Unfortunately, the game suffered slowdown and framerate issues. However, it did feature an option to learn the story through a narrator without having to find the books in the game. This feature can be found on the main menu under the title 'history'.
-
-==See also==
-*[[Hellfire expansion pack]]
-*[[Diablo II]]
-*[[Diablo II: Lord of Destruction]]
-
-==External links==
-* [http://www.blizzard.com/diablo/ Official Site]
-* [http://www.lurkerlounge.com/jarulf/index.shtml Jarulf's Guide to ''Diablo'' and ''Hellfire''] - According to Blizzard [http://www.blizzard.com/support/?id=msi0506p], ''"the definitive in-depth guide to Diablo."''
-* [http://www.diabloii.net/ DiabloII.net] - Very thorough Diablo, Hellfire, Diablo II Fansite
-* [http://www.planetdiablo.com/ Planet Diablo] - Diablo site at ''[[GameSpy]]''
-* [http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/diablo Diablo at MobyGames]
-* [http://www.arewehavingfunyet.com/diablo/diablo.shtml Freshman Diablo] - Strategy guides written by players.
-* [http://www.diablo-evolution.com Diablo Evolution] - In depth analysis about the history and development of Diablo and Hellfire.
-* [http://www.blizzard.com Blizzard Entertainment] The frontsite of the creators of the diablo franchize
-* [http://www.battle.net/forums/board.aspx?ForumName=d2-general Battle.net Diablo Forum]The official Forum of the Diablo Franchize
-* [http://www.Battle.net/ Battle.net] The Frontsite to Blizzard forums,news and much more of blizzards 3 main Series
-{{Blizzard}}
-
-[[Category:1996 computer and video games]]
-[[Category:Combat-oriented computer role-playing games]]
-[[Category:Mac OS games]]
-[[Category:Diablo games]]
-[[Category:PlayStation games]]
-[[Category:Windows games]]
-[[Category:Blizzard games]]
-[[Category:Computer and video games featuring cooperative gameplay]]
-[[Category:Multiplayer online games]]
-
-[[bg:Diablo (игра)]]
-[[da:Diablo]]
-[[de:Diablo (Computerspiel)]]
-[[es:Diablo (videojuego)]]
-[[fr:Diablo (jeu vidéo)]]
-[[it:Diablo (videogioco)]]
-[[he:דיאבלו]]
-[[lt:Diablo]]
-[[nl:Diablo I]]
-[[ja:ディアブロ (ゲーム)]]
-[[no:Diablo]]
-[[pl:Diablo]]
-[[pt:Diablo]]
-[[ru:Diablo (игра)]]
-[[fi:Diablo (pelisarja)]]
-[[sv:Diablo]]
-[[zh:暗黑破坏神]]
+The following is a timeline of events that can be considered human rights abuses or advances.
+
+Note: there is no single accepted definition of what constitutes a human rights violation in common use. Incidents listed here are commonly called human rights violations, or meet some of the commonly used criteria.
+
+This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
+
+
+== January 2006 ==
+
+•January 2: Hundreds of the Sudanese refugees that were arrested on December 30 and detained in Cairo-area detention camps were released.[1] Hundreds more (approximately 654) remained in detention and were scheduled to be deported to Sudan on January 6.
+
+•January 5: The deportation of 654 Sudanese refugees slated for January 6 was postponed for one week so UNHCR could determine which Sudanese are legal refugees.
+
+•January 5: Amnesty International called for an investigation into how 27 Sudanese refugees came to die during the December 30 police raid.
+
+•January 11: 164 of the 654 Sudanese refugees slated for deportation were not deported, but were instead released.
+
+•January 17: The US declared that it intends to postpone free trade talks with Egypt due to the December 24 2005 court sentencing of Ayman Nour to five years of prison for alleged election law violations.
+
+•January 17: Egyptian officials declared that they no longer plan on deporting any of the Sudanese refugees still in detention.
+
+•January 18: 233 more of the Sudanese refugees slated for deportation were not deported, but were instead released. At this point, 183 of the original 654 Sudanese refugees slated for deportation remain detained.
+
+•January 18: A mob of Muslim Egyptians attacked a mob of Coptic Christian Egyptians in the village of El Udaysaat, near Luxor. One Egyptian was killed and 12 were injured in the attack. The day before the attack, it had been discovered that the Coptic Egyptians were secretly using a guest house as a church.
+
+•January 20: Egyptian State Security violently dispersed a group of Ghad supporters holding up "Free Ayman Nour" signs at the entrance of the Africa Cup stadium.
+
+•January 26: The Philippine government reported that Filipina Veronica Bangit had returned to the Philippines two months after escaping from her Cairo employers and that she gave accounts of being abused during her employment there as a domestic servant.
+
+•January 28: MB MPs walked out of Egypt’s parliament to protest the expulsion of a fellow MP who had criticized the government for letting a French warship through the Suez Canal.
+
+•January 28: A family court refused Hind El Hinnawy’s request that the actor, Ahmed El Fishawy, be recognized as the father of El Hinnawy daughter. The court ruled that while the DNA test showed El Fishawy was the father, El Hinnawy could not produce proof that they he had agreed to a marriage, secret or otherwise.
+
+•January 29: Egyptian officials declared that 143 of 183 Sudanese refugees remaining in detention were to be released.
+
+•January 30: \tMB MPs called for a boycott against Denmark due to the Jyllands-Posten cartoons of Mohammad that appeared in that country.
+
+
+== February 2006 ==
+
+
+•February 3:\tThe Al-Salaam ferry sank due to negligent maintenance, killing at least 1,014.
+
+•February 3:\tEgyptian authorities detained U.K. lawmaker George Galloway overnight in an airport prison cell, allegedly for reasons of national security.
+\t
+•February 12: \tEgypt’s upper house of parliament approved a two-year postponement of municipal elections, putting them off from April 2006 to April 2008. The MB MPs protested this move, which extended the terms of 4,500 officeholders.
+
+•February 12: \tAuthorities banned the latest Arabic edition of the German magazine Der Speigel, which contained Jyllands-Posten cartoons of Mohammad.
+
+•February 13: \tHundreds of family members of the victims of the Al-Salaam ferry disaster stormed the shipping company offices in Safaga. Riot police resorted to throwing tear gas in an attempt to restore order.
+
+•February 13: \tThousands of students demonstrated at Al-Azhar against the Jyllands-Posten cartoons.
+
+•February 16: \tHesham Bastawissi, Ahmed Mekky, and two other judges were taken in for police questioning.
+
+•February 18: \tThree MB members were ordered to stand trial on charges of possessing weapons and provoking violence.
+
+•February 18: \tAyman Nour's lawyers filed an appeal and requested suspension of his sentence until this appeal had been ruled on.
+
+•February 21: \t400 Cairo University students, mostly from the Kifaya or al-Ghad groups, shouted anti-Mubarak slogans and accused his regime of corruption and rigging last year's elections. The protest coincided with Secretary Rice's visit to Cairo.
+
+•February 28: \tAuthorities released three British Islamic fundamentalists after they spent nearly three years in prison for membership of a banned religious party.
+
+
+== March 2006 ==
+
+
+•March 3: \tPolice arrested seven MB student activists for holding a meeting, at which they were planning an anti-cartoon protest.
+
+•March 3: \tPolice arrested Rashad al-Bayoumi, a Cairo University professor and a member of the MB's 13-member Guidance Bureau.
+
+•March 3: \tEgypt-based political website www.masreyat.org was shut down by state-owned internet company TE Data.
+
+•March 5: \tPolice arrested 12 MB members who were holding a meeting in Cairo's Zahraa el-Maadi district.
+
+•March 6: \tPolice arrested 5 MB members in Giza and Ismaliya on charges of plotting to "revive the group's activities."
+
+•March 7: \tAuthorities filed new charges against Ayman Nour, including beating a police officer with a stick on Election Day and calling Mubarak “ineffective” and “a loser” during a political rally last fall.
+
+•March 8: \tPolice shut down the MB newspaper Afaq Arabiya (Arab Horizons) and arrested four MB members.
+
+•March 16:\tA sit-in vigil was held in Cairo's Tahrir Square to demonstrate support of the Egyptian judges calling for electoral reforms.
+
+•March 17: \tNearly 1,000 Egyptian judges held a half-hour silent protest to demonstrate for full judicial independence and against the government's order to interrogate of six of their colleagues who criticized recent elections.
+
+•March 17: \tThe head of Egypt's Coptic Orthodox Church strongly rejected a court order obliging the church to let followers remarry after obtaining a civil divorce.
+
+•March 22: \tPrime Minister Nazif announced that the emergency laws would soon be replaced by new anti-terrorism laws.
+
+•March 24: \tAn Alexandria police officer allegedly killed Egyptian teenager Youssef Khamis Ibrahim by shooting him in the head.
+
+
+== April 2006 ==
+
+
+•April 3:\tSeveral hundred Egyptians tried to break into Alexandria's El-Montazah police station to take revenge for the alleged slaying of teenager Youssef Khamis Ibrahim.
+
+•April 3:\tAuthorities forced several Egyptian judges to cancel meetings they had scheduled with a delegation from the NGO Human Rights Watch.
+
+•April 9:\tEgyptian authorities barred jailed opposition leader Ayman Nour from sending any more articles to his party’s newspaper.
+
+•April 11:\tEgyptian authorities released 300 former members of the Gama’a al-Islamiya (Islamic Group) terrorist group. 650 others from this group had been released in the previous six weeks.
+
+•April 14: \tMuslim Egyptian Mahmoud Salah-Eddin Abdel-Rizziq stabbed to death Coptic Christian Egyptian Nushi Atta Girgis and wounded fifteen others when he made consecutive attacks on three churches in Alexandria.
+
+•April 15: \tA mob of Muslim Egyptians attacked a funeral procession for Nushi Atta Girgis in the Sidi Bishr district of Alexandria. Egyptian police intervened, using tear gas to disperse the violence. 15 Egyptians were injured and 15 were arrested.
+
+•April 15: \tPolice arrested five MB publishers for printing material that opposed the upcoming renewal of the emergency law.
+
+•April 16: \tPolice arrested 43 students on suspicion that they were members of the MB.
+
+•April 16:\tMobs of Muslim Egyptians and Christian Egyptians continued to attack each other in Alexandria. Over course of the weekend, 2 were killed, 40 wounded, and over 100 arrested.
+
+•April 17: \tAuthorities summoned Mahmud Mekky and Hisham Al Bastawissi to a disciplinary hearing for telling the press that they telling the press that they witnessed electoral fraud in the November-December parliamentary elections.
+
+•April 17: \tPolice detained another Muslim Egyptian who entered a Cairo church with a knife, three days after the fatal Abdel-Rizziq knife attacks in Alexandria.
+
+•April 24: \tThree nearly simultaneous bombings in the Sinai resort town of Dahab kill 23.
+
+•April 24:\tAt a sit-in in front of Judges’ Club, police arrested 15 activists who were demonstrating in solidarity with Judges Mekky and Bastawissi.
+
+•April 24: \tAt a sit-in in front of Judges Club, police beat Judge Mahmoud Mohammed Abdel Latif Hamza, hostpitalizing him with minor injuries.
+
+•April 24: \tPolice arrested blogger Ahmed Droubi.
+
+•April 26: \tPolice arrested Al-Jazeera's Cairo bureau chief, Egyptian Hussein Abdel Ghani. Police then detained Ghani in Dahab on charges of propagating false news for his coverage of the aftermath of the April 24 bomb attacks.
+
+•April 26: \tPoliced violently broke up a pro-Judges demonstration taking place outside the Judges’ Syndicate.
+
+•April 26: \tTwo suicide bombers attacked security personnel and foreign peacekeepers in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, but did not cause any injuries to their targets.
+
+•April 27: \tPolice detained dozens of demonstrators who were participating in pro-Judges demonstrations.
+
+•April 27: \tPolice arrested blogger Malek Mostafa at a pro-Judges rally.
+
+•April 27: \tAn Egyptian court released Al-Jazeera's Cairo bureau chief Hussein Abdel Ghani on bail and charged him with propagating lies for his reporting on the April 24 Dahab bombings.
+
+•April 27: \tOver the past four days, police arrested over 51 pro-Judges demonstrators.
+
+•April 28: \tPolice arrested Amir Salem and Ehab el Kholy, the two main lawyers for Ayman Nour, on charges of inciting the masses and insulting the president.
+
+•April 30: \tPrime Minister Nazif called for a two-year extension of the Emergency Laws in light of the April 24 Dahab bombings. The Egyptian parliament approved the extension that same day, by a 287-91 vote.
+
+
+
+== May 2006 ==
+
+
+•May 2:\tPolice broke up a Labor Day demo in downtown Cairo’s Tahrir Square.
+
+•May 4: \tPolice arrested 23 MB in response to the group's campaign against the Emergency Laws.
+
+•May 6: \t40 activists being held at Tora Penitentiary launched a hunger strike in protest of being detained with criminal convicts.
+
+•May 7: \tA South Cairo Court in Bab al Khelk summoned Mahmud Mekky and Hisham Al Bastawissi to their court sessions.
+
+•May 7:\tPolice arrested blogger Alaa Seif al-Islam and ten other Egyptians demonstrating outside the South Cairo Court.
+
+•May 10:\tEgyptian cleric Osama Mustafa Hassan Nasr, who allegedly was abducted from an Italian street by CIA officers and turned over to Egypt in 2003, made allegations that he was beaten repeatedly in the early stages of his imprisonment, including while he was in U.S. custody.
+
+•May 11:\tA High Court summoned Judges Mekky and Bastawisi to appear, but the two Judges refused to enter the court amid such a large presence of police.
+
+•May 11:\tOutside the Judges Club, the police attacked and beat anyone who tried to demonstrate, clubbing men and women as well as at least half a dozen journalists trying to cover the events. Authorities arrested 255 demonstrators and journalists.
+
+•May 17: \tThe Minister of Interior issued an order banning any peaceful assemblies or demonstrations in front of the High Court Building.
+
+•May 18: \tA Supreme Judicial Council disciplinary tribunal exonerated Judge Mekky on charges that he had “disparaged the Supreme
+Judicial Council” and “talked to the press about political affairs.” But on the same grounds, the court issued a rebuke and denied a promotion to Judge Bastawisi.
+
+•May 18:\tPolice arrested over 300 pro-reform protesters and beat several others.
+
+•May 18:\tA Cairo appeals court upheld the December 2005 conviction and 5-year prison sentence of Ayman Nour.
+
+•May 25: \t300 pro-reform judges staged a sit-in outside the High Court Building to demand the independence of Egypt's judiciary.
+
+•May 25:\tPolice arrested Karim el-Shaaer and Mohamed el-Sharqawi at a pro-judges demonstration outside the Journalists' Syndicate. Police then tortured and sodomized Sharqawi at a Cairo police station.
+
+•May 28: \tPrison medical authorities administered a medical exam on Mohamed el-Sharqawi but did not treat him for his injuries.
+
+•May 28:\tThe Azbakeya Misdemeanor Court sentenced Azbakeya police officers Amr Saudi and Yasser Al Tawel to three months in prison and a hundred pound fine for beating Hossam Al Saeed Mohamed Amer on October 8 2003.
+
+•May 29: \tA dozen Tora Penitentiary detainees launched a hunger strike to demonstrate against the torture of Mohamed el-Sharqawi.
+
+•May 30: \tProtestors demonstrated in front of the Doctors’ Syndicate against the torture of Mohamed el-Sharqawi.
+
+
+== June 2006 ==
+
+
+•June 1:\tProtesters demonstrated in front of the Kasr el Nil police station to demonstrate against the torture of Mohamed el-Sharqawi.
+
+•June 1:\tPolice detained, beat, and released activists Adel Mashad, Emad Mubarak and Ayman Ayad.
+
+•June 1:\tPolice beat LA Times correspondent Hossam el-Hamalawy.
+
+•June 2: \tPolice assaulted BBC correspondents Dina Samak and Dina Gameel while the two are reporting on a meeting of the General Assembly of the Journalists' Syndicate.
+
+•June 3: \tPolice seized 2,000 pirated DVDs of "The DaVinci Code" and the Egyptian Coptic Christian church demanded the film be banned in Egypt.
+
+•June 3:\tAn Egyptian court released Nael Abdel Hamid and Ihab Mahmoud (arrested April 24).
+
+•June 3:\tAn Egyptian court ordered Ahmad Maher, Yasser Ismail, and Adel Fawzi to be detained for another 15 days.
+
+•June 4: \tPolice arrested nine senior MB members.
+
+•June 4:\tAn Egyptian court released activists Asmaa Ali, Ahmad Abdel Gawad and Ahmad Abdel Ghaffar.
+
+•June 4:\tAn Egyptian court ordered Alaa Seif al-Islam, Nada al-Qassas, and Rasha Azab to be detained for another 15 days.
+
+•June 5: \tPolice beat and sexually assaulted Seham Mamdouh Mahmoud at the Ain Shams police station. Allegedly, police detained her in a solitary cell for an hour, then repeatedly kicked her in the abdomen when she fought off an officer's attempt to grope her breasts and rape her. The police then released her the same night.
+
+•June 5:\tThe Foreign Ministry demanded that the International Republican Institute, a U.S. NGO which promotes democracy, suspend its activities in the country.
+
+•June 6: \tAn Egyptian court ordered Kamal Khalil, Ibrahim el-Sahari, Wael Khalil and 21 other activists to be detained for another 15 days. The three have been detained since April 26-27.
+
+•June 6:\tAn Egyptian court ordered 164 MB activists to be detained for another 15 days. Most of the group of 164 were originally detained between May 11 and May 18.
+
+•June 7: \tAn Egyptian court ordered Mohamed el-Sharqawi, Kareem el-Sha3er, and 50 MB members to be detained for another 15 days. Sharqawi had been detained since May 25, the 50 MB members since May 11.
+
+•June 7:\tThe Egyptian Parliament postponed discussion of the judicial reforms bill.
+
+•June 8: \tAn Egyptian court released Ashraf Ibarhim from Tora Prison and Rasha Azab from Qanater Prison.
+
+•June 12: \tPolice shot rubber bullets and tear gas at a MB protest that was being held in support of prominent MB member Hassan al-Hayawan, who was on trial in the town of Zagazig. Police injured ten Egyptians and briefly detained 110 others.
+
+•June 12: \tA Zagazig State Security Emergency Court acquitted MB member Hassan al-Hayawan of charges of illegal possession of weapons and belonging to an illegal organization.
+
+•June 12: \tPolice detained MB member Hassan al-Hayawan immediately he was acquitted.
+
+•June 12: \tMohamed el-Sharqawi wrote a letter documenting Tora Prison's neglect for his broken bones.
+
+•June 13: \tCulture Minister Farouk Hosni moved to ban the film "The DaVinci Code."
+
+•June 16: \tEgyptian Organization for Human Rights released a statement opposing Culture Minister Farouk Hosni's calls to ban the film "The DaVinci Code."
+
+•June 17: \tAn Egyptian court released activists Ahmad Maher, Adel Fawzi Tawfeeq el-Gazzar, and Yasser Ismail Zakki.
+
+•June 18: \tA self-professedly devout Egyptian woman in a museum destroyed three sculptures by Egyptian artist Hassan Heshmat. The attack followed a fatwa issued by the Grand Mufti of Cairo, Ali Gomaa, which banned all decorative statues of living beings.
+
+•June 19: \tPolice arrested 31 MB members in the North Coast town of Marsa Matrouh on charges of holding illegal meetings.
+
+•June 21: \tThe Yacoubian Building opened amid criticism, acclaim, and calls for censorship.
+
+•June 22: \tAn Egyptian court released blogger Alaa Seif al-Islam from Tora Prison. Alaa had been imprisoned since May 7.
+
+•June 22: \tAn Egyptian court released Kefaya activists Kamal Khalil, Gamal Abdel Fattah, Wael Khalil, Ibrahim el-Sahary and 16 others from Tora prison.
+
+•June 22:\tAn Egyptian court ordered Karim el-Shaaer and Mohamed el-Sharqawi to be detained for another 15 days.
+\t\t
+•June 23: \tAn Egyptian court sentenced Al-Dustour chief editor Ibrahim Issa and reporter Sahar Zaki to a year's imprisonment for insulting the president. In April, the Al-Dustour newspaper reported on a lawsuit that accused Egyptian President Mubarak of misusing public money during the privatization of state-owned companies. The man who filed the lawsuit, Said Abdullah, was also given a year's jail. The three were also fined 10,000 Egyptian pounds.
+
+•June 23: \tThree hundred demonstrators at Press Syndicate called for the release of protestors that were being detained with criminals at Tora Prison.
+
+•June 23:\tLondon-based Arab Press Freedom Watch condemned the Education Ministry's decision to fail secondary-school student Alia Farag Megahed for criticizing Mubarak and US President Bush in a final-exam paper.
+
+•June 30: \tThousands of worshippers at the Al-Azhar Mosque protested against Israel’s onslaught on the Gaza Strip.
+
+
+== July 2006 ==
+
+
+•July 4: \tA group of Coptic Christians began legal proceedings to sue Bishop Maximus I for setting up an alternative orthodox church in Egypt
+
+•July 5: \t112 MPs called for the censorship of the film "The Yacoubian Building."
+
+•July 5: \tPolice prevented pro-Gaza demonstrators from gathering downtown.
+
+•July 5:\tAn Egyptian court released 98 MB members.
+
+•July 5:\tAn Egyptian court ordered Karim el-Shaaer and Mohamed el-Sharqawi to be detained for another 15 days.
+
+•July 8: \tTwenty-six Egyptian newspapers did not print in a show of protest against the proposed new press law.
+
+•July 8:\tThree thousand demonstrated in Cairo's Tahrir Square against the proposed new press law.
+
+•July 8:\tPolice again prevented pro-Gaza demonstrators from gathering downtown.
+
+•July 8:\tPolice arrested 27 MB members.
+
+•July 9: \tAuthorities referred 18 MB leaders for trial, among them leading politburo member Essam al-Eryan, along with hundreds of other MB members arrested during recent protests in support of judicial reform.
+
+•July 9:\tThree hundred opposition journalists and supporters gathered in front of the Cairo Parliament Building to protest the proposed new press law.
+
+•July 10: \tParliament passed the new press law, which includes huge fines for journalists who insult the president. Under the legislation, journalists found to be critical of government officials are liable to receive up to five years in prison or a fine of up to US $5220, while editors can be fined up to US $3480.
+
+•July 10:\tAn Administrative Court ruled in favor of blocking blogs that “threaten national security.”
+
+•July 11: \tBishop Maximus held a widely-covered news conference.
+
+•July 13: \tDr. Osama al-Ghazali Harb launched the liberal Democratic Front Party.
+
+•July 14: \tOne thousand Egyptians demonstrated at al-Azhar Mosque against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 15: \tOne hundred and fifty Egyptians at the Press Syndicate demonstrated against the detention of Karim el-Shaaer, Mohamed el-Sharqawi, and numerous MB members.
+
+•July 17: \tOne hundred and fifty Egyptians at the Dar el Hekma Doctor's Syndicate demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 20: \tAn Egyptian court released Karim el-Shaaer and Mohamed el-Sharqawi from Tora Prison. Police had arrested them May 25.
+
+•July 21: \tFive thousand Egyptians at al-Azhar Mosque demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine. Police forced them to stay inside the mosque.
+
+•July 21:\tThree thousand Egyptians at various Alexandria mosques demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 26: \tOne thousand Egyptians in Cairo's Tahrir Square demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 28: \tOne thousand Egyptians at Giza’s al-Istiqama mosque demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 28: \tOne thousand Egyptians at al-Azhar Mosque demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 28: \tFive hundred Egyptians in the Delta city of Mansoura demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine.
+
+•July 29: \tPolice arrested Mohamed Hegazi, Fathi Farid, & two other Kefaya activists in Port Said. The three were participating in a 50th anniversary march for the nationalization of the Suez Canal. Police released them the next day.
+
+•July 30: \tOne hundred MPs marched towards the US embassy, demanding the expulsion of the Israeli and US ambassadors.
+
+
+== August 2006 ==
+
+
+•August 6:\tAyman Nour was hospitalized for heart surgery.\t
+
+•August 11: \tThousands of Egyptians at Cairo's Al-Azhar mosque demonstrated against Israel and in support of Lebanon and Palestine. Security forces and plainclothes thugs clashed with the demonstrators, banning them from marching in the streets.
+
+•August 11:\tPolice arrested Kefaya activist Ahmad Fayedd while breaking up an anti-Israel demonstration in the Fayyoum oasis town of Snoris.
+
+•August 13: \tAl Ahram reversed a previous move and unblocked employees’ access to several blogs and independent political websites. The Labour Party website and several others remained blocked.
+
+•August 14: \tAn Egyptian court released MB politburo members Essam al-Eryan and Mohammed Morsi, both of whom had been detained since April.
+
+•August 16: \tState prosecution has the order to release MB members Essam al-Eryan and Mohammed Morsi overturned. An Egyptian court then ordered Essam and Morsi to be detained for another 15 days.
+
+•August 18: \tPolice arrested 17 MB members in the Nile Delta town Menoufia on charges of holding a meeting aimed at reviving the banned group's activities.
+
+•August 25: \tPolice arrested 17 MB members, including MB secretary-general Mahmoud Ezzat and senior member Lasheen Abu Shanab.
+
+•August 26:\tPolice arrested four MB in the Upper Egyptian governorate of Beni Suef.
+
+
+== September 2006 ==
+
+
+•September 7:\t70 detainees at a Damanhour prison held a hunger strike in protest of their 2004 imprisonment.
+
+•September 9: \tOrbit TV show “Al Qahira Al Youm” hosted a discussion between Karama editor Abdel Halim Qandil and Rose Al Youssef editor Karam Gabr. Karama is a Nasserist newspaper and Rose Al Youssef is a pro-Gamal newspaper. The two began a shouting match and Qandil called the latter a state security informant while Gabr accused him of taking money from the Libyans.
+
+•September 10: \tThe Entertainment Censorship Committee denied MB member Mukhtar Nouh a CD distribution license. MB member and former MP Nouh was planning on releasing his first CD with political songs.
+
+•September 12: \tA speech by Pope Benedict XVI at University of Regensburg in Germany set off protests in Cairo and across the Middle East.
+
+•September 17: \tEgypt's public prosecutor charged 14 employees of the state's railway authority with negligence. One month previous, on August 21, a rail accident in Qalyub led to the deaths of 56 Egyptians.
+
+•September 24:\tAuthorities banned editions of French newspaper Le Figaro and German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung because of articles deemed insulting to Islam.
+
+•September 25: \tAn Egyptian court released prominent MB member Mohamed Al-Hayawan, who has been detained since December 2005.
+
+
+== October 2006 ==
+
+
+•October 3: \tProfessor Hassan Hanafi received several death threats after he compared the Koran with a supermarket and said that in both "you can find whatever you are looking for." Hanafi's remarks were made at a seminar organized by the Alexandria Library.
+
+•October 13:\tPolice arrested eight MB in the Nile Delta governorate of Menoufiya on charges of belonging to an illegal organization and possessing anti-government pamphlets.
+
+•October 23: \tAn Egyptian court ordered MB members Essam Al-Eriyan and Mohamed Morsi to be detained for another 15 days.
+
+•October 24: \tMobs of young men roamed downtown Cairo, groping and trying to rape several women. These mobs continued to roam downtown over the rest of the Eid holiday weekend.
+
+•October 25: \tAn Egyptian court released Hassan Abdallah, the coordinator of Sinai’s Youth for Change organization. Hassan had been detained by State Security in Arish on September 7 and had been granted no access to lawyers or family visits during his detention.
+
+•October 28: \tPolice detained Mohamed Hassan, a Workers for Change activist, for three hours.
+
+•October 29: \tPolice beat student demonstrators at Ain Shams University campus in Abbassiya. Student union elections were increasing tensions between state-supported candidates, MB candidates, and others. These clashes at Ain Shams University between students, other students, police, and hired thugs, would continue for three days.
+
+•October 31: \tA court in Cairo sentenced parliamentarian Talaat Al-Sadat to one year in prison for implicating the army in his uncle's assassination. Sadat was tried in front of a military court, which does not allow appeal.
+
+•October 31: \tStudents at Helwan University protested after state authorities banned MB candidates from running.
+
+
+== November 2006 ==
+
+
+•November 1: \tThousands of MB and leftist students demonstrated at Cairo University campus in Giza, protesting the new ban against MB candidates in the student union elections.
+
+•November 6: \tEight hundred detainees at Abu Zaabal prison staged a hunger strike in protest of mistreatment and lack of visitation rights.
+
+•November 6: \tPolice arrested blogger Abdel Karim Nabil Suleiman.
+
+•November 8:\tAn Egyptian court ordered Abdel Karim to be detained for another 15 days.
+
+•November 9: \tOne hundred protesters outside downtown Cairo's Journalists' Syndicate demonstrated against the failure of authorities to stop the October 23 and 24 sexual harassment gangs in Tahrir Square.
+
+•November 13: \tPolice arrested and released Mohamed el-Ashkar, a Giza Kifaya activist.
+
+•November 17: The MB called for Culture Minister Faruq Hosni to be sacked for his statement that the wearing of Islamic veils was a "regressive" trend.
+
+•November 19: Police arrested blogger Rami Siyam in downtown Cairo. Siyam has been running his blog since May 2005 and usually posts material critical of the government.
+
+
+----
+[1] San Francisco Chronicle.
+http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2006/01/03/international/i081851S01.DTL
+
+[2] San Francisco Chronicle.
+http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/2006/01/03/international/i081851S01.DTL
+
+[3] Sudan Tribune. http://www.sudantribune.com//article.php3?id_article=13404
+Also, BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4588974.stm
+
+[4] USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-01-12-egypt-migrants_x.htm
+
+[5] International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/18/news/briefs.php
+
+[6] New York Times. Section A; Column 1; Foreign Desk; Pg. 3. January 18, 2006
+
+[7] ABCnews. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1521541
+
+[8] Khaleej Times. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2006/January/middleeast_January518.xml§ion=middleeast&col=
+Also, Washington Post
+http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/22/AR2006022202437.html
2013-03-12 15:58:00 89800389 Addbot VP-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3191399]] NaN
2013-03-16 13:46:12 90463416 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1848101]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,114 +1,56 @@\n
-Results for '''Women's 10 km''' in [[Nordic Skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics|Nordic Skiing]] at the [[1952 Winter Olympics]] in [[Oslo]].
-==Results==
-{| class='wikitable'
-|- bgcolor='#efefef'
-| rowspan='2' align='center' | '''Rank'''
-| rowspan='2' align='center' | '''Athlete'''
-| colspan='2' align='center' | '''Time'''
-|- bgcolor='#efefef'
-| rowspan='1' align='center' | '''at 5.5 km'''
-| rowspan='1' align='center' | '''Final'''
-|-
-| bgcolor='gold' align='center' rowspan='1' | Gold
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Finland (bordered).svg|25px]] [[Lydia Wideman]] (FIN)
-| align='center' | 23:00
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 41:40
-|-
-| bgcolor='silver' align='center' rowspan='1' | Silver
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Finland (bordered).svg|25px]] [[Mirja Hietamies]] (FIN)
-| align='center' | 24:00
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 42:39
-|-
-| bgcolor='#CC9966' align='center' rowspan='1' | Bronze
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Finland (bordered).svg|25px]] [[Siiri Rantanen]] (FIN)
-| align='center' | 24:15
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 42:50
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 4
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Märta Norberg]] (SWE)
-| align='center' | 24:10
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 42:53
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 5
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Finland (bordered).svg|25px]] [[Sirkka Polkunen]] (FIN)
-| align='center' | 24:10
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 43:07
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 6
-| [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|25px]] [[Rakel Wahl]] (NOR)
-| align='center' | 25:20
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 44:54
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 7
-| [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|25px]] [[Marit Øiseth]] (NOR)
-| align='center' | 25:40
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 45:04
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 8
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Margit Albrechtsson]] (SWE)
-| align='center' | 25:05
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 45:05
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 9
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Eivor Alm]] (SWE)
-| align='center' | 25:30
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 45:20
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 10
-| [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|25px]] [[Gina Sigstad]] (NOR)
-| align='center' | 25:35
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 45:37
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 11
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Sonja Edström]] (SWE)
-| align='center' | 25:45
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 45:41
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 12
-| [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|25px]] [[Jorun Askersrud]] (NOR)
-| align='center' | 26:50
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 47:45
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 13
-| [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Hanni Gehring]] (GER)
-| align='center' | 28:10
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 50:39
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 14
-| [[Image:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|25px]] [[Nada Birko]] (YUG)
-| align='center' | 28:30
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 50:44
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 15
-| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Josette Baisse]] (FRA)
-| align='center' | 28:45
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 51:43
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 16
-| [[Image:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|25px]] [[Angela Kordez]] (YUG)
-| align='center' | 28:55
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 52:33
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 17
-| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Fides Romanin]] (ITA)
-| align='center' | 31:00
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 54:43
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' | 18
-| [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Michèle Angirany]] (FRA)
-| align='center' | 30:30
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | 54:56
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' |
-| [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Ildegarda Taffra]] (ITA)
-| align='center' | DNF
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | -
-|-
-| align='center' rowspan='1' |
-| [[Image:Flag_of_Austria.svg|25px]] [[Lizzy Kladensky]] (AUT)
-| align='center' | DNF
-| align='center' style='font-weight:bold' | -
-|}
+{{unreferenced}}

-[[Category:Nordic skiing at the Olympics]]
-[[Category:1952 Winter Olympics events]]
+{{wiktionarypar|gnosis}}
+The word '''gnosis''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for [[knowledge]], γνώσις) refers to a form of [[spirituality|spiritual]] knowledge that is more commonly familiar to people as [[enlightenment]]. The word is cognate (from [[Proto-Indo-European]]) with the [[Sanskrit]] word ''gnana'' (pronounced ''nyana'' - also spelled ''[[jnana]]'') that has an equivalent meaning in [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] spiritual treatises. In Theravada Buddhism the word for gnosis is añña (lit. 'highest knowledge'). The knowledge to which gnosis refers is that of the unconditioned ground (and source) of phenomenal reality, variously called [[Brahman]] (The [[Upanisads]]); the [[Dharmakaya]] ([[Mahayana Buddhism]]); the [[Tao]] ([[Tao Te Ching]]) and [[God]] ([[theism|Theistic]] religion). One who having followed a spiritual path in order to return to the origin and arrived at this transcendental knowledge is called a gnostic (''Gnani'' or ''Jnani'' in Sanskrit and Hindi). Gnostic also refers to a follower of one of various near eastern [[gnosticism|schools of self-realisation]] flourishing during the early Christian era.
+
+== Classical meanings ==
+* Gnosis being a Greek word has its origin in Greek philosophy. See [[Plato]] (c. 427–c. 347 BC), [[gnostikoi’]] (γνοστικοι) and [[gnostike episteme]] (γνοστικη επιστημη). [[Statesman (dialogue)|Politikos]] (Πολιτικος) in Greek or [[Statesman (dialogue)|Politicus]] in Latin (258e-267a) which means the knowledge to influence and control. Gnostike episteme also was used to indicate one's [[aptitude]]. The [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonic]] philosopher [[Plotinus]] rejected followers of [[gnosticism]] as being un-[[Hellenistic]] and anti- [[Plato]] due to their [[Polemic|vilification]] of Plato's [[demiurge]], see [[Neoplatonism and Gnosticism]].
+* Among the [[sectarian]] [[gnosticism|gnostics]], ''gnosis'' was first and foremost a matter of self acquaintance which was the goal of [[Enlightenment (concept)|enlightenment]]. Also stated as direct knowledge of God through awareness of the divine spark within. Later, [[Valentinius]], more usually called Valentinus, taught that gnosis was the privileged "knowledge of the heart" or "[[insight]]" about the [[spirituality|spiritual]] nature of the [[universe|cosmos]], that brought about [[salvation]] to the ''pneumatics'' - people who ''believed'' they could achieve this insight. Gnosis was distinct from the secret teachings they only revealed to initiates once they had reached a certain level of progression. Rather, these teachings were paths to obtain gnosis. Gnostic ideas of salvation were similar to [[buddhism|Buddhist]] conceptions of [[Bodhi|enlightenment]]{{citation needed}}, hence gnosis was not expressible by words. (See e.g. [[ineffability]], a quality of realization common to many, if not most, esoteric traditions; see also [[Jung]] on the difference between [[sign]] and [[symbol]].)
+* Among [[Heresy|heresiologist]]s, ''gnosis'' denotes different [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Christian]] or Pagan belief systems of [[esotericism|esoteric]] nature such as, first and foremost, [[Gnosticism]] and other [[dualism|dualist]] systems from the [[1st century|1st]] and [[2nd century|2nd]] centuries A.D., but also [[Rosicrucian]]ism, [[Kabbalah]], etc.
+* Gnosis also carried over from [[Plato]] into [[Greek Orthodox]] christianity via [[Clement of Alexandria|St Clement]] of Alexandria, [[Hippolytus (writer)]], [[Hegesippus]], and [[Origen]] but in an [[intuitive]] knowledge type of meaning in relation to the greek words [[theosis]], [[theoria]]. Gnosis meant an experience of God.
+* The term Gnosis is related to the sanskrit [[jnana]] (as in Jnana Yoga) and to the Hebrew [[daath]], which is the hidden sphere in the Kabbalah, or that knowledge which was only given to the initiated.
+* In the teachings of [[Sri Aurobindo]], the [[Gnostic being]] refers to the future [[supramentalisation|supramental]] state of [[divinization|divinised]] humanity, living a spirit-filled existence.
+
+== Influences on contemporary culture ==
+* Millions of non-English speakers associate Gnosis with the movement started by [[Samael Aun Weor]].{{citation needed}} This tradition is now becoming known in English, largely through the efforts of publishers such as [[Thelema Press]].
+* ''[[Gnosis (magazine)|Gnosis]]'' is the name of magazine [http://www.lumen.org/] published between [[1985]] and [[1999]] in [[California]] as a "Journal of the Western Inner Traditions" covering traditions of [[spirituality]] and [[mysticism]]. It was a project of the Lumen Foundation.
+* Among certain modern [[occult]] movements, esp. [[chaos magic]], ''gnosis'' refers to an altered state of awareness in which the will is "magickally" effective.
+* Modern disciples of [[Aleister Crowley]] and his Doctrine of [[Thelema]] have also formed a number of Gnostic Religious Organizations. http://user.cyberlink.ch/~koenig/church.htm
+* ''The Gnosis'' is the name of ancient sorcery from the North in R. Scott Bakker's [[Prince of Nothing]] fantasy epic.
+* One of the ships in [[Alastair Reynolds]]' novel ''[[Absolution Gap]]'' is called the ''Gnostic Ascension''.
+*The World of Darkness roleplaying game [[Werewolf: The Apocalypse]] by [[White Wolf, Inc.|White Wolf Game Studio]] used the term gnosis to measure of how attuned to the spiritual world a character, usually a Werewolf, was (and as the primary mechanic for enabling magical effects). In the revamped World of Darkness books the term is used in the [[Mage: The Awakening]] roleplaying game, again as an overarching mechanic for measuring the magical power of a character, in this case primarily for mages and similar characters.
+*Punk rock band Bad Religion have a song titled "Billy Gnosis."
+* [[Gnosis (Xenosaga)|The Gnosis]] are mysterious alien attackers in the [[Xenosaga]] games for the Sony Playstation 2. The Gnosis have the ability to turn humans into salt by touching them.
+* In the game ''[[Baten Kaitos: Eternal Wings and the Lost Ocean]]'' for the [[Nintendo GameCube]], Gnosis is the boss at the end of the "Passageway of Souls." Baten Kaitos was created by the same company as Xenosaga, and it is likely a reference to it. Like in Xenosaga, Gnosis is a creature that exists between dimensions.
+*Though not featured, Gnosis is a hovership from [[Enter The Matrix]] and [[The Matrix series]].
+* In the cult hit musical [[Hedwig and the Angry Inch]], Hedwig's protege/lover/rival takes the stage name "Tommy Gnosis".
+*The innovative [[KeyKOS]] operating system was initially dubbed GNOSIS.
+
+== Intercultural associations ==
+Gnosis has been associated and often cited as synonymous with terms from numerous cultures and religions:
+
+* [[Bodhi|Enlightenment]] - [[Buddhism]]
+* [[Moksha]] - [[Hinduism]]
+* Kingdom of God - [[Christianity]]
+* Body electric - [[Walt Whitman]]
+* Rapture - [[Plato]] (in the sense of ecstasy, not the Christian [[Rapture]])
+* [[Irfan]], [[Marifah]] - [[Islam]], especially [[Sufism]]
+* Inner Light and Sound [[Sant Mat]]
+
+== See also==
+* [[Gnosticism]]
+* [[History of Gnosticism]]
+* [[Plato]]
+* [[Neoplatonism and Gnosticism]]
+* [[Michael Tsarion]] (Gnostic Historian)
+
+[[Category:Gnosticism]]
+
+[[de:gnosis]]
+[[el:γνώσις]]
+[[es:Gnosticismo]]
+[[pl:Gnoza]]
+[[pt:Gnose]]
+[[sk:Gnosticizmus]]
+[[fi:Gnosis]]
+[[sv:gnosis]]
2013-03-16 18:15:51 90501365 Addbot KamikazeBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2817719]] --- \n
+++ \n
@@ -1,58 +1,524 @@\n
-[[Image:NiMH 2500mAh.jpg|thumb|Modern, high capacity NiMH rechargeable batteries]]
-A '''[[nickel]] [[metal]] [[hydrogen|hydride]]''' (or '''NiMH''') [[Battery (electricity)|battery]] is a type of [[rechargeable battery]] similar to a [[nickel-cadmium battery|nickel-cadmium]] (NiCd) battery but has a hydrogen absorbing alloy for anode instead of [[cadmium]] (which is an environmental hazard); therefore, it is less detrimental to the environment. A NiMH battery can have 2 to 3 times the capacity of an equivalent size NiCd and the [[memory effect]] is not as significant. However, compared to the [[lithium ion battery|lithium ion chemistry]], the [[volumetric]] [[energy density]] is lower and self-discharge is higher. Applications of NiMH type batteries includes [[hybrid vehicle]]s such as the [[Toyota]] [[Prius]] and consumer electronics. The NiMH technology will also be used on the [[Alstom]] [[Citadis]] [[low floor]] [[tram]] ordered for [[Nice]], [[France]]. Standard NiMH batteries perform better with moderate drain devices such as digital cameras, flashlights, and other consumer electronics, but, because NiCd batteries have lower internal resistance, they still have the edge in very high current drain applications such as cordless power tools and R/C cars
-
-==Charging==
-When fast-charging, it is advisable to charge the NiMH batteries with a smart [[Battery charger|charger]] to avoid overcharging, which can damage batteries and cause dangerous conditions. Modern NiMH batteries contain [[catalysts]] to immediately deal with gases developed as a result of over-charging without being harmed (2 H2 + O2 ---catalyst--> 2 H2O). However, this only works with over-charging [[Current (electricity)|currents]] of up to ''C''/10 h (nominal capacity divided by 10 hours). As a result of this reaction, the batteries will heat up considerably, marking the end of the charging process. Some quick chargers have a fan to keep the batteries cool.
-
-Some equipment manufacturers consider that NiMH can be safely charged in simple fixed (low) current chargers with or without timers, and that permanent over-charging is permissible with currents up to ''C''/10 h. In fact, this is what happens in cheap cordless phone base stations and the cheapest battery chargers. Although this may be safe, it may not be good for the health of the battery. According to the [[Panasonic]] NiMH charging Manual (link below), permanent trickle charging (small current overcharging) can cause battery deterioration and the trickle charge rate should be limited to between 0.033×''C'' per hour and 0.05×''C'' per hour for a maximum of 20 hours to avoid damaging the batteries.
-
-Long term maintenance charge of NiMH batteries needs to be by low duty cycle pulses of high current rather than continuous low current in order to preserve battery health.
-
-Brand new batteries, or batteries which have been unused for some time, need "reforming" to reach their full capacity. For this reason new batteries may need several charge/discharge cycles before they operate to their advertised capacity.
-
-==Discharging==
-Care must also be taken during discharge to ensure that one or more cells in a series connected cells (for example the common arrangement of four [[AA battery|AA]] cells in series in a digital camera) do not become completely discharged and go into [[Reverse charging|polarity reversal]]. Polarity reversal can cause permanent damage to cells. Some devices (cameras, GPS, PDA and etc) detect the safe end of discharge voltage of the series cells and shut themselves down, but devices like flashlights and some toys do not. Once noticeable dimming or slowing of the device is noticed, it should be turned off immediately to avoid polarity reversal.
-
-A single cell driving a load doesn't suffer from polarity reversal.
-
-NiMH chemistry has a somewhat higher self-discharge than the NiCd chemistry. The self discharge is 5-10% on the first day, and stabilizes around 0.5-1% per day at room temprature. The rate is strongly affected by the temperature at which the batteries are stored.
-
-==Other information==
-Common penlight-size (AA) batteries have nominal capacities ''C'' ranging from 1100mAh to 2700mAh at 1.2v, usually rated at 0.2C rate. Useful discharge capacity is an inverse function of the discharge rate, but up to around 1C rate, there is no significant difference. NiMH batteries have an [[alkaline]] [[electrolyte]], usually potassium hydroxide.
-The specific [[energy density]] for NiMH material is approximately 60 [[watt-hour|W·h]]/[[kilogram|kg]] (220 kJ/kg), with a volumetric energy density of about 100 W·h/[[Liter|L]] (360 MJ/m³).
-
-NiMH battery technology was developed by Michigan-based Ovonic Battery, a division of ECD Ovonics (www.ovonic.com), the company founded in the 1950s by a physicist Stanley Ovshinsky. NiMH batteries were made available to the public in 1983.
-
-==Chemistry==
-The reaction occurring in a NiMH battery is as follows:
-H2O+Mm+2electrons <--> OH- + 0.5H2 (stored as Mm-Hx)
-The battery is charged in the right direction of this equation and discharged in the left direction.
-Mm stands for [[Mischmetal]]. One should note that the hydrogen evolved during charging is stored as Mm-Hx, the metal hydride of the battery. It is not evolved as a gas.
-
-The "metal" in a NiMH battery is actually an [[intermetallic]] compound. Many different compounds have been developed for this application, but those in current use fall into two classes. The most common is AB5, where A is a [[rare earth]] mixture and/or [[titanium]] and B is [[nickel]], [[cobalt]], [[manganese]], and/or [[aluminum]]. Higher-capacity "multi-component" electrodes are based on AB2 compounds, where A is titanium and/or [[vanadium]] and B is [[zirconium]] or nickel, modified with [[chromium]], cobalt, [[iron]], and/or manganese [http://www.cobasys.com/pdf/tutorial/inside_nimh_battery_technology.pdf].
-
-Any of these compounds serves the same role, reversibly forming a mixture of metal hydride compounds. When hydrogen ions are forced out of the [[potassium hydroxide]] electrolyte solution by the voltage applied during charging, this process prevents them from forming a gas, allowing a low pressure and volume to be maintained. As the battery is discharged, these same ions are released to participate in the reverse reaction.
-
-==See also==
-*[[:Category:NiMH chargers]]
-*[[:Category:NiMH batteries]]
-
-==External links==
-*[http://www.panasonic.com/industrial/battery/oem/images/pdf/Panasonic_NiMH_ChargeMethods.pdf Panasonic NiMH charging manual (PDF)]
-*[http://www.batteryuniversity.com/partone-4.htm "The Nickel-based Battery" at BatteryUniversity.com]
-*[http://wireless.berkeley.edu/services/battery.shtml Battery Care & Tips]
-*[http://www.hardingenergy.com/pdfs/NiMH.pdf NiMH Battery Handbook]
-*[http://www.steves-digicams.com/nimh_batteries.html Steve's Digicams - Rechargeable Battery Information]
-*[http://www.nimhbattery.com/forum/1.html NiMH Batteries and Chargers - Knowledge Base]
-*[http://www.rcbatteryclinic.com/ R/C Battery Clinic]
-*[http://www.buchmann.ca/ Batteries in a Portable World]
-*[http://www.mpoweruk.com/chargers.htm Battery Chargers and Charging Methods]
-
-[[Category:Rechargeable batteries]]
-[[Category:hydrides]]
-
-[[de:Nickel-Metallhydrid-Akku]]
-[[es:Pila de níquel e hidruro metálico]]
-[[fr:Nickel métal hydrure]]
-[[ja:ニッケル・水素蓄電池]]
-[[zh:镍氢电池]]
+{{talkheader}}
+{{FailedGA|19 November 2006}}
+{{WPBiography|living=yes|class=|priority=Mid}}
+{{WikiProject California|priority=Mid}}
+{{Project Congress}}
+
+==I added a reference (numbered 6) but this appears to have mis-formatted the following references..... ==
+
+
+==Random Unsigned Comment==
+
+
+the particular source about her keeping a ledger about political favors has routinely and repeatedly been repudiated and been proven false. this site is intended to be a sourse of facts......
+
+
+In addition to the other comments, I noticed the heading "Abortion" also contains "Killing Babies," obviously the position of some who do not favor a woman's right to control her own body and reproductory functions. Delete the words following "Abortion" since this is supposed to be a neutral biography and not a political diatribe. (Thank you -- I see it has been corrected.)
+
+ ==Disputing neutrality of this article==
+This article, unlike most of Pelosi's critics articles, is clearly not balanced. Under her quotes there is not mention of her previous support for action against Iraq:
+
+:"Saddam Hussein has been engaged in the development of weapons of mass destruction technology which is a threat to countries in the region and he has made a mockery of the weapons inspection process."
+:Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D, CA), Dec. 16, 1998.
+
+There is also nothing about her earmarking policies or calls against DeLay for ethics violations far worse then her own. In fact there is no mention of how Pelosi has refused to call for any investigations of her Democratic colleagues for taking lobby contributions and travel expenses on the House dime.
+{{unsigned|unknown}}
+
+:I agree. I added POV tags to article. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 00:35, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+::I strongly disagree. I think this article is fairly nuetral. Of course, lets leave the tag on but please explain. [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 20:18, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::Should I remove the pov tag? Could someone explain why this article is POV. [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 17:15, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+::::I removed one of the tags as per wiki policy. If the other tag is not explained then it will be removed also. You cant just leave a tag on a page and not discuss why. That is what the tag is there for. The comment you posted under is very old and in itself does not justify a pov tag. Please explain. [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 17:46, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::::the iraq quote comes from 1998. we didn't go to war in 1998. it's absurd to allege that the article is imbalanced because it doesn't mention a single (arguably irrelevant) quote from the late 90's. ~~
+
+:::::As for you question I hope this helps. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:POV_check Can you please explain why this page is pov. Thnaks [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 22:35, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+I believe the article is POV because it is missing large milestones of Pelosi's record that I think should be included in the article to define the Senator that she has become. About the only thing mentioned in her record section is the opposition to the Iraq war and how conservatives refer to her. I haven't been involved with this article until very recently so I don't know if this section has been gutted or if it has just been neglected but it certainly needs work.
+
+I apologize for the use of both POV tags. My understanding is that the POV tag was for discussion and the POV check tag should be added if the discussion wasn't occurring or it wasn't progressing. I knew whoever started this talk section had started it some time ago and there was no discussion after that so that's why I went ahead and added the POV check tag. After you commented I assumed the originator of this section of the talk page was going to justify why they added the POV tag but with all of the unsigned comments here it's difficult to find who did it and see if they're still interested in discussing the issue. I also did not notice that you had asked me specifically for an explaination so I dropped the ball as well. I am certainly up for discussion on how it needs to be worked on, so I guess between you and I that justifies the POV tag but not the POV check tag right? [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 22:58, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Well I think one tag is sufficient as it is. I was just worried that it was a hit and run POV tagging because you didn't explain why you left the tag and the comment is a couple of months old. I agree that the article is very basic and needs more of an encyclopedic feel. If you think the article needs more content go ahead and put some in. [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 03:26, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Should I remove the tag? [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 06:11, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+I would say no. The "Record" section definitely has POV problems even though some facts are cited it seems that there are in between statements between them that need a rewrite. [[User:Rtrev|Rtrev]] 06:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+I am working on a new Record section. I had a busy week, but should get it done this weekend. I'll post it here a then once we hash out any of my mistakes and oversights and get it into the article I would be all for removing the neutrality tag unless someone else has more objections. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 19:04, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Screed==
+Something needs to be added on the GOP's hypocritical criticism of Pelosi when Tom DeLay has done things much worse. For example, Republicans take more lobbyist trips than Democrats.
+
+Can somebody please delete the garbage vandalism which was added to this site:
+
+"Pelosi is viewed by mainstream America as perhaps the most rabid, and dangerous, liberal democrat in Congress. Pelosi is fortunate to have made her run for office in California, as it is unlikely she could have been elected in any other state, Massachusetts notwithstanding. Pelosi is the type of goverment official that causes the average American to distrust the government entirely."
+
+
+----
+Why do people make statements like the above?
+
+First, everyone should recognize there are legitimate reasons for congresspersons taking funded trips...
+
+What we as citizens need to keep an eye on is:
+
+# Are family members always going? Are these boon-doggles?
+# Who did the lobbying? Do they represent the interests of the congressman’s constiuency?
+# What were the results of the trip? Policy changes, etc.
+
+Yes, Democrats have taken more trips than Republicans, but lets look at the REASON they were taken.
+
+Nancy Pelosi, for instance... You can find a list of her travels here: [http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/congtravel/member_report.php?member=7258].
+
+You can find Tom Delay’s trips here: [http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/congtravel/member_report.php?member=7034 ].
+
+What bothers me is a trip like Delay's to the Northern Mariana Islands ... and his subsequent "block" of Alaska Senator Frank Murkowski bill (passed unanimously in the Senate] to reign in sweat shop labor practices in that US Territory.
+
+(EDIT: by Ryan Marquis) First of all, there's not a sweat shop labor practice in Alaska, and second of all, Alaska is a STATE, not a US Territory.
+That should be the issue...
+
+There is a sweat shop labor practice in Northern Mariana Islands, which is not a state, but a US Territory.
+
+Are people that politically biased that decency and reason mean LESS than political affiliation?
+
+--[[User:Earnric|Earnric]] 14:49, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
+
+Not just yeah,HELL yeah. "Party before People or Planet!", that's the American Political Way! :(
+-- [[Some random jerk]]
+
+==For or against Iraq war?==
+
+I just changed the Nancy Pelosi article back to my edit to reflect the facts. Nancy Pelosi DID, in fact, vote against the Iraq War resolution and here is the proof:
+
+[http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/roll455.xml]
+
+Elvey is incorrect and I am not lazy as he said I was.
+
+:Sorry. Still, the issue is unresolved. ...she voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force against those responsible for 9/11. [http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?vote_id=3064&can_id=H0222103] But, that was a vote "To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States". Since Iraq had very little to no responsibility for the attacks, it's probably fair to say she did NOT support the second US invasion of Iraq. I'm confused. I've no idea which is the definitive vote. Where's the text, etc of the bill she voted AGAINST? The text of the bill she voted FOR is available via the link I provided. -[[User:Elvey|Elvey]] 23:31, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
+
+The issue is not unresolved, Elvey. The link you provided me was a vote to go after the Taliban in Afghanistan. She DID vote for that, yet that is a distinctly diffferent vote from the Iraq War resolution. The military force authorization against the Taliban was from end of 2001, and the Iraq War resolution was from October 2002. The vote for the Taliban resolution was 420 ayes to 1 nay, while the Iraq war resolution was much more contentious.
+
+Your apology was very weak considering you chastised me on this public message board. I have a Ph.D in political science and you should not be insulting my intelligence nor my work effort.
+
+Sorry, I [http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?vote_id=3202&can_id=H0222103 stand corrected] and shouldn't have called you lazy; the votes are distinct, as you finally explained, above, such that I could verify it. Still, you shouldn't make '[http://www.infidels.org/news/atheism/logic.html#authority Appeal to to Authority]' claims! And your claim that I insulted your intelligence is false. We both make mistakes, it seems. :)
+
+"Like most House Democrats, Pelosi opposed the resolution authorizing Bush to use military force against Iraq, and has acknowledged Saddam Hussein's WMD program. However, she has begun strongly criticizing the war effort since then, and has introduced an amendment to the FY 2006 Defense Appropriations bill calling on Bush to specify a strategy for success in Iraq, as well as a timetable for a safe withdrawal of American troops."
+
+In that context, "However" makes no sense because the two statements are in no way conflicting.
+
+I agree, the "however" threw me off, I think we should definately change the however to read... "WMD program. She has also begun..."
+[[User:Qrk|Qrk]] 00:33, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+Has she really acknowledged Hussein's WMD program? Is there a source for this? Was there really a WMD program for her to acknowledge? I don't know much about her, but this seems kind of unlikely.
+[[User:Edmundssteven|Edmundssteven]] 17:41, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Nancy Pelosi > December 16, 1998 "Saddam Hussein has been engaged in the development of weapons of mass destruction technology, which is a threat to countries in the region, and he has made a mockery of the weapons inspection process." [http://www.house.gov/pelosi/priraq1.htm]
+
+:October 10, 2002 "Yes, he has chemical weapons. Yes, he has biological weapons. He is trying to get nuclear weapons." [http://www.house.gov/pelosi/UnilateralUseofForce101002.htm]
+: [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 19:02, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+:I'd seen the quotes from before the war, but the article makes it sound like that is her current view. I think a more clear sentence would be something like: "Like most House Democrats, Pelosi opposed the resolution authorizing President Bush to use military force against Iraq, but had stated belief in the existence of Saddam Hussein's WMD program". Also, in the same way it would not be appropriate to write, "Mel Gibson has acknowledged that the Jews have caused all wars", I don't think the word "acknowledged" should be used here concerning a statement that has since been disputed, if not disconfimed.[[User:Edmundssteven|Edmundssteven]] 17:05, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+The above writer seems to think that Hussein never had WMD. He USED chemical weapons on the Iranians and against his own countrymen (the Kurds.) There is little to dispute this.
+
+::I could go for the sentence saying she opposed the war but believed there were WMD's in Iraq. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 23:23, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Quote note==
+I touched up the credit for the quote:
+
+"That's why they (the Bush administration) had to make up that story about weapons of mass destruction. Because that was the only thing that would sell to the American people, and that wasn't true."
+
+And it's been further touched up. Originally said "falsely accused" Bush of lying. Besides the [[yellowcake forgery]], Wiki doesn't like POV. [[User:Staxringold|Staxringold]] 03:49, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
+
+==WMD/Uranium==
+It's not a POV, it's fact:
+
+"In a secret operation on June 23, 2004, U.S. forces seized 1.77 metric tons of enriched uranium—the kind used to make fuel for atomic bombs—in a nuclear facility in Iraq, according to BBC News. The BBC has been consistently critical of Bush and the Iraq war. U.S. Department of Energy experts also removed 1,000 radioactive materials in “powdered form, which is easily dispersed,” said Bryan Wilkes, an Energy Department spokesman. The material would have been ideal for a radioactive dirty bomb. Then energy secretary Spencer Abraham hailed the operation as “a major achievement.” Polish general Marek Dukaczewski, Poland’s military intelligence chief, revealed that troops in the Polish-patrolled sector of Iraq had received tips from Iraqis that chemical weapons were sold to terrorists on the black market. The weapons had been buried to avoid detection, the general told the BBC. Polish military officials bought seventeen chemical-weapons warheads from Iraqis for $5,000 each to keep them from Iraq’s so-called insurgents."
+
+Sources:
+
+http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3872201.stm
+http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/news/archive/2004/07/02/international1018EDT0516.DTL
+
+:A. Falsely is a strong, clearly POV word, stop trying to hide it as anything else.
+:B. Radioactive material doesn't equal WMD's, so you are wrong anyways. [[User:Staxringold|Staxringold]] 01:44, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
+
+------
+
+Changed back to reflect reality.
+
+
+------
+
+I'm newly registered, so I can't make changes, but here's an article from August 11, 2004 showing that Iraq had ended its nuclear weapons program in '91: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3556714.stm
+
+The fact that they had some uranium left over from their old nuclear program and some radioactive medical and industrial supplies does not imply a weapons program. Someone should change this article to say that Iraq had no WMD programs. It is common knowledge now that they had no WMDs or WMD programs. Whatever Pelosi may have said, there were no WMD programs, and to say that she "acknowledged" them implies that there were weapons programs. Someone should edit this.
+
+[[User:CelestialDog|CelestialDog]] 02:21, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+== Wealth ==
+
+I do not doubt that the Pelosi family is wealthy. However, is this in any way relevant? At the very least the family's personal wealth should be better integrated into the article rather than being in a "trivia" section. Aren't many if not most members of congress multimillionaires? [[User:Theshibboleth|Theshibboleth]] 02:37, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
+::This article includes the following info: "The Pelosi family has a net worth of over $25 million, mainly investments of husband Paul Pelosi." I noticed that the main article on George W. Bush doesn't mention anything about his net worth, even though he clearly has an enormous fortune. Once again, it's clear that Wikipedia has become no more a "reference" source than the latest batch of press releases from the RNC.
+
+:::::Good grief. How sensitive and over-dramatic can you get? Add Bush's net worth to his article if it makes you sleep better at night. But why bring it up here? [[User:Dubc0724|Dubc0724]] 20:00, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::Yes. That's the way it has been decided. If you want a "Dempedia", go start it yourself. That's free enterprise. [[User:205.188.117.11|205.188.117.11]] 19:15, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
+
+Dubc said it best. Pelosi's family net worth is encyclopedic. If someone wants to add similar information to GW's article, they should do it. [[User:Kingturtle|Kingturtle]] 01:30, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+I would say her wealth is noteworthy. She is the 8th richest member of congress. That makes her wealth noteworthy. (user rhuth 11/8/06)
+
+== Quote Section ==
+
+Why is there a quote section on this page. I havent noticed many of these on the pages of other congresional leaders (or senators). I think this section should be part of wikiquote. There is no wikiquote page so I think I might move these if nobody has any objections. Disagreement?
+
+
+No disagreement so I moved the quote section to wikiquote. If any body wants to help with the formatting that would be great.[[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 17:49, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Added: House Democratic Leader ==
+
+House Democratic Leader was added to her positions. Minority Leader does not necessarily mean House Democratic Leader (could be Republican after this November's elections) and she is the head of the party in the House of Representatives. I think this should be clearly noted. [[User:Tlaktan|Tlaktan]] 21:08, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Definition of a Talk page ==
+
+Some people seem not to understand the use of this page. It is not for jokes, as seen under the headline, "Ray", nor is it for political rumors.
+
+For example, the comment about Democrats taking more lobbyist money than Republicans may be true. I do not know. But, the person brought it up, and didn't mention any specific article. If you have some fact, support it.
+
+Finaly, even if you do not have an account, please mark your posts with four tildas (~). It helps administrators, editors, and the editing bots to identify who has made changes and comments.
+thank you
+[[User:Porvida|Porvida]] 17:51, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
+
+== "widely praised by liberals" ==
+
+:''Pelosi has been widely praised by liberals for her criticism of steps taken by the George W. Bush administration in the years since the 9/11 terrorist attacks.''
+
+Is it only "liberals" who praise Pelosi? What about civil libertarians? — [[User:Goethean|goethean]] [[User_talk:Goethean|ॐ]] 22:23, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Do you have a source? I changed it back to "by liberals" because I thought praise by anyone else shoud be cited, but I am open for suggestions. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 14:19, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Everyone on this talk page REALLY needs to start using four tildes to sign their comments! ==
+
+Please use four tildes (~) at the end of any comments you make please! This is one of the most confusing talk pages I have ever seen before. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 14:13, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Religion? ==
+
+Has she stated what religious beliefs she has, if any? If so someone should add that. {{unsigned|unknown}}
+:She's a Roman Catholic as are most Italian-Americans.
+
+::On many occasions, she has stated she is a "Italian-American, Catholic mother of five, grandmother of five going on six.":: [[User:141.161.43.213|141.161.43.213]]
+
+== New section under Record ==
+
+Here's what I came up with so far. Let me know what you think. When discussion is finished or dies down, I'll post it to the article, but I don't want to put it up there without some kind of concensus. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 16:18, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+====Abortion====
+Pelosi has a long record of being [[Pro-Choice]].http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Abortion%2BIssues&go.x=6&go.y=9 Her record of voting shows that she is in favor of a woman’s right to choose, even up into the ninth month, the outcome of her [[pregnancy]]. Since 1995 she has consistently voted against any bill that challenges the [[Supreme Court]]’s decision regarding the landmark [[abortion]] case of [[Roe vs. Wade]]. However she has opened herself to some criticism because she voted for the Unborn Victims of Violence Act in 2001 that makes it a federal crime to commit violence against a [[pregnant]] woman that interrupts or terminates her [[pregnancy]] but voted against it in 2004 when it was reintroduced with a new definition of a violent attack on a [[pregnant]] woman as two distinct crimes: one against the woman herself, and the other against her [[fetus]]. She is also a consistent yes vote for federal funding of [[abortion]] facilities and financial aid to such organizations.
+
+
+If the phrase "Death Tax" is going to be removed because it has bias behind the phrase, then surely "Pro-Choice" should be changed to "Pro-Abortion" or something similar. Everyone is Pro-Choice and everyone is Pro-Life. Its for or against abortion that is the issue. Also, the second sentence looks as though it was written by a third grader. Also, where did the criticism come from after she voted on the Unborn Victims of Violence Act? [[User:Muyoso|Muyoso]] 00:16, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:If only it was that simple. Almost nobody is "for abortion". Some people are for giving people the ''option'' to have elective abortions, and some people are against it. Characterising the former as being in favour of abortion is POV. [[User:Marnanel|Marnanel]] 20:08, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:There are at least three different positions (the nuances of which could be split into further separate positions)
+:1) Anti-abortion (generally believe in using the power of government to prevent women from having an abortion in any way, shape, or form; may or may not accept contraception as a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies; may criminalize doctors and women who participate in an abortion)
+:2) Pro-choice (generally believe in a more limited government that neither denies women access to abortion nor forces women to have abortion, although government funds may be made available to those who so desire it; may accept contraception as a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies; will not criminalize doctors and women who participate in an abortion)
+:3) Pro-abortion ([[China]] is sometimes [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/04/16/robertson.abortion/ alleged] of having such a dictatorial family planning policy. I won't pretend to know the ins and outs of what exactly they do there.)
+: So I agree with Marnanel on this. [[User:Settler|Settler]] 19:28, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think "Death Tax" is properly used here. The Federal law that taxes estates is considered a death tax as opposed to an inheritance tax which taxes those that received inheritances. This is the terminology used within the tax profession. Sometimes people do not understand the terms, but in this case it is a death tax. (user rhuth 11/08/06).
+
+The current article has this under "Abortion":
+
+"Pelosi has consistently voted to further research into adult and embryonic stem cell therapies.[10]"
+
+Embryonic stem cell research and abortion are not the same issue, and it's inaccurate to treat them as such. Simply because embryonic stem cell research uses embryonic tissue and cells does not correlate to it being a facet of abortion. For example, embryos that are created by artificial insemination could be used for embryonic stem cell research without ever being implanted or "aborted". Her stance on the issue of stem cell research should be treated as a seperate topic from abortion. [[User:Mjatucla|Mjatucla]] 19:04, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+The California legislature passed the [[California Therapeutic Abortion Act]] in 1967 that was signed into law by then California Governor [[Ronald Reagan]]. This California law is at the root of Pelosi's support for access to abortion for all citizens of the United States.{{cite web
+ | title = Abbreviated History Of Abortion Law In California
+ | publisher = [[Planned Parenthood]]
+ | date = 2006
+ | url = http://www.ppacca.org/site/pp.asp?c=kuJYJeO4F&b=139490
+ | accessdate = 2006-11-12 }}
+
+This seemed to be something of a non sequitur. The citation doesn't link Pelosi's to the 1967 law in anyway. I'm inclined to believe that she is pro-choice either because she personally supports the position or because that's what her base wants, not for support of a 40 year old California law.
+[[User:Gjc8|Gjc8]] 07:53, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
+*I tend to agree; I don't find the California law relevant at all. Do we have a cite indicating otherwise? --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 14:52, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+====Agriculture====
+Pelosi has a reputation of being generally supportive of the [[agriculture]] sector in her district. http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Agriculture%2BIssues&go.x=6&go.y=8 However, [[agriculture]] is not a large industry in her district so she cannot be counted upon to support the industry in all cases. One of her votes that caught the most criticism from the [[agriculture]] industry was against the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, which was a continuation of a 1996 bill, signed into law by [[President Clinton]] that continued subsidies to small farmers.
+
+====Budget and Taxes====
+Pelosi has been a strong supporter of a balanced budget and supports federal funding of government programs with [[tax]] increases when necessary. http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Budget%252C%2BSpending%2Band%2BTaxes&go.x=3&go.y=7 She has supported many bills which would increase assistance to the poor and disadvantaged but would increases [[taxes]] on higher wage earners. Pelosi has even voted many times against repealing the [[Death Tax]] that taxes families on inheritance after a death. She has been an outspoken supporter of a balanced budget and has no tolerance for a [[deficit]] in federal spending, even to the point of increasing [[taxes]] for all Americans to cover spending.
+
+====Civil Liberties====
+Pelosi has been a consistent vote in favor of general civil liberties and supporter of [[First Amendment rights]].http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Civil%2BLiberties&go.x=3&go.y=4 She has been consistent in voting for freedom of speech even to the point of voting against several bills that would ban burning of the [[American flag]]. She has voted and been a strong supporter of the [[separation of church and state]]. And she has been a supporter of redefining the definition of [[marriage]] to allow [[same-sex marriage]]s.
+
+:seperation of church and state is, as often used by laity in modern america, antithetical to the second half of the establishment clause, assuring free exercise thereof. She can't be both for "sepeation" in its modern context and for civil liberties. You're in for a can of worms on that one, and it might be better to further define her position on seperation as opposed to just using the loaded phrase. [[User:Thanatosimii|Thanatosimii]] 05:18, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+====National Defense====
+Before September 11, 2001, Pelosi has been fiscally conservative when it comes to government spending on [[national defense]] and [[military]] programs. After 2001 she has been generally supportive of spending for [[national defense]] in areas of the [[war on terrorism]].http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Defense&go.x=14&go.y=11 In San Francisco, however, Pelosi is sometimes seen as more moderate, because she voted for the [[Patriot Act]] (which she now opposes) and authored the Presidio Trust Act, which privatized the [[Presidio of San Francisco]]. Like most House Democrats, Pelosi opposed the [[Iraq Resolution|resolution]] authorizing President Bush to use military force against Iraq, http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/roll455.xml and has acknowledged Saddam Hussein's WMD program.http://www.house.gov/pelosi/priraq1.htm http://www.house.gov/pelosi/UnilateralUseofForce101002.htm She has also begun to strongly criticize the war effort since then, and has introduced an amendment to the FY 2006 Defense Appropriations bill calling on Bush to specify a strategy for success in Iraq, as well as a timetable for a safe withdrawal of American troops.
+
+
+The wording, "Like most House Democrats" needs to be removed and is not important. [[User:Muyoso|Muyoso]] 00:20, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+====Education====
+Pelosi has been a strong ally in the federal funding of education, both [[public schools]] and [[higher education]].http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Education&go.x=10&go.y=8 She was even a supporter of the hotly contested “[[No Child Left Behind Act]]” in May of 2001 which instituted testing to track students' progress and authorize an increase in overall education spending to nearly $23 billion for fiscal year 2002, and about $135 billion over the 2002-2006 period.
+
+====Environment and Energy====
+Pelosi has a history of supporting the development of new technology to reduce our dependence upon foreign oil and the adverse effect the burning of fossil fuels has upon the environment.http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Energy%2BIssues&go.x=10&go.y=12 She has widely supported conservation programs and energy research appropriations. However in April of 2005 she stepped out of the [[Democratic party]] stance when she voted for drilling for oil in [[Alaska]]’s [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].
+
+====Gun Control====
+Pelosi is a reliable vote to restrict the ownership of [[firearms]] and concealed carry.http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Gun%2BIssues&go.x=9&go.y=9 She has voted consistently to restrict the amount of [[handguns]] sold in the [[United States]] and extending the waiting period for purchasing a [[firearm]] of any type. However she did vote against the bill that would make background checks at a gun show mandatory and she did vote against the Gun Ban Real Act that sets the mandatory minimum [[prison]] sentence for possession of a [[firearm]] to 5 years in prison for possession of a [[firearm]] while committing a [[crime]] and 10 years in [[prison]] for brandishing a [[firearm]] while committing a violent federal [[crime]] or [[drug trafficking]]. She has received a rating of F from the NRA, which is the largest gun rights organization in America.
+
+:This should be moved into the Civil Liberties section, but it also needs editing. As a starting point, the "F" rating from the NRA doesn't really mean anything without explaining how their ratings work.
+
+====Health Care====
+Pelosi has been a supporter of strong government control over the health care industry.http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Health%2BIssues&go.x=10&go.y=5 She has continually voted to increase [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] benefits across the board. In addition she has voted to support [[assisted suicide]] and research on human [[embryo]]'s for possible cures.
+
+====Immigration====
+Pelosi has been a constant supporter of [[immigrant]] rights no matter what their legal status may be.http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Immigration&go.x=10&go.y=7 She has voted against the States choice to deny [[public education]] services to [[illegal immigrants]] and allow them to collect public assistance such as [[welfare]] and [[Medicaid]]. Most recently she has voted against the inherent authority of State and local [[law enforcement]] to assist in the enforcement of [[immigration]] laws, to provide for effective prosecution of alien smugglers, and to reform immigration litigation procedures. She also voted against the Secure Fence Act of 2006 that authorizes the construction of an additional 700 miles of double-layered fencing between the [[U.S.]] and [[Mexico]] and grants the [[Secretary of Homeland Security]] authority to take necessary steps to stop unlawful entry of immigrants into the [[U.S]].
+
+====Labor====
+Pelosi has continually voted for increasing minimum wage throughout her service as a Representative.http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=H0222103&type=category&category=Labor&go.x=12&go.y=8
+
+====Science and Medical Research====
+Pelosi has continually voted to further support adult and embryonic [[stem cell]] research.http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?vote_id=3238&can_id=H0222103 Even as far as [[cloning]] a human being in the same manner [[Dolly the sheep]] was for research. She has even voted against a bill that would establish criminal and civil penalties for anyone knowingly participating in any stage of the process of [[human cloning]].
+
+
+Does anyone have an objection to my proposal replacing the Record section in its current form? [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 00:32, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
+
+You should just go ahead and do it. It looks good. [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]]
+
+I disagree. The use of the word "even" in this section implies that many of her positions are far more extreme than they actually are.
+
+I'm troubled by several uses of the word "continually," which is a problem semantically. She hasn't been hitting a "raise the minimum wage" button several times a minute for nineteen years. Perhaps "consistently" is what you were looking for.[[User:Beeeej|Beeeej]] 06:13, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I think there is some conservative bias in the sections as written above. "Continually" and "Even" — which turns up frequently, generally to impress upon the reader that Pelosi is a liberal "even" to [some 'extreme' point] — have been mentioned, but the point about her supporting First Amendment rights "even to the point of voting against several bills that would ban burning of the [[American flag]]" has an implied criticism of her that is simply nonsensical. Flag-burning is protected speech, according to the US Supreme Court. It would be pointless for any member of Congress to vote for a bill that directly contravenes a legal precedent set by the Supreme Court. I'm new to wikipedia, so I don't know how to embed a link, but here's one in long form: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=491&invol=397 [[User:209.181.213.168|209.181.213.168]] 18:40, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+Also, "Pelosi has been a supporter of strong government control over the health care industry" is definitely not NPOV. Supporting more funding for Medicare and Medicaid does not equal believing the government should run every hospital, which is what the clumsily-worded phrase implies. "Pelosi has been a supporter of more funding for government healthcare programs" would be a more neutral way to put it. Also, in the same section, there is no reason to have an apostrophe in the word "embryo's." The plural of embryo is "embryos." Additionally, from a syntactical point of view, "Pelosi has been a constant supporter of [[immigrant]] rights no matter what their legal status may be" doesn't say what you think it does: "their" in this sentence refers to the immigrants' rights, not of the immigrants themselves. "The legal status of immigrant rights" doesn't really make sense in this context.
+
+And what does "even up until the ninth month, the outcome of her pregnancy" mean? Pelosi has five children, therefore has had at least five pregnancies. So to whom does the "her" refer? It would make more sense to write, "including into the third trimester, which is the final trimester of the human gestation period" or something similar. Still in the Abortion section, how is "federal funding" different from "financial aid" of facilities that provide abortion services? I can see how she's voted for federal funding, but I'm not even sure what financial aid means in this sentence.
+
+"Death tax" has been mentioned below, but it is clearly a Republican term which should be replaced with the neutral "Estate tax." Also, it needs to be pointed out that the estate tax doesn't "tax families on inheritance after a death" — because this wording implies the estate tax taxes ALL families. It taxes only inheritors whose inheritance is very large. And, again, your "even to the point of increasing [[taxes]] for all Americans to cover spending" implies some extremity in her position — why not just let her position on balanced budgets, and the potential necessity for increased taxes they cause, speak for itself? Unless you can prove that wanting to raise taxes to work on the deficit is extreme for her party.
+
+"Redefining the definition" of marriage is almost an oxy-moron, and it plays off some Republican keywords. Try "She supports extending marriage rights to same-sex couples." Add "which is not a mainstream opinion in her party," if you want, and can provide a source for it, if you want to show that it's kind of a minority opinion in the U.S. But state the policy position in neutral language.
+
+"Acknowledged Saddam Hussein's WMD program" has been pointed out as problematic. Saying she expressed belief in it would be more accurate, since according to David Kay and all evidence uncovered, there was no WMD program to acknowledge.
+
+Where talking about alternative fuels, you use an "our" which implies a uniquely U.S. audience, which isn't appropriate.
+
+The Gun Control section has been critiqued below.
+
+Unless you can post a link to where Pelosi said she supported human cloning in exactly the same way as Dolly the sheep was cloned, and voted for the bill you mention, remove it. It needs a source. [[User:209.181.213.168|209.181.213.168]] 19:06, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Missing==
+
+Is she actually missing or is she that unpopular? http://drudgereport.com/ [[User:71.156.46.96|71.156.46.96]] 11:38, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:She was with former President Clinton the other night at a fundraiser in San Francisco. Talk pages are supposed to be used to discuss changes or improvements to the article. [[User:Settler|Settler]] 15:59, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Death Tax and Immigration ==
+
+The phrase Death Tax is leading. This is merely a ploy by those in opposition to the Estate Tax to make people believe that it is unfair. Please alter this phrase as it is unfair and makes her sound ridiculous. Name it "Estate Tax" and if the law is wrong, then it will be apparent based on its contents, not its conservative nickname. It makes the opposition to the law look weak when you have to trick people into opposing it.......
+
+Basically, let's be truthful and name it what it is, not a polarizing name given to it by its opponents.
+
+Also, concerning immigration. "She also voted against the Secure Fence Act of 2006 that ... grants the [[Secretary of Homeland Security]] authority to take necessary steps to stop unlawful entry of immigrants into the [[U.S]]." Whether the actions authorized in the act are "necessary to stop unlawful entry" is a point of view, not a fact.
+
+This entire section of positions are obviously written by someone who disagrees with many of her views, and is unfair and should be rewritten. Kudos on the call that she acknowledged the "existence" of WMDs. I did not know that. However, their "existence" was never proved, thus leaving nothing to be "acknowledged". She "believed in" their existence would be much more non-partisan. Let's please stick to facts, rather than mere opinions.
+
+:I appreciate your POV. I wouldn't be against changing Death Tax to Estate Tax. As far as the Secure Fence Act, I merely quoted the [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:h6061enr.txt.pdf bill itself].
+
+:If you see something that isn't a fact let's discuss it. That's what Wikipedia is all about.
+
+:Don't assume that I am "obviously" someone who disagrees with many of her views. You don't know me. Let's keep it to a civil discussion. [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 04:38, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::[[User:68.48.129.210|68.48.129.210]] 19:11, 4 November 2006 (UTC) That's the problem, you can tell. You should watch the way you use the word "even", you load many of your statements that way.
+
+:::Yes, lets keep it civil. I think Durbinmj is interested in improving this article and discussion on the talk page should reflect that. That being said, I also agree that it should be Estate Tax and not Death Tax. Also, the immigration point you bring up could be reworded in a more npov way. Thanks[[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 19:14, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Semi-Protection ==
+
+I have unprotected the page. It was semi-protected for more than four months. That is completely unacceptable. Pages should only be protected '''''temporarily''''' after being heavily vandalized by anonymous users. Semi-protection does not mean indefinite protection. [[User:Superm401|Superm401]] - [[User_talk:Superm401|Talk]] 01:49, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:Why complain about another administrator here where they may never see it? It's not like us non-administrators had a choice one way or the other. Wouldn't it make more sense to leave a note on the other admin's talk page? --[[User:RP88|RP88]] 02:30, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Hacker attack ==
+
+This page is 'capturing' anyone that visits it...you can't use the back button to return to a previous page. Has it been hacked...by Wikipedia or others? --[[User:24.153.212.149|24.153.212.149]] 15:39, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:What OS are you using, what browser, what version of the browser, what page are you looking at (article or talk page). I have not noticed this using either Firefox 2.0 or Opera 9.0 on a PPC Macintosh running OSX 10.4.8 but I don't have IE or Windows to test it on. This seems like it is most likely an individual problem and not a widespread one. --[[User:Rtrev|Rtrev]] 16:19, 7 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== FYI House Speaker ==
+She hasn't been chosen as Speaker yet. Assuming she will be at some point in the future, she'll take over responsibilities in January. [[User:Settler|Settler]] 04:20, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Yes there is always a chance that she will not be chosen as the Speaker of the House but most likely she will. But until she is chosen please do not put that she will be the next Speaker. [[User:Jayorz12|Jayorz12]] 06:40, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::Read here: http://elections.us.reuters.com/top/news/usnN08481716.html. Reuters, the world's leading news wire service, is willing to call it for her. The article now reads "nearly guarantees". That level of certainty is truthful. [[User:Shagmaestro|Stephen Job]] 16:58, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::People were editing the article to write that she was Speaker effective immediately; this was an incorrect assumption. I agree she will likely be chosen Speaker as per Article I, Section 2, of the United States Constitution. That wasn't the point of my FYI notice. [[User:Settler|Settler]] 17:06, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::::Understood and sorry. I really appreciate the current wording: "universally expected". [[User:Shagmaestro|Stephen Job]] 19:58, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:::::FYI, elections for the Speakership will take place this week; afterwards, she will officially be speaker-in-waiting.[[User:141.161.136.30|141.161.136.30]] 21:46, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Fast Edits as things happen ==
+
+Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a newspaper. It is not appropriate to edit this page, or any others, rapidly and repeatedly as election results come in. We should wait till things settle down and write the story AFTER it has unfolded. [[User:Cazort|Cazort]] 05:55, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:This is '''definitely''' the case. WP is not a blog or even a news service. We should definitely wait on this. There is no reason to jump to it. If true it can be written up tomorrow. If false it just looks bad to assume. Wait and see should be the policy here. --[[User:Rtrev|Rtrev]] 06:02, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Very Misleading on Issues! ==
+
+I cannot edit the article, or I would, but I would like to point out that the issues listed are very misleading.
+for example, under gun control, the act should be called the "Gun Ban Repeal Act of 1995." She voted against this bill not because she is easy on crime , but because the bill aimed to repeal bans on semiautomatic assault weapons.
+It also says that she voted against a bill that would make background checks at a gun show mandatory. Well, she voted against '''A''' bill to make these checks mandatory, because the waiting period was only 24 hours. She voted '''FOR''' an amendment to make the waiting period 72 hours. Please correct these changes ASAP , so people are not misled.
+I have not reviewed the other issues, but I plan to in the coming days.
+: I removed some dubious claims or obvious vandalism earlier; a lot of work remains to be done. :-/ [[User:Settler|Settler]] 08:17, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+::I fixed the info based on articles from Project Vote Smart. [http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?vote_id=866&can_id=H0222103], [http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?vote_id=2286&can_id=H0222103], [http://www.vote-smart.org/issue_keyvote_detail.php?vote_id=2285&can_id=H0222103]. Thanks for the heads up on the incorrect info. [[User:Gdo01|Gdo01]] 08:21, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==socialist nonsense==
+the final sentence of the following passage is severely misleading:
+
+"Pelosi supports federal funding of government programs with tax increases when necessary. [...] he has supported many bills which would increase assistance to the poor and disadvantaged while increasing taxes on higher wage earners. Pelosi has also voted against repealing the Estate Tax. '''Pelosi is therefore, by definition, a socialist.'''"
+
+In fact a socialist by definition is someone who supports socialism, which is 1. Any of various theories or systems of social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy.
+
+OR 2. The stage in Marxist-Leninist theory intermediate between capitalism and communism, in which collective ownership of the economy under the dictatorship of the proletariat has not yet been successfully achieved.
+
+Calling her a socialist is entirely fallacious. Adding "by definition" makes the sentence even more desperate and immature. If anything it makes her a liberal democrat, not a socialist. The sentence obviously comes from somebody who has no grasp of what actual socialism is. America has no socialist movement. There's still hardcore communist parties in europe. Grow up. Supporting social programs doesn't make you a "socialist."
+:Its been fixed. [[User:Gdo01|Gdo01]] 18:01, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::''America has no socialist movement. ''
+:There's [[Bernie Sanders]]. — [[User:Goethean|goethean]] [[User_talk:Goethean|ॐ]] 18:18, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:It's a moot point anyway. To draw a ''conclusion'' about the subject, in an editorializing tone of voice (ie., "so-and-so did a, b, and c, ''therefore'' so-and-so is a socialist") constitutes original synthesis, a kind of [[WP:NOR|original research]], which is explicitly against WP policy. Even if the conclusion of Pelosi's "socialism" was logically unassailable, the phrase would nevertheless have to be stricken as original research. [[User:Kasreyn|Kasreyn]] 06:04, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== +Spanish ==
+
+Please, include the Spanish interwiki: '''[[es:Nancy Pelosi]]'''. Thank. [[User:Satesclop|'''''Satesclop''''']] 19:43, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Done. I also alphabetized the interwiki links. -[[User:Fsotrain09|Fsotrain]][[User talk:Fsotrain09|09]] 19:49, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+::Danish interwiki, '''[[:da:Nancy Pelosi]]''', is also requested, thanks :) --[[User:Barklund|Morten Barklund]] [ [[User talk:Barklund|talk]] / [[Special:Contributions/Barklund|contribs]] ] 13:12, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+:::Done. [[User:Gdo01|Gdo01]] 13:15, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==POV Discussion==
+
+This article isn't NPOV. For instance, how can someone who "...has consistently favored general civil liberties and First Amendment rights" be the same person who voted in favor of the PATRIOT Act? Also in the civil liberties arena, if her support or non-support of the Federal Marriage Amendment is going to be made as a civil liberties issue, her constant anti-gun stance should be included--if we're going to include non-canon civil liberties (ie: ones not included in the bill of rights) such as gay rights, why isn't her stance on the right to bear arms (which is at least mentioned in the bill of rights, disputed as interpretation may be)?
+[[User:TheFrog|TheFrog]] 23:06, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
+:You aren't quite making sense here. NPOV means Neutral POV, though it's quite clear that you believe the article is biased. --[[User:Lehk|Lehk]] 04:23, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I'm removing the NPOV boilerplate. The current page does conform to the POV guidelines; None of the POV issues raised in this talk page are still outstanding. Just because it references a US political entity doesn't mean it's automatically NPOV, people.--[[User:Allthenamesarealreadytaken|Allthenamesarealreadytaken]] 00:34, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+:I'm putting it back, as none of the issues raised have been resolved, meaning they're still outstanding. However, I'd like to personally thank you for the condescension, because it's really helpful![[User:TheFrog|TheFrog]] 00:09, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== 2nd Amendment? ==
+
+I'm rather interested in the following verbiage from the section on "Civil Liberties":
+:''while coming out against the Second Amendment.''
+Oh really? So Representative Pelosi said something along the lines of "I think the Second Amendment was a bad idea and should be repealed"?
+
+I call POV. There are varying interpretations of the meaning of the Second Amendment. Under some interpretations - including the one common among mainstream Democrats - gun control issues such as the three-day waiting period are consistent with the constitution. Under the interpretation of others, apparently, ''any'' gun control whatsoever constitutes "coming out against the Second Amendment". If we have a source that describes her actions in this way, then we can quote them and cite them. Otherwise, it's inappropriate for WP to make such grandiose and judgmental statements. Comments? [[User:Kasreyn|Kasreyn]] 22:36, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I agree - I thought this entire article was within the realm of "neutral" with the exeception of the "against the 2nd amendment" bit. Has she ever said she wants to repeal the 2nd amendment? If not, this sentence clause needs to be thrown out because it's not accurate. I think her record on gun control speaks for itself; no need for over-the-top claims that she is challenging the constitution.
+*I pulled the 2nd amendment language, as it's pure POV. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 23:50, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Suggestion==
+The following article might be of interest to add to the external links once the edit block is lifted...
+:China anticipates bumpy road with U.S.
+:AP via Yahoo! News - Nov 09 1:09 PM
+:China is uneasily anticipating a bumpy road in relations with the United States now that the Democrats' victory in midterm elections has placed one of Beijing's most ardent critics in charge of the House of Representatives.
+:http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061109/ap_on_re_as/china_us_elections_1
+
+==Over Zealousness==
+
+I think Admins need to be less trigger happy when it comes to protecting pages. Esp those featured on the main page. Wikipedia is seems to constantly be under martial law - where the admins are the marshalls ;)
+: I half agree but I think when the article is a [[WP:LIVING|biography of a living person]] some extra protection might be worthwhile. More people on the recent changes patrol would of course be better but as it stands I think this is quite sensible. [[User:Jellypuzzle|Jellypuzzle]] | [[User talk:Jellypuzzle|Talk]] 11:28, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+::OK [[User:220.246.168.48|220.246.168.48]] 14:47, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Accession to Speaker: Terminology==
+
+I have reverted the language surrounding Pelosi's accession to the position of [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]] to: "...universally expected to become...". See source, or search any news site. IHT and NYT are referring to Pelosi as "Speaker-Elect", and when Bush called Pelosi to congratulate her, he referred to her as "Madam-Speaker-Elect". http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=6105400a-31c7-4874-8e47-16cfb5301cb3&k=75209 [[User:Shagmaestro|Stephen Job]] 21:07, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I didn't see all of that, but let's wait for more concrete info before saying universally. I think "expected" is sufficient. We haven't really heard much on who may be the candidates. Though it probably will be Pelosi, lets avoid such broad terms. [[User:StayinAnon|StayinAnon]] 21:58, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==On-going Vandalism==
+
+I came to this page a few hours ago to find some background information on Congresswoman Pelosi. (I don't live in the United States.)
+
+Too my surprise, the page was '''littered''' with childish, nasty vandalism. I reverted a few of the more obviously defamatory ones and then checked the history page. It showed that the page had been suffering an on-going barrage of attacks. Even in the past few minutes this page has rapidly changed with reverts and new insertions.
+
+A possibly naive question: ''Is this usually the case with the pages of newsworthy American politicians?'' If so, it’s a very great shame. People the world over use the Wikipedia for reliable information. It saddens me to see such a noble project undone.
+
+(But I commend and thank those who defend its integrity. '''Kudos'''.) --[[User:OldCommentator|OldCommentator]] 01:35, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+:Yes, sadly, it's a very common occurrence on WP for political partisans to resort to petty vandalism of bio articles. Supporters of every party of note have been guilty of it. In general, whenever any polarizing figure gets significant attention in the news, vandalism on that individual's bio article goes through the roof. Naturally, Representative Pelosi's recent media exposure, coupled with her high public office, are magnets for vandalism. [[User:Kasreyn|Kasreyn]] 06:00, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Awkward wording, inaccurate or POV? ==
+
+as of 02:57, 11 November 2006 (UTC):
+Under the Civil Liberties section, the following sentence appears:
+:"She has also been an opponent of the Federal Marriage Amendment and enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment barring discrimination based on race."
+The last phrase looks to be in error, POV, or undeveloped. [[User:Davodd|Davodd]] 02:57, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+It sounds like a POV-pushing way of saying that she supports affirmative action. [[User:Night Gyr|Night Gyr]] ([[User talk:Night Gyr|talk]]/[[User:Night Gyr/Over|Oy]]) 03:48, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==Failed GA==
+This article failed the stability criteria of [[WP:WIAGA]] as it is a current event on the main page. [[User:Tarret|Tarret]] 18:57, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
+:This doesn't seem quite fair, as much of the main page instability is due to vandalism rather than edit wars. [[User:Homestarmy|Homestarmy]] 03:59, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+
+==Lock this article!==
+
+THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN SUBJECT TO RECENT VANDALISM. On 12 Nov at 5:57 mst, I removed the phrase "she drinks childs blood" from the history portion. This is clearly in violation of Wikipedia standards of quality. Repeat: This article needs to be locked from editing, ASAP! User: Aikibum
+
+:I don't really think it warrants a lock. I think that she has been receiving a lot of attention recently... clearly. But the vandalism has been fairly sporadic and is getting reverted very quickly (I think the forces of Wikipedia good are also paying attention to her). So unless some serious and sustained vandalism happens in the future I think that things are under control for now. --[[User:Rtrev|Rtrev]] 01:43, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+==New picture needed==
+
+A new, current picture is needed and appropriate. I dont know how to do make this change or i would. The current picture is ancient. Please, in the name of accuracy, someone make the needed change.
+
+:I am not really sure that it is that urgent. If someone finds a new copyright free headshot I am all for adding it but its clearly her. Her appearance hasn't changed that much. --[[User:Rtrev|Rtrev]] 15:21, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+::The current pages' picture is what is being used at her official house.gov website and the democratic leader page. I'd stick with what's official. I'm guessing there will likely be a picture change next year when the new term starts. [[User:DavidRF|DavidRF]] 02:59, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Weasel Words ==
+
+In agreement with [[WP:AWW]], I added the weasel words tag. The weasel words page has examples that are throughout this article and are being added at an alarming rate. For example... "...is widely regarded as..." "Actually..." "Correctly (justly, properly, ...) or not, ..." Note this has nothing to do with the POV tag. It's not a one or the other deal! [[User:Durbinmj|Durbinmj]] 00:35, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== GA nom: fail ==
+
+Any article about a controversial political figure needs to be rigorously NPOV and source all assertions. This article has clearly suffered at the hands of editors with political agendas both supporting and opposing Pelosi. I have tried to correct what I could but I am not going to try to continue to defend this article against partisan editors. I must fail this article, at least until the fact tags I have added are addressed. --[[User:Ideogram|Ideogram]] 08:43, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+For future reference, a GA nom for this article belongs in the "Social sciences (includes economy, law, politics, war)" section. --[[User:Ideogram|Ideogram]] 08:48, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== 60 Minutes appearance -- Civility ==
+
+Not sure if this has been discussed, but one thing that sticks out in my mind is her appearance on 60 Minutes where she discusses "bringing back civility" to congress. The interviewer points out that she's said some not-so-[[WP:CIV]] things about Bush, to which she replies something to the effect of "I could say much worse." Anyway, the point here is that she's (as politicians do...) saying one thing and doing another, but it seems notable to me 1) because this in particular seems to be a big talking point for her, and 2) she gets called out by the interviewer as "part of the problem" and rationalizes it. In other words, her commitment to a stated goal is questionable. Maybe a bullet point under the political platform and voting record deal? [[User:Alwarren@ucsd.edu|Alwarren@ucsd.edu]] 11:49, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
+*Well, first you need to find a [[WP:RS]] asserting that her commitment to that specific stated goal is questionable. After that you can consider creating such a bullet point. That you yourself find her commitment questionable is not enough. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 14:52, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
+**Look, I'm obviously familiar with Wikipedia policy such as [[WP:RS]], or I wouldn't have cited [[WP:CIV]], so you can cut out the condescension. My question, which you did actually manage to inadvertently answer, was whether this comment is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia. [[User:Alwarren@ucsd.edu|Alwarren@ucsd.edu]] 20:40, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
+***OK, sorry I tried to help. Never mind. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 20:42, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
+**** Thanks :) [[User:Alwarren@ucsd.edu|Alwarren@ucsd.edu]] 21:07, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
+*For clarity, this suggestion is biased and has no place in the article. It would be reasonable ([[WP:NPOV]]) to state that she has been a vocal opponent of Pres. George W. Bush, and that she has stated a goal for herself of "bringing back civility" to Congress. However, drawing the conclusion that this means "her commitment to a stated goal is questionable" is biased and therefore doesn't meet the NPOV standards this article is supposed to meet. If you obtain the references regarding those two [[WP:NPOV]] facts (her opposition to Pres. G. W. Bush and statement that she wants to "bring back civility to Congress"), they can (and I believe probably should, especially in regards to her historical political opposition to Pres. G. W. Bush) be added to the article independent of the biased conclusion. [[User:Mjatucla|Mjatucla]] 10:37, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== Relevance of Lance Armstrong picture? ==
+
+So she's met Lance Armstrong - big deal. It's not surprising given they are both relatively well-known. But it seems irrelevant (if not self-serving as a sympathetic POV for her by fans of Lance Armstrong) as I was unable to find any information regarding Lance in the article. I do not know how to remove images, so if people generally agree, I would appreciate it if it were removed. [[User:Jwigton|Jwigton]] 01:59, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+*Agreed- The photo has little to do with the article, I suggest removal. [[User:StayinAnon|StayinAnon]] 02:15, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+**I think it adds a nice visual to the article. I don't see the harm in having it in and wonder why it is was removed so quickly. I think I will put it back in. I think it has a lot to do with the article because it features Nancy Pelosi. [[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 07:31, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+***Jasper, sorry I jumped the gun, I misread the date on the original posting. I still don't think it has anything to do with the articles. I hate how these political articles have pictures in them that have nothing to do with the persons or positions. No one had any references to the picture or why it was taken, so it really was not relevant. [[User:StayinAnon|StayinAnon]] 08:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+****Thats ok. I agree that the picture in question doesnt have any overwhelming relevance but if it is taken out I would like to see it replaced with a picture of similar or better quality. Just to break up the text in the article.[[User:Jasper23|Jasper23]] 15:20, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+== It is not the Democratic party it is the Democrat Party. ==
+
+There are many instances in this article that uses the word "democratic" e.g. democratic party. This is not correct. The correct name is the Democrat Party. {{unsigned|65.12.121.188}}
+*And what, pray tell, makes you think the Democratic Party is incorrect about their own name?[http://www.democrats.org/] See [[Democrat Party (phrase)]]. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 18:43, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
+
+I beg to differ. In the election of 1791 there were two parties: Federalists and Democratic Republicans. By 1816 the Federalists had died out (era of good feeling). In 1825-1830 the National Republicans split from the Democratic Republicans in opposition to A. Jackson. In 1834 this party took the name Whig. At the same time the Democratic Republicans became the Jacksonian Democrats and later just Democrats. In 1850, the Whig party tore apart over slavery and the present Republican party was organized.
+If the Democrats wish to change their name again, they are certainly free to do so. But I do not think that they have formally done so. I believe the formal name i.e. the name on ballots etc. is still Democrat.
+Cheers.
+*Then it should be very easy to produce a [[WP:V|verifiable]] [[WP:RS|reliable source]] asserting that the official, correct name of the Democratic Party is other than the one they use. If you can produce one, the appropriate place to make this point would be [[Democratic Party (United States)]]. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 20:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
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+++ \n
@@ -1,13 +1,174 @@\n
-'''J. Goldsborough Bruff''' was an Artist, draftsman, historian and topographer during the [[Gold Rush]] Era. He was born in [[Washington, DC]] on Oct. 2, [[1804.]]
-==Career==
-In the 1840's, Bruff resigned from West Point for some minor infraction of the rules. He then worked for the United States Bureau of Topographical Engineers where he created many of the maps used by the United States government, including maps of battle sites from the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was among the "49ers" who headed west during the California Gold Rush. He was a captain of the Washington City and California Mining and Wagon Company.[[Image:servicemen.jpg|thumb|Chimney Rock]]
-During the 1840s and 1850s, he kept extensive journals of his travels. He spent two years drawing pictures of the mining camps and the Mother Lode country. His pen-and-ink sketches were illustrated in his journal. Bruff spent his final 13 years in the office of the Supervising Architect, Treasury Dept., Washington, DC.
+{{IY Character |
+Name=InuYasha|
+ImageName=Inuprofile.PNG|
+JapaneseName=犬夜叉|
+RomajiName=InuYasha|
+AlternateName=Inuyasha
Inu-Yasha
Inu-yasha
Inu Yasha
Inu yasha
|
+Age= Although he looks 15, he was born 200 years before the story but he has only been "alive" for 150 years (he was on the Tree of Ages for 50 years) so for every 10 human years he looks 1 year older in half-demon years.|
+Race=[[Han'yō]] Inu|
+Weapon=[[Tessaiga]]|
+FamConnect=
  • [[Inu no Taishō]] ''(Father, deceased)''
  • [[Izayoi]] ''(Mother, deceased)''
  • [[Sesshomaru]] ''(half brother)''|
    +FirstShow=The Girl Who Overcame Time and the Boy Who was Just Overcome|
    +}}

    -==Death==
    +{{nihongo|'''InuYasha'''|犬夜叉|}} (''[[wiktionary:Inu|Inu]]'' dog + ''[[wiktionary:Yasha|Yasha]]'' [[demon]]) is the main character of the [[manga]] and [[anime]] series ''[[InuYasha]]'' by [[Rumiko Takahashi]]. His name is punctuated/capitalized multiple ways: InuYasha, Inuyasha, Inu-Yasha, Inu-yasha, Inu Yasha, Inu yasha.
    +{{spoiler}}
    +==Story==
    +InuYasha is a reckless [[han'yō]], the result of a relationship between a powerful dog demon lord and a beautiful human princess. Orphaned at a young age, and despised by both Yōkai and humans, InuYasha had a sad childhood. He is rejected by humans because of his yōkai side and looked down upon by yōkai as a "filthy half-breed" because his human blood supposedly taints his superior yōkai blood. Thus, before InuYasha met Kikyo, he found it very difficult to trust anyone, and even more to find anyone who accepted him as a han'yō.

    -He died on April 14, 1889, and is buried at the National [[Congressional Cemetery]] in Washington, DC. After his death, his writings were published in a two volume set of books called "Gold Rush: The Journals, Drawings, and Other Papers of J. Goldsborough Bruff." Many historians consider the writings to be some of the best sources of information on the Gold Rush. While serving as the supervising architect of the Treasury Department after the Civil War, he designed the Cyrus Field's Congressional Medal.
    +He met Kikyo and started to attack her to get [[Jewel of the Four Souls]] to become a full yōkai. However, [[Kikyo]], whom InuYasha developed feelings for, talked him into becoming human. Another han'yō, formerly a human known only as Onigumo, but now called [[Naraku]], made them believe they betrayed each other. Because of Naraku's schemes, and their own lack of faith in each other, their relationship ended when InuYasha broke into Kikyo's village and stole the Jewel of the Four Souls. In defense of the village, and to keep him from escaping with the Jewel, Kikyo fired a Fuin no Ya at InuYasha, sealing him to the Goshinboku in an eternal enchanted sleep. Moments afterward, Kikyo collapses from a wound she received from Naraku -- though at first the viewer is lead to believe that InuYasha wounded her -- and dies within a few short moments. Part of her final instructions to her sister Kaede was to have the Jewel burned with her body so that it would travel to Hell with her.

    -== Links ==
    -[http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/OregonTail.html Oregon Trail]
    -

    -[http://www.askart.com/askart/b/joseph_goldsborough_bruff/joseph_goldsborough_bruff.aspx Joseph Goldsborough Bruff]
    +50 years later, Inuyasha was released from the tree by [[Kagome Higurashi]], the reincarnation of Kikyo from 500 years in the future, who unknowingly carried the Jewel of the Four Souls inside her body (this is due to Kikyo being burned with the Jewel, but also makes reference to Midoriko, the creator of the Jewel). When he was finished with Kumade Jōrō (Mistress Centipede), he tried to steal the Jewel but ends up with the Beads of Subjugation around his neck. When Kagome says {{nihongo|"'''Sit'''"|おすわり|Osuwari}} his head plunges to the ground. Kagome accidentally shattered the Jewel when shooting at Shibugarasu trying to flee with it, and the shards were scattered around Japan. InuYasha, Kagome, and their friends then began the search for the shards of the Jewel of the Four Souls.
    +
    +He is introduced as an antagonist when, upon his revival, he attempts to kill Kagome in order to take the Shikon Jewel. He becomes more civil as time progresses, losing some of his more "demonic" qualities and becoming much more human. He maintains a crass, blunt, rude attitude towards everyone except Kagome and Kikyo, and to a lesser degree the rest of his companions (with the possible exception of Shippo). He is brutaly honest when it comes to dealing with emotional hardships (as long as they are not his), and always tries to take the most direct route possible in solving any problem, which usually involves blowing something up or shredding it.
    +
    +InuYasha is offended when someone calls him a dog or suggests that he is inferior to yōkai, due to his human parentage.
    +
    +==Relationships==
    +
    +*'''[[Kagome Higurashi|Kagome]]''' - The heroine of the story. Although their interaction was initially very adversarial, Kagome and InuYasha have become very close over time, and Kagome's kindness and acceptance of InuYasha has had a noticeable effect on his attitude. Although they are commonly seen arguing, they clearly care for one another. Kagome is very deeply in love with InuYasha as he is with her. This is the primary relationship for Inuyasha's character in the series.
    +
    +*'''[[Shippo]]''' - Inuyasha is continually annoyed by this yōkai-fox, who is rather smart for his age. Their interaction consists mostly of Shippo annoying Inuyasha and the han'yō then hitting him and being scolded by Kagome for it. However, Inuyasha does care for Shippo and encourages him when really necessary. Shippo once cried when he thought Inuyasha had been killed, and then hugged him while still in tears when he found out that he was still alive. Shippo is also considered one of Inuyasha's most popular characters for his cuteness and chibiness. Shippo, like Inuyasha, is an orphan, and the two often fight like siblings.
    +
    +*'''[[Miroku (Inuyasha)|Miroku]]''' - Even though Miroku is a lecherous [[monk]], Inuyasha clearly respects Miroku for his skills, powers, and knowledge. Each knows he can trust the other with his life if need be. Also, Miroku is the only male companion of Inuyasha with whom he doesn't always bicker. Whenever Miroku is sucking Naraku's poisonous wasps ([[saimyōshō]]) into his Kaza'ana or otherwise putting himself in danger to help his friends, Inuyasha forces him to stop these dangerous acts. Once he even promised to rip Miroku's arms off if he tried to open his Kaza'ana again (as doing so would have resulted in Miroku's death)--Inuyasha's way of saying that he cares. More recently, in the manga, Miroku almost got himself killed trying to suck in [[Naraku]] but was stopped by Inuyasha.
    +
    +*'''[[Sango (Inuyasha)|Sango]]''' - Inuyasha respects Sango's strength as a fighter, to the point that he was actually the one to ask her to join them in their quest to defeat Naraku. He went out of his way--in his blunt and awkward fashion--to help take her mind off her troubles after she first joined them. After she initially joins, Sango proves to be a very worthy companion and often fights side by side with Inuyasha, and her Yōkai hunting skills prove to be a valuable asset in hunting down [[Naraku]]. Sango really only fights with Inuyasha when her brother joins them for a bit with no memory of Naraku and Inuyasha doesn't trust him and thinks it's all an act, while Sango takes on the defensive side and argues for her brother. Inuyasha also stopped Sango from killing Kohaku and often comforts when she starts feeling blue, assuring her that they'll get him back. This has given hope to Sango and she now believes that she doesn't have to kill her brother to free him because of Inuyasha's interference. Sango has stated that she doesn't have a preference for which form InuYasha is in and will stand by him no matter what. This statement is often part of the basis for [[fanfiction]] pairings between Inuyasha and Sango.
    +
    +*'''[[Kikyo]]''' - When Kikyo was brought back in a body of clay by the yōkai Urasue, she was filled with the anger and bitterness which had consumed her when she died, and she acted with hostility toward both Inuyasha and Kagome. Over the course of the series, Kikyo has gradually become more and more like the shrine maiden she was before her death. She is important to Inuyasha, and threats to her safety tend to make him react without much thought for the consequences to himself or the effect it has on Kagome. As Kikyo dies in Inyasha's arms, it left him depressed and lost as a result.
    +
    +*'''[[Sesshomaru]]''' - Inuyasha's older half-brother, a full-demon who is also son of the Great Inu Yōkai. He doesn't like the fact that Inuyasha wields [[Tessaiga]] and he was stuck with [[Tenseiga]]. The two openly hate each other, though they seemed to have been close growing up. Inuyasha loathes Sesshomaru because Sesshomaru tried to take his sword, and Sesshomaru because Inuyasha is a han'yō. Sesshomaru also considers himself innately superior to Inuyasha by merit of being a yōkai. Sesshomaru is another of the most popular characters of ''Inuyasha''.
    +
    +*'''[[Kouga (Inuyasha)|Koga]]''' - Inuyasha and Koga have a very complex relationship. They are often seen bickering over Kagome, something that is often used for comical purposes in the series. However, they have aided each other in the battlefield on more than one occasion; Inuyasha even saved him from [[Kagura]] by using his wind scar attack, which would have destroyed her had [[Naraku]] not intervened, and managed to bring him back to safety after he was almost melted by [[Naraku]]'s shōki in liquid form. Koga has also never revealed to [[Naraku]] that Inuyasha loses his powers once a month, because during that time it would be easy for [[Naraku]] to dispatch him since he is in human form and can't use the [[Tessaiga]]. In a recent manga chapter following Kikyo's death, Koga helps to snap Inuyasha out of his grieving, reminding him that he is not the only one suffering. An odd blend of friendship, respect, annoyance, and rivalry, the fate of their relationship remains to be seen. As Inuyasha has sometimes been regarded in fanfiction as the previous Incarnation of [[Ranma Saotome|Ranma]] from [[Ranma ½]], some fans have toyed with the possibility that Koga is the previous incarnation of [[Ryoga Hibiki|Ryoga]]. Again, this is mainly due to some physical similarities between the two, such as their fangs and most notably the fact that both of their wear headbands (or a bandanna, in Ryoga's case)
    +
    +*'''[[Myōga]]''' - This yōkai-flea was a loyal servant of Inuyasha's father. He now acts as Inuyasha's retainer. He often provides Inuyasha with information on his enemies and on ways to upgrade his sword in order to defeat them. However, he will often flee from battles, and mysteriously reappears in a safer place in the area, or after the danger has passed. Though useful, he is constantly getting squished and once Kagome even sprayed him with flea spray.
    +
    +*'''[[Totosai]]''' - This is the sword smith who forged Inuyasha's [[Tessaiga]] and [[Sesshomaru]]'s [[Tenseiga]]. He often gives Inuyasha advice on how to better use the power of his sword. Indeed, all of Inuyasha's achievements in strength (other than physical) can be credited to Totosai. He was also a servant of Inuyasha's father, like Myoga. He, Myoga and Saya seem to have been best friends all serving under the great general. Inuyasha tends to act less than appreciative of Totosai's help, frequently smacking him over the head for one idiocy or another. Still, Inuyasha has gone to Totosai for aid several times, demonstrating that underneath all the irritation, he does respect the swordsmith.
    +
    +*'''[[Sota Higurashi|Sota]]''' - Sota sees Inuyasha as a role model, due to his father being deceased, and tries to spend time with him when he is in the modern age. Sota even calls Inuyasha "Inu no nii-chan" (dog brother). Sota and Inuyasha seem to be getting closer and closer as once him and Inuyasha even took a bath together; the deal being that Sota will wash Inuyasha's back if he does the same for him. This ended with Inuyasha running out of the bath tub naked with Sota and landed in front of a horrified [[Kagome]]. (Note: Despite what many fans consider to be a display of [[homosexuality]], in Japanese culture it is considered perfectly acceptable to give a child a bath in such a way, though it is usually done by family, further proving the two character's growing closeness).
    +
    +*'''[[Bankotsu]]''' - Even though he was his enemy, Inuyasha understood Bankotsu's desire to be strong. After Inuyasha kills him he tells Bankotsu that he was "too greedy" and that "his bare hands would have been enough" to beat him. Later when Naraku insults Bankotsu, Inuyasha, who was angered by the way he had used Bankotsu, tells Naraku that even though he was evil, Bankotsu had more honour than Naraku ever had.
    +
    +*'''Jinenji''' - He is the polar opposite of Inuyasha, in that he is able to show compassion to both friends and enemies, even though he too has been badly mistreated by humans and yōkai alike. Inuyasha felt a need to encourage Jinenji to stand up to his oppressors, and in the end managed to get the villagers to stop abusing him.
    +
    +*'''[[Kinka and Ginka]]''' - These two yōkai brothers wielded the power of fire and lightening. Their relationship was very similar to the relationship that Inuyasha has with [[Sesshomaru]]. In the end, their contempt for each other lead to their deaths at the hands of [[Moryomaru]]. Inuyasha apologized for having dragged them into his struggle with [[Moryomaru]], and perhaps even got a glimpse of what future awaits him and [[Sesshomaru]] if they continue despising each other.
    +
    +== Inuyasha's Special Traits==
    +===Physical Abilities===
    +*'''Strength''': Inuyasha's yōkai blood gives him superhuman strength. No upper limit has yet been shown in the canon, but, according to the Zusetsutaizen Ōgikaiden official character data book, he is at least strong enough to easily lift a boulder with a diameter greater than the height of his body over his head with one hand, and then run many miles with it. Something like that is easily eight to ten tons on the weight scale.
    +
    +*'''Speed''': While not as fast as Entei the yōkai-horse that served as Hakudoshi's steed, Inuyasha's speed has been shown to easily exceed that of a normal horse; possibly as fast as, if not faster than, a cheetah. Due to the speed he can accumulate in his runs, added with his incredible strength, he is able to cross great distances with a single jump. Altogether, this creates the illusion that he is flying every time he leaps. The Ogikaiden says he can reach the top of tall cliffs with a single leap as well.
    +
    +*'''Defensive Ability''': For the most part, his fire-rat robe provides most of the added protection to his body. In one of the first episodes, Inuyasha gave Kagome his robe to protect her from Yura's hair, Yura had her tied up and the hair was touching her skin not the robe. So there must be demonic aura around the wearer of the robe of the fire rat. However, Inuyasha's physique is capable of taking a lot of damage, more than the average human, or even most yōkai. He has also been seen to be unaffected by severe blunt force trauma - he was hit on the head with a log hard enough for it to break in two leaving only a comical lump on the head. He appears weak against strong smells like ink from the episode "The Cursed Hell Painter" or [[Sango (Inuyasha) |Sango]]'s Scent Beads from episode 164 because of his sensitive nose. Though, he has shown the ability to withstand direct contact with fire and tremendous heat, but parts of his body not covered by the robe appear equally invulnerable; he appears resistant to acid as when trapped by Naraku in the Ogre's Belly. He is susceptible to some yōkai and holy weapons, but appears to be invulnerable to most human ones, able to catch normal arrows out of the air and break steel swords with his bare hands. Even when injured, his recovery rate (his healing factor) is much faster than that of a human. Similarly, attacks powerful enough to severely injure him are rarely fatal, as they would be to humans. He recovered quickly from numerous serious attacks, including a large fist-sized hole punched through his gut. Unfortunately for Inuyasha, his tongue is still open to being burned by curry.
    +
    +===Physical Techniques===
    +*{{nihongo|'''[[Sankon Tessō|Exorcising Claws of Steel]]'''|散魂鉄爪|Sankon Tessō}} (Viz's name: Iron Reaver Soul Stealer): Inuyasha's basic claw attack is powerful enough to tear apart iron, making it easy for him to rip his enemies in half.
    +
    +*{{nihongo|'''[[Hijin Kessō|Blades of Blood]]'''|飛刃血爪|Hijin Kessō}}: Inuyasha's blood, when combined with the "Exorcising Claws of Steel", does damage when thrown. With this attack, he is able to attack his enemies from afar instead of in close combat. Inuyasha splashes his own blood on the end of his claws and flings them like multiple [[shurikens]] to cleave his foes in two. In the later fights with the yōkai ninja, it appeared that he used the blood of his enemy to use the Blades of Blood. But this is unconfirmed.
    +
    +*'''Time Travel''': This technique basically involves Inuyasha jumping down the “Bone Eater’s Well” and traveling back and forth 500 years from the future. How this is done has not been explained and is one of the series most talked about plotholes. There are many theories and the anime only gives clues and allows for inference. It is very possible that it involves spiritual power or simply will power or his connection with Kagome.
    +
    +===Manga-Specific Tessaiga's Techniques===
    +*{{nihongo|'''[[Kaze no Kizu|Wind Scar]]'''|風の傷|Kaze no Kizu}}: A special attack that can kill 100 yōkai with one strike. Inuyasha first used this attack by accident, but eventually learned to see the Wind Scar. This attack uses the collision of yōkai winds between two enemies to create a path ("the scar") to unleash an attack of cutting wind. Once he has mastered this, he is able to take 100 lives in one strike of his sword. If he does the Kaze no Kizu too many times it eventually will wear him out since the Kaze no Kizu is from his yōkai spirit. It nearly wore Inuyasha out once when he fought [[Musō]]. Later on after he stabs the heart of the yōkai, Ryukotusei, he gains the ability to unleash the Kaze no Kizu whenever he wants.
    +
    +*{{nihongo|'''[[Bakuryūha|Explosive Flowing Wave]]'''|爆流破|Bakuryūha}} (Viz's names: Dragon Twister / Backlash Wave): The Tessaiga's ogi (or ultimate technique). Uses the opponent's strong yōki and the Kaze no Kizu to return the attack, magnified hundreds of times. With this movement of the Tessaiga, he forms enormous charging twisters that sucks the foes power into the "Wind Scar" and forces it to flow backwards. The wind and the power twist together into a vortex, pushing it backwards and the enemy is attacked by its own yōki and Tessaiga's might combined. But to use it, he must see where to cut the yōkai's aura and have strong enough "ki" himself to overpower his foes. An alternate way to look at it is this: when an enemy fires any type of yōki, Inuyasha is able to use that attack and send it back entwined in a twister along with Kaze no Kizu as long as he is more powerful than they. This only works on foes with a yōki.
    +
    +*'''[[Barrier shatter]]''' (Red-colored Tessaiga): Gained from the blood of Taigokumaru which was absorbed into Shiori's orb. This technique renders barriers including Naraku's for a while useless. When being used, Tessaiga glows red. Only the strongest barriers cannot be shattered by this attack, such as Naraku's current barrier and Midoriko's barriers.
    +
    +*{{nihongo|'''[[Kongōsōha|Diamond Spear Wave]]'''|金剛槍破|Kongōsōha}} (Viz's name: Adamant Barrage): Attack gained from Hosenki after Naraku had used the shard to make him fight Inuyasha. After defeating the diamond yōkai with the power to obliterate any type of barrier, Inuyasha absorbed his power to combine his Kaze no Kizu with the diamonds to wreak havoc on the foe. The Tessaiga turns into a massive diamond, whipping diamond shards from its blade with huge yōki explosions to destroy any and foremost Naraku's Barriers.
    +
    +*'''Ryūrin no Tessaiga''' (Dragon Scaled Tessaiga): This attack involves one half of Tessaiga being covered in large dragon scales. This move is different from the rest because it absorbs yōki instead of causing direct damage to an opponent. Inuyasha gained this attack when a sword smith that got possessed by a sword forged from a yōkai's scale, named Datsuki, attacked Inuyasha. During the fight Datsuki absorbed the Kaze no Kizu attack as well as the Bakuryūha, and Tessaiga almost snapped, again. In the end, the sword smith couldn't handle it and died, causing the sword to break and give its special power to Tessaiga. This does not appear in the anime as it was discontinued.
    +
    +===Tessaiga’s Techniques===
    +These techniques are revealed in the movies and the games.
    +*{{nihongo|'''Diamond Explosive Flowing Wave'''|金剛爆流破|Kongō-Bakuryūha}} (Viz's name: Adamant Backlash Wave): A combination of Kongōsōha & Bakuryūha. This attack is only used in [[Inuyasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island]].
    +*{{nihongo|'''Exorcising Explosive Flowing Wave'''|破魔爆流破|Hama-Bakuryūha}}: This isn't really an attack as much as it is a combined effort between Inuyasha and Kagome, which is only used in the first and fourth movies, episode 140 and the 5th Inuyasha opening. Basically consists of Kagome firing one of her Hama no Ya in the center of Inuyasha's Bakuryūha before it connects. This isn't the most powerful combo attack in the series as Sesshōmaru's Soryuha and Meido Zangetsuha attacks and Miroku's Kazana can overwhelm it. In the first movie when Menomaru shot a beam of light from his forehead Kagome first shot her Hama no Ya and then Inuyasha countered Menomaru’s beam by unleashing his backlash wave Bakuryūha on his beam. This resulted in the Hama no Ya destroying the Jewel in Menomaru’s head thus eliminating his power, and the backlash wave then destroying Menōmaru himself. In the second movie, instead of using the Bakuryūha, he used the Kaze no Kizu to replace it when they were fighting Naraku in the beginning of the movie. In the fourth movie this attack came in the form of the opponent, who was a combination of the movie’s four main antagonists, unleashing a barrage of lightning which was then countered by Kagome shooting her Hama no Ya attack which was then followed by Inuyasha who combined his Bakuryūha with his Kongōsōha. The attack resulted in a dispersion of the Hama no Ya and the opponents’ energy in the Bakuryūha as all that was left were a trail on Kongōsōha diamonds connecting the Tessaiga with the enemy, after which the Kaze no Kizu portion which was left from the Bakuryūha then attacked the opponent following the trail of diamonds and subsequently destroying them as they were combined in the attack as well. Thus in the end the entire attack resulted in the Kaze no leKizu being combined with the Kongōsōha, which was what unleashed the deathblow on the opponent. Thus there was no need for Kagome to have shot her Hama no Ya at all as it was dispersed along with the enemy’s energy because of the Kongōsōha.
    +
    +*'''Ultimate Bakuryūha''': This is Inuyasha's Bakuryūha without countering his foe’s attack and adding his or her yōki into the Kaze no Kizu to unleash the traditional Bakuryūha. This only appears in Inuyasha: Secret of the Cursed Mask. This attack isn't canon because it exterminates the main reason Inuyasha is able to release the Bakuryūha which is by combining his power with that of his enemy.
    +
    +===Tessaiga's Transformations/Abilities===
    +*'''Rusty Form''': Tessaiga's basic form when in Inuyasha's human hands or those of another human. Despite its appearance, it can still be used as any other sword and repel most yōkai with its other forms. This form as well as all the other forms carries a barrier that protects humans holding the sword and hurts yōkai trying to wield it.
    +
    +*'''Transform; True form''': With Inuyasha's yōki fused with the Tessaiga, the katana becomes a giant fang with fur flickering at the hilt. This can block and of course use any of his "weapon techniques" It is also known that the Tessaiga can keep Inuyasha's yōkai form from emerging. However, some attacks can purify the yōki such as the Hama no Ya, during which Inuyasha has to send in more of his yōki into the blade to transform it again. It is in this form that the blade can unleash the Kaze no Kizu and the Bakuryūha in the manga and the anime, but in the movies this rule doesn’t seem to apply.
    +
    +*'''Crimson''': After the bat yōkai king Taigokumaru was defeated, his blood was absorbed into a red orb used by each son of his family to set up a powerful barrier. By destroying the orb and bathing the Tessaiga in his blood the sword was able to assume a crimson form capable of destroying all but the strongest barriers in the series.
    +
    +*'''Diamond''': An ability granted by the powerful yōkai Housenki. Tessaiga transforms into a massive silverish, diamond sword that allows him to break though any barrier, which is useful when Inuyasha needs to overcome a barrier that his crimson Tessaiga can’t. It is in this form that the blade can unleash the Kongōsōha.
    +
    +*'''Dragon-Scaled Tessaiga''': Another form of the Tessaiga gained in the manga after the anime ended. This form is gained by destroying "Datsuki" a yōki-absorbing sword. Whenever he used it to absorb yōki it burned his hands, and if he absorbed too much of it, the sword let off an enormous explosion of yōki, that nearly killed him once. However, later on Tessaiga absorbed a priest's senki (holy energy) which stopped the backflow of youki from hurting Inuyasha and allowing him to properly use this form of the Tessaiga. The sword doesn't permanently absorb yōki as most of the time the energy lasts only long enough to be used by Inuyasha against his opponents. The only exception to this is the yōki from Yōrei-Taisei (below) and the senki that it absorbed from the priest because he absorbed all their powers rather than just a blast of energy. Eventually, Inuyasha trains under a yōkai named Yōrei-Taisei (who later infuses Tessaiga with his power). The yōkai teaches Inuyasha to sense and attack yōketsu, whirlpools of yōki that channel the powers of yōkai. Most yōkai have one yōketsu, but yōkai like Moryomaru and Naraku have many yōketsu due to the fact that they're composed of many yōkai. To destroy a yōketsu is to ruin an opponent's ability to channel yōki, or in some cases utterly destroy them, as the yōkai in Yōrei-Taisei's training disintegrated when their yōketsu were destroyed. This is potentially one of the series' most effective techniques as it can totally disempower his opponent. Breaking Yōketsu does not seem to fill Tessaiga with any additional power. On a side note, Inuyasha was told that there was a final form that the Dragon-scaled Tessaiga was capable of achieving. We have yet to discover what this form is. However, Sesshomaru seems to have a vague idea of what it is.
    +
    +===Miscellaneous===
    +*'''Sheath of Tessaiga''': Can deflect energy attacks with the barrier used to contain Tessaiga's power. It is also capable of returning the Tessaiga to Inuyasha's hands when they become separated. The sheath is capable of resisting any amount of offensive force; however, if that force is used continuously then the sheath will crack. This is why it was able to hold off Sesshomaru’s Sōryūha since it was an attack that was only unleashed once, but couldn’t hold off Hiten’s thunder attacks which were of weaker power than the Sōryūha, since he was unleashing them constantly.
    +
    +*'''Beads of Subjugation (Kotodama no Nenju)''': The beads around Inuyasha's neck are activated if Kagome says to Inuyasha, {{nihongo|"'''Sit'''"|おすわり|Osuwari}} (As one would say to a dog as a command.) The Kotodama no Nenju is introduced in the very first manga as a spiritual device to control Inuyasha. It was originally intended to keep Inuyasha from killing or hurting Kagome (although she frequently abuses its power if he so much as mouths off). It consists of a number of round beads (estimated at between 42 and 49 in number) and between seven and ten magatama (comma shaped) beads which are often mistaken as claws. The magatama is an ancient comma-shaped bead imbude with great spiritual and mystial powers. These beads have been found as far back as the Jomon period (jo-mon-jidai, about 10,000 BC to 300 BC). The most famous Magatama are the Yasakani no Magatama - one of The Three Sacred Treasures of the Founding of Japan
    +
    +===Clothing in a "historical context"===
    +According to interviews with the author, the style for Inuyasha's clothing was based on "priest's garb" of Japan's "Warring States" period. It is roughly similar in general appearance to the clothing worn by Kagome's grandfather, Kikyo, and Kaede; all Shinto clerics. The red garments are made of the legendary "Fire Rat (Hinezumi) hair" which is said to be fireproof and "stronger than poor armour".
    +From canon, we read 「火鼠の毛で織った衣だ、下手な鎧より強いぜ」 "Hinezumi no ke de otta koromo da, heta na yoroi yori tsuyoi ze" ; the literal translation is: "Its clothes woven from fire rat's hair, stronger than poor armor." These claims are substantiated in numerous incidents throughout canon. The historical reference can be found in the ancient Japanese folk tale "Taketori Monogatari", or "The Bamboo Cutter's Tale." The 'Robe of the Fire Rat' allows him to resist fire and to some extent, blades. It also works on others to whom he lends it if they need it more than he does. The robe loses its armor-like qualities during the new moon, just as Inuyasha loses his yōkai powers.
    +
    +We can see that Inuyasha's garments are hakama (pants) bloused at the ankles, a jacket with "separated" sleeves, kosode (shirt), and obi (belt).
    +
    +* Pants: clearly ''[[Hakama]]'', quite likely the ''Sashinuki'' style.
    +
    +This is a style of the Heian Period (795-1192 CE). The show and manga take place in the Sengoku Period (1467-1615 CE). Of course, Inuyasha doesn't span the entirety of the Sengoku Period, however, since Inuyasha's outfit comes from his father, who was a very old demon, it makes sense that it has been matched up with the "Hitoe" (below). His [[Hakama]] and Hitoe are both made of the Cloth of the Fire Rat.
    +
    +* Jacket: ''Hitoe''
    +Often mistaken for a common ''Kimono'' it is clearly not long enough. Some believe that Inuyasha's jacket is ''Hitatare'' but since the jacket is shorter than this, and his jacket is tucked into the pants, it appears to be a ''Hitoe'' with the sleeves modified to the kariginu style, commonlly called "bell sleeves". The Hitoe is an unlined robe, traditionally it is either a kurenai (orange-red) or rarely a pale green color. The sides are not sewn shut, and the sleeves are only partially sewn to the body. The collar is long and open. It is two panels wide, and so is very large; a double fold, like darts, made in the back at the time of donning, enable one to wear the garment. It is worn tucked into the pants (whether ''ōguchi'' or ''sashinuki''). The red-orange color and the mention of the partially attached sleeves re-inforce this theory. The partially attached sleeves allows the white shirt (''Kosode'') worn underneath to be seen clearly. (Jackets worn by the characters Jakan, Kikyō, Kaede, and "Grandpa" all have the same feature.) The sleeves are extremeley full at the wrist, as wide as the shoulders of the garment, and have a ribbon or cord sewn through the hem of the wrist. This can serve at least two purposes: it allows the sleeve to be gathered at the wrist (like the [[Hakama]] at the ankle) and it is often used to gather the material for easy folding for storage. Neither of these features is seen in canon. The jacket is so short in fact that the white shirt (''Kosode'') shows through the side [[Hakama]] slits instead of the jacket. Interestingly, Inuyasha wears a black cord across the chest from the right shoulder to the left hip, tied in a simple bow. It is *not* a sword cord, but appears to be holding the excess fold of the jacket in place.
    +
    +*Shirt: ''Kosode''
    +''Kosode'' were commonly worn as underwear during the Kamakura era, at which time they became legitimate garments in their own right and became more dressy and full, with less sculpted sleeves. The undergarment ''kosode'' of Heian and Kamakura Periods was invariably white.
    +An important point that must be made is that ''kosode'' (lit: “little sleeve”) weren’t just so called because the sleeve was small; they were given the name because the sleeve opening
    +was small (especially when compared to other garments of the period, which were often
    +termed ''ōsode'', or “large sleeves”). The slits in the side of the [[Hakama]] show the white ''Kosode'' (shirt), and the openings at the sleeves and shoulders of the jacket show it as well. This is a deliberate fashion effect.
    +
    +*Belt: ''Obi''
    +The belt appears to be a standard ''Obi'', through which the ''Saya'' (sword sheath) is thrust. The ''Obi'' as worn by a swordsman is positioned just over the hips so the sword is "low" in the sash in order to make drawing the sword much easier. The ''Obi'' knot is normally a very tight square affair. However, we can see that Inuyasha wears his ''Obi'' and his ''Hakama'' much higher up around his waist, nearly to his ribs. Inuyasha's knot is more of a slightly floppy bow knot.
    +
    +While Inuyasha's garments in the original manga started with an interesting pink colour, the bright red colour is now the accepted standard.
    +
    +* Kagome's grandfather (Grandpa), Kikyo, and Kaede all wear clothing traditional to Shinto clerics, which has remained virtually unchanged from the Sengoku era until today:
    +
    +Ōsode ("large sleeve) garment or Hitoe-type jacket, over Kosode ("small sleeve") shirt, Hakama, Obi, and Tabi (socks). The Miko of today still wear the same style of clothing as Kikyo and Kaede, except that the sleeves of the outer jacket are now fully attached at the shoulders. Miko wear red Hakama, while Male Shinto Priests wear black Hakama.
    +
    +* Jaken wears traditional Court apparel for the era: A Formal Court Hat called tate-eboshi; Kosode (Shirt); Trousers called nu-bakama or sashinuki (bloused) hakama; with an overgarment simply called a jo-e having corded sleaves called jo-e no sode-gukuri no o.
    +
    +===Transformation===
    +[[Image:Human InuYasha.jpg|thumb|Human Inuyasha as portrayed in the anime series|165px]]
    +*'''Human''': Once a month he turns completely human due to his half human, half yōkai biology. During this time he loses all his powers. This only happens during a time when the moon isn't visible at night (new moon), which makes sense since the moon seems to be an important symbol of his family; Sesshomaru has a crescent moon on his forehead and his Meidō Zangetsuha attack originally takes on the form of a crescent moon. During this period, Inuyasha's hair turns black and he loses his superhuman strength, speed and defensive abilities, as well as his dog ears, claws, fangs, etc. In this form, basically all of his yōkai powers are gone and he can only use Tessaiga in its rusty form. He prefers to keep it a secret because on that night he is vulnerable. Only his friends and a few others know his secret. Perhaps the reason why InuYasha changes to a human during the new moon is because in InuYasha Movie 3: Swords Of An Honorable Ruler, a short time after Takemaru of Setsuna killed InuYasha's mother, Izayoi, while she was in labor with InuYasha, before Inu Taishou brought her back to life moments later, there was a lunar eclipse. When the moon turned dark, the newborn child began to cry. This may be a possible explanation why InuYasha becomes vulnerable during the new moon. Because the actual canonity of the movie is rather disputed, it may simply be totally random, because apparently all half demons transform into a human once a month. Interestingly, Human InuYasha bears a striking resemblance to [[Ranma Saotome]] of [[Ranma 1/2]] fame, which is also a work of Rumiko Takahashi's.
    +
    +[[Image:Demon Inu-Yasha.jpg|thumb|Yōkai Inuyasha as portrayed in the anime series|165px]]
    +*'''Yōkai''': At a point that Inuyasha can't take anymore of what he is seeing or if his life is in danger, he will transform. The first time it happened was when his Tessaiga broke in Episode 43. When transformed, Inuyasha's appearance also changes (see the picture to the right). Inuyasha will remain in this state if he does not have Tessaiga within reach or on him (i.e. episode 52 when he was with Miroku). As revealed by Myoga; that reason that Inuyasha's father had the Tessaiga forged was to prevent his son's yōkai blood from taking him over, since he's a han'yō he can't fully handle the power he inherited from his father the way Sesshomaru can. This is why there are many abilities that Sesshomaru can perform that Inuyasha can't, (ie making a cloud that can be flown on), since he doesn't have what it takes to handle the yōkai power. If Inuyasha is in yōkai form, he cannot remember himself and his yōkai blood takes over his human heart. He will continue to fight until he is killed. In this state, he gains a massive boost in all of his physical abilities (raw power, strength, regeneration, durability, and speed) and very probably his sensory abilities as well (although this is never addressed). The most noteworthy examples of these augmentations are: he regenerated completely from the near fatal Wind Scar wounds he received about a day earlier upon his first transformation, recovered just as quickly from the effects of a deadly poison he had been injected with upon his second transformation, was able to strike Sesshomaru's Tōkijin with his fist, and could cut open Ryukotsusei's nearly unbreakable hide with nothing more than his bare hands (and without using the typical Sankon Tessō energy blast). His raw yokai power in this form was enough to frighten Sesshomaru momentarily, and admit it to himself (it doesn't appear that anything or anyone else in the series has ever had that effect on him). It is a common misconception that his yokai blood would destroy his body, but the nature of the transformations is to keep Inuyasha alive, thus his body is transformed by the power, not overwhelmed by it. The transformations do transform his mind however because that is not strictly nessessary to survive. Repeated transformations will eat away at his sanity, and possibly the human part of his soul. It would appear however, that the damage to his humanity is not permanent. He is sort of a daiyōkai seeing as he is the son of the dog general and even though he is a han'yō, he is superior to most yōkai. In the most recent chapter on the manga, he reverted to his Youkai state once again while fighting a mirror youkai, but he did not lose control and fall into a berserker mind-set like he has in prior situations. It is unknown if it is the fact that Tesaiga had many of its powers removed from it and given to Kanna's Mirror Demon or if it is through his own abilities that he is able to maintain control of himself. It is unknown how he suppresses his yōkai blood before he receives the Tessaiga.
    +
    +*'''Purified''': In episode 167, thus far the final episode of the Inuyasha anime, Naraku's machinations prompted Inuyasha to use a shard of the Jewel of the Four Souls to strengthen Tessaiga's power, an effort which backfired when the unpurified powers of the shard caused Inuyasha to begin entering his yōkai form. Kagome, seeing Inuyasha's predicament, ran to him and her embrace purified the shard, leaving Inuyasha in a purified version of his yōkai form. In this form, he retained some of the aspects of his yōkai form, such as the purple stripes on his face, but his eyes remained clear and he retained his sanity instead of being subject to the berserker rage which ordinarily characterizes his yōkai form. After the shard was removed from the Tessaiga, Inuyasha reverted to his normal han'yō self.
    +
    +==Trivia==
    +* Although he is always seen with claws instead of human nails on his hands, his feet have human toenails instead of claws, although there may be a few exceptions where we see his toes have claws instead of toenails.
    +* At around 17:57-17:58 and 18:01 of episode 6, his claws are mistakenly replaced with human fingernails.
    +
    +
    +==Voice Actor==
    +*Japanese [[Seiyū]]: [[Kappei Yamaguchi]]
    +*English [[voice actor|Voice Actor]]: [[Richard Ian Cox]]
    +*Italian voice actor: Massimiliano Alto (ep 1-26); Francesco Pezzulli (ep 27-167)
    +*German [[voice actor|Voice Actor]]: Dominik Auer
    +*Hungarian [[voice actor|Voice Actor]]: Moser Károly
    +* Latin American Spanish voice actor: [[Enzo Fortuny]]
    +*Filipino Voice Actor: Jojit Lorenzo
    +
    +{{InuyashaCharacter}}
    +
    +[[Category:Fictional demons]]
    +[[Category:Fictional hybrids]]
    +[[Category:Japanese superheroes]]
    +[[Category:Manga and anime protagonists]]
    +[[Category:Fictional characters with superhuman strength]]
    +[[Category:Fictional victims of abuse|InuYasha (character)]]
    +
    +[[ca:Inuyasha (personatge)]]
    +[[es:Inuyasha (personaje)]]
    +[[it:Inuyasha (personaggio)]]
    +[[hu:InuYasha (karakterek)]]
    +[[pl:Inu Yasha]]
    +[[pt:Inuyasha (Personagem)]]
    +[[ru:Инуяся (персонаж)]]
    +[[fi:Inuyasha (hahmo)]]
    +[[tl:InuYasha (karakter)]]
    		•
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    @@ -1,14 +1,115 @@\n
    -'''Craig Neil Evans''' (born [[November 29]], [[1969]] in Salisbury - now [[Harare]]) is a [[Zimbabwe]]an [[cricket]]er.
    +{{Infobox Weapon
    +|name=AK-74
    +|image= [[Image:AK-74 NTW 12 92.jpg|300px]]
    +|caption=
    +|origin= [[Soviet Union]]/[[Russian Federation]]
    +|type= [[Assault rifle]]
    +
    +|is_ranged=yes
    +|is_bladed=
    +|is_explosive=
    +|is_artillery=
    +|is_vehicle=
    +
    +|service= [[1974]] –
    +|used_by=
    +|wars=
    +
    +|designer= [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]
    +|design_date=[[1974]]
    +|manufacturer=
    +|production_date=
    +|number=
    +|variants= AK-74M, AKS-74, [[AKS-74U]], [[RPK-74]]
    +
    +|weight= 3.3 [[Kilogram|kg]]
    +|length= 943 [[1 E-3 m|mm]]
    +|part_length= 415 mm
    +|crew=
    +
    +|cartridge= [[5.45 x 39 mm]]
    +|caliber=
    +|action= [[Gas-Operated]], [[Rotating bolt]] (with 2 lugs)
    +|rate= 600 – 650 rounds/min
    +|velocity= 900 [[Metre per second|m/s]] (~2952 [[Foot per second|f/s]])
    +|range= 500 m
    +|max_range=
    +|feed= 30 round detachable box [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]])
    +|sights= Adjustable [[Iron sight]]s, optional mount required for [[Telescopic sight]]
    +}}

    -He played in two Tests, against [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Australian cricket team|Australia]], but is considered a specialist at the one-day game. His highest international score was a 96 not out in [[Colombo]], but despite his good personal form in 2003/04, he is still to find a regular place in the national side.
    +The '''AK-74''' [[assault rifle]] is a modernized version of the [[AK-47]] developed in 1974, chambered in a smaller [[cartridge (weaponry)|cartridge]] ([[5.45 x 39 mm]] as opposed to the [[7.62 x 39 mm]] of the AK-47). The weapon went into [[mass-production]] in 1976. The newest variant, the AK-74M, is the main service rifle for the Russian Federation armed forces and has been since the early 1990s.

    -

    +==Design==
    +When it first appeared, the AK-74 was assumed to be a limited-production version to equip special forces. In reality, the [[Soviet Union]] mass produced this rifle to replace their inventory of AKM weapons entirely.

    -{{Cricketbio-stub}}
    +Like its parent [[AK-47]] and AKM weapons, the AK-74 is a magazine-fed, self-loading, selective-fire, intermediate caliber assault rifle with a rigid piston gas system and rotating bolt locking mechanism. The stamped sheet metal [[Receiver (firearms)|receiver]] is borrowed from the earlier AKM. The AK-74 has other differences from the AKM, notably the distinctive [[muzzle brake]], which is designed to reduce the already mild recoil and muzzle climb of the AK-74, however, because it is such an effective muzzle brake, it is extremely loud. Current production versions also employ a mounting rail on the left side of the receiver for fixing accessories such as an optical sight or flashlight.

    -[[Category:1969 births|Evans, Craig]]
    -[[Category:Mashonaland cricketers|Evans, Craig]]
    -[[Category:Matabeleland cricketers|Evans, Craig]]
    -[[Category:Zimbabwean ODI cricketers|Evans, Craig]]
    -[[Category:Zimbabwean Test cricketers|Evans, Craig]]
    -[[Category:Zimbabwean cricketers|Evans, Craig]]
    +Originally, the AK-74 had a laminated-wood stock, but later production models, as well as the current AK-74M, use black, glass-filled polyamide, giving the rifle an all-black finish.
    +
    +==Ballistics==
    +The weapon fires a [[5.45 mm caliber|5.45 × 39 mm]] [[cartridge (weaponry)|round]] with a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s. Muzzle energy is 1.39 [[kilojoule]]s, giving an effective range of around 500 m. Cartridge mass is 10.75 g. Projectile mass is 3.42 g. The new cartridge was designed to give greater effective range, less recoil, and a flatter trajectory than the 7.62 x 39 mm.
    +
    +Design of an entirely new cartridge was possibly a reaction to the effectiveness of the [[5.56 x 45 mm NATO|5.56 × 45 mm]] round in Vietnam. All military rifle bullets will turn or yaw in soft tissue. Small-caliber high-velocity projectiles like the 5.56 mm produce significant wounds because they yaw much sooner in soft tissue, greatly increasing their frontal area.Fackler et al. (1984). "Wounding potential of the Russian AK-74 assault rifle", ''Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care.'' '''24''', 263-6. The Soviets designed a round that would be similar to the 5.56 mm, but with an increased tendency to yaw. The 5.45 mm projectile consists of a [[plain-carbon steel|mild steel]] core in the rear with a lead plug in front. The [[copper]]-plated steel jacket of the bullet incorporates an air space in the nose. This empty space has several functions. It moves the center of gravity rearward, encouraging yaw in soft targets. It also streamlines and lightens the projectile resulting in greater velocity, flatter trajectory, and more reliable feeding from the magazine. Finally, this space often collapses and deforms irregularly in soft targets. Despite its complicated design, the bullet fired by the AK-74 fails to reliably fragment in soft tissue making it less effective in this area than similar Western designs. It has also been shown to yaw no sooner than the 5.56 mm projectiles.
    +
    +The development of the AK-74 bullet is often compared to that of the American [[M16 (rifle)|M16]] rifle and its [[5.56 x 45 mm NATO|M193]] ammunition. When the NATO-Developed SS109 5.56 mm bullet is compared side-by-side with the 5.45 x 39 mm they are similar in many ways. They are both composed of a separate jacket, steel core, and lead component. As with the SS109, the 5.45 mm was likely designed as a compromise between penetration and soft-tissue damage. The major threat at the time of development was the American soldier who was increasingly utilizing body armor. Not surprisingly, the 5.45 mm bullet is more effective against [[Kevlar]] than the earlier 7.62 mm bullet. The 5.45 mm and 5.56 mm cartridges are considered equal in most aspects with the exception of the Western round having a significantly greater tendency to fragment when fired at close range.
    +
    +The 5.45 mm bullet yaws when striking a soft target such as a human causing it to tumble. This tumbling creates a larger wound in the target than the bullet's diameter. The [[Afghanistan|Afghans]] who fought the [[Soviet Union]] often referred to the 5.45 mm as "the poison bullet" because of the severity of the wound in proportion to its relative size and energy. Reports from Afghanistan suggested that the new bullet might violate international conventions on rifle ammunition, however international conventions prohibit only exploding, poison, and [[Hollow point bullet|expanding]] bullets. It was suggested that the bullet's radical design would create inhumane wounds. This complaint was also made about [[5.56 x 45 mm NATO|M193]] ammunition for the M16, which not only yaws in the flesh, but gets routinely fragmented into many pieces. No sanctions or prohibitions have been levied on either design.
    +
    +==Operation==
    +{{howto}}
    +{{tone}}
    +In order to make the rifle ready to fire, a loaded [[Magazine (firearm)|magazine]] is inserted and the selector lever moved to either of the lower two positions. The charging handle must then be pulled back to its rear-most position and released. This operation slides a round from the top of the magazine into the chamber of the rifle and closes the bolt. The rifle is now loaded and able to fire by pulling the trigger. With the selector in the middle position, the gun will fire on full automatic, cycling fresh rounds into the chamber until the trigger is released or the magazine is emptied. With the selector in the lower position, the gun fires in semi-automatic operation. This requires the trigger to be released and depressed again for each individual round to be fired until the magazine is exhausted. When the selector is in the upper position, the rifle's safety mechanism is engaged and cannot fire via the trigger. In the safe position the selector blocks foreign matter from entry to the gun but still allows the bolt to be withdrawn far enough to check if the gun is loaded.
    +
    +To field strip the rifle, first depress the magazine catch and remove the magazine. Use the charging handle to pull the bolt carrier to the rear and inspect the chamber to verify that the gun is unloaded. Press forward on the button at the rear of the receiver cover while simultaneously lifting up on the rear of the cover to remove it. Push the spring assembly forward and lift it from its raceway, withdrawing to the rear. Pull the bolt carrier assembly all the way to the rear, lift it and then pull it backwards. Remove the bolt by pushing it to the rear of the bolt carrier and rotating the bolt so the camming lug clears to raceway on the underside of the bolt carrier. Clean as needed with special attention to the barrel, bolt face, and gas piston. Oil lightly and reassemble.
    +
    +==Service==
    +[[Image:030612-N-3725V-001.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Russian Naval Infantry|Russian Naval Infantryman]] with an AKS-74M.]]
    +Besides the Soviet Union and its successor states, the AK-74 was widely adopted by many Soviet client states and other nations, in particular users of the AK-47 and the AKM, although not nearly as extensively as those rifles. Like the AK-47 and the AKM, the AK-74 was copied both illicitly and under license by many of its operators. Yugoslavia license built the weapon as the M80, and it was featured prominently among many of the armed forces operating in the country during the 1990s. It remains the service weapon for many of the former Yugoslav republics. Semi-automatic variants of the AK-74 have gained in popularity with gun owners in the United States due to laws there restricting ownership of machineguns. Civilian rifles (and pistols) based on the Kalashnikov include a hodgepodge of features from various countries, even being available in 5.56 x 45 mm. Captured AK-74s and several variants thereof have also been used by the [[Mujahadeen]], [[Taliban]], [[Al-Qaeda]], and [[Northern Alliance]] in [[Afghanistan]], and by [[Osama Bin Laden]] and his subordinates in videos and interviews.
    +
    +==Media==
    +The AK-74 has become a fixture in modern video games and books. In movies, it is often seen and used interchangeably with the AK-47 rifle.
    +
    +==See also==
    +* [[AK-47]]
    +* [[AKS-74U]]
    +* [[AK-101]]
    +* [[AK-103]]
    +* [[AK-107]] includes AK-108
    +* [[GP-30]]
    +* [[Civilian "cousins" of the AK-47]]
    +* [[List of Russian Weaponry]]
    +
    +== Notes and references ==
    +
    +

    +
    +

    +
    +==External links==
    +* [http://world.guns.ru/assault/as02-e.htm Modern Firearms]
    +* [http://www.btammolabs.com/fackler/ak74_wounding_potential.pdf Fackler AK74 terminal ballistics study]
    +* [http://www.ak-47.net/ak47/ak74.html AK-47.net article on AK-74 Variations]
    +* [http://www.sovietarmy.com/small_arms/ak-74.html SovietArmy.Com]
    +* [http://www.ak-47.net/ak47/ak74.html AK-47.Net]
    +* [http://club.guns.ru/eng/gp25.html GP-25 grenade launcher for the AK74]
    +* [http://www.riflesnguns.com/assault/kalashnikov/ak74 AK-74 Review]
    +
    +[[Category:Assault rifles]]
    +[[Category:Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union]]
    +[[Category:Weapons of Russia]]
    +
    +[[ar:ايه كاي 74]]
    +[[cs:AK-74]]
    +[[de:AK-74]]
    +[[es:AK-74]]
    +[[fr:AK-74]]
    +[[ko:AK-74]]
    +[[id:AK-74]]
    +[[it:AK-74]]
    +[[nl:AK-74]]
    +[[pl:Karabinek AK-74]]
    +[[ru:АК-74]]
    +[[fi:AK-74]]
    +[[sv:AK-74]]
    +[[zh:АК-74]]
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    -'''Stalag XX-A''' was a [[Germany|German]] [[World War II]] [[Prisoner of war|PoW]] Camp located in [[Toruń|Thorn/Toruń]], [[Poland]]. It was not a single camp and contained as many as 20,000 men at its peak. The main camp was located in a complex of fifteen forts that surrounded the whole of the city. The forts had been built by Prussians at the end of [[19th century]] to defend the western border of [[Prussia]].
    -
    -=== Timeline ===
    -
    -September 1939 some of the forts were used as P.O.W. camps for Polish prisoners, specifically those captured after the surrender of the Polish fort at [[Westerplatte]] at the mouth of the river [[Vistula]] and on the [[Hel]] peninsula. In June 1940 additional forts were added to the camp to accommodate British soldiers. The first to arrive were 403 from the [[Allied campaign in Norway]]. Later about 4,500 arrived from [[Dunkirk]]. In 1941 and 1942 [[Soviet]] prisoners arrived. At the peak there were about 10,000 prisoners at the camp. However many of them were located in sub-camps. The camp was liberated February 1 1945 by th [[Soviet Army]]
    -
    -===Sub-camps===
    -In accordance with the [[Third Geneva Convention]], POWs below the rank of Sergeant were required to work and were known as ''Arbeitskommando''. They were hired out to Military and Civilian Contractors. In the case of farm work, this was often carried out on State Farms. Sergeants and above could not be forced to work and if they did so were sent to non-working camps. Some of these camps were not the traditional POW camps we see on the films with lots of barbwire and Guard Towers but merely accommodation centers. Some camps were large and created particularly for a project.
    -
    -* Camp 34 - Construction of a large housing project for German Colonists
    -* Elbing Camp
    -* Konitz Camp
    -
    -===Sources===
    -* [http://www.pegasus-one.org/pow/frames.htm reports of British prisoners]
    -
    -==See also==
    -* [[Stalag]]
    -* [[List of German WWII POW camps]]
    -* [[Prisoner of war]]
    -* [[Prisoner-of-war camp]]
    -
    -===External links===
    -* [http://www.wwiimemories.com/stalagxxphoto.htm Photos of Stalag XX-A]
    -
    -==Bibliography==
    -* ''For You The War Is Over'' by Sam Kydd - Futura, London, 1974. ISBN 0-85974-005-6
    -
    -[[Category:World War II POW camps]]
    -
    -
    -{{WWII-stub}}
    +:'''''[[Société Radio-Canada]]''' redirects here. For the [[French Language]] television arm of the CBC, see [[Télévision de Radio-Canada]].''
    +{{Infobox Network |
    +network_name = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
    Société Radio-Canada |
    +network_logo = [[image:CBC Logo 1992-Present.png|150px|The current logo of CBC]] |
    +country = {{CAN}} |
    +network_type = [[Terrestrial television|Broadcast]] [[radio network]]
    [[Television network]] |
    +available = National; available on terrestrial and cable systems in American border communities; available internationally via shortwave, Internet and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]] (Channel 137) |
    +owner = [[Government of Canada]]
    ([[Crown Corporation]]) |
    +key_people = [[Robert Rabinovitch]], president |
    +launch_date = [[November 2]], [[1936]] (radio)
    [[September 6]], [[1952]] (television) |
    +past_names = Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission |
    +website = [http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/ www.cbc.radio-canada.ca]
    [http://www.cbc.ca/ www.cbc.ca]
    [http://www.radio-canada.ca/ www.radio-canada.ca] |
    +}}
    +The '''Canadian Broadcasting Corporation''' ('''CBC'''), a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[crown corporation]], is the country’s national public [[radio]] and [[television]] broadcaster. In [[French language|French]], it is called '''''la Société Radio-Canada''''' ('''Radio-Canada''' or '''SRC'''). The umbrella corporate brand is '''CBC/Radio-Canada'''.
    +
    +The CBC is the oldest broadcasting service in the country, first established in its present form on [[November 2]], [[1936]]. Radio services include [[CBC Radio One]], [[CBC Radio Two]], ''[[La Première Chaîne]]'', ''[[Espace musique]]'' and the international radio service [[Radio Canada International]]. Television operations include [[CBC Television]], ''[[Télévision de Radio-Canada]]'', [[CBC Newsworld]], ''le [[Réseau de l'information]]'', [[Documentary Channel]] and [[CBC Country Canada]]. The CBC operates services for the Canadian [[Arctic]] under the names [[CBC North]] and ''[[Radio Nord Québec]]''. The CBC also operates digital audio service [[Galaxie (radio)|Galaxie]] and two main websites, one in either official language; it owns 40% of [[satellite radio]] broadcaster [[Sirius Canada]], which airs additional CBC services including [[CBC Radio 3]] and ''[[Bandeapart]]''.
    +
    +As a [[Crown corporation]], the CBC operates at arm’s length (autonomously) from the government in its day-to-day business. The corporation is governed by the ''[http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/B-9.01/ Broadcasting Act]'' of 1991, and is directly responsible to [[Canadian Parliament|Parliament]] through the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]].
    +__TOC__
    +
    +==History==
    +In 1930, the [[Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting|Aird Commission]] on [[public broadcasting]] recommended the creation of a national radio broadcast network. A major concern was the growing influence of American radio broadcasting as U.S.-based networks began to expand into Canada. [[Graham Spry]] and [[Alan Plaunt]] lobbied intensely for the project on behalf of the [[Canadian Radio League]]. In 1932 the government of [[R.B. Bennett]] established the CBC’s predecessor, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC).
    +
    +The CRBC took over a network of [[radio station]]s formerly set up by a federal Crown corporation, the [[Canadian National Railway]]. The network was used to broadcast programming to riders aboard its passenger trains, with coverage primarily in central and eastern Canada. On [[November 2]], [[1936]], the CRBC became a full [[Crown corporation]] and gained its present name.
    +
    +For the next few decades, the CBC was responsible for all broadcasting innovation in Canada. It introduced [[FM radio]] to Canada in 1946. Television broadcasts from the CBC began on [[September 6]], [[1952]], with the opening of a station in [[Montreal, Quebec]] ([[CBFT]]), and a station in [[Toronto, Ontario]] ([[CBLT]]) opening two days later. The CBC’s first privately owned [[affiliate]] television station, [[CICI-TV|CKSO]] in [[Sudbury, Ontario]], launched in October 1953. (At the time, all private stations were expected to affiliate with the CBC, a condition that relaxed in 1960–61.)
    +
    +From 1944 to 1962 the CBC operated two English-language AM radio services known as the [[Trans-Canada Network]] and the [[Dominion Network]]. The latter, carrying lighter programs including American radio shows, was dissolved in 1962, while the former became known as CBC Radio. (In the late 1990s, CBC Radio was rebranded as Radio One and CBC Stereo as Radio Two.)
    +
    +On [[July 1]], [[1958]], CBC’s television signal was extended from coast to coast. Colour television broadcasts began on [[July 1]], [[1966]], and full-colour service began in 1974. In 1978, CBC became the first broadcaster in the world to use an orbiting satellite for television service, linking Canada “from east to west to north.” Since the 1970s, the CBC has not maintained its dominance in broadcasting it formerly had, but it still plays an important role. Today, the CBC operates several [[radio]], [[terrestrial television]] and [[cable television]] networks, in both [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]], as well as a number of Aboriginal languages in the North.
    +
    +The CBC’s cultural influence, like that of many public broadcasters, has waned in recent decades. This is partly due to severe budget cuts by the Canadian federal government, which began in the late 1980s and levelled off in the late 1990s. It is also due to industry-wide fragmentation of TV audiences (the decline of network TV generally, due to the rise in specialty channel viewership, as well as the increase of non-TV entertainment options such as videogames, the Internet, etc.). Private networks in Canada face the same competition, but their viewership has declined less than that of CBC Television. In English Canada, the decline in CBC viewership can be partly attributed to the fact that private TV networks primarily rebroadcast American programming with substituted Canadian advertising. American shows are very popular among English Canadians and often attract much higher audiences than the made-in-Canada programming that is a CBC specialty.
    +
    +Viewership on the CBC’s French TV network has also declined, mostly because of stiff competition from private French-language networks. Audience fragmentation is another issue – [[French Canadian]]s prefer home-grown television programming; a vibrant [[Quebec]] star system is in place; and little American or foreign content airs on French-language networks, public or private. On the other hand, the CBC’s French-language [[radio]] channel is sometimes the top-[[ratings|rated]] network.
    +
    +In the case of breaking news, including [[Canadian federal election|federal elections]], the CBC may still hold a slight edge. For instance, after [[Canadian federal election, 2006|election night 2006]], CBC Television took out full-page newspaper ads claiming that 2.2 million Canadians watched their coverage, more than any other broadcaster. However, in similar ads, CTV also claimed to be number one, stating there was a CBC audience of only 1.2 million. In both cases, the methodologies were not clear from the ads, such as whether simulcasts on one or both of the networks’ news channels (Newsworld for CBC, [[Newsnet]] for CTV) were counted.
    +
    +===Frontier Coverage Package===
    +
    +Starting in 1967 and continuing until the mid-1970s, the CBC provided limited television service to remote and northern communities. Transmitters were built in a few locations and carried a four-hour selection of black-and-white videotaped programs each day. The tapes were flown into communities to be shown, then transported to other communities, often by the "bicycle" method used in [[television syndication]]. Larger communities underwent only a one-week transportation delay, while smaller communities waited up to a month to receive tapes.
    +
    +The first FCP station was started in [[Yellowknife, Northwest Territories|Yellowknife]] in 1967, the second in [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]] in 1968. Additional stations were added from 1969 to 1972. Most stations were fitted for the Anik satellite signal during 1973, carrying 12 hours of colour programming. Broadcasts were geared to either the Atlantic time zone (UTC-4 or 3) or the Pacific time zone (UTC-8 or 7) even though the audience resided in communities in time zones varying from UTC-5 to UTC-8.
    +
    +It would be many years before TV programs originated in the north, starting with one half-hour per week in the 1980s with ''Focus North'' and graduating to a daily half-hour newscast, ''Northbeat'', in the late 1990s.
    +
    +==Controversies==
    +
    +In [[June 2006]], Canadian police arrested a group of Muslim-Canadian citizens whom they accused of plotting an elaborate [[2006 Toronto terrorism case|terrorist attack]] against the country. The plan allegedly called for a violent takeover of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Centre]] in [[Toronto]], among other actions.
    +
    +{{wikinews|Defectation as pleasurable as sex: head of CBC network}}
    +In [[September 2006]], Chairman [[Guy Fournier]] [[resigned]] following harsh comments on [[Lebanon]] concerning [[bestiality]] and comments made in May about the “joy of [[bowel movements]].”[http://go.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=oddlyEnoughNews&storyID=13545140&src=rss/oddlyEnoughNews]
    +
    +==Logos==
    +

    +Image:CBC_Logo_1940-1958.png|The original logo of the CBC, used between 1940 and 1958. It features a map of Canada and a lightning-bolt design used to symbolize broadcasting.
    +Image:CBC_Logo_1958-1966.png|The CBC used this logo at the end of network programs between 1958 and 1974. It consists simply of the legends “CBC” and “Radio-Canada” overlaid on a map of Canada. The version shown here was used by Radio-Canada, while the CBC used a version with the legends transposed.
    +Image:CBC_logo_alternate.jpg|This alternate logo was used by CBC Television for print ads and program promos from the 1960s until 1974. A version of this logo was also used for CBC Radio (with “Radio” replacing “Television”).
    +Image:CBC_Logo_1966-1974.png|This “Butterfly” logo was designed for the CBC by Hubert Tison in 1966 to mark the network’s progressing transition from black-and-white to colour television (much in the manner of the American [[NBC]] Television Network’s [[peacock]] symbol). It was used at the beginning of programs broadcast in colour, and was used until all CBC TV programs had successfully switched to colour, at which point it was replaced with “the gem” (see below).
    +Image:CBC_Logo_1974-1986.png|This logo, officially known internally as “the gem” but nicknamed the “exploding pizza,” was designed for the CBC by graphic artist [[Burton Kramer]] in 1974, and it is the most widely recognized symbol of the corporation. The appearance of this logo marked the arrival of full-colour network television service. The large shape in the middle is the letter C, which stands for [[Canada]], and the radiating parts of the C symbolize broadcasting.
    +Image:CBC_Logo_1986-1992.png|The logo was officially changed to one colour (generally dark blue on white, or white on dark blue) in 1986. Print ads and most television promos, however, have always used a single-color version of this logo since 1974.
    +Image:CBC Logo 1992-Present.png|The logo was simplified in 1992, and now looks like this. Since the early 2000s, the logo rarely appears red on white, but generally white on a textured or coloured background.
    +

    +
    +==Corporate structure and funding==
    +CBC and Radio-Canada are often mistakenly considered two separate entities when they are a single legal entity established by the Broadcasting Act. Contributing to this confusion are the English and French corporate names, which are not direct translations of each other. Moreover, it is clear to the casual observer that the English and French operations differ significantly from each other in matters such as management, branding, programming, and bases of operations, owing largely to the cultural differences between [[English Canada|English]] and [[French Canada]]. For example, English-language CBC anchors might attribute a news scoop to “Radio-Canada” as if it were a separate entity, while the corporation normally refuses to license English-language broadcast rights to American network series (e.g., ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'') but may license rights to the dubbed French version (e.g., ''[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdus|Perdus]''). Nonetheless, some personalities, chiefly journalists and particularly in foreign news bureaux, appear on both English- and French-language networks.
    +
    +While there have been attempts at corporate branding, including using “SRC” as the main French-language brand instead of “Radio-Canada,” most such efforts have failed. Moreover, the CBC has never attempted to impose the “CBC” brand on French Canada in the way the “[[BBC]]” brand has come to be used on Welsh, Gaelic, and other non-English broadcasts.
    +
    +Unlike the public broadcasters of many European nations, the CBC’s television networks and websites sell advertising and do not collect a [[television licence|licence fee]]. However, the CBC receives just under a billion dollars annually in federal funding, a source of heated debates. CBC’s radio services do not sell advertising except when required by law (for example, to political parties during federal elections).
    +
    +==Programming==
    +===Television===
    +The CBC operates two national broadcast television networks – [[CBC Television]] in English, and ''la [[Télévision de Radio-Canada]]'' in French. Both sell advertising and are otherwise similar to privately-owned networks, but offer more Canadian-produced programming. Most CBC television stations, including those in the major cities, are owned and operated by the CBC itself and carry a common schedule, aside from local programming.
    +[[Image:Mr Dressup.jpg|left|thumb|The late [[Ernie Coombs]] as/in [[Mr. Dressup]], a popular children’s show that was a fixture on CBC for nearly 30 years.]]
    +Some stations that broadcast from smaller cities are private [[affiliate]]s of the CBC, that is, stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters and air a predominantly CBC schedule. However, most affiliates of the English network opt out of some network programs to air local programming or more popular foreign programs acquired from other broadcasters. (Private affiliates of the French network, all of which are located in [[Quebec]], rarely have the means to provide alternate programming.) Such private affiliates are becoming increasingly rare.
    +
    +CBC television stations in [[Nunavut]], the [[Northwest Territories]] and [[Yukon]] tailor their programming mostly to the local native population, and broadcast in many native languages, such as [[Inuktitut]], [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]], and [[Dene]].
    +
    +One of the most popular shows on the television networks of both CBC and Radio-Canada is the weekly Saturday night broadcast of [[National Hockey League|NHL]] [[Ice hockey|hockey]] games. In English, the program is known as ''[[Hockey Night in Canada]]'', and in French, it is called ''La soirée du hockey''. Both shows have been televised since 1952. The French edition was discontinued in 2004 in Quebec, although Radio-Canada still simulcasts some games from [[Réseau des sports|RDS]] outside Quebec.
    +
    +Ratings for CBC Television have declined in recent years, perhaps due to an increased focus on [[Canadian content]], programming that rarely does well in [[English Canada]] against sleeker American productions. In [[Quebec]], where the majority speaks [[French language|French]], ''la Télévision de Radio-Canada'' is popular and garners some of the highest ratings in the province.
    +
    +Both terrestrial networks have also begun to roll out [[high-definition television]] feeds, with selected [[NHL]] and [[Canadian Football League|CFL]] games produced in HD for the English network.
    +
    +===Cable services===
    +The CBC operates three specialty television channels – [[CBC Newsworld]], an English-language news channel; [[Réseau de l'information|RDI]], a French-language news channel; and [[CBC Country Canada]], a [[Category 1 channels (Canada)|Category 1]] digital service. It owns a managing interest in the francophone arts service [[ARTV]], and recently announced plans to buy the outstanding majority (82%) of [[Documentary Channel]], pending CRTC approval.
    +
    +===Radio===
    +{{Main|CBC Radio}}
    +CBC Radio has four separate services, two in English, known as [[CBC Radio One]] and [[CBC Radio Two]], and two in French, known as ''[[La Première Chaîne]]'' and ''[[Espace Musique]]''. CBC Radio One and ''La Première Chaîne'' focus on [[news]] and information programming, but they air some music programs, variety shows, comedy, and sports programming. Historically, CBC Radio One has broadcast primarily on the [[AM radio|AM band]], but many stations have moved over to [[FM Radio|FM]]. CBC Radio Two and ''Espace Musique'', found exclusively on FM, air arts and cultural programming, with a focus on [[music]] (mostly [[European classical music|classical]]).
    +
    +CBC Radio also operates two [[shortwave]] services. One, [[Radio Nord Quebec]], broadcasts domestically to Northern Quebec on a static frequency of 9625 [[Kilohertz|kHz]], and the other, [[Radio Canada International]], provides broadcasts to the [[United States]] and around the world in eight languages. Additionally, the Radio One stations in [[St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John’s]] and [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver]] operate shortwave relay transmitters, broadcasting at 6160 kHz. Some have [http://cbc.am/cbc-src.htm suggested] that CBC/Radio-Canada create a new high power shortwave [[Digital Radio Mondiale|digital]] radio service for more effective coverage of isolated areas.
    +
    +In November, 2004, the CBC, in partnership with [[Standard Broadcasting]] and [[Sirius Satellite Radio]], applied to the CRTC for a license to introduce [[satellite radio]] service to Canada. The [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] approved the subscription radio application, as well as two others for satellite radio service, on [[June 16]], [[2005]]. [[Sirius Canada]] launched on December 1, 2005, with a number of CBC Radio channels, including the new services [[CBC Radio 3]] and ''[[Bandeapart]]''.
    +
    +===Internet===
    +The CBC has two main websites. One is in English, at [http://www.cbc.ca/ CBC.ca], which was established in 1996[http://www.cbc.ca/10th/]; the other is in French, at [http://www.radio-canada.ca/ Radio-Canada.ca] (or [http://www.src.ca/ SRC.ca]).
    +
    +====Internet history====
    +
    +* In 1993, CBC launched an experimental web service, followed by a small site supporting CBC Radio and a site supporting the CBC Halifax TV program ''[[Street Cents]]''.
    +* In 1995, CBC consolidated its English radio and TV sites into a single site.
    +* In 1996, it began offering 24-hour live streaming of its radio services[http://www.cbc.ca/listen/index.html] using RealAudio.
    +* In 1997, CBC launched CBC Kids[http://cbc.ca/kids] and covered its first federal election online.
    +* In 1998, it launched an online news service.[http://www.cbc.ca/news]
    +* In 2000, the CBC launched a wireless service and [[CBC Radio 3]], an Internet-exclusive broadband magazine. Radio 3 provides streaming audio devoted to youth culture and independent music and is operated by CBC Radio. [[As of 2005]], production of the magazine was suspended, although the site continues in [[podcast]] format and some of its programming still airs as a Saturday-evening show on Radio Two. ''[[Bandeapart]]'' is the [[French language|French]] equivalent and also airs content as a weekend program on ''Espace Musique''. Both services launched as full channels on [[Sirius Canada]] in December 2005 and are also available to U.S. [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]] subscribers.
    +
    +====Awards====
    +
    +In 2003, CBC won an [[Online News Association]] award in the “service journalism” category for its coverage of the SARS epidemic. In 2004, CBC.ca was the only organization to win two awards from the Online News Association – one in the “specialty journalism” category for [http://www.cbc.ca/canadavotes Canada Votes], its coverage of the 2004 Canadian federal election, and one in the “service journalism” category for ADR Database, a project from the CBC News investigative unit. CBC.ca was also a finalist in the “online commentary” category for [http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/words/ “Words: Woes and Wonder,”] a series of columns about the English language.
    +
    +In 2004, CBC began offering RSS feeds, and in 2005, it launched a new online [http://www.cbc.ca/arts arts and entertainment magazine].
    +
    +CBC/Radio-Canada also offers an extensive, free [http://www.cbc.ca/archives Archives] service showcasing pivotal moments in Canadian history from the 1930s on. Over 8,000 online clips and interviews from news and information programs provide an in-depth look at Canada’s past.
    +
    +In 2006, CBC.ca underwent another redesign after extensive study, with improvements to [[Web standards|standards compliance]].
    +
    +===Podcasting===
    +In 2005, CBC began [[podcasting]] some of its programs as a pilot project, including [[CBC Radio One]]’s national science and technology program, ''[[Quirks and Quarks]]''; [[CBC Radio Three|CBC Radio 3]]’s ''Canadian Music Podcast''; and limited podcasting of [[CBLA-FM|CBLA]]’s popular ''[[Metro Morning]]'' show.
    +
    +In May 2006, CBC added several more [http://www.cbc.ca/podcasting/ podcasts], including ''[[Dispatches (radio program)|Dispatches]]''; best-of editions of ''[[Outfront]]'', ''[[As It Happens]]'', ''[[Ideas (radio show)|Ideas]]'', ''[[The Current]]'' and ''[[Definitely Not the Opera]]''; weekly podcasts from regional radio stations' and ''Editor’s Choice'', a daily showcase of notable network programming.
    +
    +==Other ventures==
    +===Audio services===
    +CBC/Radio-Canada offers a 24-hour, 45-channel digital audio service known as [[Galaxie (radio)|Galaxie]]. The service is available on [[digital cable]] and [[direct broadcast satellite]] television providers across Canada. Some cable companies, as well as [[direct broadcast satellite]] service provider [[StarChoice]], carry only 20 of these 45 channels alongside [[MaxTrax]], a competing 20-channel digital music service offered by [[Corus Entertainment]].
    +
    +==CBC in other countries==
    +===Newsworld International===
    +From 1994 to 2000, the CBC, in a venture with [[Power Corporation of Canada|Power Broadcasting]] (former owner of [[CKWS]]–TV in [[Kingston, Ontario]]), jointly owned two networks:
    +
    +# [[Newsworld International]] (NWI), an [[United States|American]] cable channel that rebroadcast much of the programming of CBC Newsworld
    +# [[Trio channel|Trio]], an arts and entertainment channel
    +
    +In 2000, CBC and Power Broadcasting sold these channels to [[Barry Diller]]’s [[USA Networks]]. Diller’s company was later acquired by [[Vivendi Universal]], which in turn was partially acquired by [[NBC]] to form [[NBC Universal]]. NBC Universal still owns the Trio brand, which no longer has any association with the CBC (and, as of the end of 2005, became an Internet-only broadband channel). However, the CBC continued to program NWI, with much of its programming simulcast on the domestic Newsworld service.
    +
    +In late 2004, as a result of a further change in NWI’s ownership to the [[INdTV]] consortium (including [[Joel Hyatt]] and former [[Vice-President of the United States]] [[Al Gore]]), NWI ceased airing CBC programming on [[August 1]], [[2005]], when it was renamed [[Current TV]].
    +
    +===U.S. border audiences===
    +In U.S. border communities such as [[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]], [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]], and [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], CBC radio and television stations can be received [[terrestrial television|over-the-air]] and have a significant audience. Such a phenomenon also takes place within Great Lakes communities such as [[Ashtabula, Ohio]] and [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], which receives programming from CBC’s [[London, Ontario]] transmitter, depending on prevailing atmospheric conditions over [[Lake Erie]].
    +
    +Some CBC programming is also rebroadcast on local radio, such as [[New Hampshire Public Radio]]. CBC television channels are available on cable systems located near the Canadian border. For example, [[CBET]] [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] is available on cable systems in the [[Toledo, Ohio]] area.
    +
    +CBC television’s U.S. viewers appreciate CBC’s news programs including ''[[The National]]'' and ''[[the fifth estate|The Fifth Estate]]''; comedy programs including ''[[Royal Canadian Air Farce]]'', ''[[The Red Green Show]]'' and ''[[This is Wonderland]]''; and [[United Kingdom|British]] programs ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Emmerdale]]'', and the 2005 series of ''[[Doctor Who]]'', which aired on CBC before it did in the U.S. ''[[Hockey Night in Canada]]'' is widely preferred to American television’s NHL coverage in the border states and has a loyal following. CBC’s [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] coverage is also well-received, as it provides an alternative to [[NBC]]’s coverage, which, some have alleged, focuses too much on American athletes. CBC’s Olympic coverage is also live, compared to NBC’s tape delay.
    +
    +At night, the AM radio transmissions of both CBC and SRC services can be received over much of the northern portion of the [[United States]], from stations such as [[CBE (AM)|CBE]] in [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[CBW (AM)|CBW]] in [[Winnipeg]], [[CBK (AM)|CBK]] in [[Saskatchewan]], and [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] in [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]].
    +
    +===Carriage of CBC News===
    +On [[September 11]], [[2001]], several American broadcasters without their own news operations, including [[C-SPAN]], carried the CBC’s coverage of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] in [[New York City]] and [[Washington, DC]]. In the days after September 11, C-SPAN carried CBC’s nightly newscast, ''[[The National]]'', anchored by [[Peter Mansbridge]]. The quality of this coverage was recognized specifically by the [[Canadian Journalism Foundation]]; editor-in-chief [[Tony Burman]] later accepted the Excellence in Journalism Award (2004) – for “rigourous professional practice, accuracy, originality and public accountability” – on behalf of the service.
    +
    +C-SPAN has also carried CBC’s coverage of major events affecting Canadians, including:
    +
    +* [[Canadian federal election]]s
    +* Six days in September 2000 that marked the [[death and state funeral of Pierre Elliott Trudeau]]
    +* The [[2003 invasion of Iraq|war in Iraq]]: ''The National'' aired on C-SPAN each night for about 3 weeks following the start of the war on Iraq
    +* The [[2003 North America blackout|power outage crisis]] in summer 2003
    +* Key proceedings in [[Canadian Parliament]]
    +* [[U.S. presidential election]]s: In 2004, C-SPAN picked up ''The National'' the day after the election for the view from Canadians
    +* State visits and official visits of [[President of United States|American presidents]] to Canada
    +
    +Several [[PBS]] stations also air some CBC programming, especially ''[[The Red Green Show]]''. However, these programs are syndicated by independent distributors and are not governed by the PBS “common carriage” policy.
    +
    +===CBC Radio===
    +Some CBC Radio One programs, such as ''[[Definitely Not the Opera]]'' and ''[[As It Happens]]'', also air on some stations associated with [[American Public Media]].
    +
    +With the launch of [[Sirius Canada]] in December of 2005, radio networks (including Radio Canada International and Sirius-exclusive Radio Three and ''Bandeapart'' channels) are available to [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]] subscribers in the United States.
    +
    +===Caribbean and Bermuda===
    +Several Caribbean nations carry feeds of CBC TV:
    +
    +*[[Bahamas]], on the CoralWave (Cable Bahamas) TV system in the Northern Bahamas (Channel 8)
    +*[[Barbados]], on the [[Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation]] [[Multi-Choice TV (Barbados)|Multi-Choice TV]] Cable system (Channel 703)
    +*[[Trinidad and Tobago]], on the [[Columbus Communications]] Trinidad Ltd. (CCTL) TV system
    +*[[Bermuda]], on the CableVision digital cable service
    +
    +==Public versus private ownership==
    +Controversies within the broadcast industry will often ensue when the CBC launches new services in areas where private broadcasters already do business or wish to do business. The [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC), which decides which new broadcast licenses will be granted, is, like the CBC, a government body. The head of the CBC and the commissioners of the CRTC are all selected by the Prime Minister, causing some private broadcasters to suspect favouritism for the CBC.
    +
    +Many believe the CBC acts as a necessary counterbalance to what they perceive to be the big business [[right-wing]] bias of private networks, or that it preserves [[Canadian culture]] against the homogenizing influence of rebroadcast American programming. Canadians continue to poll in favour of maintaining funding to the CBC. As it was initially conceived, the CBC ensures that Canadian stations act as more than just affiliates broadcasting foreign content. The Canadian government attempts to balance funding inequities between private and public networks by providing large subsidies for private production of Canadian content.
    +
    +For instance, the CBC was given the first license for an all-news [[specialty service]], [[CBC Newsworld]]. As with other specialty services, that decision automatically precluded any other new service, with a similar format of news and analysis, from launching. When the privately owned headline news service [[CTV Newsnet]] launched in 1997, it was restricted by condition of licence to using a constant 15-minute news cycle. Critics of the CBC contend CRTC favouritism is shown by the fact that [[CBC Newsworld]] has not faced equal threats of sanctions over its airing of programs outside the “all-news” format, such as the BBC version of ''[[Antiques Roadshow]]''. In fact, ''Roadshow'', which may be classified as a documentary series, does technically fall within Newsworld’s permitted range, while comedy series such as ''[[This Hour Has 22 Minutes]]'' and ''[[Royal Canadian Air Farce]]'' were [http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/Decisions/1997/DB97-575.htm removed] from the Newsworld schedule in 1997 after complaints from private broadcasters, despite both programs’ focus on current events.
    +
    +The CBC had directly intervened in every application by CTV to change the restrictions on Newsnet up to the [http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2005/db2005-131.htm final decision by the CRTC], which largely removed the restrictions in 2005. However, the CBC is not unique in this, as it is common for broadcasters to intervene against one another in licensing decisions. The Canadian market is relatively small and some broadcasters feel it cannot support the free-market approach of the U.S. They argue it is better to favour a specific broadcaster in certain areas, so at least one Canadian channel will be able to prosper.
    +
    +Other allegations of favouritism have centred on, for instance, the awarding of prized radio frequencies (i.e. for [[CBLA|CBLA-FM]] in [[Toronto]]). By the same token, though, not all of the CBC’s applications are automatically approved; at one point the CBC asked for use of a similarly prized [[Montreal]] frequency in order to begin a third French radio network, but was denied in favour of a private broadcaster. Many groups that receive favourable decisions by the CRTC have been accused at some point of having secured favouritism from the commission.
    +
    +==Closed captioning==
    +CBC Television was an early leader in broadcasting programming with [[closed captioning]] for [[deaf]] and [[hard-of-hearing]] viewers, airing its first captioned programming in 1981 http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/history/1980s.shtml. Canadian programming that was also captioned in Canada began with the airing of ''Clown White'' in English- and French-language versions on CBC Television and Radio-Canada, respectively. (Most sources list that event as occurring in 1981 http://collections.ic.gc.ca/cbc/radiotv/decades/1980/br.html, while others list the year as 1982 http://www.cab-acr.ca/english/social/captioning/captioning.pdf#search=%22%22clown%20white%22%20captioning%22).
    +
    +In 1997, Henry Vlug, a deaf lawyer in Vancouver, filed a complaint with the [[Canadian Human Rights Commission]] alleging that an absence of captioning on some programming on CBC Television and Newsworld infringed on his rights as a person with a disability. A ruling in 2000 by the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, which later heard the case, sided with Vlug and found that an absence of captioning constituted discrimination on the basis of disabilityhttp://www.chrt-tcdp.gc.ca/search/view_html.asp?doid=271&lg=_e&isruling=0. The Tribunal ordered CBC Television and Newsworld to caption the entirety of their broadcast days, “including television shows, commercials, promos and unscheduled news flashes, from signon until signoff.”
    +
    +The ruling recognized that “there will inevitably be glitches with respect to the delivery of captioning” but that “[t]he rule should be full captioning.” In a negotiated settlement to avoid appealing the ruling to the [[Federal Court of Canada]], CBC agreed to commence 100% captioning on CBC Television and Newsworld beginning November 1, 2002[http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fmedia%5Froom%2Fnews%5Freleases%2Den%2Easp&id=247. CBC Television and Newsworld are apparently the only broadcasters in the world required to caption the entire broadcast day. However, published evidence asserts that CBC is not providing the 100% captioning ordered by the Tribunalhttp://joeclark.org/access/captioning/CBC/background/.
    +
    +In 2004, retired Canadian Senator [[Jean-Robert Gauthier]], a hard-of-hearing person, filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission against Radio-Canada concerning captioning, particularly the absence of real-time captioning on newscasts and other live programming. As part of the settlement process, Radio-Canada agreed to submit a report on the state of captioning, especially real-time captioning, on Radio-Canada and [[Réseau de l’information|RDI]]http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fwhats%5Fnew%2Fdefault%2Den%2Easp&id=289. The report, which was the subject of some criticism, proposed an arragement with [[La Cité collégiale|Cité Collégiale]], a community college in Ottawa, to train more French-language real-time captioners http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/client/site/includes/print.asp?lang=en&print=1&url=%2Fmedia%5Froom%2Ftoc%5Ftdm%2Den%2Easp,http://joeclark.org/access/captioning/CBC/background/Gauthier/
    +
    +English-language [[List of Canadian specialty services|specialty networks]] owned or co-owned by CBC, including [[CBC Country Canada|Country Canada]] and the [[Documentary Channel]], have the lower captioning requirements typical of larger Canadian broadcasters (90% of the broadcast day by the end of both networks’ licence termshttp://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/eng/Decisions/2000/DB2000-453.htm http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-455.htm). [[ARTV]], the French-language specialty network co-owned by CBC, has a maximum captioning requirement of 53% http://www.crtc.gc.ca/archive/ENG/Decisions/2000/DB2000-386.htm.
    +
    +==Accusations of bias==
    +Critics, often led by private media, sometimes accuse the network of cultural elitism, [[liberal bias]], or bias in favour of the Liberal or New Democratic Parties of Canada. The CBC is also sometimes thought to have an unfair economic advantage in the Canadian television marketplace because it competes with private broadcasters for advertising dollars while receiving government funding. Think tanks such as the [[Fraser Institute]] have frequently criticized this arrangement, and say it results in journalism that favours the political party willing to allocate it the most funds.
    +
    +Numerous members of the [[Canadian Alliance]] Party complained of biased CBC reporting against their party in the [[Canadian federal election, 2000|2000 Canadian federal election]]. One website, [http://www.cbcwatch.ca/ CBC Watch], has been exclusively dedicated to criticism of the public broadcaster. Organizations such as [[Canadian Free Press]] are consistently critical of CBC. [[Friends of Canadian Broadcasting]] is often critical of the CBC, but rarely over matters of bias.
    +
    +==Nicknames==
    +As the oldest currently operating Canadian broadcaster, and still the largest in terms of national availability of its various networks, the nickname “Mother Corp” and variants thereof are sometimes used in reference to the CBChttp://www.playbackmag.com/articles/magazine/20000807/29764.html.
    +
    +A popular satirical nickname for the CBC, commonly used in the pages of ''[[Frank (magazine)|Frank]]'', is “the Corpse”.
    +
    +There is an [[urban legend]] that a CBC announcer once referred to the network on the air as the “Canadian Broadcorping Castration,” which also sometimes remains in use as a satirical nickname. Quotations of the supposed [[spoonerism]] are wildly variable in detail on what was said, when it was said or even who the announcer was, but there is no evidence to confirm its existence.
    +
    +Many people, including [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] candidate [[Joe Spina]], referred to it as “the “Communist Broadcasting Corporation”” for the supposed left-wing bias in its news coverage. Conversely, some have referred to the CBC as the “Corporate Broadcasting Corporation” for an alleged [[free market]] bias, though the CBC is, in part, publicly funded http://thetyee.ca/Mediacheck/2006/01/06/CBCHitPiece/.
    +
    +The CBC was also jokingly called [[BBC Canada]] during the 2005 lockout due to the large amount of British content then aired in place of the regular schedule.
    +
    +==Labour problems==
    +On [[15 August]] [[2005]], 5,500 employees of the CBC (about 90%) were [[lock out|locked out]] by CBC CEO [[Robert Rabinovitch]] in a dispute over future hiring practices. At issue were the rules governing the hiring of contract workers in preference to full time hires. The locked-out employees were members of the [[Canadian Media Guild]], representing all production, journalistic and on-air personnel outside [[Quebec]] and [[Moncton, New Brunswick|Moncton]], including several foreign correspondents. While CBC services continued during the lockout, they were comprised primarily of repeats, with news programming from the [[BBC]] and newswires. Major CBC programs such as ''The National'' and ''Royal Canadian Air Farce'' were not produced during the lockout. Meanwhile, the locked-out employees produced podcasts and websites such as ''[http://www.cbcunplugged.com CBCunplugged.com]'', which many credited with swaying public opinion to the union’s side.
    +
    +After a hiatus, talks re-opened. In addition, the Canadian public was becoming irritated with the loss of quality of their publicly funded service. On [[September 23]], the [[Joe Fontana|federal minister of labour]] called Robert Rabinovitch and Arnold Amber (the president of the CBC branch of the [[Canadian Media Guild]]) to his office for talks aimed at ending the dispute.
    +
    +Late in the evening of [[October 2]], [[2005]], it was announced that the CBC management and staff had reached a tentative deal which resulted in the CBC returning to normal operations on [[October 11]]. Some speculated that the looming [[October 8]] start date for the network’s most important television property, ''[[Hockey Night in Canada]]'', had acted as an additional incentive to resolve the dispute.
    +
    +The CBC has been struck by a number of other labour disputes since the late 1990s:
    +
    +*In early 1999, CBC technicians in all locations outside [[Quebec]] and [[Moncton, New Brunswick|Moncton]] (for both English and French networks), members of the [[Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada]], [http://cbc.radio-canada.ca/newsreleases/19990217.shtml went on strike.] The [[Canadian Media Guild]] was set to strike as well, but the CBC [http://www.playbackmag.com/articles/magazine/19990405/25116.html settled] with both unions.
    +
    +*A similar dispute, again involving all technicians outside Quebec and Moncton, [http://www.cep.ca/press/cepnews_e.php?id=102 occurred] in late 2001 and concluded by the end of the year.
    +
    +*In spring 2002, on-air staff in Quebec and Moncton (again, on both English and French networks) were [http://blogue-out.com/lockout/ locked out] by local management, leaving, among other things, [[NHL]] playoff games [http://www.bostonradio.org/nerw/nerw-020603.html without commentary] on French television.
    +
    +While all labour disputes resulted in cut-back programming and numerous repeat airings, the 2005 lockout may have been the most damaging to CBC. All local programming in the affected regions was cancelled and replaced by abbreviated national newscasts and national radio morning shows. [[BBC World]] (television) and [[BBC World Service|World Service]] (radio) and [[Broadcast News]] feeds were used to provide the remainder of original news content, and the CBC website was comprised mainly of rewritten wire copy. Some BBC staff protested against their material being used during the CBC lockout. “The [[National Union of Journalists|NUJ]] and [[Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union|BECTU]] will not tolerate their members’ work being used against colleagues in Canada,” said a joint statement by BBC unions. The CMG [http://www.cmg.ca/cbcnegsmediaEN.html#BBC questioned] whether, with its limited Canadian news content, the CBC was meeting its legal requirements under the [[Broadcasting Act]] and its [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] licences.
    +
    +[[Galaxie (radio)|Galaxie]] supplied some music content for the radio networks. Tapes of previously aired or produced documentaries, interviews and entertainment programs were also aired widely. Selected television sports coverage, including that of the [[Canadian Football League]], continued, but without commentary.
    +
    +As before, French-language staff outside of Quebec were also affected by the 2005 lockout, although with Quebec producing the bulk of the French networks’ programming, those networks were not as visibly affected by the dispute apart from local programs.
    +
    +===Unions===
    +Unions represented at CBC/Radio-Canada include[http://cbcnegotiations.ca/English/About-CBCs-Unions.html]:
    +
    +* [[Canadian Media Guild]] ([http://cmg.ca CMG]) represents on-air, production, technical, administrative and support staff outside of Quebec and Moncton
    +* Association of Professionals and Supervisors ([http://www.apscbcsrc.org/ APS])
    +* American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada ([http://www.afm.org/ AFM])
    +* Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (performers; [http://www.actra.ca ACTRA])
    +* International Alliance of Theatrical, Stage Employees and Moving Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada (stagehands; [http://www.iatse-intl.org/ IATSE])
    +* Writers Guild of Canada ([http://www.writersguildofcanada.com/ WGC])
    +* ''Association des réalisateurs'' ([http://www.arrq.qc.ca/html/index.html AR])
    +* ''Syndicat des communications de Radio-Canada'' ([http://www.scrc.qc.ca/sections.php SCRC])
    +* ''Société des auteurs de la radio, de la télévision et du cinéma'' ([http://www.sacd.fr/ SARTeC])
    +* ''Syndicat Canadien de la fonction publique, Conseil des sections locales, Groupe des employé(e)s de bureau et professionnel(le)s'' ([http://www.scfp.ca/ SCFP])
    +* ''Société professionnelle des auteurs-compositeurs du Québec'' ([http://www.spacq.qc.ca/html/ SPACQ])
    +* ''Syndicat des technicien(ne)s et des artisan(e)s du réseau français'' ([http://www.starfmtl.qc.ca/ STARF])
    +* ''Union des artistes'' ([http://www.uniondesartistes.com/ UDA]
    +
    +==CBC Bureaus==
    +
    +CBC has reporters stationed in the following cities. Main cities are listed in bold, with the notation ''(M)''.
    +
    +* '''[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Moncton, New Brunswick]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Montreal, Quebec]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Quebec City, Quebec]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Toronto, Ontario]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Ottawa, Ontario]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Winnipeg, Manitoba]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Regina, Saskatchewan]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Edmonton, Alberta]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Calgary, Alberta]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Vancouver, British Columbia]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Yellowknife, Northwest Territories]] (M)'''
    +* [[Victoria, British Columbia]]
    +* [[Kelowna, British Columbia]]
    +* [[Fredericton, New Brunswick]]
    +* [[London, Ontario]]
    +* [[Thunder Bay, Ontario]]
    +* [[Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island]]
    +* [[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan]]
    +* [[Whitehorse, Yukon]]
    +* [[Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
    +* [[Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador]]
    +* [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]]
    +
    +===International===
    +* '''[[London|London, United Kingdom]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Paris|Paris, France]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Washington, D.C.]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[New York City|New York, New York]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[United Nations headquarters|United Nations headquarters, New York]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Jerusalem|Jerusalem, Israel]] (M)'''
    +* '''[[Moscow|Moscow, Russia]] (M)'''
    +* [[Beirut, Lebanon]]
    +* [[Beijing, China]]
    +* [[Shanghai, China]]
    +
    +CBC also uses satellite bureaux, with reporters who fly in when a story occurs outside of the bureaus. In the late 1990s, the CBC and other media outlets cut back their overseas operations.
    +
    +==Presidents==
    +[[Image:CBC building, Ottawa.JPG|right|thumb|250px|[[CBC Ottawa Broadcast Centre]] in [[Ottawa]]]]
    +[[image:cbc-bldg.jpg|right|thumb|[[Maison de Radio-Canada]] in [[Montreal]]]]
    +[[Image:CBC Centre.JPG|right|thumb|[[Canadian Broadcasting Centre]] in [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]]]]
    +* 1936–1939: [[Leonard Brockington]]
    +* 1940–1944: [[René Morin]]
    +* 1944–1945: [[Howard B. Chase]]
    +* 1945–1958: [[Arnold Davidson Dunton|A. Davidson Dunton]]
    +* 1958–1967: [[J. Alphonse Ouimet]]
    +* 1968–1972: [[George Forrester Davidson|George F. Davidson]]
    +* 1972–1975: [[Laurent Picard|Laurent A. Picard]]
    +* 1975–1982: [[A.W. Johnson]]
    +* 1982–1989: [[Pierre Juneau]]
    +* 1989: [[William T. Armstrong]]
    +* 1989–1994: [[Gérard Veilleux]]
    +* 1994–1995: [[Anthony S. Manera]]
    +* 1995–1999: [[Perrin Beatty]]
    +* 1999–Present: [[Robert Rabinovitch]]
    +
    +==Personalities==
    +{{See also|List of Canadian Broadcasting Corporation personalities}}
    +===Widely known CBC alumni===
    +* [[Dan Aykroyd]], ''[[Coming Up Rosie]]'', as Purvis Bickle
    +* [[Denise Bombardier]], hosted, among others, the shows ''Présent international'', ''Le point'', ''Noir sur blanc'' (1979-1983) and ''Trait-d’union'' (1987-1988)
    +* [[Bill Cameron]], correspondent and anchor
    +* [[John Candy]], ''[[Coming Up Rosie]]'', as Wally Wypyzypywchuk
    +* [[Adrienne Clarkson]] – former [[Governor General of Canada]] hosted shows such as ''[[Take 30]]'' and ''[[the fifth estate]]''.
    +* [[Joan Donaldson]] – former journalist and producer of [[CBC Newsworld]]
    +* [[Dave Foley]], ''[[Kids in the Hall]]'', from 1989-1994
    +* [[Michael J. Fox]], ''[[The Master (The Magic Lie)|The Master]]'', in ''[[The Magic Lie]]'' series, 1978
    +* [[Barbara Frum]], host of ''[[As It Happens]]'' (1971-1981) and ''[[The Journal]]'' (1982-1992)
    +* [[Lorne Greene]], CBC’s chief radio announcer (1939-1942), covering much of [[World War II]]
    +* [[Jay Ingram]] hosted [[Quirks and Quarks]] from 1979 to 1992
    +* [[Judith Jasmin]] started working for Radio-Canada in the late 1940s, co-hosted ''Carrefour'' with [[René Lévesque]] on Radio-Canada/Radio, hosted ''Reportage'' and ''Conférence de presse'', she became the first woman named foreign correspondent for Radio-Canada at the [[UN]] (1966), and then in [[Washington, DC]].
    +* [[Michaëlle Jean]], [[Governor General of Canada]] Hosted the documentary series ''[[The Passionate Eye]]'' and ''[[Grands Reportages]]'', and produced and hosted individual documentary films
    +* [[Peter Jennings]] – At age nine he hosted a kids’ program called ''Peter’s People'' on CBC Radio in Ottawa [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1123500770880_17/?hub=CTVNewsAt11]
    +* [[Kristen Kreuk]], ''Laurel Yeung'', in the teen soap ''[[Edgemont (TV series)|Edgemont]]'', 2001
    +* [[René Lecavalier]], war correspondent ([[World War II]]), then hosted ''[[La soirée du Hockey]]'' from its beginning on Radio-Canada television on October 11, 1952 ([[Montreal Canadiens]] vs. [[Detroit Red Wings]]) until the 1970s
    +* [[René Lévesque]], journalist for [[Radio-Canada]] from after [[World War II]] (during which he served as war correspondent for the [[US Army]]) to 1960, covering such events as the [[Korean War]] (1951–1953) and hosting ''[[Point de mire]]''. He moved on, becoming a prominent cabinet minister in [[Quebec]]’ [[Jean Lesage]] Liberal Government (1960), and later [[Premier of Quebec]] ([[Parti Québécois]], 1976).
    +* [[Mark McKinney]], ''[[Kids in the Hall]]'', from 1989-1994
    +* [[Lorne Michaels]], ''[[The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour]]'' (1970-1971)
    +* [[Anne Murray]], on ''Singalong Jubilee'', in the 1960’s.
    +* [[Mike Myers (actor)|Mike Myers]], ''[[Range Ryder and the Calgary Kid]]'', 1977, and a guest role on ''[[King of Kensington]]''
    +* [[Knowlton Nash]], has hosted a variety of shows on CBC.
    +* [[Catherine O’Hara]], ''[[Coming Up Rosie]]'', as Myrna Wallbacker
    +* [[Christopher Plummer]] – starred in a CBC TV production of ''[[Othello]]'' in 1951 [http://www.christopher-plummer.com/astor327.html]
    +* [[Lloyd Robertson]] – Hosted ''CBC Weekend'' in 1969 and then anchored CBC’s ''[[The National]]'' from 1970 to 1976.
    +* [[Fred Rogers]] – His ''Misterogers'' (1962) CBC show became ''[[Mister Rogers Neighborhood]]'' on [[National Educational Television|NET]] (later [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]) in 1968 [http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/02/27/rogers_obit030227]
    +* [[Percy Saltzman]] – Weatherman; was the first person to have appeared on CBC Television in 1952
    +* [[Jeanne Sauvé]] – The late [[Governor General of Canada]] was a freelance journalist for CBC Radio starting in 1952.
    +* [[Lorne Saxberg]] – Original CBC Newsworld anchor
    +* [[Martin Short]], ''Peep Show'' guest in “Goldberg is Waiting” episode
    +* [[Cy Strange]] was the host of [[As It Happens]] and [[Fresh Air]] for many decades.
    +* [[Donald Sutherland]] – Started at age 14 with CBC Radio in [[Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]]
    +* [[Jan Tennant]] was the first woman to host ''[[The National]]'' when she appeared as a substitute newsreader.
    +* [[Scott Thompson]], ''[[Kids in the Hall]]'', from 1989-1994
    +* [[Alex Trebek]], ''[[Reach for the Top]]'' co-host, ''[[Strategy (game show)|Strategy]]'' host, 1969
    +* [[Pamela Wallin]], producer on CBC Radio. Her first TV work was on CTV’s ''[[Canada AM]]''. She later appeared on CBC TV, as cohost of ''[[Prime Time News]]'' and later host of ''[[Pamela Wallin Live]]''.
    +
    +==Stations==
    +* [[List of CBC television stations]]
    +
    +==See also==
    +* [[List of programs broadcast by CBC Television]]
    +* [[Media in Canada]]
    +* [[Radio Canada International]]
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.cbc.ca/ CBC (English)]
    +*[http://www.radio-canada.ca/ Radio-Canada (French)]
    +*[http://www.galaxie.ca/ Galaxie]
    +*[http://www.newmusiccanada.com/ New Music Canada]
    +*[http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/ CBC/Radio-Canada corporate website]
    +*[http://www.insidethecbc.com/ Inside The CBC] – The official [[blog]] of the CBC
    +*From the [http://archives.cbc.ca/ CBC Digital Archives]:
    +**[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1631/science_technology/early_radio-tv/ Canada Tunes In: Radio and TV’s Early Years]
    +**[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-41-1289/sports/olympics_cbc/ 50 Years of Olympic Broadcasting]
    +*From the [http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/index2.html Canadian Communications Foundation’s website]:
    +**[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CNR.html Canada’s First Network: CNR Radio]
    +**[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CRBC.html The Birth and Death of the CRBC]
    +**[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CBC_Radio.html CBC English Radio Networks]
    +**[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CBC_Radio_French-English.html Radio-Canada French Radio Network]
    +**[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CBC_Television.html CBC Television Network]
    +**[http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_SRC_Television.html SRC Television Network]
    +
    +
    +
    +[[Category:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|*]]
    +[[Category:1936 establishments]]
    +[[Category:Canadian podcasters]]
    +[[Category:Communications in Canada]]
    +[[Category:Crown corporations of Canada]]
    +[[Category:News websites]]
    +[[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]
    +
    +[[de:CBC/Radio-Canada]]
    +[[es:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
    +[[fr:Radio-Canada]]
    +[[gl:CBC]]
    +[[io:CBC]]
    +[[id:CBC]]
    +[[nl:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
    +[[ja:カナダ放送協会]]
    +[[simple:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
    +[[fi:CBC]]
    +[[zh:加拿大廣播公司]]
    2013-03-18 07:53:26 90746433 Addbot VolkovBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3127123]] NaN
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    +++ \n
    @@ -1,142 +1,158 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_Politician
    -| name = Jacob Stout
    -| image = Delaware state seal.png
    -| caption = '''Governor of Delaware'''
    -| birth_date = [[1764]]
    -| birth_place = [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], [[Delaware]]
    -| residence = [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], [[Delaware]]
    -| death_date = [[November 1|November]] [[1857]]
    -| death_place = [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], [[Delaware]]
    -| office = [[Governor of Delaware|Governor ]] ([[1820]]–[[1821]])
    -| salary =
    -| term =
    -| predecessor =
    -| successor =
    -| party = [[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]]
    -| religion = [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America|Presbyterian]]
    -| spouse = Angelica Killen
    -| children =
    -| website =
    -| footnotes =
    -}}
    +Here follows a list of notable people associated with '''[[Bowdoin College]]''' in [[Brunswick, Maine]]. This list includes alumni, faculty, and honorary degree recipients.

    -'''Jacob Stout''' ([[1764]] – [[November 1|November]], [[1857]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[manufacturer]] and [[politician]] from [[Little Creek Hundred]], in [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], [[Delaware]]. He was a member of the [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist Party]], who served in the [[Delaware General Assembly]] and as [[Governor of Delaware|Acting Governor of Delaware]].
    +==Distinguished Graduates==

    -==Early life and family==
    -Stout was born in [[1764]] probably in [[Little Creek Hundred]], [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]], [[Delaware]], son of Jacob Emanuel and Mary Griffin Stout. His ancestors came to [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]] from [[New Jersey]] in the 17th century. Like many in the area, his father was a reluctant revolutionary in [[1776]], but later served six years in the [[Delaware General Assembly]]. Jacob Stout married Angelica Killen in [[1795]] and had four children, Mary, William, Henry, Sarah Ann, and William Jacob. The exact location of their home is debated. Some say it was north of [[Leipsic, Delaware|Leipsic]] and others say it was west of it, on the Cheswold Road. It was nearby in any case, as he was one of the founders of [[Leipsic, Delaware|Leipsic]]. He was also President of the [[Smyrna, Delaware|Smyrna]] Bank from [[1844]] until [[1847]]. They were members of the [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America|Presbyterian Church]].
    +===Arts & Letters===
    +[[Image:Nathaniel_Hawthorne.jpg|frame|right|[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], class of 1825]]
    +*[[Seba Smith]] 1818, humorist, creator of the fictional character Major Jack Downing
    +*[[Jacob Abbott]], 1820, academic and author of 180 books, primarily children's books{{cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896 | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | date = 1967}}
    +*[[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] 1825, world-renowned poet; professor at Bowdoin (1829-31) and [[Harvard University]] (1831-54); memorialized in the [[Poets' Corner]] at [[Westminster Abbey]]; namesake, along with Hawthorne, of Bowdoin's main library
    +*[[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] 1825, author, most notably of ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' (1850) and ''[[The House of the Seven Gables]]'' (1851); namesake, along with Longfellow, of Bowdoin's main library
    +*[[John Stevens Cabot Abbott]] 1825, biographer, most notably of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] (1855)
    +*[[John Brown Russwurm]] 1826, second black college graduate in the United States; founder of ''Freedom's Journal,'' America's first black newspaper (1827); governor of [[Maryland County]] in [[Liberia]] (1836-41)
    +*[[Charles Beecher]] 1834, author, minister, and abolitionist; brother of the author [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], the minister [[Henry Ward Beecher]], and educator [[Catharine Beecher]]
    +*[[Robert P.T. Coffin]] 1915, [[Rhodes Scholar]], winner of the [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]] (1936), and Bowdoin professor (1934-55)
    +*[[Phillips Lord]] 192?, radio personality, writer and actor
    +*[[Hodding Carter]] 1927, progressive journalist and winner of the [[Pulitzer Prize]] (1946)
    +*[[Francis Russell]] 1933, historian, best known for his work on [[Warren Harding]]
    +*[[James Bassett]] 1934, journalist and author, most notably of the best-selling novel ''[[In Harm's Way]]'' (1962)
    +*[[H. Richard Hornberger]] 1945, doctor and author, most notably of ''[[M*A*S*H (novels)|M*A*S*H]]'' (1968)
    +*[[Abelardo Morell]] 1977, photographer
    +*[[DJ Spooky|Paul "DJ Spooky" Miller]] 1992, trip-hop musician, turntablist and producer

    -Stout had a tannery in [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] and one day while bending over to check the contents of one of the tanning vats, a pet ram seized the opportunity and butted him into the vat. Supposedly Stout then commented on the impudence of the ... ram to butt the [[Governor of Delaware]] into a tanning vat. {{ref|1}}
    +===Government===
    +[[Image:Franklin_Pierce.jpg|thumb|right|200px|14th President of the United States, [[Franklin Pierce]], class of 1824]]
    +*[[George Evans]] 1815, congressman (1829-41) and senator (1841-47) from Maine
    +*[[James Bell]] 1822, senator from New Hampshire (1855-57)
    +*[[William P. Fessenden|William Fessenden]] 1823, congressman (1841-43) and senator (1854-64, 1865-69) from New Hampshire; Secretary of the Treasury under President [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1864-65)
    +*[[Franklin Pierce]] 1824, congressman (1833-37) and senator (1837-42) from New Hampshire; 14th President of the United States (1853-57); namesake of [[Franklin Pierce College]] in New Hampshire
    +*[[James Ware Bradbury]] 1825, senator from Maine (1847-53)
    +*[[Jonathan Cilley]] 1825, congressman from Maine whose death in an 1838 duel with a Kentucky congressman prompted outrage and a congressional ban on the practice [http://imaginemaine.com/Features/Archives/Cilley.html *]
    +*[[Horatio Bridge]] 1825, commodore in the US Navy; chief of the Naval Bureau of Provisions & Clothing (1854-1869)
    +*[[John Fairfield]] 1826, congressman (1835-38) and senator (1843-47) from Maine; governor of Maine (1839-43)
    +*[[Alpheus Felch]] 1827, Michigan governor (1846-47), senator from Michigan (1847-1853), professor of law at the [[University of Michigan Law School|University of Michigan]], and namesake of [[Felch Township, Michigan|Felch Township]] in Michigan
    +*[[John P. Hale|John Hale]] 1827, congressman (1843-45) and senator (1847-53) from New Hampshire; ran against [[Franklin Pierce]] 1824 as the [[Free Soil Party]] candidate for President (1852)
    +*[[Hugh McCulloch]] 1827, Secretary of the Treasury under Presidents [[Abraham Lincoln]] (1865), [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865-69) and [[Chester A. Arthur]] (1884-85)
    +*[[John Appleton]] 1834, US Minister to Bolivia (1848-49), congressman from Maine (1851-53), Assistant US Secretary of State (1857-60), and US Ambassador to Russia (1860-61)
    +*[[Samuel C. Fessenden|Samuel Fessenden]] 1834, congressman from Maine (1861-63)
    +*[[Alonzo Garcelon]] 1836, co-founder of [[Bates College]] (1855), Civil War general, Maine governor (1879-80)
    +*[[John A. Andrew|John Andrew]] 1837, Massachusetts governor (1861-66) responsible for the formation of the [[54th Massachusetts]] during the Civil War
    +*[[Lorenzo De Medici Sweat]] 1837, congressman from Maine (1863-65)
    +*[[T.A.D. Fessenden]] 1845, congressman from Maine (1862-63)
    +*[[La Fayette Grover]] 1846, Oregon governor (1871-77); congressman (1859) and senator (1877-83) from Oregon
    +*[[William P. Frye|William Frye]] 1850, congressman (1871-81) and senator (1881-1911) from Maine; played a role in the founding of [[Bates College]] (1855)
    +*[[Isaac Newton Evans]] 1851, doctor and congressman from Pennsylvania (1877-79, 1883-87)
    +*[[Paris Gibson]] 1851, senator from Montana (1901-05)
    +[[Image:George J. Mitchell.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Former Senate Majority Leader, [[George Mitchell]], class of 1954]]
    +*[[Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain]] 1852, Bowdoin College professor (1855-62), Civil War hero, Medal of Honor recipient, Maine governor (1867-71), and president of Bowdoin College (1871-83); a large statute of Chamberlain now stands at the entrance to the College
    +*[[William Drew Washburn]] 1854, congressman (1879-85) and senator (1889-95) from Minnesota
    +*[[Wilmot Brookings]] 1855, first provisional governor of the Dakota Territory; namesake of the city and county of [[Brookings, South Dakota|Brookings]], both in South Dakota
    +*[[Sumner Increase Kimball]] 1855, organizer (1878) and superindendent (1878-1916) of the [[United States Life-Saving Service|U.S. Life-Saving Service]], precursor to the [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]]
    +*[[Ellis Spear]] 1858, Civil War general, U.S. Commissioner of Patents
    +*[[Thomas Brackett Reed]] 1860, congressman from Maine (1877-99); Speaker of the House (1889-91, 1895-99)
    +*[[Charles Fletcher Johnson]] 1879, senator from Maine (1911-1917)
    +*[[Wallace H. White, Jr.|Wallace White]] 1899, congressman (1916-31) and senator (1931-49) from Maine; Senate Minority Leader (1944-47); Senate Majority Leader (1947-49)
    +*[[Ralph Owen Brewster]] 1909, Maine governor (1925-29); congressman (1935-41) and senator (1941-53) from Maine
    +*[[Paul Douglas]] 1913, professor of economics at the [[University of Chicago]] (1920-42) and senator from Illinois (1949-67)
    +*[[Sumner T. Pike|Sumner Pike]] 1913, member of the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (1940-1946) and chairman of the [[United States Atomic Energy Commission|U.S. Atomic Energy Commission]] (1946-1951)
    +*[[Horace A. Hildreth|Horrace Hildreth]] 1925, Maine governor (1944-48), US Ambassador to Pakistan (1953-57), and president of [[Bucknell University]] (1957-67)
    +*[[Joseph Fisher]] 1935, congressman from Virginia (1975-81)
    +*[[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] 1954, senator from Maine (1982-95); Senate Majority Leader (1989-95); chairman of the [[Walt Disney Corporation]] (2004-present); winner of the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1999); Chancellor of [[Queen's University, Belfast]] [http://www.qub.ac.uk/site/biogs/gmitchell.htm *]
    +*[[Thomas R. Pickering|Thomas Pickering]] 1953, US Ambassador to Jordan (1974-78), Nigeria (1981-83), El Salvador (1983-85), Israel (1985-88), the United Nations (1989-92), India (1992-93), and Russia (1993-96); recipient of thirteen honorary degrees
    +*[[William Cohen|Bill Cohen]] 1962, congressman (1972-78) and senator (1978-97) from Maine; Secretary of Defense under President [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] (1997-2001)
    +*[[Thomas H. Allen|Tom Allen]] 1967, [[Rhodes Scholar]], mayor of [[Portland, Maine|Portland]], and congressman from Maine (1996-present) [http://tomallen.house.gov/ *]
    +[[Image:Melville_Weston_Fuller_Chief_Justice_1908.jpg|thumb|right|200px|8th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, [[Melville Fuller]], class of 1853]]
    +*[[Christopher R. Hill|Christopher Hill]] 1974, US Ambassador to Macedonia (1996-99), Poland (2000-2004), and South Korea (2004-2005); Undersecretary of State and chief US negotiator with North Korea (2005-Present)
    +*[[Lawrence B. Lindsey|Lawrence Lindsey]] 1976, professor of economics at [[Harvard University|Harvard]], and economic adviser to President [[George W. Bush]] (2001-2002)
    +*[[Thomas Andrews (politician)|Tom Andrews]] 1976, congressman from Maine (1991-1995)
    +*[[Stephen Laffey]] 1984, mayor of [[Cranston, Rhode Island|Cranston]], [[Rhode Island|R.I.]] (2002-present); candidate for U.S. Senate (2006)

    -==Political career==
    -Stout served in the [[Delaware House of Representatives|State House]] for two sessions in [[1813]] and [[1814]]. He was then elected to the [[Delaware Senate|State Senate]] for two terms, beginning with the [[1815]] session and ending with the [[1820]] session when he was elected [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]]. This was done in full knowledge that he would immediately become [[Governor of Delaware|Acting Governor]], as the person recently elected to become [[Governor of Delaware|Acting Governor]], [[Henry Molleston]], had died before taking office. As part of the arrangement it was agreed that Stout would serve but one year and a special gubenatorial election would be held in [[1820]] for a two year term. He served as [[Governor of Delaware]] from [[January 18]], [[1820]] until [[January 16]], [[1821]].
    +===Law===
    +*[[Melville Weston Fuller]] 1853, 8th [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (1888-1910)
    +*[[Harold H. Burton|Harold Hitz Burton]] 1909, senator from Ohio (1941-45); associate justice of the [[US Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] (1945-1958)
    +*[[Fred Fisher (lawyer)|Fred Fisher]] 1942, [[Boston]] attorney and figure in the [[Army-McCarthy hearings]].
    +*[[Dennis J. Hutchinson]] 1969, [[Rhodes Scholar]], law clerk to US Supreme Court Justice [[William O. Douglas]], professor of law at the [[University of Chicago]], and biographer of Justice [[Byron White]] (1998)
    +*[[Christopher Wolf]] 1976, attorney for [[Joseph C. Wilson|Joseph Wilson]] and [[Valerie Plame]]
    +*Jonathan S. Piper, 1972, winner of largest arbitration in Maine history. $40 Million for Kingspan Group plc, an Irish owned company.

    -During his term in office the issue of the extension of [[slavery]] into U.S. territories became a national crises. Typically [[Delaware]] was divided on the matter. Stout and the [[General Assembly]] supported national action preventing [[slavery]]'s extension, but most of [[Delaware]]'s congressional delegation disagreed. The [[Missouri Compromise]] of [[1820]] was the final result.
    +===Science & Medicine===
    +*[[William Smyth (professor)|William Smyth]] 1822, professor of mathematics and philosophy at Bowdoin; author of popular textbooks on algebra, trigonometry, geometry and calculus (1833-59)
    +*[[Francis Robbins Upton]], mathematician and inventor; long-time associate of [[Thomas Edison]]; first student ever to receive a graduate degree from [[Princeton University|Princeton]] (1877)[http://www.princeton.edu/~seasweb/ginfo/upton.html *]
    +*[[George Edwin Lord]], doctor killed at the [[Battle of Little Big Horn]] in 1876
    +*[[Edwin Hall]] 1875, physicist, discoverer of the [[Hall effect]], used worldwide in sensors and has led more recently to the [[quantum Hall effect]], the international standard defining the [[ohm]] in electrical resistance.
    +*[[Robert Peary]] 1877, Naval officer and leader of the first expedition to reach the [[North Pole]] (1909)
    +*[[Donald B. MacMillan|Donald MacMillan]] 1898, member of the [[Robert E. Peary|Peary]] expedition and pioneering Arctic explorer [http://academic.bowdoin.edu/arcticmuseum/biographies/html/macmillan.shtml *]
    +*[[Alfred Kinsey]] 1916, sex researcher, author of the controversial [[Kinsey Reports]] (1948, 1953), professor at [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] (1920-56), and founder of the [[Institute for Sex Research]] (1947) [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/ *]

    -In [[1822]] Stout was named a Judge of the [[Court of Common Pleas]].
    +===Athletics===
    +*[[Fred Tootell]] 1923, Olympic gold medalist in the hammer throw (1924)
    +*[[Philip Good]] 1936, co-world recorld holder in the 40-, 45- and 50-meter hurdles
    +*[[Joan Benoit Samuelson]] 1979, world record holder and winner of the Boston (1979, 1983), Olympic (1984) and Chicago (1985) marathons

    -==Death and legacy==
    -Stout died in November [[1857]] at his home, probably in [[Little Creek Hundred]], [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent County]]. At first, he was buried at his home, but later was moved to the Presbyterian Cemetery, now on the grounds of the the Delaware State Museum in [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]].
    +===Business===
    +*[[Thomas W. Hyde|Thomas Hyde]] 1861, founder of [[Bath Iron Works]] (1884)
    +*[[Charles T. Ireland, Jr.|Charles Ireland, Jr.]] 1942, president of [[CBS]] (1971-72)
    +*[[Leon Gorman]] 1956, president (1967-2001) and chairman (2001-present) of [[L. L. Bean]]
    +*[[Peter Buck (restaurateur)|Peter Buck]] 196?, physicist and co-founder of the [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] sandwich chain (1965)
    +*[[Kenneth Chenault]] 1973, president (1997-2001) and CEO (2001-present) of [[American Express]]; the first African-American CEO of a [[Fortune 500]] company
    +*[[Stanley Druckenmiller]] 1975, billionaire financier and philanthropist; former business associate of [[George Soros]]
    +*[[Richard Salsman]] 1981, economist, author and lecturer
    +*[[Reed Hastings]] 1983, founder (1997) and CEO (1997-present) of [[Netflix]]

    -During the course of his long life he was involved in much activity. In addition to his political career and tannery, he was active in land reclamation and development projects, helping to lay out the road from Bombay Hook Lighthouse to [[Smyrna, Delaware|Smyrna]] and being one of the founders of the town of [[Leipsic, Delaware|Leipsic]].
    +===Academia===
    +*[[Nathan Lord]] 1809, president of [[Dartmouth College]] (1828-63) [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~presoff/succession/lord.html *]
    +*[[Alpheus S. Packard|Alpheus Packard, Sr.]] 1819, professor (1824-65) and acting president (1882-84) of Bowdoin College
    +*[[Calvin Ellis Stowe]] 1824, professor of religion at the [[Andover Theological Seminary]], [[Dartmouth College]] and Bowdoin; husband and literary agent of the author [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]
    +*[[Samuel Harris]] 1833, president of Bowdoin College (1867-71)
    +*[[Cyrus Hamlin]] 1834, co-founder of [[Robert College]] in [[Istanbul]] (1860); president of [[Middlebury College]] (1880-85)
    +*[[Henry Boynton Smith]] 1834, theologian and professor at [[Amherst College]] (1847-50) and the [[Union Theological Seminary]] (1850-74)
    +*[[Ezra Abbot]] 1840, influential biblical scholar and professor at the [[Harvard Divinity School]] (1872-1884)
    +*[[Charles Carroll Everett]] 1850, theologian and philosopher; professor at (1869-78), and dean of (1878-1900), the [[Harvard Divinity School]]
    +*[[Oliver Otis Howard]] 1850, Civil War general, commissioner of the [[Freedmen's Bureau]] (1865-72), and founder and president of [[Howard University]] (1869-74)
    +*[[William Alfred Packard]] 1851, classical scholar and professor at [[Princeton University]]
    +*[[Kenneth C.M. Sills|Kenneth Sills]] 1901, president of Bowdoin College (1918-52)
    +*[[Robert G. Albion|Robert Albion]] 1918, author and professor at [[Princeton University]] (1922-42)
    +*[[Asa Knowles]] 1930, president of [[Northeastern University, Boston|Northeastern University]] (1959-75), and namesake of the building which houses its law school
    +*[[Lawrence Lee Pelletier]] 1936, president of [[Allegheny College]], and namesake of the school's library
    +*[[Roger Howell, Jr.]] 1958, [[Rhodes Scholar]] and president of Bowdoin College (1969-78)
    +*[[Richard E. Morgan]] 1959, distinguished professor of Government at Bowdoin College (1969-present)
    +*[[Barry Mills]] 1972, president of Bowdoin College (2001-present) [http://www.bowdoin.edu/president/profile.shtml *]
    +*[[Meredith Jung-En Woo]] 1980, professor at [[Northwestern University]] (1989-2000) and the [[University of Michigan]] (2001-present); expert on Korean politics

    -{{start box}}
    -{{succession box
    -|before=[[John Clark (1761-1821)|John Clark]]
    -|title=[[Governor of Delaware]]
    -|years=[[1820]]–[[1821]]
    -|after=[[John Collins (1776-1822)|John Collins]]}}
    -{{end box}}
    +==Honorary Degree Recipients==
    +*[[Jefferson Davis]] LL.D. 1859, senator from Mississippi (1847-53, 1857-61), Secretary of War under President [[Franklin Pierce]] (1853-1857), and president of the [[Confederate States of America]] (1861-65); namesake of Bowdoin's award for excellence in government and constitutional law [http://www.hqudc.org/objectives/ *]
    +*[[Robert Frost]] Litt.D. 1926, [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning poet and professor at [[Amherst College]] (1916-38)
    +*[[Harlan Fiske Stone]] LL.D. 1944, Attorney General under President [[Calvin Coolidge]] (1924-25); Associate (1925-41) and Chief (1941-46) Justice of the Supreme Court
    +*[[N.C. Wyeth]] A.M. 1945, American artist and illustrator
    +*[[Margaret Chase Smith]] LL.D. 1952, representative (1940-49) and senator (1949-73) from Maine
    +*[[Edmund Muskie]] LL.D. 1957, Maine governor (1954-58); senator from Maine (1958-1980); Secretary of State under President [[Jimmy Carter]] (1980-81)
    +*[[Edward W. Brooke|Edward Brooke]] LL.D. 1969, senator from Massachusetts (1967-79)
    +*[[Andrew Wyeth]] D.F.A. 1970, American artist
    +*[[E. Frederic Morrow]] LL.D. 1970, first black US presidential aide; former Bowdoin undergraduate (1926-30)
    +*[[Olympia Snowe]] LL.D. 1983, representative (1979-94) and senator (1994-present) from Maine
    +*[[George H. W. Bush]] LL.D. 1982, 43rd Vice President (1981-89) and 41st President of the United States (1989-1993)
    +*[[Maya Angelou]], Litt.D. 1987, [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning poet and author
    +*[[Ken Burns]] L.H.D. 1991, director of documentaries on the [[American Civil War]] (1990), [[baseball]] (1994) and [[jazz]] (2001)
    +*[[Cornel West]] L.H.D. 1999, celebrity professor at [[Yale University|Yale]], [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Princeton University|Princeton]] [http://www.princeton.edu/~aasprog/faculty_professors.html *]
    +*[[Paul M. Simon|Paul Simon]] LL.D. 2001, congressman (1975-85) and senator (1985-97) from Illinois

    -==Public offices==
    -Before [[1831]] [[Delaware]] elections were held the first week of October. Members of the [[Delaware General Assembly|General Assembly]] took office the first week in January. The [[Delaware Senate|State Senate]] had a term of three years and the [[Delaware House of Representatives|State House]] had a term of one year. Three [[Delaware Senate|State Senators]] and seven [[Delaware House of Representatives|State Representatives]] were elected, at large, from each county. The [[Governor of Delaware|Governor]] took office the third Tuesday in January, for a term of three years.
    -
    -{{start box}}
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Office'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Type'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Location'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Party'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Elected'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Took Office'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''Left Office'''
    -| bgcolor=#cccccc | '''notes'''
    -|-
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Delaware House of Representatives|State House]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Legislature]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[1812]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 5]], [[1813]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 4]], [[1814]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA |
    -|-
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Delaware House of Representatives|State House]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Legislature]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[1813]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 4]], [[1814]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 3]], [[1815]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA |
    -|-
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Delaware Senate|State Senate]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Legislature]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[1815]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 2]], [[1816]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 5]], [[1819]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA |
    -|-
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Delaware Senate|State Senate]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Legislature]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[1818]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 5]], [[1819]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 18]], [[1820]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA |
    -|-
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Governor of Delaware|Governor]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Executive (government)|Executive]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[Dover, Delaware|Dover]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[United States Federalist Party|Federalist]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[1822]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 18]], [[1820]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | [[January 16]], [[1821]]
    -| bgcolor=#EEEEAA | Acting
    -{{end box}}
    -
    -==Notes==
    -{{note|1}}{{Book reference | Author=Martin, Roger A. | Title=A History of Delaware Through its Governors | Publisher= | Year= | ID=}}, p. 138.
    +==Notable Faculty Members and Trustees (Non-Graduates)==
    +*[[John Chandler]] (1762-1841), congressman and senator from Maine, trustee
    +*[[William King (governor)|William King]] (1768-1862), Maine governor, trustee
    +*[[Parker Cleaveland]] (1780-1858), professor (50 years plus), scientist, "Father of American Mineralogy"
    +*[[Andrews Norton]] (1786-1853), theologian, visiting faculty member
    +*[[Amos Nourse]] (1794-1877), senator from Maine, professor of obstetrics
    +*[[James W. Bradbury|James Bradbury]] (1802-1901), senator from Maine, trustee
    +*[[Roswell Dwight Hitchcock]] (1817-1887), professor of natural and revealed religion
    +*[[Charles Abiathar White]] (1826-1910), professor of natural history
    +*[[George Trumbull Ladd]] (1842-1921), professor of philosophy
    +*[[Roy Ridley]] (1890-1969), writer and poet, visiting faculty member
    +*[[Rex Warner]] (1905-1986), English classicist, visiting faculty member
    +*[[Louis O. Coxe|Louis Coxe]] (1918-1993), poet and author, longtime professor of English
    +*[[Angus King]] (1944-present), Maine governor, adjunct faculty member
    +*[[Paul Franco]] (19??-present), professor of political philosophy

    ==References==
    -*{{Book reference | Author=Hoffecker, Carol E. | Title=Democracy in Delaware | Publisher=Cedar Tree Books, Wilmington | Year=2004 | ID=ISBN 1-892142-23-6 }}
    -*{{Book reference | Author=Martin, Roger A. | Title=Memoirs of the Senate | Publisher=Roger A. Martin, Newark |Year=1995 |ID= }}
    -*{{Book reference | Author=Munroe, John A. | Title=History of Delaware | Publisher=University of Delaware Press | Year=1993 | ID=ISBN 0-87413-493-5 }}
    -*{{Book reference | Author=Martin, Roger A. | Title=A History of Delaware Through its Governors | Publisher=McClafferty Press, Wilmington | Year=1984 |ID= }}
    -*{{Book reference | Author=Scharf, John Thomas. | Title=History of Delaware 1609-1888. 2 vols. | Publisher=L. J. Richards & Co., Philadelphia |Year=1888 |ID= }}
    +*

    -*Pickett, Russell S. [http://www.russpickett.com/history/delgov2.htm#stout Delaware and U.S. History].
    -
    -==External links==
    -*Kestenbaum, Lawrence. [http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stout.html#RKD0IFTPN The Political Graveyard].
    -*Find a Grave. [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7493850&pt=%3Cb%3EJacob%3C/b%3E%20Stout Jacob Stout].
    -
    -===Places with more information===
    -Please add your organization to this list if you have information on this subject available to the public.
    -
    -*[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ University of Delaware Library] 181 South College Ave., Newark, Delaware (302) 831-2965.
    -*[http://www.co.new-castle.de.us/libraries/newark/library1.asp Newark Free Library] 750 Library Ave.,Newark Delaware (302) 731-7550.
    -*[http://www.corbitlibrary.org/ Corbit-Calloway Memorial Library] 2nd and High St. Odessa Delaware (302) 378-8838.
    -*[http://www.hsd.org/ Historical Society of Delaware] 505 Market St., Wilmington, Delaware (302) 655-7161.
    -
    -
    -{{DEHistory}}
    -{{DEGovernors}}
    -
    -[[Category:1764 births|Stout, Jacob]]
    -[[Category:1857 deaths|Stout, Jacob]]
    -[[Category:Delaware State Senators|Stout, Jacob]]
    -[[Category:Delaware State Representatives|Stout, Jacob]]
    -[[Category:Governors of Delaware|Stout, Jacob]]
    -[[Category:Presbyterians|Stout, Jacob]]
    +[[Category:Lists of people by college affiliation|Bowdoin College]]
    2013-03-13 16:18:30 89998727 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3060898]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,42 +1,340 @@\n
    -[[Image:CKDJ FM.jpg|right]]'''CKDJ''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] radio station. It is the [[campus radio]] station of [[Ottawa]]'s [[Algonquin College]], and broadcasts at 107.9 on the [[FM radio|FM]] dial.
    -
    -The station launched in [[1972]] as a [[closed circuit]] outlet. It was licensed by the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|CRTC]] to broadcast on FM in [[1994]], and launched on [[October 3]] of that year.
    -
    -The station broadcast at 96.9 FM until [[2003]], when it moved to its current frequency.
    -
    -
    -
    -== 2006 - 2007 Programming and Management ==
    -
    -'''The Playmakers''' - This show airs every Thursday afternoon at 12:30. It is primarily devoted to sports talk such as hockey and baseball, but puts an emphasis on local sports as well. The show is currently hosted by Pat Cashman and Dan Legroulx.
    -
    -'''The Cinema''' - Airs Thursday afternoons at 12:00. This half-hour show discusses recently released mobies in theatres and on DVD, and ocassionally delves into celebrity gossip. Braden Adam is the only solid host of the show at the moment. His former co-host was Kimberly Hopkins.
    -
    -'''Beavers and Igloos''' - Airs Thursday mornings at 11:00. The point of the show is to showcase local Canandian bands. Other features include interviews and the "Killer Canadian Song of the Week", which is the Canadian song highest on the stations ''Top 25'' show. The show is hosted by Dan Legroulx and Stephen Gower.
    -
    -'''The Jazz Show''' - This show aris Mondays and Tuesdays and 9:00 AM. It showcases jazz from around the world, specifically Canada. The show is hosted by Braden Adam and Paula Graham.
    -
    -'''Around the World in 60 Minutes''' - Airs Wednesdays at 9:00 AM. The show plays different types of world music that you would not normally ever hear on other radio stations. The show is hosted by Adam Rochon and Steve Watson.
    -
    -'''Born Under a Bad Sign''' - Airs every Thursday and Friday morning at 9:00 AM. Plays blues from the past an present, specifically from Canada. Susan Young and Carly D'Amico.
    -
    -CKDJ has a Top 25 show wednesday nights at 8. The show is hosted by Matt McIntyre (Program Director of the station) and Shannon Smith. The show counts down the 25 best songs on CKDJ as voted by the listeners on www.ckdj.net. Matt and Shannon have features on the show including "The Dirt" where Matt dishes scandalous celebrity gossip. And "Top of the Tops" where Shannon gives lists of the best of everything.
    -

    -Management Team

    -Station Manager: Kyra Kratzman

    -Program Director: Matt McIntyre

    -Music Director: Dan Legroulx

    -News Director: Nick Vilhan

    -Promotions Directors: Mike Way & Kori Hall

    -Production Director: Steph DeWolfe

    -Sports Director: Pat Cashman
    -
    -==External link==
    -* [http://www.ckdj.net/ CKDJ homepage]
    -
    -{{Canada-radio-station-stub}}
    -
    -{{Ottawa FM}}
    -
    -[[Category:Radio stations in Ottawa-Gatineau|CKDJ]]
    -[[Category:Campus radio stations in Canada]]
    +{{redirect4|Highway 401|Macdonald-Cartier}}
    +{{Infobox road |
    +highway_name = Highway 401 |
    +marker_image = [[Image:M-C Freeway.png|80px]][[Image:Ontario_401.png|80px]] |
    +alternate_name = '''Macdonald-Cartier Freeway''' |
    +map=[[Image:Highway-401.png|250px]]|
    +length = 817.9 km (508 miles) |
    +direction = East/West |
    +starting_terminus = [[Highway 3 (Ontario)|Highway 3]] in [[Windsor, Ontario]] |
    +ending_terminus = [[Image:A-20.png|20px]] [[Quebec Autoroute 20|A-20]] at [[Ontario]]/[[Quebec]] border in the Township of [[South Glengarry, Ontario]] |
    +cities = [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[London, Ontario|London]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]], [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Cornwall, Ontario|Cornwall]] |
    +established = 1947 (received official number designation in 1952) |
    +}}
    +'''The King's Highway No. 401''' (named the '''Macdonald-Cartier Freeway''') is a [[freeway]] that extends across Southern [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. It is the longest [[400-Series Highways|400-Series Highway]] in Ontario, and the busiest, not to mention the widest, in the world.{{cite web | title=Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401 | url=http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html | accessdate=2006-11-23 | date=[[6 August]] [[2002]] | author=Ministry of Transportation (Ontario) }} Together with [[Quebec Autoroute 20]], it is the road transportation backbone of the [[Quebec City-Windsor Corridor]] along which over half of Canada's population lives. Colloquially, the road is known simply as "The 401," spoken as "four-oh-one".
    +
    +The first segment of the highway (originally designated [[Highway 2A (Ontario)|Highway 2A]]) from [[Highland Creek]] (Scarborough) to [[Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa]] was begun in [[1938]] to bypass a congested section of nearby [[Highway 2 (Ontario)|Highway 2]]. Much of the grading and a number of structures were completed before the onset of the [[Second World War]], at which time most of the construction work was shut down. This section was finally completed and opened to traffic in [[1947]].
    +
    +During the war years, the provincial government undertook a number of surveys and studies to determine the most desirable route for the new limited-access highway.
    +
    +The highway was redesignated ''Highway 401'' in [[1952]]. The last segment, between [[Gananoque, Ontario|Gananoque]] and [[Brockville, Ontario|Brockville]], was completed in [[1968]] to bypass a section along the [[St. Lawrence River]] that included at-grade intersections and private entrances, now called the ''[[Thousand Islands Parkway]]''. The last at-grade intersection on the present alignment was at Joyceville Road, east of Kingston, which was converted to an interchange with the final 1968 construction.
    +
    +In [[1965]], [[Ontario Premier]] [[John Robarts]] designated Highway 401 the ''Macdonald-Cartier Freeway'', in honour of Sir [[John A. Macdonald]] and Sir [[George-Étienne Cartier]], the [[Province of Canada]]'s most important [[Canadian Confederation|Fathers of Confederation]], and in recognition of Canada's upcoming Centennial Celebrations in [[1967]]. This name is found on maps and official documents, but seldom used in conversation or on modern [[road sign]]s. A 1961 proposal to name the highway the "Leslie M. Frost Thruway" after the recently retired Premier of Ontario was approved by the provincial cabinet, but was not carried out. [[Image:Carlb-McFreeway401-Mallorytown.jpg|thumb|275px|right|A Highway 401 marker shield displaying the M-C Freeway designation. Few of these shields still exist, as they are no longer posted by the province.]]
    +==Overview==
    +Highway 401 begins at [[Ontario provincial highway 3|Highway 3]], 13 [[kilometre]]s (8.08 [[mile]]s) from the [[Detroit River]] on the outskirts of [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] (not at the [[Michigan]] border as some mistakenly assume) and ends at the [[Quebec]] border, 815 kilometers (506.42 miles) away. There are 18 [[rest area|rest areas or service centres (oases)]] located along the route, allowing motorists to access services without leaving the highway. A plaque was erected at the Mallorytown oasis, located on the last section of the freeway to be completed, stating that the 401 was the longest non-toll freeway under a single highway authority in North America. (Today the [[Texas]] section of [[Interstate 10]] holds this record.)
    +[[Image:Carlb-hwy401-lastkm-682.jpg|thumbnail|Highway 401 was completed in 1968]]
    +
    +Cities along the route of the highway include [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], [[Chatham, Ontario|Chatham]], [[London, Ontario|London]], [[Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll]], [[Woodstock, Ontario|Woodstock]], [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]], [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]], [[Guelph, Ontario|Guelph]], [[Milton, Ontario|Milton]], [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]], [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]], [[Pickering, Ontario|Pickering]], [[Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], [[Whitby, Ontario|Whitby]], [[Oshawa, Ontario|Oshawa]], [[Cobourg, Ontario|Cobourg]], [[Trenton, Ontario|Trenton]], [[Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], [[Brockville, Ontario|Brockville]], and [[Cornwall, Ontario|Cornwall]].{{cite web | title=Ontario Highway 401 directions from Windsor to Quebec border | accessdate=2006-11-23 | publisher=[[Google Maps]] | url=http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&hl=en&saddr=42.233665,-82.987204&daddr=45.208688,-74.347757&sll=42.236271,-82.989006&sspn=0.052617,0.102997&ie=UTF8&z=6&t=h&om=1}} The [[control city|control cities]] are listed below.
    +Major freeway junctions are located at these roads and highways: [[highway 402 (Ontario)|402]], [[Highbury Avenue]] ([[London, Ontario|London]]), [[highway 403 (Ontario)|403]], [[highway 8 (Ontario)|8]], [[highway 6 (Ontario)|6]], [[highway 407 (Ontario)|407]], [[highway 410 (Ontario)|410]], [[highway 427 (Ontario)|427]], [[highway 400 (Ontario)|400]], [[Allen Road]] ([[Toronto]]), [[highway 404 (Ontario)|404]] and [[Don Valley Parkway]] (Toronto), [[highway 35 (Ontario)|35]] and [[highway 115 (Ontario)|115]], [[highway 416 (Ontario)|416]]. [[Quebec]] [[Quebec Autoroute 20|Autoroute 20]] continues the highway at its eastern end.
    +
    +There are no direct interchanges with U.S. [[Interstate highway]]s, but [[Interstate 75|Interstates 75]] and [[Interstate 375 (Michigan)|375]] in [[Detroit, Michigan]], and [[Interstate 81]] in [[New York|New York State]] are each a short distance away, via Ontario [[highway 3 (Ontario)|highways 3]], the former [[highway 3B (Ontario)|3B]], and [[highway 137 (Ontario)|137]], leading to the [[Ambassador Bridge]], the [[Detroit-Windsor Tunnel]], and the [[Thousand Islands Bridge]].
    +
    +==Transportation corridor==
    +The 401 is widely considered to be the world's busiest highway, with an estimated Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) of over 425,000 in [[2004]], between the [[Weston Road]] and [[Highway 400]] interchanges in Toronto. This surpasses the [[Santa Monica Freeway]] in [[Los Angeles]], and several Interstate freeways in [[Houston, Texas]]. Due to its triple use as the main trade, commuting and recreational corridor in Ontario, 24-hour traffic volumes can exceed the 500,000 level on some days. The [[Just In Time|just-in-time]] inventory systems of the highly integrated auto industry in Michigan and Ontario have made the highway the busiest truck route in the world. Highway 401 also includes the continent's busiest multi-structure bridge at [[Hogg's Hollow Bridge|Hogg's Hollow]] in Toronto (four structures for the highway's four roadway beds).
    +
    +The 401 is the most important highway in Canada, as it connects the populous Southern Ontario region with Quebec and Michigan, while also connecting to most other major highways in the province. The highway also serves as the principal connection to [[Montreal]] and points east, including [[New England]], becoming Autoroute 20 at the Quebec border. The border crossing at Windsor and [[Detroit]] is the busiest trade crossing in the world, and although the 401 itself does not physically extend the last few kilometres into Detroit, it is the only route from Toronto to Windsor and on to [[Interstate 75]]. A future expansion of the Windsor-Detroit border crossing, which will include a freeway bypass of the existing Highway 3, may result in Highway 401 having a direct freeway link to the border. Some 40 % of Canada-US trade travels the highway, which is one-third of Canada's foreign trade, and 4 % of all US foreign trade. However, it is not part of the Ontario section of the [[Trans-Canada Highway]].
    +
    +==Collector-Express Setup==
    +Today the stretch of Highway 401 that passes through the [[Greater Toronto Area]] ranges from 6 to 22 lanes.
    +
    +===Islington Avenue to Brock Road===
    +The section that now runs through [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]] was a rural roadway that was entirely outside of the Toronto city limits when first opened, and was originally referred to as the '''Toronto Bypass'''. The new freeway attracted development all along its length. As the city's [[suburb]]s grew, it quickly became an urban commuter road, rather than a long-distance bypass route as was originally planned, leading to extensive traffic jams. This was a problem/opportunity solved and built upon to some extent by implementing separate [[express and collector lanes]], similar to the express/local set-up of the [[Dan Ryan Expressway]] in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]. By [[1967]] Highway 401 was widened from four lanes to 12 or more through Toronto from [[Islington Avenue]] to [[Warden Avenue]]. In the early 1970s the collector express lanes were extended to Neilson Road and eastward to Brock Road by 1997. An alternative plan to the collector-express setup was to construct a bypass of Highway 401. This project was revived in 1987 and opened in 1997 as the toll road [[Highway 407 (Ontario)|Highway 407 ETR]] to parallel Highway 401 in the [[Greater Toronto Area]].
    +[[Image:401atDVP.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Highway 401 west of the Don Valley Parkway/Highway 404 junction, showing the wide 14-lane cross-section]]
    +The main [[collector-express]] setup with a minimum 12 lane cross-section currently stretches from Islington Avenue to Brock Road. [[Highway 409 (Ontario)|Highway 409]] which branches off from Highway 401 just west of Islington to [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] has been unsuccessful in diverting traffic volumes; the 10 lane segment between Islington and [[Highway 427 (Ontario)|Highway 427]] is highly congested as a result. The existing 401-427 interchange is considered one of the worst bottlenecks since it only allows 8 lanes of traffic (4 in each direction) to pass through the interchange. It initially only allowed 6 lanes of through traffic until a widening project was completed in 2005; a major reconstruction of the junction is needed to meet current demands estimated at 5-6 lanes.
    +
    +===Highway 403/410 to Highway 427===
    +Highway 401 has a separate [[collector-express]] system in [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]] between the junctions with Highways [[Highway 403 (Ontario)|403]]/[[Highway 410 (Ontario)|410]] and [[Highway 427 (Ontario)|Highway 427]]. This was completed in 1986, concurrent with the expansion of the 401-403 interchange and the addition of two express flyover ramps and includes an eastbound collector-express transfer known as the "Tunnel." At 22 lanes wide this is the widest section of Highway 401, although at the present only 9 lanes are designated for 401 through traffic (as express lanes) while the collector lanes serve as direct connections or ramp extensions from 403/410 to 427. The existing 401/427 interchange remains a bottleneck to possible east expansion of this configuration that would link it up with the Islington-Brock collector-express system. Another choke point is at the 403/410 interchange since the 401 narrows down to 6 lanes west of that junction. However, that junction has been designed with westward expansion of the collector-express system in mind; several prerequisite projects to accommodate widening from 403/410 to [[Mississauga Road]] were underway in the late 1990s, including a new interchange at [[Mavis Road]] and the reconstruction of the Mississauga Road and Derry Road overpasses.
    +
    +==Future expansion and upgrades==
    +A plan is currently underway by the [[Minister of Transportation (Ontario)|Ministry of Transportation]] to widen the highway to at least six lanes for its length from Windsor to the Quebec border. In the 1950s, Highway 401 had initially been constructed as a 4 lane divided highway but the narrow grass median has since proven insufficient in preventing cross-directional collisions. In [[1999]], the Windsor-London stretch of Highway 401 was infamously known as "Carnage Alley" after a slew of fatal accidents, including an 87 vehicle pileup on Labour Day during thick fog that claimed seven lives. Much of the upgrade work will involve replacing the median with an "Ontario tall-wall" concrete barrier and an extra lane per direction.
    +
    +The first sections to see these upgrades are between Windsor and [[Tilbury, Ontario|Tilbury]], around the City of [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], the [[London, Ontario|London]] area, from [[Port Hope, Ontario]] to [[Cobourg, Ontario|Cobourg]], and west from [[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]] towards [[Woodstock, Ontario|Woodstock]]. This will be followed later by staged upgrades between [[Trenton, Ontario|Trenton]] and [[Belleville, Ontario|Belleville]], and eventually the remaining sections between Cobourg and Kingston. Other sections, namely between London and [[Chatham, Ontario|Chatham]]/[[Tilbury, Ontario|Tilbury]], and from the Kingston area, east to the [[Quebec]] border, remain beyond the 30-year planning horizon.
    +
    +On [[November 14]], [[2005]], the joint Canadian-American committee studying the options for expanding the [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] - [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] border crossing announced that its preferred option was to directly extend Highway 401 westward, using a new bridge or tunnel to cross the [[Detroit River]] and interchange with [[Interstate 75]] somewhere between the existing [[Ambassador Bridge]] span and [[Wyandotte, Michigan|Wyandotte]]. The exact route of this new highway connection has not yet been determined.{{cite news | title=Second span on west side, group urges / Binational committee rejects Schwartz Report truck bypass | first=Anne | last=Jarvis | publisher=[[Windsor Star]] | date=[[15 November]] [[2005]] | url=http://www.canada.com/windsor/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=0114a7c0-c303-4bb4-82d1-83ff9bbc6e99 | accessdate=2006-11-23 }}
    +
    +The Ontario government is also planning to widen the Mississauga stretch from 6 lanes to 12 lanes from the 403-410 interchange to the Credit River, and 10 lanes to Mississauga Road. The Derry Road underpass and Mississauga Road overpass have been widened to accommodate this, while a new interchange has been added at Mavis Road. The main obstacles to Highway 401 expansion are the aging Creditview Road, McLaughlin Road, and Hurontario Street overpasses which will be demolished and replaced as part of the reconstruction.
    +
    +The busy Wellington Road interchange at London will be completely redesigned and rebuilt beginning in [[2006]].
    +
    +A long term plan is to extend the 12-lane express/collector system as far west as [[Guelph, Ontario|Guelph]] and [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]].
    +
    +==Traffic Cameras==
    +To manage traffic, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO) installed the COMPASS [[Freeway Traffic Management System]], the most advanced of its kind in the world when it was deployed in [[1991]]. Using a combination of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras, vehicle detection loops and LED [[Variable message sign|changeable message signs]], the MTO Traffic Operations Centre can obtain a real-time assessment of traffic conditions and alert highway travellers of collisions and construction. The system currently stretches from [[Highway 403 (Ontario)|Highway 403]], [[Mississauga, Ontario|Mississauga]] to Harwood Avenue, [[Ajax, Ontario|Ajax]], and is likely to be extended westward and eastward as Highway 401 is reconstructed and upgraded.
    +
    +==Volume information (2005)==
    +*Highest Volume: 407,800 AADT from Weston Road (Exit 357) to [[Highway 400 (Ontario)|Highway 400]] (Exit 359) compared to 410,000 in 2003.
    +*Lowest Volume: 15,000 AADT from Highway 3B (Exit 13) to Highway 3, Bridge to U.S.A.
    +
    +==Control Cities==
    +From West to East
    +*'''[[Windsor, Ontario]]'''
    +*'''[[London, Ontario]]'''
    +*'''[[Toronto, Ontario]]'''
    +*'''[[Kingston, Ontario]]'''
    +*'''[[Cornwall, Ontario]]'''
    +*'''[[Montreal, Quebec]]'''
    +
    +Note: Within the City of Toronto, control cities are not used (Between Highway 427 and Meadowvale Road).
    +
    +==Exit list==
    +Main article: [[List of exits on Highway 401 (Ontario)]]
    +
    +==Service centres==
    +The service centres are located at the following points on Highway 401 and contain the following services:
    +
    +{|class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align: center"
    +|-
    +!Location
    +!km
    +!Direction
    +!Fuel
    +!Food
    +!Other
    +|-
    +|rowspan="2"|[[Tilbury, Ontario|Tilbury]]
    +|rowspan="2"|61
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Shell Canada|Shell]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[KFC]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Petro-Canada]]
    +|[[McDonald's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|rowspan="2"|[[West Lorne, Ontario|West Lorne]]
    +|144
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Shell Canada|Shell]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|145
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Petro-Canada]]
    +|[[McDonald's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|rowspan="2"|[[Ingersoll, Ontario|Ingersoll]]
    +|223
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|Nicholby's Express
    +|-
    +|225
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|Nicholby's Express
    +|-
    +|rowspan="2"|[[Cambridge, Ontario|Cambridge]]
    +|rowspan="2"|289
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Petro-Canada]]
    +|[[McDonald's]]
    +|Picnic Area
    +|-
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Petro-Canada]]
    +|[[McDonald's]]
    +|Picnic Area
    Ellis Chapel
    +|-
    +|[[Newcastle, Ontario|Newcastle]]
    +|444
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|Nicholby's Express
    +|-
    +|[[Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]]
    +|453
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|rowspan="2"|[[Trenton, Ontario|Trenton]]
    +|rowspan="2"|519
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Petro-Canada]]
    +|[[McDonald's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Shell Canada|Shell]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|[[Camden East, Ontario|Camden East]]
    +|591
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Petro-Canada]]
    +|[[McDonald's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|[[Odessa, Ontario|Odessa]]
    +|604
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[KFC]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|rowspan="2"|[[Mallorytown, Ontario|Mallorytown]]
    +|677
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|679
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Horton's]], [[Wendy's]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|[[Morrisburg, Ontario|Morrisburg]]
    +|756
    +|Eastbound
    +|[[Shell Canada|Shell]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|[[Ingleside, Ontario|Ingleside]]
    +|761
    +|Westbound
    +|[[Esso]]
    +|[[Tim Hortons]], [[KFC]]
    +|''unknown''
    +|-
    +|[[Lancaster, Ontario|Lancaster]]
    +|827
    +|Westbound
    +|''none''
    +|''none''
    +|[[Image:Logo of the Government of Ontario.png|50px]] Travel Information Centre
    +|}
    +
    +==Lane configuration from west to east==
    +{|class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align: center"
    +|-
    +!width="60%"|Section
    +!width="40%"|Lane Configuration
    +|-
    +|Huron Church Road/[[Highway 3 (Ontario)|Highway 3]] to [[Essex County, Ontario|Essex]] County Road 42
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    1 additional lane in each direction currently under construction
    +|-
    +|Essex County Road 42 to [[Highway 402 (Ontario)|Highway 402]]
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    1 additional lane in each direction currently planned
    +|-
    +|Highway 402 to [[Highway 403 (Ontario)|Highway 403]]
    +|3 Lanes in Each Direction
    stretch east of 402 and west of Wellington Road Parclo currently being widened from 2 to 3 lanes
    +|-
    +|Highway 403 to Northumberland Street ([[Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] Regional Road 50)
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    1 additional lane in each direction currently under construction
    +|-
    +|Northumberland Street to [[Highway 410 (Ontario)|Highway 410]]/[[Highway 403 (Ontario)|Highway 403]]
    +|3 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Highway 410/Highway 403 to [[Toronto Pearson International Airport|Toronto Airport]] Basketweave
    +|11 Lanes Eastbound
    5 Express, 4 Collector (some lanes full shoulders)
    11 Lanes Westbound
    4 Express, 5 Collector (some lanes full shoulders)
    +|-
    +|Toronto Airport Basketweave to [[Highway 427 (Ontario)|Highway 427]]/[[Eglinton Avenue]]
    +|11 Lanes Eastbound
    4 Express, 5 Collector (some lanes full shoulders)
    11 Lanes Westbound
    6 Express, 5 Collector (some lanes full shoulders)
    +|-
    +|Under the Highway 427 Interchange
    +|4 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Highway 427/Carlingview Drive to [[Highway 409 (Ontario)|Highway 409]]
    +|5 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Highway 409 to [[Highway 400 (Ontario)|Highway 400]]
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 3 Collector
    +|-
    +|Highway 400 to [[The Basketweave]]
    +|8 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 5 Collector,
    +|-
    +|The Basketweave to [[Allen Road]]
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 3 Collector
    +|-
    +|Allen Road to [[Don River (Toronto)|Don River West Branch]] [[Hogg's Hollow Bridge]]
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    3 Express, 4 Collector
    +|-
    +|Don River West Branch to [[Yonge Street]]
    +|6 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 2 Collector
    1 additional collector lane in each direction currently under construction
    +|-
    +|Yonge Street to [[Bayview Avenue]]
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 3 Collector
    +|-
    +|Bayview Avenue to [[Highway 404 (Ontario)|Highway 404]]/[[Don Valley Parkway]]
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    3 Express, 4 Collector
    +|-
    +|Highway 404/Don Valley Parkway to Kennedy Road
    +|8 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 4 Collector
    +|-
    +|Kennedy Road to Markham Road/[[Highway 48 (Ontario)|Highway 48]]
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    3 Express, 4 Collector
    +|-
    +|Markham Road/Highway 48 to Neilson Road
    +|6 Lanes in Each Direction
    3 Express, 3 Collector
    +|-
    +|Neilson Road to Whites Road ([[Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario|Durham]] Regional Road 38)
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    4 Express, 3 Collector
    +|-
    +|Whites Road to Brock Road (Durham Regional Road 1)
    +|7 Lanes in Each Direction
    3 Express, 4 Collector
    +|-
    +|Brock Road to Westney Road (Durham Regional Road 31)
    +|5 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Westney Road to Salem Road (Durham Regional Road 41)
    +|4 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Thickson Road to [[Port Hope, Ontario|Port Hope]]
    +|3 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Port Hope to [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] western city limits
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Kingston western city limits to Sydenham Road ([[Frontenac County, Ontario|Frontenac]] County Road 9)
    +|3 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|-
    +|Sydenham Road to Montreal Street (Frontenac County Road 11)
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    1 additional lane in each direction currently under construction
    +|-
    +|Montreal Street to [[Highway 15 (Ontario)|Highway 15]]
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    1 additional lane in each direction currently planned
    +|-
    +|Highway 15 to [[Quebec]] Border
    +|2 Lanes in Each Direction
    +|}
    +
    +==See also==
    +* [[400-Series Highways]]
    +* [[List of Ontario provincial highways]]
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.mto.gov.on.ca Ontario Ministry of Transportation]
    +*[http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/compass/camera/camhome.htm Live COMPASS 401 Traffic Cameras through the Greater Toronto Area]
    +*[http://www.kingshighway.ca/photos/highway/401 Photographs of the Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (Highway 401)]
    +*[http://www.onthighways.com/highway_401.htm Highway 401 at OntHighways.com]
    +*[http://www.roadscholar.on.ca/lateststory.html Highway 401 - the Story]
    +*[http://www.tdrc.ca/ontrstops.html Truck Stops Within Ontario]
    +*[http://toronto.ibegin.com/traffic/ Realtime Highway 401 Traffic]
    +*[http://www.tatravelcenters.com/taweb/Content/Location.aspx?uid=361 TravelCenters of America (operators of the Woodstock/Ingersoll Service Centers]
    +*[http://members.aol.com/Hwys/OntHwys/OntHwys401Hist.html Highway 401 History]
    +
    +{{ONT 400 Hwys}}
    +
    +[[Category:John A. Macdonald|401]]
    +[[Category:Transportation in the Greater Toronto Area]]
    +[[Category:400-series highways in Ontario|Highway 401]]
    +[[Category:Numbers in pop culture|401]]
    +
    +[[de:Highway 401 (Ontario)]]
    +[[fr:Autoroute 401 (Ontario)]]
    +[[pt:Highway 401]]
    2013-03-16 11:45:06 90447818 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3203530]] NaN
    2013-03-16 21:42:52 90526820 Addbot HRoestBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2852545]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,1198 +1,87 @@\n
    -The table below provides information on the variation of [[solubility]] of different substances (mostly [[inorganic]] [[compounds]]) in water with [[temperature]], units of solubility in g/100ml. The substances are listed in alphabetical order.
    -{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
    -|-
    -!Substance!!0°C!!10°C!!20°C!!30°C!!40°C!!50°C!!60°C!!70°C!!80°C!!90°!!100°C
    -|-
    -|[[Actinium hydroxide|Ac(OH)3]]|| || ||0.0004|| || || || || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[Aluminium chloride|AlCl3]]|| 43.9||44.9||45.8||46.6||47.3|| || 48.1|| || 48.6|| || 49
    -|-
    -|[[Aluminium fluoride|AlF3]]|| 0.56|| 0.56 || 0.67 || 0.78 || 0.91 || || 1.1 || || 1.32 || || 1.72
    -|-
    -|[[Aluminium nitrate|Al(NO3)3]]||60|| 66.7||73.9||81.8||88.7|| || 106|| || 132||153||160
    -|-
    -|[[Aluminium perchlorate|Al(ClO4)3]]||122||128||133|| || || || || || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[Aluminium sulfate|Al2(SO4)3]]||31.2||33.5||36.4||40.4||45.8|| ||59.2 || ||73||80.8||89
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonia|NH3]]||88.5||70||56||44.5||34||26.5||20||15||11||8||7
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium azide|NH4N3]]||16|| ||25.3|| || 37.1|| || || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium benzoate|NH4C7H5O2]]|| || ||20 || || || || || || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium bicarbonate|NH4HCO3]]||11.9||16.1||21.7||28.4||36.6|| || 59.2|| ||109||170||354
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonoium bromide|NH4Br]]||60.6||68.1||76.4||83.2||91.2|| ||108|| ||125||135||145
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium carbonate|(NH4)2CO3]]|| || ||100 || || || || || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium chlorate|NH4ClO3]]|| || ||28.7|| || || || || || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium chloride|NH4Cl]]||29.4||33.2||37.2||41.4||45.8|| ||55.3|| ||65.6||71.2||77.3
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium hexachloroplatinate|(NH4)2PtCl6]]||0.289||0.374||0.499||0.637||0.815|| ||1.44|| ||2.16||2.61||3.36
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium chromate|(NH4)2CrO4]]||25||29.2||34||39.3||45.3|| ||59|| ||76.1|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium dichromate|(NH4)2Cr2O7]]||18.2||25.5||35.6||46.5||58.5|| ||86|| ||115|| ||156
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium dihydrogenarsenate|NH4H2AsO4]]||33.7||||48.7||||63.8||||83||||107||122||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium dihydrogenphosphate|NH4H2PO4]]|| 22.7||39.5||37.4||46.4||56.7||||82.5||||118||||173
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium fluorosilicate|4SiF6]]||||||18.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium formate|NH4HCO2]]||102||||143||||204||||311||||533||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium hydrogenphosphate|(NH4)2HPO4]]||42.9||62.9||68.9||75.1||81.8||||97.2||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium hydrogensulfate|NH4HSO4]]||||||100||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium hydrogentartrate|NH4HC4H4O6]]||||1.88||2.7||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium iodate|NH4IO3]]||||||2.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium iodide|NH4I]]||155||163||172||182||191||||209||||229||||250
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium nitrate|NH4NO3]]||118||150||192||242||297||||421||||580||740||871
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium orthoperiodate|(NH4)5IO6]]||||||2.7||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium oxalate|(NH4)2C2O4]]||2.2||3.21||4.45||6.09||8.18||||14||||22.4||27.9||34.7
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium perchlorate|NH4ClO4]]||12||16.4||21.7||37.7||34.6||||49.9||||68.9||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium permanganate|NH4MnO4]]||||||0.8||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium phosphate|(NH4)3PO4]]||||||26.1||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium selenate|(NH4)2SeO4]]||96||105||115||126||143||||192||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium sulfate|(NH4)2SO4]]||70.6||73||75.4||78||81||||88||||95||||103
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium sulfite|(NH4)2SO3]]||47.9||54||60.8||68.8||78.4||||104||||144||150||153
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium tartrate|(NH4)2C4H4O6]]||45||55||63||70.5||76.5||||86.9||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium thiocyanate|NH4SCN]]||120||144||170||208||234||||346||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium thiosulfate|(NH4)2S2O3]]||||||2.15|||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ammonium vanadate|NH4VO3]]||||||0.48||0.84||1.32||||2.42||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Antimony trifluoride|SbF3]]||385||||444||562||[[hydrolysis|dec]]||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Antimony trichloride|SbCl3]]||602||||910||1090||1370||[[hydrolysis|dec]]||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Arsenic sulfide|Sb2S3]]||||||0.0004454||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium acetate|Ba(C2H3O2)2]]||58.8||62||72||75||78.5||||75||||74||||74.8
    -|-
    -|[[Barium arsenate|Ba3(AsO4)2]]||||||2.586E-09||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium azide|Ba(N3)2]]||12.5||16.1||17.4||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium bromate|Ba(BrO3)2]]||0.29||0.44||0.65||0.95||1.31||||2.27||||3.52||0.95||1.31
    -|-
    -|[[Barium bromide|BaBr2]]||98||101||104||109||114||||123||||135||||149
    -|-
    -|[[Barium carbonate|BaCO3]]||||||0.001409||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium chlorate|Ba(ClO3)2]]||20.3||26.9||33.9||41.6||49.7||||66.7||||84.8||||105
    -|-
    -|[[Barium chloride|BaCl2]]||31.2||33.5||35.8||38.1||40.8||||46.2||||52.5||55.8||59.4
    -|-
    -|[[Barium chlorite|Ba(ClO2)2]]||43.9||44.6||45.4||||47.9||||53.8||||66.6||||80.8
    -|-
    -|[[Barium chromate|BaCrO4]]||||||0.0002775||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium cyanide|Ba(CN)2]]||||||80||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium ferrocyanide|Ba2Fe(CN)6]]||||||0.009732||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium fluoride|BaF2]]||||0.159||0.16||0.162||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium fluorosilicate|BaSiF6]]||||||0.028||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium formate|Ba(HCO2)2]]||26.2||28||31.9||34||||38.6||||44.2||47.6||51.3
    -|-
    -|[[Barium hydrogenphosphate|BaHPO4]]||||||0.013||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium hydrogenphosphite|BaHPO3]]||||||0.687||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium hydroxide|Ba(OH)2.8H2O]]||1.67||2.48||3.89||5.59||8.22||||20.9||||101||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium iodate|Ba(IO2)2]]||||||0.035||0.046||0.057||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium iodide|BaI2]]||182||201||223||250||||||264||||||291||301
    -|-
    -|[[Barium molybdate|BaMoO4]]||||||0.006||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium nitrate|Ba(NO3)2]]||4.95||6.67||9.02||11.5||14.1||||20.4||||27.2||||34.4
    -|-
    -|[[Barium nitrite|Ba(NO2)2]]||50.3||60||72.8||||102||||151||||222||261||325
    -|-
    -|[[Barium oxalate|BaC2O4.2H2]]||||||0.003||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium perchlorate|Ba(ClO4)2]]||239||||336||||416||||495||||575||||653
    -|-
    -|[[Barium permanganate|Ba(MnO4)2]]||||||0.015||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium pyrophosphate|Ba2P2O7]]||||||0.009||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium selenate|BaSeO4]]||||||0.005||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium sulfate|BaSO4]]||||||0.0002448||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Barium sulfide|BaS]]||2.88||4.89||7.86||10.4||14.9||||27.7||||49.9||67.3||60.3
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium carbonate|BeCO3]]||||||0.218|||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium chloride|BeCl2]]||||42||42||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium molybdate|BeMoO4]]||||||3.02|||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium nitrate|Be(NO3)2]]||97||102||108||113||125||||178||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium oxalate|BeC2O4.3H2O]]||||||63.5||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium perchlorate|Be(ClO4)2]]||||||147||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium selenate|BeSeO4.4H2O]]||||||49||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Beryllium sulfate|BeSO4]]||37||37.6||39.1||41.4||45.8||||53.1||||67.2||||82.8
    -|-
    -|[[Bismuth arsenate|BiAsO4]]||||||0.0007298||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Bismuth hydroxide|Bi(OH)3]]||||||2.868E-07|||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Bismuth iodide|BiI3]]||||||0.0007761||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Bismuth phosphate|BiPO4]]||||||1.096E-10||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Bismuth sulfide|Bi2S3]]||||||1.561E-20||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Boric acid|H3BO3]]||||||5.7|||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium arsenate|Cd3(AsO4)2]]||||||0.000007091||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium benzoate|Cd(C7H5O2)2]]||||||2.81||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium bromate|Cd(BrO3)2]]||||||125||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium bromide|CdBr2]]||56.3||75.4||98.8||129||152||||153||||156||||160
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium carbonate|CdCO3]]||||||0.00003932||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium chlorate|Cd(ClO3)2]]||299||308||322||348||376||||455||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium chloride|CdCl2]]||100||135||135||135||135||||136||||140||||147
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium cyanide|Cd(CN)2]]||||||0.022||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium ferrocyanide|Cd2Fe(CN)6]]||||||0.00008736||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium fluoride|CdF2]]||||||4||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium formate|Cd(HCO2)2]]||8.3||11.1||14.4||18.6||25.3||||59.5||||80.5||85.2||94.6
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium hydroxide|Cd(OH)2]]||||||0.0002697||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium iodate|Cd(IO3)2]]||||||0.097||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium iodide|CdI2]]||78.7||||84.7||87.9||92.1||||100||||111||||125
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium nitrate|Cd(NO3)2]]||122||||136||150||194||||310||||713||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium oxalate|CdC2O4.3H2O]]||||||0.006046||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium perchlorate|Cd(ClO4)2]]||||180||188||195||203||||221||||243||||272
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium phosphate|Cd3(PO4)2]]||||||6.235E-06||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium selenate|CdSeO4]]||72.5||68.4||64||58.9||55||||44.2||||32.5||27.2||22
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium sulfate|CdSO4]]||75.4||76||76.6||||78.5||||81.8||||66.7||63.1||60.8
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium sulfide|CdS]]||||||1.292E-12||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cadmium tungstate|CdWO4]]||||||0.04642||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -||[[Caesium acetate|CsC2H3O2]]||||||1010||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium azide|CsN3]]||||||307||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium bromate|CsBrO3]]||0.21||||3.66||4.53||5.3||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium bromide|CsBr]]||||||108||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium chlorate|CsClO3]]||||3.8||6.2||9.5||13.8||||26.2||||45||58||79
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium chloride|CsCl]]||146||175||187||197||208||||230||||250||260||271
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium chromate|Cs2CrO4]]||||71.4||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium fluoride|CsF]]||||||322||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium fluoroborate|CsBF4]]||||||0.818||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium formate|CsHCO2]]||335||381||450||533|694||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium iodate|CsIO3]]||||||2.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium iodide|CsI]]||44.1||58.5||76.5||96||124||||150||||190||205||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium nitrate|CsNO3]]||9.33||14.9||23||33.9||47.2||||83.8||||134||163||197
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium oxalate|Cs2C2O4]]||||||313||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium perchlorate|CsClO4]]||0.8||1||1.6||2.6||4||||7.3||||14.4||20.5||30
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium permanganate|CsMnO4]]||||||0.228||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium selenate|Cs2SeO4]]||||244||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Caesium sulfate|Cs2SO4]]||167||173||179||184||190||||200||||210||215||200
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium chloride|CaCl2]]||59.5||64.7||74.5||100||128||||137||||147||154||159
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium acetate|Ca(C2H3O2)2.2H2O]]||37.4||36||34.7||33.8||33.2||||32.7||||33.5||31.1||29.7
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium arsenate|Ca3(AsO4)2]]||||||0.003629||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium azide|Ca(N3)2]]||||||45||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium benzoate|Ca(C7H5O2)2.3H2O]]||2.32||2.45||2.72||3.02||3.42||||4.71||||6.87||8.55||8.7
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium bicarbonate|Ca(HCO3)2]]||16.1||||16.6||||17.1||||17.5||||17.9||||18.4
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium bromate|Ca(BrO3)2]]||||||230||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium bromide|CaBr2]]||125||132||143||||213||||278||||295||||312
    -|-
    -|[[Aragonite|CaCO3-Aragonite]]||||||0.0007753||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcite|CaCO3-Calcite]]||||||0.0006170||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium chlorate|Ca(ClO3)2]]||||||209||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium chromate|CaCrO4]]||4.5||||2.25||1.83||1.49||||0.83||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium dihydrogenphosphate|Ca(H2PO4)2]]||||||1.8||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium fluoride|CaF2]]||0.008575||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium fluorosilicate|CaSiF6]]||||||0.518||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium formate|Ca(HCO2)2]]||16.1||||16.6||||17.1||||17.5||||17.9||||18.4
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium hydrogenphosphate|CaHPO4]]||||||0.004303||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium hydroxide|Ca(OH)2]]||0.189||0.182||0.173||0.16||0.141||||0.121||||0.086||0.076
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium iodate|Ca(IO3)2]]||0.09||||0.24||0.38||0.52||||0.65||||0.66||0.67||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium iodide|CaI2]]||64.6||||66||67.6||70.8||||74||||78||||81
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium molybdate|CaMoO4]]||||||0.004099||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium nitrate|Ca(NO3)2.4H2O]]||102||115||129||152||191||||||||358||||363
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium nitrite|Ca(NO2)2.4H2O]]||63.9||||84.5||104||||||134||||151||166||178
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium perchlorate|Ca(ClO4)2]]||||||188||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium permanganate|Ca(MnO4)2]]||||||338|||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium selenate|CaSeO4.2H2O]]||9.73||9.77||9.22||8.79||7.14||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium sulfate|CaSO4.2H2O]]||0.223||0.244||0.255||0.264||0.265||||0.244||||0.234||||0.205
    -|-
    -|[[Calcium tungstate|CaWO4]]||||||0.002387||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Carbon dioxide|CO2]]||||||0.1782||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Carbon monoxide|CO]]||||||0.0026||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) acetate|Ce(C2H3O2)3]]||||||0.35||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) chloride|CeCl3]]||||||100||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) hydroxide|Ce(OH)3]]||||||0.0000943||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) iodate|Ce(IO3)3]]||||||0.123||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) nitrate|Ce(NO3)3]]||||||234||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) phosphate|CePO4]]||||||7.434E-11||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) selenate|Ce2(SeO4)3]]||39.5||37.2||35.2||33.2||32.6||||13.7||||4.6||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(III) sulfate|Ce2(SO4)3.2H2O]]||21.4||||9.84||7.24||5.63||||3.87||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cerium(IV) hydroxide|Ce(OH)4]]||||||1.981E-09||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Chromium(III) nitrate|Cr(NO3)3)]]||108||124||130||152||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Chromium(III) perchlorate|Cr(ClO4)3]]||104||123||130||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Chromium(III) sulfate|Cr2(SO4)3.18H2O]]||||||220||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) bromate|Co(BrO3)2.6H2O]]||||||45.5||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) bromide|CoBr2]]||91.9||||112||128||163||||227||||241||||257
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) chlorate|Co(ClO3)2]]||135||162||180||195||214||||316||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) chloride|CoCl2]]||43.5||47.7||52.9||59.7||69.5||||93.8||||97.6||101||106
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) fluoride|CoF2]]||||||1.36||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) fluorosilicate|CoSiF6.6H2]]||||||118||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) iodate|Co(IO3)2.2H2O]]||||||1.02||0.9||0.88||||0.82||||0.73||||0.7
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) iodide|CoI2]]||||||203||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) nitrate|Co(NO3)2]]||84||89.6||97.4||111||125||||174||||204||300||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) nitrite|Co(NO2)2]]||0.076||0.24||0.4||0.61||0.85||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) perchlorate|Co(ClO4)2]]||||||104||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Cobalt(II) sulfate|CoSO4]]||25.5||30.5||36.1||42||48.8||||55||||53.8||45.3||38.9
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(I) chloride|CuCl]]||||||0.0099||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(I) cyanide|CuCN]]||||||1.602E-09||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(I) hydroxide|CuOH]]||||||8.055E-07||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(I) iodide|CuI]]||||||0.00001997||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(I) sulfide|Cu2S]]||||||1.361E-15||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(I) thiocyanate|CuSCN]]||||||8.427E-07||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) bromide|CuBr2]]||107||116||126||128||131||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) carbonate|CuCO3]]||||||0.0001462||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) chlorate|Cu(ClO3)2]]||||||242||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) chloride|CuCl2]]||68.6||70.9||73||77.3||87.6||||96.5||||104||108||120
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) chromate|CuCrO4]]||||||0.03407||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) fluoride|CuF2]]||||||0.075||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) fluorosilicate|CuSiF6]]||73.5||76.5||81.6||84.1||91.2||||||||93.2||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) formate|Cu(HCO2)2]]||||||12.5||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) hydroxide|Cu(OH)2]]||||||0.000001722||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) iodate|Cu(IO3)2.2H2O]]||||||0.109||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) nitrate|Cu(NO3)2]]||83.5||100||125||156||163||||182||||208||222||247
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) perchlorate|Cu(ClO4)2]]||||||||146||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) selenate|CuSeO4]]||12||14.5||17.5||21||25.2||||36.5||||53.7||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) selenite|CuSeO3]]||||||0.002761||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) sulfate|CuSO4.5H2O]]||23.1||27.5||32||37.8||44.6||||61.8||||83.8||||114
    -|-
    -|[[Copper(II) sulfide|CuS]]||||||2.4E-17||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Dysprosium(III) chromate|Dy2(CrO4)3.10H2O]]||||||0.663||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Erbium(III) hydroxide|Er(OH)3]]||||||0.00001363||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Europium(III) hydroxide|Eu(OH)3]]||||||0.00001538||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Europium(III) sulfate|Eu2(SO4)3.8H2O]]||||||2.56||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gadolinium(III) acetate|Gd(C2H3O2.4H2O]]||||||11.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gadolinium(III) bicarbonate|Cd(HCO3)3]]||||||5.61||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gadolinium(III) bromate|Gd(BrO3)3.9H2]]||50.2||70.1||95.6||126||166||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gadolinium(III) hydroxide|Gd(OH)3]]||||||0.00001882||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gadolinium(III) sulfate|Gd2(SO4)3]]||3.98||3.3||2.6||2.32||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gallium hydroxide|Ga(OH)3]]||||||8.616E-09||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gallium oxalate|Ga2(C2O4)3.42O]]||||||0.4||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gallium selenate|Ga2(SeO4)3.16H2O]]||||||18.1||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Chlorauric acid|AuCl3]]||||||68||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gold(III) iodide|AuI3]]||||||1.295E-10||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Gold(V) oxalate|Au2(C2O4)5]]||||||0.258||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Hafnium(III) hydroxide|Hf(OH)3]]||||||0.000450305||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Hafnium(IV) hydroxide|Hf(OH)4]]||||||0.000004503||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Holmium(III) hydroxide|Ho(OH)3]]||||||0.00002519||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Holmium(III) sulfate|Ho2(SO4)3.8H2O]]||||||8.18||6.1||4.52||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Hydrogen chloride|HCl]]||81||75||70||65.5||61||57.5||53||50||47||43||40
    -|-
    -|[[Hydrogen sulfide|H2S]]||||||0.33||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Indium(III) bromide|InBr3]]||||||571||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Indium(III) chloride|InCl3]]||||210||212||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Indium(III) fluoride|InF3]]||||||11.2||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Indium(III) hydroxide|In(OH)3]]||||||3.645E-08||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Indium(III) iodate|In(IO3)3]]||||||0.067||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Indium(III) sulfide|In2S3]]||||||2.867E-14||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) bromide|FeBr2]]||101||109||117||124||133||||144||||168||176||184
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) carbonate|FeCO3]]||||||0.00006554||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) chloride|FeCl2]]||49.7||59||62.5||66.7||70||||78.3||||88.7||92.3||94.9
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) fluorosilicate|FeSiF6.6H2O]]||72.1||74.4||||77||||||84||||88||||100
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) hydroxide|Fe(OH)2]]||||||0.00005255||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) nitrate|Fe(NO3)2.6H2O]]||113||134||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) oxalate|FeC2O4.2H2O]]||||||0.008||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) perchlorate|Fe(ClO4)2.6H2O]]||||||299|||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(II) sulfate|FeSO4.7H2O]]||28.8||40||48||60||73.3||||101||79.9||68.3||57.8
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) arsenate|FeAsO4]]||||||1.47E-09||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) chloride|FeCl3.6H2O]]||74.4||||91.8||107||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) fluoride|FeF3]]||||||0.091||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) hydroxide|Fe(OH)3]]||||||2.097E-09||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) iodate|Fe(IO3)3]]||||||0.36||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) nitrate|Fe(NO3)3.9H2O]]||112||||138||||175||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) perchlorate|Fe(ClO4)3]]||289||||368||422||478||||772||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Iron(III) sulfate|Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O]]||||||440||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) acetate|La(C2H3O2)3.H2O]]||||||16.9||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) bromate|La(BrO3)3]]||98||120||149||200||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) iodate|La(IO3)3]]||||||0.04575||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) molybdate|La2(MoO4)3]]||||||0.002473||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) nitrate|La(NO3)3]]||100||||136||||168||||247||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) selenate|La2(SeO4)3]]||50.5||45||45||45||45||||18.5||||5.4||2.2||
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) sulfate|La2(SO4)3]]||3||2.72||2.33||1.9||1.67||||1.26||||0.91||0.79||0.68
    -|-
    -|[[Lanthanum(III) tungstate|La2(WO4)3.3H2O]]||||||6.06||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) acetate|Pb(C2H3O2)2]]||19.8||29.5||44.3||69.8||116||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) azide|Pb(N3)2]]||||||0.0249||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) bromate|Pb(BrO3)2]]||||||7.92||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) bromide|PbBr2]]||0.45||0.63||0.86||1.12||1.5||||2.29||||3.32||3.86||4.55
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) carbonate|PbCO3]]||||||0.00007269||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) chlorate|Pb(ClO3)2]]||||||0.037||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) chloride|PbCl2]]||0.67||0.82||1||1.2||1.42||||1.94||||2.54||2.88||3.2
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) chromate|PbCrO4]]||||||0.0000171||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) ferrocyanide|PbFe(CN)6]]||||||0.0005991||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) fluoride|PbF2]]||||||0.04634||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) fluorosilicate|PbSiF6]]||190||||222||||||||403||||428||||463
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) hydrogenphosphate|PbHPO4]]||||||0.0003457||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) hydrogenphosphite|PbHPO3]]||||||0.02187||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) hydroxide|Pb(OH)2]]||||||0.0001615||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) iodate|Pb(IO3)2]]||||||0.0024||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) iodide|PbI2]]||0.044||0.056||0.069||0.09||0.124||||0.193||||0.294||||0.42
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) molybdate|PbMoO4]]||||||0.00001161||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) nitrate|Pb(NO3)2]]||37.5||46.2||54.3||63.4||72.1||||91.6||||111||||133
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) oxalate|PbC2O4]]||||||0.0006495||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) perchlorate|Pb(ClO4)2.3H2O]]||||||440||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) selenate|PbSeO4]]||||||0.0131||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) sulfate|PbSO4]]||||||0.003836||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) sulfide|PbS]]||||||6.767E-13||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) tartrate|PbC4H4O6]]||||||0.0025||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) thiocyanate|Pb(SCN)2]]||||||0.553||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) thiosulfate|PbS2O3]]||||||0.0202||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(II) tungstate|PbWO4]]||||||0.02838||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lead(IV) hydroxide|Pb(OH)4]]||||||7.229E-11||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium acetate|LiC2H3O2]]||31.2||35.1||40.8||50.6||68.6||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium azide|LiN3]]||61.3||64.2||67.2||71.2||75.4||||86.6||||||||100
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium benzoate|LiC7H5O2]]||38.9||41.6||44.7||53.8||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium bromate|LiBrO3]]||154||166||179||198||221||||269||||308||329||355
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium bromide|LiBr]]||143||147||160||183||211||||223||||245||||266
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium carbonate|Li2CO3]]||1.54||1.43||1.33||1.26||1.17||||1.01||||0.85||||0.72
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium chlorate|LiClO3]]||241||283||372||488||604||||777||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium chloride|LiCl]]||69.2||74.5||83.5||86.2||89.8||||98.4||||112||121||128
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium chromate|Li2CrO4.2H2O]]||||||142||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium dichromate|Li2Cr2O7.2H2O]]||||||||151||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium dihydrogenphosphate|LiH2PO4]]||126||||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium fluoride|LiF]]||||||0.16||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium fluorosilicate|Li2SiF6.2H2O]]||||||73||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium formate|LiHCO2]]||32.3||35.7||39.3||44.1||49.5||||64.7||||92.7||116||138
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium hydrogenphosphite|Li2HPO3]]||4.43||||||9.97||7.61||||7.11||||||||6.03
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium hydroxide|LiOH]]||11.9||12.1||12.3||||12.7||||13.2||||14.6||16.6||19.1
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium iodide|LiI]]||151||157||165||171||179||||202||||435||440||481
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium molybdate|Li2MoO4]]||82.6||||79.5||79.5||78||||||||||||73.9
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium nitrate|LiNO3]]||53.4||60.8||70.1||138||152||||175||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium nitrite|LiNO2]]||70.9||82.5||96.8||114||133||||177||||233||272||324
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium oxalate|Li2C2O4]]||||||8||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium perchlorate|LiClO4]]||42.7||49||56.1||63.6||72.3||||92.3||||128||151||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium permanganate|LiMnO4]]||||||71.4||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium phosphate|Li3PO4]]||||||0.03821||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium selenide|Li2Se]]||||||57.7||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium selenite|Li2SeO3]]||25||23.3||21.5||19.6||17.9||||14.7||||11.9||11.1||9.9
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium sulfate|Li2SO4]]||36.1||35.5||34.8||34.2||33.7||||32.6||||31.4||30.9||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium tartrate|Li2C4H4O6]]||42||31.8||27.1||26.6||27.2||||29.5||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium thiocyanate|LiSCN]]||||||114||131||153||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lithium vanadate|LiVO3]]||2.5||||4.82||6.28||4.38||||2.67||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lutetium(III) hydroxide|Lu(OH)3]]||||||0.00001164||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Lutetium(III) sulfate|Lu2(SO4)3.8H2O]]||||||57.9||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium acetate|Mg(C2H3O2)2]]||56.7||59.7||53.4||68.6||75.7||||118||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium benzoate|Mg(C7H5O2)2.H2O]]||||||||||5||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium bromate|Mg(BrO3)2.6H2O]]||||||||||58||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium bromide|MgBr2]]||98||99||101||104||106||||112||||||||125
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium carbonate|MgCO3]]||||||0.039||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium chlorate|Mg(ClO3)2]]||114||123||135||155||178||||242||||||268||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium chloride|MgCl2]]||52.9||53.6||54.6||55.8||57.5||||61||||66.1||69.5||73.3
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium chromate|MgCrO4.7H2O]]||||||137||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium fluoride|MgF2]]||||||0.007325||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium fluorosilicate|MgSiF6]]||26.3||||30.8||||34.9||||44.4||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium formate|Mg(HCO2)2]]||14||14.2||14.4||14.9||15.9||||17.9||||20.5||22.2||22.9
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium hydroxide|Mg(OH)2]]||||||0.0009628||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium iodate|Mg(IO3)2]]||||7.2||8.6||10||11.7||||15.2||||15.5||15.6||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium iodide|MgI2]]||120||||140||||173||||||||186||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium molybdate|MgMoO4]]||||||13.7||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium nitrate|Mg(NO3)2]]||62.1||66||69.5||73.6||78.9||||78.9||||91.6||106||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium oxalate|MgC2O4]]||||||0.104||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium perchlorate|Mg(ClO4)2]]||||||49.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium phosphate|Mg3(PO4)2]]||||||0.0002588||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium selenate|MgSeO4]]||20||30.4||38.3||44.3||48.6||||55.8||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium selenite|MgSeO3]]||||||0.05454||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium sulfate|MgSO4]]||22||28.2||33.7||38.9||44.5||||54.6||||55.8||52.9||50.4
    -|-
    -|[[Magnesium thiosulfate|MgS2O3]]||||||50||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) bromide|MnBr2]]||127||136||147||157||169||||197||||225||226||228
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) carbonate|MnCO3]]||||||0.00004877||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) chloride|MnCl2]]||63.4||68.1||73.9||80.8||88.5||||109||||113||114||115
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) ferrocyanide|Mn2Fe(CN)6]]||||||0.001882||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) fluoride|MnF2]]||||||10.6||||0.67||||0.44||||||||0.48
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) fluorosilicate|MnSiF6.6H2O]]||||||140||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) hydroxide|Mn(OH)2]]||||||0.0003221||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) nitrate|Mn(NO3)2]]||102||118||139||206||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) oxalate|MnC2O4.2H2]]||0.02||0.024||0.028||0.033||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Manganese(II) sulfate|MnSO4]]||52.9||59.7||62.9||62.9||60||||53.6||||45.6||40.9||35.3
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) azide|Hg2(N3)2]]||||||0.02727||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) bromide|Hg2Br2]]||||||0.000001352||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) carbonate|Hg2CO3]]||||||4.351E-07||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) chloride|Hg2Cl2]]||||||0.00003246||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) chromate|Hg2CrO4]]||||||0.002313||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) cyanide|Hg2(CN)2]]||||||2.266E-12||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) perchlorate|Hg2(ClO4)2)]]||282||325||407||455||||499||||541||||580
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(I) sulfate|Hg2SO4]]||||||0.04277||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) acetate|Hg(C2H3O2)2]]||||||25||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) benzoate|Hg(C7H5O2)2.2O]]||||||1.1||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) bromate|Hg(BrO3)2.2H2O]]||||||0.08||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) bromide|HgBr2]]||0.3||0.4||0.56||0.66||0.91||||1.68||||2.77||||4.9
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) chlorate|Hg(ClO3)2]]||||||25||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) chloride|HgCl2]]||3.63||4.82||6.57||8.34||10.2||||16.3||||30||||61.3
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) cyanide|Hg(CN)2]]||||||9.3||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) iodate|Hg(IO3)2]]||||||0.002372||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) iodide|HgI2]]||||||0.006||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) oxalate|HgC2O4]]||||||0.011||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) sulfide|HgS]]||||||2.943E-25||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Mercury(II) thiocyanate|Hg(SCN)2]]||||||0.063||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) acetate|Nd(C2H3O2)3.H2O]]||||||26.2||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) bromate|Nd(BrO3)3]]||43.9||59.2||75.6||95.2||116||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) chloride|NdCl3]]||||96.7||98||99.6||102||||105||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) molybdate|Nd2(MoO4)3]]||||||||0.0019||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) nitrate|Nd(NO3)3]]||127||133|142||145||159||||211||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) selenate|Nd2(SeO4)3]]||45.2||44.6||41.8||39.9||39.9||||43.9||||7||3.3||
    -|-
    -|[[Neodymium(III) sulfate|Nd2(SO4)3]]||13||9.7||7.1||5.3||4.1||||2.8||||2.2||1.2||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) bromate|Ni(BrO3)2.6H2]]||||||28||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) bromide|NiBr2]]||113||122||131||138||144||||153||||154||||155
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) carbonate|NiCO3]]||||||0.0009643||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) chlorate|Ni(ClO3)2]]||111||120||133||155||181||||221||||308||||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) chloride|NiCl2]]||53.4||56.3||66.8||70.6||73.2||||81.2||||86.6||||87.6
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) fluoride|NiF2]]||||2.55||2.56||||||||2.56||||||2.59||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) iodate|Ni(IO3)2]]||0.74||||0.062||1.43|||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) iodide|NiI2]]||124||135||148||161||174||||184||||187||188||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) nitrate|Ni(NO3)2]]||79.2||||94.2||105||119||||158||||187||188||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) perchlorate|Ni(ClO4)2]]||105||107||110||113||117||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) pyrophosphate|Ni2P2O7]]||||||0.001017||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Nickel(II) sulfate|NiSO4.6H2O]]||||||44.4||46.6||49.2||||55.6||||64.5||70.1||76.7
    -|-
    -|[[Nitrogen monoxide|NO]]||||||0.0056||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Dinitrogen monoxide|N2O]]||||||0.112||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Oxygen|O2]]||0.0152||0.0117||0.0094||0.0078||0.0062||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Palladium(II) hydroxide|Pd(OH)2]]||||||4.106E-10||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Palladium(IV) hydroxide|Pd(OH)4]]||||||5.247E-14||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Platinum(II) hydroxide|Pt(OH)2]]||||||3.109E-11||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Platinum(IV) bromide|PtBr4]]||||||1.352E-07||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Plutonium(III) fluoride|PuF3]]||||||0.0003144||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Plutonium(IV) fluoride|PuF4]]||||||0.0003622||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Plutonium(IV) iodate|Pu(IO3)4]]||||||0.07998||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Polonium(II) sulfide|PoS]]||||||2.378E-14||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium acetate|KC2H3O2]]||216||233||256||283||324||||350||||381||398||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium arsenate|K3AsO4]]||||||19||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium azide|KN3]]||41.4||46.2||50.8||55.8||61||||||||||||106
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium benzoate|KC7H5O2]]||||65.8||70.7||76.7||82.1||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium bromate|KBrO3]]||3.09||4.72||6.91||9.64||13.1||||22.7||||34.1||||49.9
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium bromide|KBr]]||53.6||59.5||65.3||70.7||75.4||||85.5||||94.9||99.2||104
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium hexabromoplatinate|K2PtBr6]]||||||1.89||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium carbonate|K2CO3]]||105||109||111||114||117||||127||||140||148||156
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium chlorate|KClO3]]||3.3||5.2||7.3||10.1||13.9||||23.8||||37.5||46||56.3
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium chloride|KCl]]||28||31.2||34.2||37.2||40.1||||45.8||||51.3||53.9||56.3
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium chromate|K2CrO4]]||56.3||60||63.7||66.7||67.8||||70.1||||||74.5||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium cyanide|KCN]]||||||50||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium dichromate|K2Cr2O7]]||4.7||7||12.3||18.1||26.3||||45.6||||73||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium dihydrogenarsenate|KH2AsO4]]||||||19||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium dihydrogenphosphate|KH2PO4]]||14.8||18.3||22.6||28||35.5||||50.2||||70.4||83.5||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium ferricyanide|K3Fe(CN)6]]||30.2||38||46||53||59.3||||70||||||||91
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium ferrocyanide|K4Fe(CN)6]]||14.3||21.1||28.2||35.1||41.4||||54.8||||66.9||71.5||74.2
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium fluoride|KF]]||44.7||53.5||94.9||108||138||||142||||150||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium formate|KHCO2]]||||313||337||361||398||||471||||580||658||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium hydrogencarbonate|KHCO3]]||22.5||27.4||33.7||39.9||47.5||||65.6||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium hydrogenphosphate|K2HPO4]]||||||150||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium hydrogensulfate|KHSO4]]||36.2||||48.6||54.3||61||||76.4||||96.1||||122
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium hydroxide|KOH]]||95.7||103||112||126||134||||154||||||||178
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium iodate|KIO3]]||4.6||6.27||8.08||10.3||12.6||||18.3||||24.8||||32.3
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium iodide|KI]]||128||136||144||153||162||||176||||192||198||206
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium nitrate|KNO3]]||13.9||21.9||31.6||45.3||61.3||||106||||167||203||245
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium nitrite|KNO2]]||279||292||306||320||329||||348||||376||390||410
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium oxalate|K2C2O4]]||25.5||31.9||36.4||39.9||43.8||||53.2||||63.6||69.2||75.3
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium perchlorate|KClO4]]||0.76||1.06||1.68||2.56||3.73||||7.3||||13.4||17.7||22.3
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium periodate|KIO4]]||0.17||0.28||0.42||0.65||1||||2.1||||4.4||5.9||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium permanganate|KMnO4]]||2.83||4.31||6.34||9.03||12.6||||22.1||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium phosphate|K3PO4]]||||81.5||92.3||108||133||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium selenate|K2SeO4]]||107||109||111||113||115||||119||||121||||122
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium sulfate|K2SO4]]||7.4||9.3||11.1||13||14.8||||18.2||||21.4||22.9||24.1
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium thiocyanate|KSCN]]||177||198||224||255||289||||372||||492||571||675
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium thiosulfate|K2S2O3]]||96||||155||175||205||||238||||293||312||
    -|-
    -|[[Potassium tungstate|K2WO4]]||||||51.5||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Praseodymium(III) acetate|Pr(C2H3O2)3.H2O]]||||||32||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Praseodymium(III) bromate|Pr(BrO3)3]]||55.9||73||91.8||114||144||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Praseodymium(III) chloride|PrCl3]]||||||104||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Praseodymium(III) molybdate|Pr2(MoO4)3]]||||||0.0015||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Praseodymium(III) nitrate|Pr(NO3)3]]||||||112||162||178||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Praseodymium(III) sulfate|Pr2(SO4)3]]||19.8||15.6||12.6||9.89||2.56||||5.04||||3.5||1.1||0.91
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium acetate|RbC2H3O2]]||||||||||86||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium bromate|RbBrO3]]||||||||3.6||5.1||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium bromide|RbBr]]||90||99||108||119||132||||158||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium chlorate|RbClO3]]||2.1||3.1||5.4||8||11.6||||22||||38||49||63
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium chloride|RbCl]]||77||84||91||98||104||||115||||127||133||143
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium chromate|Rb2CrO4]]||62||67.5||73.6||78.9||85.6||||95.7||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium dichromate|Rb2Cr2O7]]||||||5.9||10||15.2||||32.3||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium fluoride|RbF]]||||||300||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium fluorosilicate|Rb2SiF6]]||||||0.157||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium formate|RbHCO2]]||||443||554||614||694||||900||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium hydrogencarbonate|RbHCO3]]||||||110||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium hydroxide|RbOH]]||||||180||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium iodate|RbIO3]]||||||1.96||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium iodide|RbI]]||||||144||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium nitrate|RbNO3]]||19.5||33||52.9||81.2||117||||200||||310||374||452
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium perchlorate|RbClO4]]||1.09||1.19||1.55||2.2||3.26||||6.27||||11||15.5||22
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium periodate|RbIO4]]||||||0.648||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium selenate|Rb2SeO4]]||||||159||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Rubidium sulfate|Rb2SO4]]||37.5||42.6||48.1||53.6||58.5||||67.5||||75.1||78.6||81.8
    -|-
    -|[[Samarium acetate|Sm(C2H3O2)3.3H2O]]||||||15||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Samarium bromate|Sm(BrO3)3]]||34.2||47.6||62.5||79||98.5||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Samarium chloride|SmCl3]]||||92.4||93.4||94.6||96.9||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Samarium sulfate|Sm2(SO4)3.8H2O]]||||||2.7||3.1||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Scandium oxalate|Sc2(C2O4)3.6H2O]]||||||0.006||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Scandium sulfate|Sc2(SO4)3.5H2O]]||||||54.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silicon dioxide|SiO2]]||||||0.012||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver acetate|AgC2H3O2]]||0.73||0.89||1.05||1.23||1.43||||1.93||||2.59||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver azide|AgN3]]||||||0.0007931||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver bromate|AgBrO3]]||||0.11||0.16||0.23||0.32||||0.57||||0.94||1.33||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver bromide|AgBr]]||||||0.00001328||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver carbonate|Ag2CO3]]||||||0.003489||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver chlorate|AgClO3]]||||10.4||15.3||20.9||26.8||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver chloride|AgCl]]||||||0.0001923||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver chlorite|AgClO2]]||||||0.248||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver chromate|Ag2CrO4]]||||||0.002157||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver cyanide|AgCN]]||||||1.467E-07||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver dichromate|Ag2Cr2O7]]||||||0.159||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver fluoride|AgF]]||85.9||120||172||190||203||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver nitrate|AgNO3]]||122||167||216||265||311||||440||||585||652||733
    -|-
    -|[[Silver perchlorate|AgClO4]]||455||484||525||594||635||||||||||||793
    -|-
    -|[[Silver permanganate|AgMnO4]]||||||0.9||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Silver sulfate|Ag2SO4]]||0.57||0.7||0.8||0.89||0.98||||1.15||||1.3||1.36||1.41
    -|-
    -|[[Silver vanadate|AgVO3]]||||||0.01462||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium acetate|NaC2H3O2]]||36.2||40.8||46.4||54.6||65.6||||139||||153||161||170
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium azide|NaN3]]||38.9||39.9||40.8||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium benzoate|NaC7H5O2]]||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium bromate|NaBrO3]]||24.2||30.3||36.4||42.6||48.8||||62.6||||75.7||||90.8
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium bromide|NaBr]]||80.2||85.2||90.8||98.4||107||||118||||120||121||121
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium carbonate|Na2CO3]]||7||12.5||21.5||39.7||49||||46||||43.9||43.9||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium chlorate|NaClO3]]||79.6||87.6||95.9||105||115||||137||||167||184||204
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium chloride|NaCl]]||35.7||35.8||35.9||36.1||36.4||||37.1||||38||38.5||39.2
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium chromate|NaCrO4]]||31.7||50.1||84||88||96||||115||||125||||126
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium cyanide|NaCN]]||40.8||48.1||58.7||71.2||[[hydrolysis|dec]]||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium dichromate|Na2Cr2O7]]||163||172||183||198||215||||269||||376||405||415
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium dihydrogenphosphate|NaH2PO4]]||56.5||69.8||86.9||107||133||||172||||211||234||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium fluoride|NaF]]||3.66||||4.06||4.22||4.4||||4.68||||4.89||||5.08
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium formate|NaHCO2]]||43.9||62.5||81.2||102||108||||122||||138||147||160
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium hydrogencarbonate|NaHCO3]]||7||8.1||9.6||11.1||12.7||||16||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium hydroxide|NaOH]]||||98||109||119||129||||174||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium iodate|NaIO3]]||2.48||4.59||8.08||10.7||13.3||||19.8||||26.6||29.5||33
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium iodide|NaI]]||159||167||178||191||205||||257||||295||||302
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium molybdate|Na2MoO4]]||44.1||64.7||65.3||66.9||68.6||||71.8||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium nitrate|NaNO3]]||73||80.8||87.6||94.9||102||||122||||148||||180
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium nitrite|NaNO2]]||71.2||75.1||80.8||87.6||94.9||||111||||113||||160
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium oxalate|Na2C2O4]]||2.69||3.05||3.41||3.81||4.18||||4.93||||5.71||||6.5
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium perchlorate|NaClO4]]||167||183||201||222||245||||288||||306||||329
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium periodate|NaIO4]]||1.83||5.6||10.3||19.9||30.4||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium phosphate|Na3PO4]]||4.5||8.2||12.1||16.3||20.2||||20.9||||60||68.1||77
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium pyrophosphate|Na4P2O7]]||2.26||||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium selenate|Na2SeO4]]||13.3||25.2||26.9||77||81.8||||78.6||||74.8||73||72.7
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium sulfate|NaSO4]]||4.9||9.1||19.5||40.8||48.8||||45.3||||43.7||42.7||42.5
    -|-
    -|[[Sodium thiosulfate|Na2S2O3]]||71.5||||73||||77.6||||||||90.8||||97.2
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium acetate|Sr(C2H3O2)2]]||37||42.9||41.1||39.5||38.3||||36.8||||36.1||36.2||36.4
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium bromate|Sr(BrO3)2.H2O]]||||||30.9||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium bromide|SrBr2]]||85.2||93.4||102||112||123||||150||||182||||223
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium chlorate|SrClO3]]||||||175||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium chloride|SrCl2]]||43.5||47.7||52.9||58.7||65.3||||81.8||||90.5||||101
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium chromate|SrCrO4]]||||||0.085||0.090||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium formate|Sr(HCO2)2]]||9.1||10.6||12.7||15.2||17.8||||25||||31.9||32.9||34.4
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium hydroxide|Sr(OH)2.8H2O]]||0.91||1.25||1.77||2.64||3.95||||8.42||||20.2||44.5||91.2
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium iodate|Sr(IO3)2]]||||||0.19||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium iodide|SrI2]]||165||||178||||192||||218||||270||365||383
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium molybdate|SrMoO4]]||||||0.01107||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium nitrate|Sr(NO3)2]]||39.5||52.9||69.5||88.7||89.4||||93.4||||96.9||98.4||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium selenate|SrSeO4]]||||||0.656||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium sulfate|SrSO4]]||0.0113||0.0129||0.0132||0.0138||0.0141||||0.0131||||0.0116||0.0115
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium thiosulfate|SrS2O3.5H2O]]||||2.5||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Strontium tungstate|SrWO4]]||||||0.0003957||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Sulfur dioxide|SO2]]||||||9.4||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Terbium bromate|Tb(BrO3)3.9H2O]]||66.4||89.7||117||152||198||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Terbium sulfate|Tb2(SO4)3.8H2O]]||||||3.56||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) azide|TlN3]]||0.171||0.236||0.364||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) bromate|TlBrO3]]||||||0.306||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) bromide|TlBr]]||0.022||0.032||0.048||0.068||0.097||||0.117||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) carbonate|Tl2CO3]]||||||5.3||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) chlorate|TlClO3]]||2||||3.92||||12.7||||||||36.6||||57.3
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) cyanide|TlCN]]||||||16.8||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) fluoride|TlF]]||||||78||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) hydrogencarbonate|TlHCO3]]||||||500||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) hydroxide|TlOH]]||25.4||29.6||35||40.4||49.4||||73.3||||106||126||150
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) iodate|TlIO3]]||||||0.06678||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) iodide|TlI]]||0.002||||0.006||||0.015||||0.035||||0.07||||0.12
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) nitrate|TlNO3]]||3.9||6.22||9.55||14.3||21||||46.1||||110||200||414
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) oxalate|Tl2C2O4]]||||||1.83||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) perchlorate|TlClO4]]||6||8.04||13.1||19.7||28.3||||50.8||||81.5||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) phosphate|Tl3PO4]]||||||0.15||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) pyrophosphate|Tl4P2O7]]||||||40||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) selenate|Tl2SeO4]]||||2.17||2.8||||||||||||8.5||||10.8
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) sulfate|Tl2SO4]]||2.73||3.7||4.87||6.16||7.53||||11||||14.6||16.5||18.4
    -|-
    -|[[Thallium(I) vanadate|TlVO3]]||||||0.87||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thorium(IV) fluoride|ThF4.4H2O]]||||||0.914||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thorium(IV) iodate|Th(IO3)4]]||||||0.03691||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thorium(IV) nitrate|Th(NO3)4]]||186||187||191||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thorium(IV) selenate|Th(SeO4)2.9H2O]]||0.65||||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Thorium(IV) sulfate|Th(SO4)2.9H2O]]||0.74||0.99||1.38||1.99||3||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Tin(II) bromide|SnBr2]]||85||||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Tin(II) chloride|SnCl2]]||84||||||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Tin(II) fluoride|SnF2]]||||||30||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Tin(II) iodide|SnI2]]||||||0.99||1.17||1.42||||2.11||||3.04||3.58||4.2
    -|-
    -|[[Tin(II) sulfate|SnSO4]]||||||18.9||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Uranium(IV) sulfate|U(SO4)2.8H2O]]||||||11.9||17.9||29.2||||55.8||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl acetate|UO2(C2H3O2)2.2H2O]]||||||7.69||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl chloride|UO2Cl2]]||||||320||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl formate|UO2(HCO2)2.H2O]]||||||7.2||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl iodate|UO2(IO3)2.H2O]]||||||0.124||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl nitrate|UO2(NO3)2]]||98||107||122||141||167||||317||||388||426||474
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl oxalate|UO2C2O4]]||||0.45||0.5||0.61||0.8||||1.22||||1.94||||3.16
    -|-
    -|[[Uranyl sulfate|UO2SO4.3H2O]]||||||21||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Ytterbium sulfate|Yb2(SO4)3]]||44.2||37.5||||22.2||17.2||||10.4||||6.4||5.8||4.7
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium acetate|Y(C2H3O2)3.4H2O]]||||||9.03||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium bromate|Y(BrO3)3.9H2O]]||||||168||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium bromide|YBr3]]||63.9||||75.1||||87.3||||101||||116||123||
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium chloride|YCl3]]||77.3||78.1||78.8||79.6||80.8||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium fluoride|YF3]]||||||0.005769||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium nitrate|Y(NO3)3]]||93.1||106||123||143||163||||200||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Yttrium sulfate|Y2(SO4)3]]||8.05||7.67||7.3||6.78||6.09||||4.44||||2.89||2.2||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc acetate|Zn(C2H3O2)2]]||||||30||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc bromide|ZnBr2]]||389||||446||528||591||||618||||645||||672
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc carbonate|ZnCO3]]||||||0.00004692||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc chlorate|Zn(ClO3)2]]||145||152||200|209||223||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc chloride|ZnCl2]]||342||353||395||437||452||||488||||541||||614
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc cyanide|Zn(CN)2]]||||||0.058||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc fluoride|ZnF2]]||||||1.6||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc formate|Zn(HCO2)2]]||3.7||4.3||5.2|6.1||7.4||||11.8||||21.2||28.8||38
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc iodate|Zn(IO3)2.2H2O]]||||||0.07749||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc iodide|ZnI2]]||430||||432||||445||||467||||490||||510
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc nitrate|Zn(NO3)2]]||98||||||138||211||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc oxalate|ZnC2O4.2H2O]]||||||0.002521||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc permanganate|Zn(MnO4)2]]||||||33.3||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc sulfate|ZnSO4]]||41.6||47.2||53.8||61.3||70.5||||75.4||||71.1||||60.5
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc sulfite|ZnSO3.2H2O]]||||||0.16||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zinc tartrate|ZnC4H4O6]]||||||0.022||0.041||0.06||||0.104||||0.59||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zirconium fluoride|ZrF4]]||||||1.32||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|[[Zirconium sulfate|Zr(SO4)2.4H2O]]||||||52.5||||||||||||||||
    -|-
    -|}
    +{{College coach infobox
    +| Name = Frank Solich
    +| Image = SOLICH.jpg
    +| Caption =
    +| DateOfBirth = [[September 8]], [[1944]]
    +| Birthplace = [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]]
    +| DateOfDeath =
    +| Sport = [[American football|Football]]
    +| College = [[Ohio University|Ohio]]
    +| Title = [[Head Coach]]
    +| CurrentRecord = 12-10
    +| OverallRecord = 70-29
    +| Awards =
    +| Championships =
    +| CFbDWID = 2195
    +| Player = Y
    +| Years = 1962-65
    +| Team = [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln|Nebraska]]
    +| Position = [[Fullback]]
    +| Coach = Y
    +| CoachYears = 1998-2003
    2005-Present
    +| CoachTeams = Nebraska
    Ohio
    +| FootballHOF =
    +}}
    +'''Frank Solich''' (born [[September 8]], [[1944]] in [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]) is the head [[American football|football]] coach of the [[Ohio University|Ohio]] [[Ohio Bobcats|Bobcats]].

    -[[Category:Solutions]]
    -[[Category:Chemistry]]
    -[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]
    +== Solich's Time at Ohio ==
    +Solich's impact on the Ohio program was immediate, as plans were put in place to renovate Ohio's football facilities and increase financial support for the football program. Also, Ohio was selected to appear on national television 6 times for the 2005 football season, a record for the program. Frank Solich's first home game as coach of Ohio was a memorable one, as [[Peden Stadium]] brought in its largest ever crowd on [[September 9]], [[2005]], when 24,545 fans were in attendance to watch the Bobcats defeat the [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] [[University of Pittsburgh Panthers|Panthers]] 16-10. While Ohio's 2005 record under Solich (4-7) was the same as the Bobcats' record in the previous year under [[Brian Knorr]], in 2006 Solich has led the Bobcats to the most wins (9-3) in a season since they went 10-1 in 1968.
    +
    +On Saturday, [[November 26]], [[2005]], Solich was arrested by Athens City Police for [[driving under the influence]] when he was found slumped over the wheel of his car asleep facing the wrong way on a one-way street. On Tuesday, [[November 29]], [[2005]] Solich pleaded [[nolo contendere|no contest]] in an Athens Courthouse, and on the next day Solich was placed on probation for the remainder of his contract and given three rules set by the school administration that he must follow in order for him to remain the head football coach at Ohio University.
    +
    +On [[June 2]], [[2006]], a request was filed with the Athens Municipal Court that asked the court to consider overturning Solich's conviction. The request was based on the possibility that Solich had been drugged with [[GHB]] prior to being found by police, a possibility suggested by the presence of [[GHB]] in a hair sample taken from Solich in January [[2006]]. Solich was denied to fight the charge after an [[August 15]] appeal hearing.
    +
    +== Background information ==
    +[[Image:0920 large.jpg|thumb|right|128px||Solich on the cover of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', [[September 20]], [[1965]].]]A native of [[Cleveland, Ohio]], Solich prepped at [[Holy Name High School]] where he earned all-state, [[All-America]] and all-scholastic honors. He was a part of [[Bob Devaney]]’s first recruiting class at [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln|Nebraska]], and became a standout for the [[Nebraska Cornhuskers|Huskers]] in the mid-1960’s. An All-[[Big Eight Conference|Big Eight]] [[fullback]] and co-[[Captain (sports)|captain]] of the Huskers’ 1965 team, his playing career earned him induction into the Nebraska Football Hall of Fame in 1992. In NU's 27-17 win over [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force]] in 1965, he ran for 204 yards on 17 carries, becoming the first Husker to run for 200 yards in a game, and the subsequently the first Husker to be featured on the cover of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''.
    +
    +Solich is married to the former Pamela Wieck, of [[Beatrice, Nebraska]], and they have two children, Cindy and Jeff. Cindy and her husband, Jon Dalton, have a daughter, Catherine, and two sons, Aaron and Jacob. Jeff and his wife Chara have a son, Cade.
    +
    +== High school coaching ==
    +He began his career in the [[Nebraska]] prep ranks, as head coach at Holy Name High School in [[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]] in [[1966]] and [[1967]]. His 1967 team was state runner-up. Solich then moved to Lincoln Southeast, one of the state’s top high school programs. In 11 years at Southeast, he compiled a record of 66-33-5 while capturing back-to-back Class A state titles in 1976 and 1977.
    +
    +== Nebraska roots ==
    +Prior to coming to Ohio, Solich spent many years as a part of the [[University of Nebraska-Lincoln|University of Nebraska]] football program, as a player, an assistant coach, and later as the head coach.
    +
    +Solich was the head coach of the [[Nebraska Cornhuskers]] from [[1998]]-[[2003]]. He directed the Cornhusker program to six consecutive [[bowl game]]s, including the national championship game in the 2002 [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]]. Nebraska won at least nine games in five of those six seasons, and finished among the top 10 teams in the nation three times.
    +
    +Solich claimed [[Big 12 Conference]] Coach-of-the-Year honors in both [[1999]] and [[2001]], and was one of seven finalists for the [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] National Coach-of-the-Year Award in 2001.
    +
    +Despite his success, detractors point out that the program steadily declined from national prominence in each of his six seasons at the helm. After a stormy campaign in [[2002]] (7-7), he was fired by athletic director [[Steve Pederson]] despite rebounding in [[2003]] to a 9-3 record.
    +
    +However, supporters of Solich believe that he was still capable of regaining Nebraska's status as one of the premier programs in the nation. They view his firing as a mistake. Indeed, some Solich supporters from Nebraska now regularly travel to Ohio home games as a sign of support for Solich. [http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/news;_ylt=Amb289NiOx8ObIQk3AXKETg5nYcB?slug=cnnsi-thebusisstillro&prov=cnnsi&type=lgns]
    +
    +Prior to becoming head coach, Solich spent 19 seasons as an assistant under [[Tom Osborne (Nebraska)|Tom Osborne]]. In Solich’s 19 years as an assistant, the Huskers captured three national championships, all with Solich as assistant head coach. Nebraska also won 11 conference titles.
    +
    +== External links ==
    +*[http://ohiobobcats.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/solich_frank00.html Frank Solich Page on Ohiobobcats.com]
    +*[http://ohiobobcats.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/ohio-m-footbl-body.html Ohio Bobcats Football]
    +*[http://ohiobobcats.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/121604aaa.html December 16 Press Release Announcing Solich's hire at Ohio]
    +*[http://bigrednetwork.com/archives/2006/07/frank_solich_instrumental_in_h.html Frank Solich Instrumental in Husker Success] Steve Hanway, bigrednetwork.com, July 5, 2006
    +
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box|
    + before=[[Tom Osborne (Nebraska)|Tom Osborne]]|
    + title=[[Nebraska Cornhuskers|Nebraska Cornhuskers Football Coach]]|
    + years=[[1998]]–[[2003]]|
    + after=[[Bill Callahan (football coach)|Bill Callahan]]
    +}}
    +{{succession box|
    + before=[[Brian Knorr]]|
    + title=[[University of Ohio|Ohio Bobcats Football Coach]]|
    + years=[[2005]]–|
    + after=''Current''
    +}}
    +{{end box}}
    +
    +{{HuskersCoach}}
    +{{BobcatsCoach}}
    +
    +[[Category:People from Pennsylvania|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:People from Ohio|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:People from Nebraska|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:1944 births|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:American football running backs|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football players|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches|Solich, Frank]]
    +[[Category:Ohio Bobcats football coaches|Solich, Frank]]
    2013-03-14 15:07:19 90138074 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1544216]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,94 +1,16 @@\n
    -The '''''MV Tampa''''' is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[cargo ship]] that was at the centre of a diplomatic dispute between [[Australia]], Norway, and [[Indonesia]] which began off the coast of [[Christmas Island]] in August 2001.
    +== [[:Little v. bareme]] ==
    +Please stop. If you continue to blank pages, {{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|as you did to [[:{{{1}}}]],}} you will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing Wikipedia. [[User:OwenX|Owen×]] [[User talk:OwenX|☎]] 01:56, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +: OwenX, please [[WP:BITE|don't bite the newbies]] - a 3rd warning is absolutely uncalled for. Elipsisdotdotdot blanking a page he himself had just created, after discovering that he had misspelled the title. Elipsis, if you find yourself in this situation again, it is better to leave a [[WP:REDIR|redirect]] to the correct name in place than just to blank the page. Blanking will not delete the page, and if you could misspell the title somebody else searching for the article can, too. [[User:Henning Makholm|Henning Makholm]] 02:15, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

    -Earlier in the year increasing numbers of people attempted to travel to Australia by boat in order to seek [[right of asylum|asylum]] as [[refugee]]s. Many of these arrived off Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the [[Indian Ocean]], some 2000km off the north-west coast of Australia and south of Indonesia. Hundreds of people arrived on tightly packed, unseaworthy vessels, and many were believed to have paid exorbitant amounts to [[people smuggling|people smugglers]] for their passage to Australia.
    +== Welcome ==

    -==Overview==
    -At dawn on [[August 24]], [[2001]], a 20 metre wooden [[fishing boat]], the ''Palapa 1'', with 438 (369 men, 26 female and 43 children) mainly [[Afghan people|Afghan]] [[unauthorised arrival]]s became stranded in international waters about 140 km north of Christmas Island.
    +'''Welcome!'''

    -On [[August 26]], Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) Australia, which had been aware of the vessel's distress, possibly through [[Australian Coastwatch|Coastwatch]] surveillance, requested all ships in the area to respond. Of the ships that acknowledged the request, the ''Tampa'' was closest to the site and proceeded to rescue the people on the ''Palapa 1''. According to international law, survivors of a shipwreck are to be taken to the closest port for medical treatment, which in this case was Christmas Island, (Christmas Island was 85 nautical miles or approxiamately 4 hours from the point of rescue. [[Merak]], the Indonesian port offered by Indonesia after lobbying by the Australain Government, was 12 hours away. ''Ref: Dark Victory, page 20'').
    -
    - [http://www.dfat.gov.au/qwon/1999_2001/010828_qwn.html According to a transcript] of question time minister Alexander Downer outlined that "It is important that people understand that Australia has no obligation under Internationl law to accept the rescued persons in to Australian territory.
    -
    - [http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:iYH_To7IuBoJ:www.australiaun.org/unWeb/content/statements/internationalLaw/11.27.2001_LAW.pdf+mv+tampa+position+of+rescue&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=5 In a statement] to the United Nations [[David Stuart]] recorded that "the rescue by the MV Tampa occured outside the search and rescue region designated as being the responsibility of Australia.
    -
    -After taking the asylum seekers onboard, Rinnan had intended to proceed to Christmas Island bur following a lack of cooperation from the Australian authorities and directions from Jakarta he set course for Merak in Indonesia. After he set sail a delegation of asylum seekers visited Captain Rinnan on the bridge to demand passage to Australian territory, specifically Christmas Island.The delegation was quite aggressive and agitated, and Rinnan realised his crew was well and truly outnumbered. So he altered course for Christmas Island.
    -
    -The captain of the ''Tampa'', [[Arne Rinnan]], later said during an interview by Norway Today:
    -:''They sent a plane to direct us to the sinking boat. When we arrived it was obvious to us that it was coming apart. Several of the refugees were obviously in a bad state and collapsed when they came on deck to us. 10 to 12 of them were unconscious, several had dysenteria and a pregnant woman suffered abdominal pains.''
    -
    -:''First we were told to bring them to Christmas Island, then they changed their minds and said that the refugees were not allowed to disembark at any account. I got mad.''
    -
    -Rinnan has been a sailor since [[1958]], and a captain for 23 years.
    -:''I have seen most of what there is to see in this profession, but what I experienced on this trip is the worst. When we asked for food and medicine for the refugees, the Australians sent commando troops onboard. This created a very high tension among the refugees. After an hour of checking the refugees, the troops agreed to give medical assistance to some of them.... - The soldiers obviously didn't like their mission.''
    -
    -The ship approached the boundary of Australia's territorial waters (12 nautical miles from the island) and requested the Australian government's permission to unload the asylum seekers at Christmas Island. The Australian government however refused permission for the ship to enter Australia's territorial waters. Supporter's of the government's actions claim that the rescue had occurred in part of the high seas for which [[Indonesia]] had search and rescue responsibilities.
    -
    -Captain Rinnan pleaded for permission for the ship to dock at Christmas Island. He reported that several of the asylum seekers were unconscious, and others were suffering from [[dysentery]], statements that were later disputed. According to later Australian government claims, the asylum seekers were in relatively good health. However a few were quite ill by the time they arrived in [[New Zealand]], so this matter is still unclear. The Captain said that the ship could not sail to Indonesia, because it was unseaworthy — the ship was not designed for 438 people, only its 27 crew; and there were no lifeboats or other safety equipment available for the asylum seekers in the case of an emergency. He was also concerned that if the ship did try to sail to Indonesia the asylum seekers could try jumping overboard or rioting and harm the crew.
    -
    -The Australian government provided medical assistance and food, but still refused permission for the ship to enter Australian territorial waters. The Australian government sent military personnel to Christmas Island, ostensibly to be ready to provide this assistance to the ship.
    -
    -On [[August 29]] Captain Rinnan, having lost patience with the Australian authorities, and increasingly concerned for the safety of the asylum seekers and the ship's crew, declared a state of emergency and proceeded to enter Australian territorial waters without permission. The legality of this action has been the subject of debate, with the Australian government maintaining that it was illegal.
    -
    -The Australian government then responded by dispatching Australian troops ([[Special Air Service (Australia)|SAS]]) lead by by squadron commander Major Vince Khan, under Colonel Gus Gilmore, to board the ship and prevent it from approaching any further to Christmas Island. Prior to the arrival of the SAS the crew of the "Tampa" had flatly refused to allow the boat people to use their toilets or go anywhere near their accommodation. The Australian government was seeking to stop any of the asylum seekers from applying for asylum, which they could legally do as soon as they stepped foot on Australian territory. As Australian Medics treated the patients on board, the ships doctor Christian Maltau refused to provide any more medical supplies from the "Tampa", even rubber gloves and turned off the ships water supply while rescuees were being washed after a bad outbreak of diarrhoea. Several Australian soldiers contracted diarrhoea as a result of these actions. Captain Rinnan then anchored it approximately four nautical miles off Christmas Island. Shortly afterwards the [[Australian Prime Ministers|Prime Minister of Australia]], [[John Howard]], reported the boarding of the ship to the Australian Parliament.
    -
    -The Australian troops instructed Captain Rinnan to move the ship back into international waters; he refused, claiming the ship was unsafe to sail until the asylum seekers had been offloaded. The shipowners said they agreed with his decision, and the Norwegian government warned the Australian government not to seek to force the ship to return to international waters against the captain's will.
    -
    -The Australian government tried to persuade Indonesia to accept the asylum seekers; Indonesia refused. Norway refused to accept them, either, because of the distance between the ship and Norway, and reported Australia to the [[United Nations]], the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]], and the [[International Maritime Organisation]] for alleged failure to obey its duties under [[international law]], though it did not ask for the assistance of these organisations.
    -
    -Captain Arne Rinnan received the highest civil honour in Norway as a result of his handling of this difficult incident. All the companies who had cargo on ''Tampa'' congratulated Captain Rinnan, despite the various cargos having been delayed by 10 days. Australia threatened to prosecute Captain Rinnan as a [[people smuggler]].
    -
    -== Border Protection Bill 2001 ==
    -Late on the night of [[August 29]], the Prime Minister introduced an emergency bill entitled the "Border Protection Bill 2001". This Bill, provides the government with the power to remove any ship in the territorial waters of Australia (s. 4), to use reasonable force to do so (s. 5), to provide that any person who was on the ship may be forcibly returned to the ship (s. 6), that no civil or criminal proceedings may be taken against the Australian government or any of its officer for removing the ship or returning people to it (s. 7), that no court proceedings are available to prevent the ship from being removed and from people being returned to it (s. 8), and that no asylum applications may be made by people on board the ship (s. 9). The bill provides for it to enter into force on at 9 am. Australian Eastern Standard Time, [[29 August]] [[2001]] (s. 2); thus the bill is retroactive; it also provides that any action taken prior to the legislation being passed to remove any ship and return people to it are legal.
    -
    -The Opposition [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] announced they would not support the bill; nor would the [[Australian Greens|Greens]], [[Australian Democrats|Democrats]] or Independent Senator [[Brian Harradine]]. The bill quickly passed the lower [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], but was rejected by the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] at 2:05 am [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]] time on [[August 30]], after which the Senate adjourned. The Government attacked the Opposition for refusing to pass the legislation, but indicated it would not reintroduce it at this stage.
    -
    -The government has since acted to excise Christmas Island and a large number of other coastal islands from Australia's migration zone, effectively meaning that any asylum seekers who do not reach the Australian mainland will not be able to apply for refugee status. The Labor party supported the excision of some islands that it viewed as acting as a "magnet for people smugglers", but not others, such as [[Melville Island, Northern Territory|Melville Island]], which it viewed as being too close to the mainland to justify excision. The other parties opposed excision of any islands.
    -
    -==Political effects==
    -
    -The Tampa crisis had an enormous effect on Australia both at home and abroad. Internationally, Australia was criticised by many countries, particularly Norway, who accused it of evading its human rights responsibilities. Australia's stance did attract some support from countries such as the [[United Kingdom]] that faced similar immigration problems.
    -
    -Domestically, the government's line attracted strong support, especially in the aftermath of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]]. The Australian government’s popularity rating rose throughout the crisis.{{cite web |url=http://www.hi.com.au/resource/rfactsa.asp?kla=13&subtopicid=3274 |title= Tampa Crisis |work=Infobase (Atlas) |publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann Interactive]] |accessdate=2006-07-15}} In the federal election following the arrival of the Tampa, the Liberal Party campaigned vigorously on the issue, with John Howard's statement "we decide who comes into this country and the circumstances in which they come.", a slogan infamously regarded by critics as a direct appeal to racist elements within Australian society. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/08/23/1061529374928.html ] [http://www.smh.com.au/news/julia-baird/so-clearly-racist-it-seems-dishonest-to-suggest-otherwise/2005/12/15/1136956274190.html ] [http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2001/s415170.htm ]
    -
    -Meanwhile, the Australian electorate largely supported its Government, though there was a comparatively smaller element of dissidents. Television news polls in Australia showed up to 90 percent support for the Australian government’s actions. Many viewed the asylum seekers as "queue-jumpers", falsely claiming to be refugees in order to gain illegal entry into the country. There were concerns of a security risk, involving a "floodgates" situation where [[people-smuggling|people smugglers]] would deliberately target Australia as a perceived "soft target". Some, including the then-minister for defense [[Peter Reith]], went so far to claim that the group could be harbouring [[terrorists]]. On the other hand, human rights organisations, religious groups, and left-wing organisations, deeply concerned at what they saw as an appalling lack of compassion on the part of the government, vocally campaigned for the acceptance of the asylum seekers as legitimate refugees. Rallies in support of the Tampa asylum seekers, as well as others interned in detention centres in [[Woomera, South Australia|Woomera]] and elsewhere, occurred around the country.
    -
    -The issue also wedged the Labor Party internally, with the [[Socialist Left|Left]] [[political faction|faction]] of the party arguing strongly in favour of a "softer" approach, including the abolition of mandatory detention. The party leadership's compromise stance was pilloried by the Liberals as being wishy-washy and uncertain. Labor's vote in the election suffered heavily - middle-class intellectuals, disgusted by what they saw as complicity in the government's "refugee-bashing", deserted the party for the Greens, while working-class support ebbed away in favour of the Liberals' hard line. The issue persists as a divisive and electorally dangerous one for the Labor party.
    -
    -== Fate of the refugees ==
    -The refugees from the ''Tampa'' were loaded onto a [[Royal Australian Navy]] vessel, HMAS ''[[HMAS Manoora|Manoora]]''. Most were transported to the small island country of [[Nauru]] as part of what was known as Australia's "[[Pacific Solution]]," and held in two detention camps, [[Stateside Camp|Stateside]] and [[Topside Camp]], where they were eventually joined by hundreds of other asylum seekers. The rest, approximately 150 people, were diverted to [[New Zealand]], where they were subsequently granted asylum and progress to citizenship. In 2004 following the war in [[Afghanistan]] and [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] the New Zealand government began to reunite their families.[http://www.oxfam.org.au/campaigns/refugees/still_drifting/ Australia's Pacific Solution becomes "A Pacific Nightmare"] '''[[Oxfam]]''', August 2002
    -
    -When those refugees not claimed by New Zealand arrived on Nauru, many of them refused to leave the boat after several additional weeks on board waiting for temporary shelters to be constructed, recognizing they were to be held in detention camps pending the adjudication of their cases. Those eventually found to be genuine refugees were granted three-year [[temporary protection visa]]s, by which they could be returned to their places of origin in Afghanistan and [[Iraq]] at a time of the government's choosing.
    -
    -On [[May 23]] [[2004]], it was reported that most Afghan asylum seekers on Nauru recently granted refugee status were likely to be resettled in Australia. The Federal Government decided to grant refugee status to 92 Afghanis detained on the Pacific island nation, while 11 applications were refused.[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Immigration/Most-Nauru-refugees-to-be-resettled/2004/05/23/1085250860544.html Most Nauru refugees to be resettled], '''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]''', May 23, 2004
    -
    -Holders of the Temporary Protection Visa are not allowed to return home (without losing their visa status) and do not have access to the same services as normally recognized refugees (e.g. free English language lessons and help with job search). Another small group was later accepted by New Zealand. As of August, 2005, 32 people still remained in camps on Nauru from the ''Tampa'' and other ships.
    -
    -Australia made direct cash payments to New Zealand for accepting those refugees it did accept. Due to its isolation, New Zealand rarely has enough refugees arriving on its borders to meet its UNHCR quota and so accepts refugees from other countries.
    -
    -==Nansen refugee award==
    -
    -The crew of the Tampa received the [[Nansen Refugee Award]] for 2002 from the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) for their efforts to follow international principles of saving people in distress at sea, despite repeated threats of imprisonment and confiscation of the ship from the [[Australia]]n government.
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -* The MV Tampa incident was the subject of ''77%'' by Australian Hip-Hop group ''[[The Herd (band)|The Herd]]''
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[Children overboard affair]]
    -*[[Mandatory detention in Australia]]
    -
    -==Further reading==
    -* [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2001/1297.html Decision of Justice North, Federal Court of Australia] [[11 September]] [[2001]]
    -* [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/federal_ct/2001/1329.html Decision of Full Court] overturning decision of Justice North, [[18 September]] [[2001]]
    -*[[David Marr (journalist)|David Marr]] & [[Marian Wilkinson]] ''Dark Victory''. ISBN 1741144477
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.nauruwire.org/nauru.htm NauruWire, an Australia based site] Update on status of detainees. Accessed [[25 June]] [[2005]].
    -
    -==References==
    -
    -
    -[[Category:Australian immigration]]
    -[[Category:Australian political controversies]]
    -[[Category:Freighters]]
    -[[Category:International maritime incidents|Tampa]]
    -[[Category:2001 in Australia]]
    +Hello, {{BASEPAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:
    +*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
    +*[[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Article development|How to write a great article]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
    +I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], ask me on my talk page, or place {{helpme}} on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! [[User:Henning Makholm|Henning Makholm]] 02:15, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    2013-03-14 18:53:58 90175667 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2170533]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1 +1,49 @@\n
    -#REDIRECT [[Kuchar County]]
    +=="Islands" created by rivers==
    +I know this is a quibble, but I just wanted to put it on the record. The Orinoco River splits into two branches near Tamatama, in Amazonas state, Venezuela. One branch flows north and disembogues in Delta Amacuro state. The other (the [[Casiquiare canal]]) flows south and joins the Rio Negro, which meets the Amazon near Manaus, Brazil. In this way, all of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana) and substantial parts of Brazil and Venezuela are surrounded by river-waters and the Atlantic Ocean, in effect forming a kind of island. If geographers actually considered it an island, at over a million km.², it would be the second-largest in the world. [[User:Gwil|Gwil]] 06:10, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +:FYI, there's discussion on this issue at [[island]]. [[User:Newyorkbrad|Newyorkbrad]] 16:44, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Cuba==
    +I've removed this from the list; Guantanamo is merely land leased from the Cubans by the USA, as is done by many states in many countries. [[User:Robdurbar|Robdurbar]] 11:56, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
    +:Good call there! =J ''//[[User:Big Adamsky|Big Adamsky]] 15:14, 7 March 2006 (UTC)''
    +
    +==Merge==
    +There is a merge proposal which has been overhastily implemented by redirecting this well-established page to a shorter newer page. I have undone it so that [[WP:Merge|the proper procedures]] can be followed: to avoid hiding the edit history here, the new page should be deleted and this page moved to there. [[User:Joestynes|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Joestynes|talk]]) 13:29, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +'''Support''' the move; I think it was probably done innocently presuming that there would be no quibbles and therefore no proposal neccesary. --[[User:Robdurbar|Robdurbar]] 15:38, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +'''Support''' the merge. Since this is the older page, we should probably just redirect the newer page here. The newer page doesn't have much edit history -- the only major additions were the creation of the page and one edit adding content (both by the same editor). [[User:Polaron|Polaron]] | [[User talk:Polaron|Talk]] 02:01, 3 June 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Aral Sea Island ==
    +
    +What about the island in the Aral Sea divided between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan?
    +:If you have a good source of information about it, put it on the list! (I never knew there was such an island, but of course until a few years ago it would have been entirely within the USSR.) [[User:Newyorkbrad|Newyorkbrad]] 20:42, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Articles on source [http://www.asiawaterwire.net/taxonomy/term/49 Asia Water Water] say the island, Vozrozhdeniye, is shared by the two - but it also says that the shrinking of the Aral Sea means it is no longer an island, but is connected permanently to the mainland. - [[User:DavidWBrooks|DavidWBrooks]] 21:15, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Even though it is no longer an island shouldn't it still be under historical examples?
    +:That sounds like it could be a good place for this one. Maybe add the additional information that DavidWBrooks gave and a link to the source.
    +:I guess if we want to be technical, the question is whether the island was divided anytime before Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan became part of the USSR - or whether it's been an island since 1991 when they became independent ... since between the 1920's and 1991 it wouldn't have been divided.... [[User:Newyorkbrad|Newyorkbrad]] 21:40, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I've added it based on the info at [[Vozrozhdeniya Island]]. Don't forget that Wikipedia is a useful source of information! [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 22:23, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::Oh, man, don't use ''that'' site for a source; it's not reliable. - [[User:DavidWBrooks|DavidWBrooks]] 23:30, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Temporary islands ==
    +
    +I wonder if the changing level of the [[Aral Sea]] has led to any previously submerged areas on the border surfacing as new islands. There are also lakes with fluctuating water levels, like [[Lake Chad]], which might sometimes have temporary binational islands. Another plausible contender is [[Sarygamysh Lake]] between [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]], looking at the max and min levels on [http://maps.msn.com/(k5ekhaymedoo0455wivuwgmn)/map.aspx?&lats1=42&lons1=57.333333&alts1=42®n1=2 this MSN map]. Possibly also [http://www.indexmundi.com/z/?lat=41.1666667&lon=68.05&t=l&r=20&p=ozero_kara-kaldy&cc=uz&c=uzbekistan Lake Kara Kaldy] on the [[Syr Darya]] [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 22:10, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Use of Unofficial Flag of Northern Ireland==
    +The Northern Ireland flag used in this article is not an official flag - see article [[Flag of Northern Ireland]]. Its use here is controversial, not in line with Wikipedia neutrality on such issues and should therefore be deleted.
    +[[User:Peter Clarke|Peter Clarke]] 11:25, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Possibly divided? ==
    +
    +I'm travelling the Finland-Russia border loooking for divided lake (or river) islands; there are some candidates where the map scale is too large to rule definitively:
    +*Possibly Hopeasaari in Korpijärvi [http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/linkki?text=Is+this+island+divided%3F&scale=16000&y=6912752&x=4549810&lang=en-GB]
    +*In Melaselänjärvi (as well as the sure things listed): Karpankari [http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/linkki?text=Divided%3F&scale=16000&y=6927178&x=4559452&lang=en-GB]
    +*Possibly one or more in Virmajarvi [http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/linkki?text=divided%3F&scale=16000&y=6979109&x=5428327&lang=en-GB]
    +:[[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 02:00, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Also, in the sea, Koiluoto, Jähi, and a third unnamed islet, in the [[Gulf of Finland]], seem from these maps
    +[http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/linkki?text=divided+islet&scale=16000&y=6714135&x=3542894&lang=en-GB Gulf of Finland islet (SE of Peräluoto)] ({{coor d|60.535716|N|27.778154|E|type:isle}}), [http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/linkki?text=Koiluoto&scale=16000&y=6710810&x=3542565&lang=en-GB Koiluoto]({{coor d|60.50559|N|27.771226|E|type:isle}}), and [http://kansalaisen.karttapaikka.fi/linkki?text=J%C3%A4hi&scale=16000&y=6690572&x=3534202&lang=en-GB Jähi]({{coor d|60.325211|N|27.616037|E|type:isle}}), from the Finland mapping website.
    +to be divided between {{FIN}} and {{RUS}}. [[User:Jnestorius|jnestorius]]([[User talk:Jnestorius|talk]]) 06:31, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
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    @@ -1 +1,5 @@\n
    -#REDIRECT[[Sliema]]
    +Publicity photo (unknown date) distributed by subject Gerald Boyd for speaking engagements, etc., and thus within "fair use" exemption. Photographer unknown.
    +Appears on webpages of [http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/events/conferences/narrative2005/bios.html Harvard's 2005 Nieman Conference] at which he was a speaker and [http://www.maynardije.org/columns/stevechin/020419_roundup/ "Diversity Roundup"] in a publicity notice.
    +{promotional}
    +
    +{{untagged|month=November|day=24|year=2006}}
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    @@ -1,240 +1 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_University
    -|name = University of Kent
    -|native_name =
    -|latin_name =
    -|image = [[Image:Kent logo.gif|Logo of the University of Kent]]
    -|motto = ''Cui servire regnare est''
    (literal translation: 'whom to serve is to reign')
    (prayer book translation: 'whose service is perfect freedom')
    -|established = [[1965]]
    -|type = [[Public university|Public]]
    -|endowment =
    -|staff = 600
    -|faculty =
    -|president =
    -|principal =
    -|rector =
    -|chancellor = [[Robert Worcester|Sir Robert Worcester]]
    -|vice_chancellor = [[David Melville|Professor David Melville CBE]]
    -|dean =
    -|head_label = [[Visitor]]
    -|head = [[Archbishop of Canterbury|The Archbishop of Canterbury]]
    -|students = 14,000
    -|undergrad = 12,400
    -|postgrad = 1,600 graduate
    -|doctoral =
    -|city = [[Canterbury]], [[Medway]] and [[Tonbridge]]
    -|state = [[Kent]]
    -|country = [[United Kingdom|UK]]
    -|campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
    -|free_label =
    -|free =
    -|colors =
    -|colours =
    -|mascot =
    -|affiliations =
    -|website = [http://www.kent.ac.uk/ www.kent.ac.uk]
    -}}
    -
    -The '''University of Kent''' is a [[plate glass university|plate glass]] [[Campus university|campus]] [[university]] in [[Kent]], [[England]].
    -
    -==Name==
    -The university's original name was the '''University of Kent at Canterbury''', reflecting the fact that at the time of its foundation the then single campus crossed the borders of the jurisdictions of the [[county borough]] of [[Canterbury]] and [[Kent County Council]]. At the time it was the normal practice for universities to be named after the town whose boundaries they were in, but there were few precedents for one straddling the boundary. The name reflected the support of both the town and county authorities, as well as the existence of the [[University of Canterbury]] in [[New Zealand]]. The acronym '''UKC''' became a popular short form for the university. Graham Martin, ''From Vision to Reality: the Making of the University of Kent at Canterbury'' (1990) pages 29-30 ISBN 0-904938-03-4 The reasoning for the name subsequently became anachronistic when [[Local Government Act 1972|local government reforms in the 1970s]] resulted in the Canterbury campus falling entirely within the jurisdictions of both the [[City of Canterbury]] (which no longer had county borough status) and the Kent County Council.
    -
    -In the 1990s and 2000s the University has expanded and now has campuses in [[Medway]], [[Tonbridge]] and [[Brussels]], and works in partnership with [[Canterbury College, Kent|Canterbury College]], South Kent College and Mid-Kent College. In 2003 the formal title was changed to '''University of Kent'''. ''University of Kent at Canterbury'' and ''UKC'' are still used to refer to the Canterbury site (with other variants such as ''University of Kent at Medway'' also in use). The term ''UKC'' is also still heavily used by both students and alumni.
    -
    -Canterbury has a second university, [[Canterbury Christ Church University]].
    -
    -==History==
    -A university in the ancient city of [[Canterbury]] was first considered in [[1947]], when an anticipated growth in student numbers led several localities to seek the creation of a new university, including Kent. However the plans came to nothing. Martin. Ibid. page 14
    -
    -A decade later both population growth and greater demand for university places led to new considerations. Kent County Council explored the possibilities of a university through its education committee. The proposals were largely accepted by the authorities and by [[1963]] a site was found at Beverley Farm, suitably straddling the then boundary between the City of Canterbury and the County of Kent. The University was granted its [[Royal Charter]] in [[1965]] and the first students arrived in the October of that year. In [[1966]] [[Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent]] was formally installed as the first [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]. Martin. Ibid. pages 11-36
    -
    -The University of Kent at Canterbury was envisaged as being a [[Collegiate university|Collegiate]] establishment, with most students living in College; and specialising in [[inter-disciplinary]] studies in all fields. Over the years, changing demands have effectively destroyed this original concept, leading to the present state, near the "norm" for a British University.
    -
    -==Coat of Arms==
    -[[Image:Kent Coat of Arms.jpg|thumb|The University of Kent's Coat of Arms]]
    -The University of Kent's Coat of Arms were granted by the College of Arms in September 1967. The white horse is taken from the arms of the County of Kent. The three Cornish Choughs, originally belonging to the arms of [[Thomas Becket]], were taken from the arms of the City of Canterbury. The Crest depicts the West Gate of Canterbury with a symbolic flow of water, presumably the [[River Stour, Kent|River Stour]], below it. Two golden Bishops' Croziers in the shape of a St.Andrews Cross are shown in front of it. The supporters - lions with the sterns of golden ships - are taken from the arms of the Cinque Ports. Martin. Ibid.
    -
    -==Campus==
    -The main Canterbury [[campus]] covers 300 acres (1.2 km²) and is in an elevated position just over two miles (3 km) from [[Canterbury, Kent|Canterbury]]'s city centre.
    -It currently has approximately 11,000 full-time and 3,500 part-time students and some 600 academic and research staff.
    -
    -===Colleges===
    -[[Image:Darwinhouses.jpg|thumb|250px|Darwin Houses, a set of student housing next to Darwin college, surrounds a large rose garden]]
    -The university is now divided into four colleges, named after distinguished scholars. In chronological order of construction:
    -*Eliot (the [[poet]] [[T.S. Eliot]]) (1965)
    -*Rutherford (the [[physicist]] [[Ernest Rutherford]]) (1966)
    -*Keynes (the [[economist]] [[John Maynard Keynes]]) (1968)
    -*Darwin (the [[biologist]] [[Charles Darwin]]) (1970)
    -
    -Each college features residential rooms, [[lecture]] theatres, study rooms, [[computer]] rooms and social areas. The intention of the ''colleges'' was that they should not be just [[Halls of residence|Halls of Residence]], but complete ''academic'' communities. Each college has its own [[Bar (establishment)|bar]], all rebuilt on a larger scale, and originally its own dining hall (today, only Rutherford has a functioning dining hall; Darwin's is now hired out for conferences and events; Keynes' was shut down in 2000 and converted into academic space; and Eliot's was closed in 2006). It was expected that each college (more were planned) would have around 600 students as members, with an equivalent proportion of staff, with half the students living within the college itself and the rest coming onto campus to eat and study within their colleges. Many facilities, ranging from accommodation, tutorials and alumni relations, would be handled on a college basis. With no planned academic divisions below the Faculty level, the colleges would be main focus of students' lives and there would be no units of a similar or smaller size to provide a rival focus of loyalties.
    -
    -However this vision of a collegiate university has increasingly fallen away. The funding for colleges did not keep pace with the growth in student numbers, with the result that only four colleges were built. In later years when there was heavy student demand for scarce accommodation in Canterbury the solution was found in building additional on campus accommodation but not in the form of further colleges. The hopes that students living off campus would stay around to eat dinner in their colleges were not met, whilst the abolition of college amenities fees removed students' direct stake in their colleges. With the growth of specialist subject departments as well as of other university wide facilities, more and more of the role of colleges was transferred to the central university. Even the accommodation and catering was transferred to the centralised ''University of Kent at Canterbury Hospitality'' (UKCH). Martin. Ibid.
    -
    -[[Image:Tylercourtc.jpg|250px|thumb|Tyler Court, Block C, is part of a new [[halls of residence]] built in 2004.]]
    -Today the University cannot be considered [[collegiate]] in any true sense - applications are made to the University as a whole, and many of the colleges rely on each other for day-to-day operation. Academic departments have no formal ties to colleges other than those that are located within particular college buildings due to availability of space, with lectures, seminars and tutorials taking place wherever there is an available room rather than on a college basis. Many students are allocated accommodation irrespective of their college, which reduces the ties further. In addition to these college accommodations there are also:
    -*Darwin Houses, a set of 26 student houses next to Darwin College, opened in 1989
    -*Becket Court, next to Eliot College, opened in 1990
    -*Tyler Court, three blocks of halls of residence. Block A was opened in 1996 mostly [[postgraduate]]s; Blocks B and C were completed in 2004 for [[undergraduates]].
    -*Parkwood, a mini student [[village]] comprising 262 two-storey houses and a recently built apartment complex, about 5 minutes walk from the main campus. A large addition to the Parkwood area was completed in 2005, comprising a number of en-suite fitted rooms grouped into four, five and six bedroom flats.
    -
    -===Library===
    -[[Image:UKCLibrary.jpg|thumb|250px|Students studying in the Templeman Library, which offers impressive views of [[Canterbury]] and [[Canterbury Cathedral]].]]
    -The Templeman [[Library]] (named after Dr Geoffrey Templeman, the University's first Vice-Chancellor) contains over a million items in stock including [[books]], journals, [[videos]], [[DVD]]s, and archive materials (for example, a full text of [[The Times]] from [[1785]] onwards), yet it is still only half its planned size. It has a materials fund of approximately £1million a year, and adds 12,000 items every year. It is open every day in term time. It receives 800,000 visits a year, with approximately half a million loans per annum.
    -
    -It also houses the [http://library.kent.ac.uk/cartoons/| Centre for the study of Cartoons and Caricature], a national collection of, mainly, newspaper cartoons, with over 90,000 images catalogued.
    -
    -[[Image:UKCLibraryOutside.jpg|thumb|250px|Photograph of the University Library, with the Senate in the foreground on the right, taken in 2006.]]
    -
    -===Theatre and cinema===
    -The University is home to the Gulbenkian Theatre, an acclaimed 344-seat theatre that shows a variety of local, national and international plays and productions as well as playing host to well-known comedians and celebrities. The theatre was opened in 1969 and was named after the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] which helped fund its construction. Attached to the building is the popular Cinema 3, an [[art film|arthouse]] cinema showing a mix of classics, films in association with the University's film studies department, and new Hollywood movies. In the daytime the cinema is used as a lecture theatre. Both the cinema and theatre are open to the public and are popular with residents of [[Canterbury]].
    -
    -A new café-bar extension was completed in 2005.
    -
    -===Sports Centre===
    -A £1.5million development completed in 2003 meant that the Sport Centre is among the best of all UK universities. Its facilities include [[tennis]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]] courts, [[field hockey|hockey]] and [[football (soccer)|football]] pitches, a state of the art [[gym|gymnasium]], a cardio theatre, a dance studio, a multi purpose sports hall and a [[fair trade]] cafe.
    -
    -==Students' Union==
    -:''Main article: [[University of Kent Students' Union]]
    -The Students' Union is known as "Kent Union" and has a considerable presence on campus (although it has been claimed that the Union has less power than it once did: in 1974 the University was threatened with closure because of Student Union activities). Kent Union runs three shops on campus, ''Essentials'' (all-purpose food and essentials), ''Parklife'' (ditto, but in student village Parkwood) and ''Extras'' ([[off-licence]]). The Union also runs the Parkwood bar ''Woody's'' and the three-storey nightclub ''The Venue'', which in 2006 played host to big names such as [[Zane Lowe]], [[Pendulum (band)|Pendulum]], [[DJ Hype]], the [[Scratch Perverts]] and [[Tim Westwood]].
    -
    -The union is notable for having the unique position of "Duck Warden", (currently held by 1st year psychology student Sam Leivers) amongst its many office bearers.
    -
    -==The Student Bar==
    -The Student Bar is an online community, developed by a student at the university, which currently has over 5,000 members that either study or work at the University of Kent. The website itself is similar to other social networking sites such as [[Facebook]], [[Faceparty]] and [[MySpace]]. Members are able to provide a profile which can include information about their course of study, personal details and interests as well as upload photos. The mainstay of The Student Bar is the ability to create and join groups for discussion on a range of topics. The Student Bar is now open to students at other universities in the UK.
    -
    -==Academic Faculties and Departments==
    -The University is divided into three faculties:
    -*Humanities
    -*Social Sciences
    -*Science, Technology and Medical Studies (STMS)
    -
    -The original plan was to have no academic sub-divisions within the three faculties (initially Humanities, Social Sciences and Natural Sciences) and to incorporate an interdisciplinary element to all degrees through common first year courses ("Part I") in each faculty, followed by specialist study in the second and final years ("Part II"). The lack of Departments encouraged the development of courses that crossed traditional divides, such as Chemical Physics, Chemistry with Control Engineering, Biological Chemistry and Environmental Physical Science.
    -
    -However the interdisciplinary approach proved increasingly complex for two reasons. The levels of specialisation at [[A Level]]s meant that many students had not studied particular subjects for some years and this made it impossible to devise a course that both covered areas unstudied by some and did not bore others. This proved an especial problem in Natural Sciences, where many Mathematics students had not studied Chemistry at A Level and vice versa. Additionally many subjects, particularly those in the Social Sciences, were not taught at A Level and required the first year as a grounding in the subject rather than an introduction to several different new subjects. Problems were especially encountered in the Faculty of Natural Sciences where the differing demands of Mathematics and physical sciences led to two almost completely separate programmes and student bases. In 1970 this led to the creation of the School of Mathematical Studies, standing outside the Faculties. The addition of other subjects led to increased pressure on common Part I programmes and increasingly students took more specialised Part I courses designed to prepare them for Part II study. Martin. Ibid. pages 39-54
    -
    -The University now has the Faculties further divided into 18 Departments and Schools, ranging from the School of English to the Department of Biosciences, and from the Kent Law School to the Department of Economics. Also of note is the University's [[Brussels School of International Studies]], located in [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]. The School offers [[Master's degree]]s in [[international relations]] theory and international conflict analysis, along with an [[LLM]] in [[international law]]. In 2005 a new department, The Kent School of Architecture, began teaching its first students.
    -
    -==Alumni services==
    -
    -In contact with almost 30,000 [[alumni]] worldwide, the Development & Alumni Relations Team produces publications, undertakes fundraising activities to support the University and organises events for alumni.
    -
    -==The Chaplaincy==
    -
    -Whilst the University is [[secular]], there is a strong [[chaplaincy]] consisting of permanent Anglican and Catholic priests, a Pentecostal minister, as well as part-time chaplains from other denominations and faiths.
    -
    -The chaplaincy runs the annual Carol Service that takes place every year in the Cathedral at the end of Autumn Term.
    -
    -== League Table Results ==
    -
    -The 2006 [[The Guardian|Guardian Newspaper]] University League Tables puts the University of Kent in 30th place in the institutional rankings, while [[The Times]] Good University Guide (2007 - published 2006) puts Kent in 34th place.
    -
    -Kent does not appear in the top 200 World Universities listed by the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]] or the top 500 World Universities listed by the [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]'s world rankings table.
    -
    -In the 2001 [[Research Assessment Exercise]] the University of Kent was placed 46th (according to the [[Times Higher Education Supplement]]'s RAE league tables).
    -
    -Sixteen departments from Kent appear in the top 20 of either [[The Times]] or [[The Guardian]]'s British subject rankings from 2005 (including six departments in the top ten).
    -
    -A National Student Survey conducted in 2005 reported that the University of Kent had the best student satisfaction in the [[South East England|South East]] (excluding London, which is considered a region in its own right) and was 26th out of 128 institutions surveyed. Part-time students gave the University an even better ranking, putting Kent in 4th place nationally when only part-time student opinions were taken into account.[http://www.tqi.ac.uk Teaching Quality Information] - publishers of the National Student Survey
    -
    -==The Franco-British double degree programme==
    -This bi-lingual programme combines subjects in one degree and is taught in two countries. The first year is spent at the University of Kent, the second year at the [[Institut d'études politiques de Lille]] (IEP), the third year at the University of Kent, the fourth year at the IEP of Lille and the fifth is either spent in Canterbury, in Brussels or in Lille.
    -
    -The students of the Franco-British double degree programme receive at the end of the fourth year the BA (Bachelor of Arts) from the University of Kent, the Diplôme by the IEP of Lille and at the end of the fifth year, either the MA (Master of Arts) in Canterbury or in Brussels or the Master delivered by the IEP of Lille, chosen between [http://195.83.2.11/SCOLA/maquette/parcours_en.html ''14 parcours de formation''] by the IEP of Lille.
    -*[http://195.83.2.11/formation/franco-britannique.html ''Official Site of the Franco-British course at the IEP of Lille and at the University of Kent at Canterbury''] - French and English
    -
    -==People==
    -===Chancellors===
    -*1963-68 [[Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent]]
    -*1970-90 [[Jo Grimond]] (later Lord Grimond)
    -*1990-95 [[Robert Horton|Sir Robert Horton]]
    -*1996-2006 [[Crispin Tickell|Sir Crispin Tickell]]
    -*2006- [[Robert Worcester|Sir Robert Worcester]]
    -
    -===Vice-Chancellors===
    -*1963-1980 Dr Geoffrey Templeman
    -*1980-1994 Dr D J E Ingram
    -*1994-2001 Professor R Sibson
    -*2001-to date Professor D Melville
    -
    -===Notable Staff===
    -*[[Frank Furedi]] - founder and chairman of the [[Revolutionary Communist Party (Furedi)|Revolutionary Communist Party]] (RCP), Professor of Sociology
    -
    -===Famous [[Alumni]]===
    -*[[Paul Ackford]] - former England rugby player, Sunday Telegraph sports journalist
    -*[[Sir]] [[David Akers-Jones]] - Former acting Governor of Hong Kong, 1986/87
    -*[[Michael Baigent]] - Co-Author of "[[The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail]]", which influenced "[[The Da Vinci Code]]", and other books on religion and mysticism.
    -*[[Steve Bassam, Baron Bassam of Brighton|Lord Bassam of Brighton]] - Government Whip in the House of Lords
    -*[[Kate Blewett]] - documentary film-maker.
    -*[[Rosie Boycott]] - journalist, former editor of ''[[The Independent]]''
    -*[[Paul Bradley]] - film producer for [[Merchant Ivory Productions]]
    -*[[Fred D'Aguiar]] - novelist, playwright, and poet
    -*[[Alan Davies]] - comedian and actor
    -*[[Gavin Esler]] - BBC Newsnight Presenter
    -*[[Kishwer Falkner, Baroness Falkner of Margravine|Baroness Falkner of Margravine]] - Liberal Democrat peer
    -*[[David Fulton]] - Cricketer, former captain of Kent CCC
    -*[[Fi Glover]] - BBC radio presenter
    -*[[Ian Collins (radio presenter)|Ian Collins]] - TalkSport radio presenter
    -*[[Charlotte Green]] - BBC radio presenter, voted "Most Attractive Female Voice on National Radio"
    -*[[Shiulie Ghosh]] - [[ITV]] News Presenter
    -*[[Adrian Gilbert]] - author of books on mysticism
    -*[[Ann Hercus|Dame Ann Hercus DCMG]] - [[New Zealand]] politician and diplomat
    -*[[David Horsey]] - [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning cartoonist
    -*[[Kazuo Ishiguro]] - novelist, [[Booker Prize]] winner
    -*[[Robert Lethbridge]] - Professor, Master of [[Fitzwilliam College]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]
    -*[[Mark Mardell]] - BBC presenter
    -*[[David Mitchell (author)|David Mitchell]] - novelist
    -*[[Chris Mole]] - MP for Ipswich
    -*Sir [[Hugh Orde]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] - Chief Constable of Northern Ireland
    -*[[Emily Thornberry]] - [[Member of Parliament]]
    -*[[Ramon Tikaram]] - actor
    -*[[Sarah Waters]] - novelist
    -*[[Ralph Townsend]] - Headmaster of Winchester College
    -*[[Tom Wilkinson]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] - actor, Oscar nominee
    -*[[David Wingrove]] - novelist
    -*[[Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie]] - novelist
    -*[[Johnny Yeo]] - Artist
    -
    -==Plagiarism detected==
    -In a case that received widespread national and international media attention, Michael Gunn, a third year English Literature student at the University of Kent, was found in 2004 - just before taking his final examinations - to have plagiarised large proportions of his essays and examinations from the time that he began the course, and he was subsequently expelled from the University without a degree. The case was widely reported after Gunn and his parents threatened to sue the University for negligence, on the grounds that the University had not caught him earlier or told him that his actions were forbidden. The University pointed out that plagiarism was clearly forbidden by the School of English handbook. Gunn's proposed legal action never took place. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3753065.stm BBC News Story.] Kent has recently been praised as one of "the best universities at tackling plagiarism" (alongside six other Universities) by Oxford Brookes academic Jude Carroll, cited in the Times Higher Education Supplement on 19 May 2006.
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -*Approximately 25% of students are from overseas; 128 different nationalities are currently represented.
    -*The female to male ratio is 54 women to every 46 men.
    -*The university was built above a tunnel on the disused [[Canterbury and Whitstable Railway]], which collapsed in July 1974, damaging part of the Cornwallis Building.
    -*Graduation ceremonies were originally held on campus, in, first, Eliot and, then, Rutherford Dining Halls; but as numbers grew were transferred to [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. Since 2003, graduates of the University of Kent's Medway campus have had separate graduation ceremonies at [[Rochester Cathedral]] in Medway.
    -*There was much discussion about the name for each college with the following alternative names all in consideration at one point or another:
    -**For Eliot: Caxton, after [[William Caxton]]
    -**For Keynes: [[Richborough]], a town in Kent; [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], a former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]
    -**For Darwin: Anselm (again); Attlee, after [[Clement Attlee]], the post war Prime Minister; Becket, after [[Thomas Becket]], another former Archbishop (this was the recommendation of the college's provision committee but rejected by the Senate); Conrad; Elgar, after [[Edward Elgar]]; Maitland; Marlowe, after [[Christopher Marlowe]]; Russell, after [[Bertrand Russell]] (this was the recommendation of the Senate but rejected by the Council); Tyler, after both [[Wat Tyler]] and Tyler Hill on which the campus stands. The name for the College proved especially contentious and was eventually decided by a postal ballot of members of the Senate, chosing from: Attlee, Conrad, Darwin, Elgar, Maitland, Marlowe and Tyler.Martin. Op cit. pages 122-126
    -***Both Becket and Tyler were eventually used as the names for residential buildings on campuses and the building housing the humanities department is named Marlowe.
    -*When Darwin opened it had no College Rules at all. Three years later there were three: Thou Shalt NOT Let Off: Fireworks, or Fire Alarms, or Fire Extinguishers. Then the college got a Constitutional Lawyer as Master.
    -*In 1987 an [[honorary degree]] was awarded to [[Oliver Postgate]], creator of ''[[Bagpuss]]''. He stated that the degree was really intended for his creation, who was subsequently displayed in academic dress.
    -*In January 2006 smoking was banned from all college bars except for a small annex of Woody's.
    -
    -==References==
    -
    -
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[University of Kent Students' Union]]
    -*[[inQuire]]
    -*[[Brussels School of International Studies]]
    -*[[The Student Bar]]
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.kent.ac.uk University of Kent website]
    -*[http://www.kent.ac.uk/alumni/ University of Kent Alumni website]
    -*[http://www.kent.ac.uk/chaplaincy/ University of Kent Chaplaincy website]
    -*[http://www.kentunion.co.uk University of Kent Students' Union website]
    -*[http://www.kentsocs.org University of Kent Societies Directory]
    -*[http://www.thestudentbar.com The Student Bar online web community]
    -*[http://195.83.2.11/formation/franco-britannique.html The Franco-British course website] - French and English
    -
    -{{Universities in South East England}}
    -
    -[[Category:Universities in England|Kent, University of]]
    -[[Category:University of Kent|*]]
    -[[Category:Canterbury]]
    -
    -[[fr:Université du Kent]]
    -[[fi:Kentin yliopisto]]
    +#REDIRECT [[Object-relational impedance mismatch]]
    2013-03-19 00:30:11 90801496 Addbot YFdyh-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3404118]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,59 +1,231 @@\n
    -== Individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism ==
    -
    -Thank you for your comments on [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism]]. I have closed the debate as '''no consensus'''. Please note that this does not preclude further discussion of eventual disposition of the article, including keeping, merging, redirection, or a further nomination for deletion. Again, thank you for your comments. -- [[User:Jonel|Jonel]] | [[User talk:Jonel|Speak]] 03:20, 30 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== An Anarchist FAQ ==
    -
    -could you please comment on the talk page of [[An Anarchist FAQ]]? RJII is inserting undue weight about the authors. -- [[User:Infinity0|infinity]]'''[[User_talk:Infinity0|0]]''' 23:13, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== An Anarchist FAQ ==
    -
    -In an effort to remove the npov tag, I hope you can express your opinion on the article version represented in [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Anarchist_FAQ&diff=46617242&oldid=46301368 this link] at the [[Talk:An Anarchist FAQ#Consensual position|talk page]]. Thanks. [[User:Steve block|Steve block]] [[User talk:Steve block|talk]] 20:02, 3 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== RJII RfC ==
    -
    -Hi. I'm thinking of starting an [[WP:RFC]] on RJII for his recent behaviour at [[An Anarchist FAQ]] and other articles. Are you willing to participate? -- [[User:Infinity0|infinity]]'''[[User_talk:Infinity0|0]]''' 20:03, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I have started the RfC at [[Wikipedia:Requests for comment/RJII 2]]. Could you please comment? Thanks. -- [[User:Infinity0|infinity]]'''[[User_talk:Infinity0|0]]''' 16:47, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Abstraction==
    -
    -I deem unfounded the complaint (if you meant it to be directed specifically at me, as seems the case from the context) that I answer specific "historical accounts" with abstractions. I'm always happy to discuss historical accounts of capitalisms But on the Talk page of Anarchism just now I was countering the abstract claim of 88.152 and others that anarcho-capitalism is inherently contradictory with an equally abstract (but no more so) explanation of why it isn't. I wasn't 'countering' particulars with abstractions. I will always try to address anyone on the level of concreteness with which he addresses me. ----[[User:Christofurio|Christofurio]] 20:02, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
    -:It was directed to the comment directly above. I'm agnostic about the ''label'' anarcho-capitalism, as those who fly that particular flag vary in important regards as to their actual politics. [[User:Libertatia|Libertatia]] 14:05, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -A few words more, because this is a lazy Sunday. You write, in the same passage I responded to above, "Now, traditional individualist anarchists also trade in the (semi-mythic) promise of a really-free market-to-come, but try to call it something different, to avoid confusion."
    -
    -Something different from "capitalism," then, is apparently what you mean there. This task of looking for a "Something Different" name that would itself be immune from anybody's nitpicking seems unnecessarily burdensome. I'll continue to call it "capitalism" in the meantime, and let the nitpickers make of that what they wish. And this is why it risks no genuine confusion: capitalism as an ideal is continuous with certain aspects of capitalism as an existing force in the world. One of the contentions implicit in much anarcho-capitalist writing is that if and when that ideal free market does come about, the historians of that time will see the development of, for example, secondary markets in equity over the recent centuries as having been a positive step forward toward the world that they enjoy. They'll see the prosecution of "insider traders" in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as having been a hindrance to the coming-to-be of the world that they enjoy. The word "anarcho-capitalism" doesn't merely constitute a mooning after an imagined future ideal -- it connects that ideal with some factors in the present and the past. It means one takes the side of the "kulaks," rather than of their liquidators, in memory.
    -
    -So the term "anarcho-capitalism" isn't merely internally consistent. It contributes to your goal of "avoiding confusion." --[[User:Christofurio|Christofurio]] 15:59, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It's not really an issue of "looking for a ... name that would itself be immune from anybody's nitpicking." Sure, such a thing is impossible, and to the extent that these debates never rise above the level of semantics, they are essentially worthless. Constructions like "''consistent'' Manchesterian," "''unterrified'' Jeffersonian," and "free-market anti-capitalist" do, however, strike me as more initially thought-provoking than "anarcho-capitalist," in part because it has been so easy to appropriate that last term to describe the mafia-capitalism of the post-Soviet states. Then again, when I see Enron execs associated with "kulaks," and in a positive sense, perhaps you don't mind those associations. In that case, your use of capitalism is clear as a bell, and in line with historical usages. It's your definition of anarchism that remains open to question. [[User:Libertatia|Libertatia]] 14:05, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Its a good thing I never associated Enron execs with the kulaks, then, isn't it? I associated myself with the kulaks, "in a positive sense," because I think their memory must be defended. I certainly imlied that some prosecutions for insider trading and related offenses have been, in my view, misguided. I'll give you some examples if you like, but for now let's say this has nothing to do with the Enron crowd. They're on trial (yippee!) for having violated their fiduciary responsibilities to their stockholders. A manager's fiduciary responsibility is to work to make the owners of the company -- which in this case was a category that overlapped with the category "employees" considerably -- a profit. And that means a real profit, one that would show up given honest accounting! Lay, Skilling, and crowd violated that responsibility. They failed the basic test of capitalist ethics. And I'll never call myself an "unterrified Jeffersonian," I assure you. Huh? The adjective fits, but the noun applies to me not at all. --[[User:Christofurio|Christofurio]] 03:03, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Individualist anarchism==
    -It's true that Rothbard didn't call himself an "individualist anarchist" but I don't think Tucker or Spooner ever called themselves that either. Are you aware otherwise? "Individualist anarchism" just means "an individualist form of anarchism." It means no more than that. It's not a single defined philosophy but any philosophy that is individualist and anarchist, with no two individualist anarchists having indentical philosophies and some have very different philosophies.[[User:Anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalism]] 17:28, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Ugh. I don't really give a hoot what labels are used, as long as the specificities are maintained. If you look at the traditions of Warren-Andrews and Proudhon-Greene, and their development through right up to the present, there are very few "outliers" in terms of core beliefs, personal and institutional associations, etc. Stirner is an outlier, who retrospectively because the founder of a third major individualist line. He had far less in common with the other two root traditions. (Greene and Warren may have made common cause on the mutual banking issue as early as 1851, based on material in Martin and in the Agnes Inglis papers.) Pretty much each figure in the "mainstream" deviates in some way: Spooner on intellectual property; Greene in his continuing use/subversion of theology; Andrews in his own universological and pantarchic projects; Westrup on "standard of value;" etc. And they fight like cats and dogs. But they remain associated. I have concluded that anarcho-capitalism has to be accounted for within the ''broad'' history of individualist anarchism (and appear to have made that position a bit more accepted in social anarchist and mutualist circles, for better or worse.) But it's obviously a kind of ''offshoot'' or ''graft'', possible in part because the original individualist anarchist traditions were at a pretty low ebb when Rothbard came along. Currently, there are individualist anarchists (clustered around the Movement of the Libertarian Left, for example) who look a lot like the individualists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of them call themselves anarcho-capitalists, and some mutualists or just market anarchists. But they maintain solidarity, while fighting like cats and dogs. You appear to be unaware of any of that stuff, though you claim to speak for all an-caps and to know what everybody believes. Long story short, OR and all, the individualist anarchist movement seems to have much greater continuity than you claim. Any entry which effaces that, and can't tell the mainstream from the outliers, is lousy intellectual history and lousy movement history all at once. I think the Holy War for Current and Correct Language is one of the single most significant, and foolish, impediments to getting these entries written accurately. [[User:Libertatia|Libertatia]] 17:57, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I don't claim to speak for all ancaps at all. Each anarcho-capitalist is free to have his own unique philosophy. Just as Friedman is free to have a different anarcho-capitalism than Rothbard, I am free to have a different anarcho-capitalism than them both - as is anyone else. Sure, there is some continuity among individualist anarchists, but my point is that there doesn't have to be. Someone can wake up tomorrow and become an individualist anarchists without having any knowledge whatsover of Rothbard, Tucker, Stirner, etc. All he has to do is to oppose the authority of others over himself, including the authority of the collective, and to oppose the state. That is all that's necessary to be an individualist anarchist. And all that's necessary to become an anarcho-capitalists, is to agree with that and support markets and don't agree with the labor theory of value or just ignore theories of value altogether.[[User:Anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalism]] 18:03, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::In fact, you claim to speak for entire groups all the time. But this sort of debate takes us precisely ''nowhere'' in developing a strategy for accurate articles. [[User:Libertatia|Libertatia]] 19:23, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[Anarchism]]==
    -If you're taking a break, it'd be great if you could pop around to the talk page, I don't wanna be on my own :) [[User:Donnachadelong|Donnacha]] 22:53, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
    -==Hallo==
    -I appreciate your response to my comments on the anarchism talk page.
    -
    -My true concern is this: I feel the article is excellent, reflects quite a bit of hard work, and deserves to be a featured article. In fact, I think it's a very important topic (particularly in these times) and it deserves a day (or rather a week) in the sun of Wikipedia's front page. That can't happen if the tags aren't removed.
    -
    -You may very well be correct that anarcho-capitalists are a US-based extreme minority. I don't know, and I quite honestly don't care. The point that I was trying to make with the google search, et. al. is that there are enough of them to...not go away. In addition, there are enough of them to protest about their absence and/or misrepresentation in this article with enough frequency to keep the tags on it forever. I think the article on anarchism vs anarcho-capitalism is on the right track, and hopefully it will go a long way towards satisfying your (and many others, I know) concerns and/or general....disgust, perhaps?
    -
    -I would be deeply thankful for any efforts that you can make towards bringing this article up to featured article status. If you've got primary sources - great! Please consider bringing them into the article. If you've just got titles, send them my way and I'll start buying them as I can.
    -
    -Frankly, I still don't see how anarcho-capitalists aren't libertarians, but again I just don't care. If they believe that there can be capitalism without a state, then let 'em. It's more important (in my opinion) to find common ground with as many people who desire change as possible. Otherwise, change is never going to happen, on ANYONE'S terms, and everyone will continue to suffer.
    -
    -If there is anything you would like to respond to, I would appreciate it if you would leave your responses on my user talk page. Mail makes me happy!
    -
    -Best Wishes and keep up the good work,
    -[[User:NinaEliza|NinaEliza]] 06:03, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Help==
    -I've logged out because [[User:Vision Thing|Vision Thing]] appears to be on the verge of Wikistalking me. He's reverted edits I made on the [[Socialism]] article - uncontroversial attempts to add appropriate wikilinks. I'm assuming he's doing it to remove the link to mutualism next to market socialism. He appears to have a new friend, [[User:172|172]], who has continuously removed the section on Anarchist Communism from the [[Communism]] article. As a result of their double-teaming, I'm up to three reverts on the [[Communism]] article and don't want to get banned. This is getting insane. [[User:80.43.123.172|Donnacha]] 22:47, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    +{{Otheruses4|the sport|the guns it uses|Airsoft guns}}
    +{{unsourced}}
    +
    +[[Image:ColoradoAirsoftPlayerWithG36.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A player with an airsoft [[Heckler & Koch G36|G36E]] takes aim during a game]]
    +
    +'''Airsoft''' refers to a [[sport]] or recreational pastime in which players participate in the simulation of [[military]]- or [[police|law enforcement]]-style [[combat]] using [[smoothbore]] [[airsoft guns]] designed as replicas of real firearms.
    +
    +Airsoft has its roots in late-[[1970s]] [[Asia]], specifically [[Japan]] where [[firearm]]s were difficult or impossible to obtain due to local laws and gun hobbyists sought a legal alternative for enjoying their passion. It is therefore unsurprising that airsoft is still today most popular in several [[Asia]]n regions, such as [[Japan]], [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]], [[Macau]], [[South Korea]], and to a certain extent, the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]]. There is information that shows Airsoft is gaining popularity in [[Vietnam]], although toy guns were banned. The vast majority of airsoft guns, accessories, and aftermarket upgrade parts are also manufactured in these countries.
    +
    +There is also a growing interest in [[North America]] and [[Europe]], especially in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Switzerland]], [[France]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Portugal]], [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Belgium]] (which is also visited by Dutch players, as the game is illegal in the [[Netherlands]]), [[Denmark]], and [[Chile]], bolstered by an active and expanding [[Internet]] scene.
    +
    +== Methods and structures of play ==
    +
    +[[Image:ca_m15a4.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Classic Army]] M15A4 Automatic Electric Gun|200px]]
    +Fundamentally, airsoft is a game played within a reasonably large predetermined area - generally outdoors as in [[paintball]], where the objective is to "hit" or "tag" other players with the projectile fired from an [[airsoft gun]] (termed a "BB"). Unlike [[paintball]] or [[laser tag]] where hits are almost always obvious, however, airsoft games usually function on an "honor system" - airsoft BBs are made of plastic and generally do not leave any visible marks on clothing, and although they can sometimes cause welts on the skin, this is not a practical or reliable method of judging hits. It is generally accepted that when a player is hit, they will declare it, usually by raising their hand, shouting something like "Hit!", and then leaving the area, or sometimes merely sitting or lying down and remaining "dead in place", depending on the specific rules of the match. Many players remain "dead" until another player tags them.
    +
    +=== MilSim ===
    +''MilSim'' (MILitary SIMulation) generally combines airsoft play with some [[military]] [[live action roleplaying|live action role-playing]] elements. Several goals or missions are assigned to each team as a foundation for confrontation in firefights and othkugigiuuiyving quarters, maintaining perimeter security and the like are added to the experience.
    +
    +Another aspect of MilSim-style airsoft gaming that ties into the [[live action roleplaying|live action]] element is the global desire for players to look and feel the part they are playing. Hence, MilSim-style games may have uniform or clothing requirements specific to the scenario being played.
    +
    +One variation of the MilSim-style is that of [[Spies and Mercs]].
    +
    +=== Re-enactment ===
    +[[Image:AirsoftWWII.jpg|thumb|right|Airsoft players in a [[World War II]] reenactment are guarding a piece of mock artillery. Note that while the player's uniform is designed to resemble that of the time period, the [[SIG 552]] he is holding is not.]]
    +On occasion, airsoft games will be played in which the structure and/or conditions are designed to emulate a specific real-world battle as a form of [[historical reenactment|historical]] or [[modern reenactment]], depending on the historical period. This type of play can vary from a simple skirmish emulating a small-scale battle (like that of [[Pegasus Bridge]]) to a full reenactment of the [[Battle of Mogadishu]]Operation Irene: http://www.oplionclaws.com/irene/irene-index.php or the [[Battle of the Bulge]].
    +
    +For earlier historical eras such as that of [[World War II]], equipment restrictions may be imposed on players for some historical accuracy. This may include restricting players to the use of replica firearms that were available during the historical battle. To include players without the correct airsoft guns, organizers may set up rules restricting them to semi-automatic fire or restricting the amount of ammunition they may carry (to better simulate firearm performance of that era and ensure equal capability among players).
    +
    +How closely the historically-based airsoft game replicates the historical battle is up to the game organizer. Sometimes a historic battle will merely be inspiration for the structure of a standard skirmish, while sometimes the players may be actual [[Historic Reenactors|reenactors]] seeking another way to enjoy their hobby.
    +
    +=== Game modifiers ===
    +It is often the case that specialized rules are implemented to introduce certain tactical or strategic elements to gameplay. These can vary widely from game to game.
    +
    +Examples of popular game rule modifiers include:
    +
    +
    +;Medics: Selected players are able to "revive" "dead" team mates, who must usually stay "dead" in place until they are "healed".
    +;Weapon hits: Players are required to switch to their [[side arm]] if they take a hit to their primary weapon.
    +In many airsoft environments, you are not constituted as "dead" if your weapon is hit.
    +;Ammo limits: Restrictions are made on the amount of ammo available per each team, player, base or round of play.
    +;Immortals: Specific players are chosen who cannot "die" or die only under special conditions.
    +;Mercy rules: Players who sneak up on opponents are given the option of eliminating them without firing by simply calling out, "mercy" or some other [[code word]].
    +
    +==== Respawn ====
    +[[Spawning (computer gaming)|Respawn]] is usually used to allow players who have been hit to return to their starting position and re-enter the game. Usually this rule is used if there is a large amount of people, or if the scenario is planned to last for a long time. There can be modifications to this rule, such as the "medic spawn". "Medic spawn" negates the player from having to spawn in their base and instead can respawn at the nearest medic. This modifier is often used when the playing area is very large. If respawning is implemented, the event organizers must be careful not to produce a scenario in which ''[[spawn camping]] can occur.
    +
    +== Safety Precautions ==
    +[[Image:AirsoftM4Front.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Airsoft player shooting from behind cover. Note the safety gear; the goggles that fully seal the area around the eyes, and the [[balaclava]] to keep the face protected.]]
    +A direct hit from a BB on bare skin is usually only mildly painful, but can be dangerous to areas of soft tissue. Therefore, a standard of safety guidelines and equipment has evolved in the airsoft community. Like many competitive sports, airsoft inherently involves a certain risk of injury, but it is the consensus of most players that airsoft is a fairly safe activity when appropriate precautions are observed. It is important to note however that when playing it is the responsibility of the participants to make conscious decisions about where their shots will land. This means avoiding shots to places such as the head when possible.
    +
    +=== Personal Protective Gear ===
    +==== Eye and Face Protection ====
    +The minimum safe level of gear required to participate in most games includes a pair of impact-rated goggles to protect the eyes of the participants. Traditional prescription glasses or sunglasses are almost never accepted as they can cause a serious injury, and the player runs the risk of permanently losing their vision in that eye.
    +
    +For this reason nearly all organized groups of airsoft players and fields require that eye protection fully seals the area around the eyes, and also meets or [[ANSI]]'s Z87.1-2003 goggle standard for eye protection (resists 3 joules of impact energy without damage). However, it is not uncommon for players in less organized games to use shooting glasses, which do not provide complete protection from projectiles. Some players will opt for paintball goggles, which are held to higher impact rating standards, [[ASTM]]'s F1776. ASTM F1776 standard for paintball goggles: http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZD5TRRSKC&sub_cat=32 It is worth noting, however, that Z87.1-2003 rated goggles are specifically intended for use in industry and manufacturing, and are not for use in sports.
    +
    +According to ANSI publications as of June 2006, The ASTM is currently developing a more specific standard for the sport - ASTM Z1535Z - Standard Specification for Eye Protective Devices for Airsoft Sports. ASTM Z1535Z: Proposed standard for airsoft eye protection: http://public.ansi.org/ansionline/Documents/Standards%20Action/SAV3723.pdf (see page 12)
    +
    +The best overall protection is offered by paintball masks. These masks provide an additional level of protection by creating a full seal around the face and ears. The lens is a solid piece of impact resistant plastic. Some airsoft masks are made with mesh screens, though these screens do not offer protection from cheaper BBs that fragment upon impact of hard objects.
    +
    +===Other Safety Precautions===
    +Some other rules such as a maximum BB velocity and distance guidelines are used in different ways by groups depending of their location.
    +For more information regarding velocity limits and BB ballistics refer to [[Airsoft pellets#Pellet ballistics]].
    +
    +[[Image:AirsoftG36.jpg|thumb|left|Airsoft replica of a H&K G36C. Note that this replica is not in use on a field, and therefore has the magazine removed (and the chamber cleared), and has a barrel bag placed over the muzzle]]
    +
    +When not actively playing, many fields require barrel blockers, such as "barrel bags" or "barrel condoms" first introduced in paintball. Many airsoft guns (especially AEGs) come with small red plastic barrel blockers that fit over the muzzle, but these can be shot off the gun, and it doesn't provide for the very quick visual check that a barrel bag does. The magazine is usually removed as well, and the gun fired to clear the chamber. Many fields also require players to leave their guns set to the safety position when they are not shooting, even during active gameplay.
    +
    +=== Blind Man ===
    +One commonly adopted practice is for players to shout the words "Blind Man" and halt an ongoing game if a player or bystander is seen in the designated gameplay area without proper eye protection, proper eye protection being goggles and helmet. Any player hearing the words must in turn stop and also shout the words, resulting a chain reaction which halts and alerts the whole game. Once the situation is resolved (by properly protecting the person from harm and/or "removing" them from harm), the game is usually resumed at the same point at which it was stopped.
    +
    +A player is required to keep thier face mask/goggles/shooting glasses on at all times. This is basic safety upon an airsoft site and this law is always enforced by the marshall in charge to ensure that all players remain safe and no accidents occur during the gameplay
    +
    +== Comparisons with paintball ==
    +[[Image:AirsoftRockField.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Four players putting fire on an objective that they plan to attack.]]
    +Airsoft was developed in [[Japan]] in the late 1970s to provide an alternative for gun hobbyists because local laws prevented individuals from privately owning firearms. A heavy emphasis was therefore placed on making accurate replicas of real firearms. In contrast, paintball was developed in the [[United States]] in 1976 as a variation of [[hide and seek]] tag, through the use of utility companies' paint marking guns, which mark power/utility poles, and continues to focus more on their function than their form or [[aesthetics|aesthetic qualities]]. Paintball has quickly gained greater popularity than airsoft in the [[United States]]. However, in [[Asia]], airsoft is much more popular and paintball is nearly non-existent. In the interests of a more family-friendly image, paintball as an industry usually avoids direct analogies to the military and war (seen by the movement towards spectator-friendly [[Speed paintball|speedball]]). Similarly airsoft has taken a dual route, moving away from this (as seen in [[airsplat]]) as well as embracing them. This sometimes extends to full [[Airsoft#MilSim|MilSim]] play.
    +
    +For more information, see [[Paintball#Public_acceptance|Public Perception of Paintball]].
    +
    +Sometimes questions arise on how airsoft players know when they have hit a target, and when they have been hit by a BB themselves. Unlike paintball, where paint splatter clearly identifies hits, airsoft BB's leave no such marks. Furthermore, since airsoft BB's are much lighter than paint balls, sometimes a player can take a hit from an airsoft BB without feeling anything, depending on the thickness of apparel and gear they are wearing. The audible sound a hit can make or seeing a BB bounce off from a player are often used as alternative indicators. However, in all cases, an honor system is required to be used among players. Further incentive to abide by such rules of the game is added by close-knit airsoft communities that often have little tolerance for cheating. On some sites, blatant cheating will lead to players being banned. In many cases, paintball requires the same honor system, since paintball hits can be hard to see in the heat of battle and can be wiped off by dishonest players.
    +
    +Kinetic energy transfer is relatively minimal in Airsoft compared to that of Paintball. A standard 0.68 caliber paintball averages a weight of 2.84 grams. Paintball fields limit the maximum allowable muzzle velocity to be 300 feet per second in most events. A paintball projectile weighing approximately 2.84 grams and traveling at 300 feet per second is able to transfer approximately 11.8 [[joule]]s of energy. Although there is a considerable difference between airsoft and paintball energy levels, the type of collisions that occur must also be considered (refer to [[Airsoft pellets#Pellet ballistics]] for more information).
    +
    +To a new player choosing between airsoft and paintball, a beginning package for either is roughly equivalent in terms of apparel and cost. One major difference, however, can be seen in the cost of ammunition and upkeep of the packages - due to the type of ammunition used, airsoft guns are less prone to "jamming", and airsoft BB's are considerably cheaper to manufacture than paintballs.
    +
    +There is considerable debate between players of the two sports over which is preferable, though overall the two communities function separately.
    +
    +== Legal issues ==
    +{{main article|Legal issues in airsoft}}
    +
    +Airsoft guns and playing airsoft is [[legal]] in many parts of the world, but not all. Some countries have specific restrictions such as maximum muzzle energy, rules against using the trademarks of real firearms, and special marking requirements (such as brightly colored barrel tips). This can sometimes draw airsoft into the "grey area" of law, where airsoft gun occupies a niche in between toy guns and firearms.
    +
    +=== Sample airsoft laws from around the world ===
    +In [[Japan]] and the [[United States]], the restrictions on airsoft guns are fairly light, while in [[Canada]] and other countries, airsoft is much more strictly regulated.
    +* As of August 1, 2006, Japanese airsoft guns are legal but may not shoot with a muzzle energy above point nine eight (.98) [[joule]].
    +* Airsoft guns entering the United States are considered to be "toy guns" for legal purposes, and therefore must have a blaze orange tip present during sale and transport. All Airsoft replica bb guns include a safety orange muzzle tip (at least 1/4 of an inch) in accordance with Federal law. Any attempt to remove the orange tip is a violation of Federal law. Penalties for entering into commerce of imitation firearms: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sec_15_00005001----000-.html
    +* In [[Australia]], Airsoft guns are much more heavily regulated, as they are imitation firearms according to law, which means that, they cannot look like a real firearm, and if a replica looks like a real weapon, it is legally restricted (You need a Class A firearms Licence and written consent from police to import and hold the replica in your state or territory.)
    +** [http://www.airsoftaustralia.com/ Airsoft Australia] is aiming to get airsoft redefined as a sport and allow it to be legally accepted. This will only be possible by restrictions on how replicas can be obtained (Over 18 and an airsoft specific license (is hoped) to be required of the player), for protection of the sport in general and others.
    +* In [[Canada]], airsoft guns are considered replica firearms, not a toy nor an airgun, which is illegal in the general sense, importation and acquisition requires a license. If an airsoft gun fires above a specific muzzle velocity (500 ft/s) '''and''' delivers a specific kinetic energy on impact (5.7 [[joules]]) then it is classified as a Firearm under the [[Criminal Code of Canada]].
    +* In the [[United Kingdom]], the purchase, sale and import of replica firearms has recently become the subject of a proposed bill which may stop the importation of new weapons, essentially killing off the sport as new players will only be able to borrow existing weapons. However the UKASGB (UK Airsoft Sites Governing Body) and other airsoft organizations are negotiating with the government hoping to come to a compromise, possibly by raising the legal purchase age of airsoft replicas to 18 (Currently 14 for all but the most powerful airsoft guns) and even introducing a airsoft license much like what has been suggested in [[Australia]]. {{verify source}}
    +* In [[Hong Kong]], all airsoft guns are legal but may not shoot with a muzzle energy above two (2) [[joule]].
    +* In the Netherlands airsoft is illegal and owning a airsoft gun is a violation of Federal law.
    +
    +=== Hazards of being mistaken for a real firearm ===
    +There have been many cases of airsoft guns being mistaken for real [[firearms]], and some cases where armed [[law enforcement]] units have responded to tips of unlawful firearm use. In rare cases, individuals have also been shot by police officers after failing to yield to warnings because of airsoft guns' focus on realistic weapon reproduction. This is the main reason that laws require orange tips to be present on all "toy guns" (including airsoft replicas) imported into the United States. However, the effectiveness of such measures remains open to debate, because these tips can be easily removed or painted away. Furthermore, their use means that criminals can attempt to disguise real firearms as toys by painting the tip of the barrel orange.
    +A measure that is often employed by airsoft players is informing local law enforcement officials where and when airsoft games will take place, so that such misunderstandings can be avoided.
    +
    +In many jurisdictions, using an imitation firearm to commit a crime (which often includes the generic term of "brandishing") carries the same penalty as if a real firearm were used.
    +
    +=== Airsoft in schools ===
    +Perhaps the most common legal issue involving airsoft guns in the [[United States]] involves possession in [[school]]s. The punishment can depend on the intention and use, but common actions include a temporary suspension or permanent expulsion. The worst known case occurred in [[Longwood, Florida]] when 15-year-old [[Chris Penley]] threatened students with an airsoft pistol at his middle school and was subsequently shot dead when he aimed it towards an officer. The orange tip mandated by US Federal law had been painted black. The real problem with fake guns: http://www.recordonline.com/archive/2006/03/19/news-ralfakedraft2-03-19.html
    +
    +== Airsoft equipment==
    +'''Airsoft equipment''' encompasses many types of equipment used in the sport of airsoft, including the gun used to shoot [[Airsoft#Airsoft pellets|airsoft pellets]] at opponents, safety goggles, and all sorts of tactical gear including vests, equipment holders, and gun accessories.
    +
    +=== Airsoft guns ===
    +{{main article|Airsoft guns}}
    +
    +The guns used in airsoft are typically '''replicas''' of real firearms. Airsoft guns can be divided into three groups by what powers them: spring-, electric- or gas-powered.
    +
    +The choice of airsoft guns is determined by either the performance (e.g. battery life, range, pellet magazine capacity) or the realism required (players might want to recreate a specific military force with the correct clothing and equipment). While the first line of airsoft guns were gas-powered from an external tank (this style is now known as ''[[classic airsoft]]''), the most popular choice at the moment is electric, as reliability and range are often better from a stock electric rifle than any other form of power.
    +
    +The most popular airsoft guns are replicas of the real firearms; the [[AR-15]] and its variants, guns in the [[AK-47|Kalashnikov]] family, the [[FAMAS]], the [[G36]] series, the [[Sig Sauer]] assault rifles, or the [[MP5]]
    +
    +Many airsoft guns can also be fitted with accessories designed for their real counterparts, such as fore grips and receivers. However, this does not mean that airsoft guns can be converted to fire actual ammunition used by real firearms.
    +
    +Airsoft guns have three general classifications depending on their use in the game. These classifications are generally dependent on the speed of the BB’s and energy generated. [[CQB]] (Close Quarter Battle) is a type of situation used to simulate close combat such as house entry and ranges of 20 feet or less. The airsoft guns used in these scenarios typically fire less then 300 FPS for safety reasons and the participants wear appropriate clothing. Most airsoft guns typically fire 300-400 FPS, since they are used outdoors for most operations, balancing good speed and range with energy generated. A sniper's gun is typically upgraded to fire over 400 FPS (often 500 and sometimes up to 600 FPS). These generate greater range and consequently energy giving somewhat sniper range in a close game. As a general rule they are commonly not used under a 100 feet for safety reasons (energy generated).
    +
    +=== Airsoft projectiles ===
    +[[Image:Airsoft pellets.jpg|thumb|right|150px|6mm plastic pellets. (the edges on the sides of some, which is indicative of low quality.)]]
    +
    +{{main article|Airsoft pellets}}
    +
    +Most airsoft models use plastic projectiles ranging from 0.12 to 0.88 [[grams]] in [[weight]], though the most popular weights are between .20 and .30 grams. The pellets are usually approximately 6 mm in diameter, but some guns shoot 8 mm pellets instead. There are small paintballs for airsoft guns, but although they do prevent cheating, they are prone to breaking in the gun and sometimes cause damage.
    +
    +While airsoft projectiles are often called "BBs", the [[BB gun]] is so named because it originally fired BB sized [[shotgun]] shot or metric Ball Bearings of .177 caliber (steel "BBs" are actually sized .174 inches (4.3 mm) in diameter).
    +
    +Airsoft hop-up devices apply a backspin to the pellet so that the pressure force acts on the pellet opposite to the direction that gravity is pulling it. This causes the pellet to fall less over a given distance than it would without the spin applied to it.
    +
    +=== Clothing ===
    +Most players typically wear [[Battle Dress Uniform|BDU]]s consisting of separate pants and shirts or jackets when playing, because it not only provides protection against the impact of the plastic pellets, but also, just as with real soldiers, helps conceal oneself from opponents. Some participants also aim to faithfully replicate one or other military force by their choice in clothes, equipment and weapons.
    +
    +The choice of [[camouflage]] pattern of the BDUs are normally determined by which pattern suits an area best or simply by what is locally available. Typically military surplus stores are a good source for such items and in the U.S. this is normally in the "American Woodland" camouflage pattern, but recently [[MARPAT]] (as used by the [[US Marines|United States Marine Corps]]) and the [[Army Combat Uniform|ACUPAT]] (as used by the [[US Army|United States Army]]) have also become popular choices in North America.
    +
    +Similarly in Europe their local military uniforms are more readily available and probably more suitable to local conditions. Popular patterns include the [[Germany|German]] [[Flecktarn]], [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Disruptive Pattern Material|DPM]], or [[Swiss]] [http://www.kamouflage.net/camouflage/en_00014.php alpenflage] would be more popular.
    +
    +=== Tactical gear ===
    +It is fairly common for players to wear tactical clothing such as vests and holsters using the [[MOLLE (military)|MOLLE]] or [[All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment|ALICE]] systems. Drop-leg and belt holsters are also quite common. Although most gear used by airsoft players looks realistic, sometimes gear is made with low-quality materials. Although this replica-style gear typically is much cheaper, durability can be largely sacrificed. However, there are a couple of exceptions, one of [[Guarder]]'s FSBE, a replica of the [[Full Spectrum Battle Equipment]], have been said to have durability and quality that is significantly better than most other similar replica-style tactical gear.
    +
    +Along with vests, holsters, and magazine holders, other gear utilized by real soldiers in the field is often employed by airsoft players. One such example is the [http://www.camelbak.com Camelbak] system, best described as a canteen worn on one's back with a "bite" that leads to the player's mouth that allows drinking on the move. Other pieces of equipment used by airsofters are handles or vertical grips, and stock accessories like a telescoping stock.
    +
    +Most players carry multiple magazines per game. Hi-cap magazines carry more ammunition than standard magazines, generally 40-50% more, although in some instances this amount can be much higher. For example, a standard magazine on an AK-47 replica holds around 68 BB's, while a high-capacity magazine on this gun can hold up to 600 BB's. Hi-cap magazines generally do not feed as efficiently as standard magazines. While standard magazines use a spring under constant tension to feed BB's into the airsoft gun, hi-cap magazines must be wound up after a few dozen rounds are fired to keep the loading spring under enough tension to fire the gun. For some players this not only can be an inconvenience, but also can reveal their position with the clicking sound made from winding the magazine. Most of this can be solved by using magazines made by high-end companies which only need around 1-2 extra winds to empty 300 rounds. A very few such as the TM P90's hicap need only one wind to fire all their rounds.
    +
    +=== Pyros ===
    +Some airsoft sites allow the use of pyros, which are small explosive-driven replicas of ordinance such as grenades. There are several types: BB grenades which fire out BBs to replicate the shrapnel of a fragmentation grenade; smoke grenades which provide cover to move and fire from behind; and flashbangs/thunderflashes which lets out a very bright light, sometimes accompanied by loud sound, for the purpose of disorientating the opponent.
    +
    +=== Other equipment ===
    +Airsoft players usually buy other types of equipment that help them play more effectively, including clothing, tactical gear, gun accessories, and even items like night-vision goggles. Another common item is a Balaclava, or Ski Mask. Players use a Balaclava/Goggle combination sometimes rather then a paintball mask becuase of the MILSim aspect, and freedom of movement while protecting the face.
    +
    +----
    +
    +==Differant Types of Guns==
    +As discribed above there are three major types of Airsoft guns;gas,spring and electric.
    +
    +===Gas Guns===
    +Most gas airsoft guns are pistols, althoughth gas rifles are gaining popularity.There are 2 types of gas pistols, blowbacks and non-blowbacks. The blowbacks use gas to imitate the slide action of real firearms. Blowbacks look and feel more realistic to shoot but they use more gas then a non-blowback.Gas can be used to fire airsoft grenades. Another type of gas gun is a revolver.
    +
    +===Spring Guns===
    +Spring guns at one time were the prefered gun of starters. Spring guns are the most upgradable type of guns. Springs also cost alot less then gases and electrics. Spring guns are all single shot.
    +
    +===Electric===
    +
    +There are 6 types of Electric guns;EBBs,ENBs,mini's,low quality AEGs,mid-level AEGs,and Hi-quality AEGs. EBBs are electric blowbacks that are battery powered. ENBs are electric non-blowbacks. They are usually pistols. Mini's are the lowest quality of automatic electric guns. the are usually gravity fed and are very under estimated by airsoft players. To use a mini effectively you must get within 20-30 feet of target because of their short range and low accuracy. Also you should carry a good pistol. Then you should lay down a hail of suppresive fire and finnish off survivours with your pistol. Minni's are good last dich wepons.
    +Mini's get there names from their apperance. They are usually out-of-porportion rifles the size of a pistol.Low quality AEGs are full sized rifles that are gravity fed.(Gavity fed refers to the style of loading method were ammo is fed into the barrel by gravity). Mid-quality guns are also full sized rifles that are fed into the chamber by a ammo clip or a magazine. They are not as powerful as true AEGs.Hi-quality AEGs are magizine fed and have sturdy a construction. the top choice for airsofters is an AEG.
    +
    +===Airsoft Variations===
    +
    +There are such variations as airsoft grenades and airsoft mines. There are are even such things as airsoft R/C tanks that fire airsoft BBs out of its barrel!
    +
    +== See also ==
    +{{commonscat|Airsoft}}
    +* [[Airguns]]
    +* [[Airsoft pellets]]
    +* [[Airsoft guns]]
    +* [[BB gun]]
    +* [[Classic airsoft]]
    +* [[Firearm]]
    +* [[Laser tag]]
    +* [[Legal issues in airsoft]]
    +* [[List of Airsoft Manufacturers]]
    +* [[Paintball]]
    +* [[Spies and Mercs]]
    +
    +== External links ==
    +* [http://www.airsoftgunguide.net Airsoftgunguide.net] - Guide on getting started with airsoft, links to retailers and local leagues.
    +* [http://nationalairsoftassociation.co.nr National Airsoft Association] Website for the protection of airsoft rights and education of new players.
    +* [http://www.mnairsoft.info/safety/Safety_Manual.htm Airsoft Safety Manual]
    +* [http://www.mechbox.com Mechbox.com] - Airsoft upgrade, repair and maintenance tips
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +
    +[[Category:Pneumatic weapons]]
    +[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
    +[[Category:Gun politics]]
    +
    +[[bg:Страйкбол]]
    +[[ca:Airsoft]]
    +[[cs:Airsoft]]
    +[[de:Airsoft (Spiel)]]
    +[[et:Airsoft]]
    +[[es:Airsoft]]
    +[[fr:Airsoft]]
    +[[gl:Airsoft]]
    +[[id:Airsoft]]
    +[[it:Softair]]
    +[[he:איירסופט]]
    +[[ja:エアソフトガン]]
    +[[pl:Airsoft]]
    +[[pt:Airsoft]]
    +[[sk:Airsoft]]
    +[[sl:Airsoft]]
    +[[fi:Airsoft]]
    +[[sv:Airsoft]]
    +[[uk:Страйкбол]]
    +[[zh:氣槍]]
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    @@ -1,38 +1 @@\n
    -[[Image:Dean_Pace_Upright_Bass.jpg|thumb|right|150px]]
    -
    -The electric upright bass (abbreviated EUB) is an electronically amplified version of the [[double bass]] with a minimal or skeleton body, to reduce size and weight and cost.
    -
    -== History ==
    -
    -The first electric upright basses were developed in the mid-1930's by a company named [[Rickenbacker]]. However, it took quite some years to develop high-quality transducers and amplification for the EUB, and the [[bass guitar]] took over in popularity.
    -
    -== Description ==
    -
    -Most EUBs are amplified using [[piezoelectric]] [[pickup]]s, and produce little sound on their own.
    -In comparison to other electrically-amplified [[string_instrument|string instruments]], eg [[electric violin]]/[[electric viola|viola]]/[[electric_cello|cello]], the EUB has been more popular, in many instances, than its [[acoustic]] counterpart. This could probably be because of the great size, fragility, and low volume of the double bass, problems not found in the other acoustic string instruments and the EUB.
    -
    -== Different models of EUBs ==
    -
    -There is a very large range of EUBs available at present.
    -See external links below
    -
    -== Popularity ==
    -
    -One of the most famous EUB players is [[Sting_(musician)|Sting]], who played a Dutch brand, Van Zalinge. However, the first person to take the instrument and find a unique and important voice for it was probably [[Eberhard Weber]].
    -
    -Weber's unique sound on the 1975 album ''Yellow Fields,'' featuring a combination of modes, raga like riffs and the unique sustain and sometimes percussion of the EUB, has been a continued inspiration to this day for numerous players and composers. This combination of sound and musicality opened up a melodic and harmonic role for the bass that had not been explored before and helped take progressive jazz to a new level.
    -
    -== Optimum playing height ==
    -
    -The optimum height for most players will be when the (index) finger in the first position (first fret on a fretted instrument) is at the same level as the player's eye. If the bass is higher than this, discomfort may be experienced when playing long passages in the first position. If the bass is too low, the player will need to stretch considerably when attempting to play notes at the higher end of the fingerboard.
    -
    -== External links ==
    -* [http://www.gollihur.com/kkbass/basslink.html#eurb Bob Gollihur's EUB page]
    -* [http://ebass.nl Electric Upright Bass resources]
    -* [http://www.liutaiomottola.com/instruments/libellula.htm The Libellula Wearable EUB] Description, sound samples and downloadable plans for a strap-on EUB
    -
    -[[Category:String instruments]]
    -[[Category:Amplified instruments]]
    -[[Category:Continuous pitch instruments]]
    -
    -[[ja:エレクトリック・アップライト・ベース]]
    +#REDIRECT [[Ghana Togo Mountain languages]]
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    -{{Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
    -The '''Movement for the Liberation of Congo''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Mouvement pour la Liberation du Congo'') is a [[political party]] in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. It was a [[rebel]] group operating in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] that fought the government throughout the [[Second Congo War]]. It is now a powerful force in the interim government. It is often referred to by its original [[French language|French]] name '''Mouvement de Libération du Congo''' and sometimes '''Mouvement de Libération Congolais'''.
    +:''This article is about the ecclesiastical title. For other uses, see [[Provost]].
    +A '''provost''' is a senior official in a number of [[Christianity|Christian]] churches.

    -During the war, the MLC was backed by the government of [[Uganda]] and controlled much of the north of the country, in particular the province of [[Equateur]]. It is led by former businessman [[Jean-Pierre Bemba]], now vice-president following the [[2002]] peace agreement. The town of [[Gbadolite]] is the headquarters of the MLC. The MLC was the primary instrument of Uganda during the war, as the [[Rally for Congolese Democracy]] was dominated by [[Rwanda]]. As part of the [[Inter-Congolese dialogue]], Brig-Gen [[Malik Kijege]] of the MLC was named head of military logistics, while Maj-Gen [[Dieudonné Amuli Bahigwa]] was named head of the navy. Two of the DRC's ten military districts were also given to the MLC, and Bemba is allowed to appoint and dismiss the [[foreign minister]] of the DRC.
    +==Historical development==

    -== External links ==
    +The word ''praepositus'' ([[Latin]]: "set over", from ''praeponere'', "to place in front") was at first applied to any ecclesiastical ruler or dignitary. It was soon more specifically applied to the immediate subordinate to the [[abbot]] of a [[monastery]], or to the superior of a single [[Monk|cell]], and it was defined as such in the [[Rule of St Benedict]]. The [[dean (religion)|dean]] (''decanus'') was a similarly ranked official. [[Chrodegang]] of [[Metz]] adopted this usage from the [[Benedictine]]s when he introduced the monastic organization of [[cathedral]] [[chapter (religion)|chapter]]s. The provostship (''praepositura'') was normally held by the [[archdeacon]], while the office of dean was held by the [[archpriest]]. In many cathedrals, the temporal duties of the archdeacons made it impossible for them to fulfil those of the provostship, and the headship of the chapter thus fell to the dean.

    -* [http://www.africahome.com/annews/categories/drcongo/EpyEuEAupyGJpwPhuG.shtml President names top officers for unified national military], [[20 August]] [[2003]]
    -* [http://www.mlc-congo.net MLC, Official website]
    +The title became ''prevost'' in [[Old French]], and then ''prévôt'' in [[French language|modern French]], before being adopted as "provost" in [[English language|English]].

    -[[Category:Rebellions in Africa]]
    -[[Category:Rebel militia groups]]
    -[[Category:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
    +==Anglican Usage==

    -[[Category:Political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
    +In [[England]], the title of provost in cathedrals was almost completely replaced by that of dean, although sometimes when a [[bishop]] nominated himself as dean of his own cathedral, a provost was appointed as his deputy.

    -[[de:Mouvement de Libération du Congo]]
    -[[es:Movimiento de Liberación del Congo]]
    -[[fr:Mouvement de Libération du Congo]]
    -[[ru:Освободительное движение Конго]]
    +In cathedrals which were also [[parish church]]es, however, especially the newly-created cathedrals of the 19th and 20th centuries, the senior priest (who was also the parish priest) continued to be known as the provost. This title was used by the head priests of [[St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham|Birmingham Cathedral]], [[Blackburn Cathedral]], [[Bradford Cathedral]], [[Chelmsford Cathedral]], [[Coventry Cathedral]], [[Derby Cathedral]], [[Leicester Cathedral]], [[Newcastle Cathedral]], [[Portsmouth Cathedral]], [[St. Edmundsbury Cathedral]], [[Sheffield Cathedral]], [[Southwark Cathedral]], [[Southwell Minster]], and [[Wakefield Cathedral]], but all were redesignated deans in [[2000]].
    +
    +In the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] tradition continues. The leading priests of the cathedrals, with the exception of the [[Cathedral of the Isles]] on [[Cumbrae]], are called provost.
    +
    +The [[provost (education)|usage]] is preserved in the title of the heads of some [[college]]s in England formerly administered by the Church.
    +
    +==Germany==
    +
    +In [[Germany]], the heads of certain [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] chapters are still known as ''Probst'' or ''Propst''. The title is also used for a slightly different office in certain [[diocese]]s of the [[Evangelical Church in Germany|German Evangelical Church]]. German military [[chaplain]]s, both Catholic and Protestant, have also used the title (e.g. ''Feldpropst'' in [[Prussia]]).
    +
    +Furthermore, "Propstei" or "Propstei(pfarr)gemeinde" is the honorary title to some important, old RC churches in Germany; most honorary titles date back to the 20th century. The provosts - being ordinary parish priests - have the privilege to wear the prelate's dress (black-purple) and wear a pectoral cross on a ribbon.
    +
    +==Monastic usage==
    +
    +The heads of [[Augustinian]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friar]]ies are termed "provost or prior" (''praepositus vel prior''), and those of [[Cistercian]] monasteries "provost or warden" (''praepositus vel custos'').
    +
    +[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]
    +
    +[[cs:Probošt]]
    +[[de:Propst]]
    +[[ja:プロボスト]]
    +[[no:Prost]]
    +[[pl:Proboszcz]]
    +[[sv:Prost]]
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    -{{MedalTableTop}}
    -{{MedalWorldChampionships}}
    -{{MedalSport | Men's [[cross country skiing]]}}
    -{{MedalGold | [[1974 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships|1974 Falun]] | 30 km}}
    -{{MedalGold | [[1978 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships|1978 Lahti]] | 4 x 10 km}}
    -{{MedalBronze | [[1974 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships|1974 Falun]] | 50 km}}
    -{{MedalBottom}}
    -'''Thomas Magnusson''' (born [[July 2]], [[1950]]) is a former [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[cross country skier]] who competed during the 1970's. He won three medals at the [[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]], including golds in the 30 km ([[1974]]) and the 4 x 10 km ([[1978]]) and a bronze in the 50 km (1974). Magnusson also won the [[Holmenkollen ski festival]] 50 km event in [[1977]].
    +Please do not remove content from Wikipedia{{#if:Pokémon|, as you did to [[:Pokémon]]}}. It is considered [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]]. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. [[User:J Di|JD]][[User talk:J Di|talk]] 09:46, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.skiforeningen.no/hk/events/hks/stats/?tag=hkswinners1892&lang=en Holmenkollen Winners since 1892]
    -*[http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/613.html?sector=CC&competitorid=36920&type=result FIS Profile]
    -
    -{{Footer World Champions XC 30km Men}}
    -{{Footer World Champions XC Relay Men}}
    -
    -[[Category:Swedish cross-country skiers|Magnusson, Thomas]]
    -[[Category:1950 births|Magnusson, Thomas]]
    -
    -{{Sweden-bio-stub}}
    -{{wintersport-bio-stub}}
    -
    -[[sv:Thomas Magnusson]]
    +{{{{{subst|}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|With regards to your comments on [[:{{{1}}}]]: }}Please see Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|no personal attacks]] policy. Comment on ''content'', not on contributors; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocks]] for disruption. Please [[Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot|stay cool]] and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you. [[User:J Di|JD]][[User talk:J Di|talk]] 09:51, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
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    -In [[probability theory]] (and especially [[gambling]]), the '''expected value''' (or '''mathematical expectation''') of a [[random variable]] is the sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ("value"). Thus, it represents the average amount one "expects" to win per bet if bets with identical odds are repeated many times. Note that the value itself may not be [[expectation|expected]] in the general sense; it may be unlikely or even impossible. A game or situation in which the expected value for the player is zero (no net gain nor loss) is called a "fair game."
    +{{album|class=Stub|importance=|attention=|needs-infobox=|auto=yes}}

    -For example, an American [[roulette]] wheel has 38 equally possible outcomes. A winning bet placed on a single number pays 35-to-1 (this means that you are paid 35 times your bet and your bet is returned, so you get 36 times your bet). So considering all 38 possible outcomes, the expected value of the profit resulting from a $1 bet on a single number is:
    -
    -:\left( -\$1 \times \frac{37}{38} \right) + \left( \$35 \times \frac{1}{38} \right),
    -
    -which is about −$0.0526. Therefore one expects, on average, to lose over five cents for every dollar bet, and the '''expected value''' of a one dollar bet is $0.9474.
    -
    -== Mathematical definition ==
    -
    -In general, if X\, is a [[random variable]] defined on a [[probability space]] (\Omega, P)\,, then the expected value of X\, (denoted \operatorname{E}(X)\, or sometimes \langle X \rangle or \mathbb{E}(X)) is defined as
    -
    -:\operatorname{E}(X) = \int_\Omega X\, \operatorname{d}P
    -
    -where the [[Lebesgue integral]] is employed. Note that not all random variables have an expected value, since the integral may not exist (e.g., [[Cauchy distribution]]). Two variables with the same [[probability distribution]] will have the same expected value, if it is defined.
    -
    -If X is a [[discrete random variable]] with values x_1, x_2, ... and corresponding probabilities p_1, p_2, ... which add up to 1, then \operatorname{E}(X) can be computed as the sum or [[infinite series|series]]
    -
    -:\operatorname{E}(X) = \sum_i p_i x_i\,
    -
    -as in the gambling example mentioned above.
    -
    -If the [[probability distribution]] of X admits a [[probability density function]] f(x), then the expected value can be computed as
    -
    -:\operatorname{E}(X) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty x f(x)\, \operatorname{d}x.
    -
    -It follows directly from the discrete case definition that if X is a [[constant random variable]], i.e. X = b for some fixed [[real number]] b, then the expected value of X is also b.
    -
    -The expected value of an arbitrary function of ''x'', ''g(x)'', with respect to the probability density function ''f(x)'' is given by
    -
    -:\operatorname{E}(g(X)) = \int_{-\infty}^\infty g(x) f(x)\, \operatorname{d}x.
    -
    -==Conventional terminology==
    -
    -* When one speaks of the "expected price", one means the expected value of a random variable that is a price.
    -* When one speaks of the "expected height", one means the expected value of a random variable that is a height.
    -* When one speaks of the "expected number of attempts" needed to get one successful attempt, one means the expected value of a random variable that is the number of such attempts.
    -
    -And so on.
    -
    -==Properties==
    -===Linearity===
    -The expected value operator (or '''expectation operator''') \mathrm{E} is [[linear operator|linear]] in the sense that
    -
    -:\mathrm{E}(a X + b Y) = a \mathrm{E}(X) + b \mathrm{E}(Y)\,
    -
    -for any two random variables X and Y (which need to be defined on the same probability space) and any real numbers a and b.
    -
    -===Iterated expectation===
    -For any two random variables X,Y one may define the [[conditional expectation]]:
    -
    -: \operatorname{E}(X|Y)(y) = \operatorname{E}(X|Y=y) = \sum\limits_x x \cdot \operatorname{P}(X=x|Y=y).
    -
    -Then the expectation of X satisfies
    -
    -:
    -\begin{matrix}
    -\operatorname{E} \left( \operatorname{E}(X|Y) \right) & = & \sum\limits_y \operatorname{E}(X|Y=y) \cdot \operatorname{P}(Y=y) \\
    - & = & \sum\limits_y \left( \sum\limits_x x \cdot \operatorname{P}(X=x|Y=y) \right) \cdot \operatorname{P}(Y=y) \\
    - & = & \sum\limits_y \sum\limits_x x \cdot \operatorname{P}(X=x|Y=y) \cdot \operatorname{P}(Y=y) \\
    - & = & \sum\limits_y \sum\limits_x x \cdot \operatorname{P}(Y=y|X=x) \cdot \operatorname{P}(X=x) \\
    - & = & \sum\limits_x x \cdot \operatorname{P}(X=x) \cdot \left( \sum\limits_y \operatorname{P}(Y=y|X=x) \right) \\
    - & = & \sum\limits_x x \cdot \operatorname{P}(X=x) \\
    - & = & \operatorname{E}(X). \end{matrix}
    -
    -Hence, the following equation holds:
    -
    -:\operatorname{E}(X) = \operatorname{E} \left( \operatorname{E}(X|Y) \right).
    -
    -The right hand side of this equation is referred to as the ''iterated expectation'' and is also sometimes called the ''tower rule''. This proposition is treated in [[law of total expectation]].
    -
    -===Inequality===
    -If a random variable X is always less than or equal to another random variable Y, the expectation of X is less than or equal to that of Y:
    -
    -If X \leq Y, then \operatorname{E}(X) \leq \operatorname{E}[Y].
    -
    -In particular, since X \leq |X| and -X \leq |X| , the absolute value of expectation of a random variable is less or equal to the expectation of its absolute value:
    -
    -:|\operatorname{E}(X)| \leq \operatorname{E}(|X|)
    -
    -===Representation===
    -The following formula holds for any nonnegative real-valued random variable X (such that \operatorname{E}(X) < \infty ), and positive real number \alpha :
    -
    -: \operatorname{E}(X^\alpha) = \alpha \int_{0}^{\infty} t^{\alpha -1}\mathrm{P}(X>t) \mathrm d t.
    -
    -===Non-multiplicativity===
    -In general, the expected value operator is not multiplicative, i.e. \operatorname{E}(X Y) is not necessarily equal to \operatorname{E}(X) \operatorname{E}(Y), except if X and Y are [[statistical independence|independent]] or [[uncorrelated]].
    -This lack of multiplicativity gives rise to study of [[covariance]] and [[correlation]].
    -
    -===Functional non-invariance===
    -In general, the expectation operator and [[function (mathematics)|function]]s of random variables do not [[commutative operation|commute]]; that is
    -
    -:\operatorname{E}(g(X)) = \int_{\Omega} g(X)\, \mathrm d P \neq g(\operatorname{E}(X)),
    -
    -except as noted above.
    -
    -==Uses and applications of the expected value==
    -The expected values of the powers of X are called the [[moment (mathematics)|moment]]s of X; the [[moment about the mean|moments about the mean]] of X are expected values of powers of X - \operatorname{E}(X). The moments of some random variables can be used to specify their distributions, via their [[moment generating function]]s.
    -
    -To empirically estimate the expected value of a random variable, one repeatedly measures observations of the variable and computes the [[arithmetic mean]] of the results. This estimates the true expected value in an [[bias (statistics)|unbiased]] manner and has the property of minimizing the sum of the squares of the [[errors and residuals in statistics|residual]]s (the sum of the squared differences between the observations and the estimate). The [[law of large numbers]] demonstrates that (under fairly mild conditions) as the size of the [[statistical sample|sample]] gets larger, the [[variance]] of this estimate gets smaller.
    -
    -In [[classical mechanics]], the [[center of mass]] is an analogous concept to expectation. For example, suppose X is a discrete random variable with values x_i and corresponding probabilities p_i. Now consider a weightless rod on which are placed weights, at locations x_i along the rod and having masses p_i (whose sum is one). The point at which the rod balances is \operatorname{E}(X).
    -
    -==Expectation of matrices==
    -If X is an m \times n [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]], then the expected value of the matrix is a matrix of expected values:
    -
    -:
    -\operatorname{E}(X)
    -=
    -\operatorname{E}
    -\begin{pmatrix}
    - x_{1,1} & x_{1,2} & \cdots & x_{1,n} \\
    - x_{2,1} & x_{2,2} & \cdots & x_{2,n} \\
    - \vdots \\
    - x_{m,1} & x_{m,2} & \cdots & x_{m,n}
    -\end{pmatrix}
    -=
    -\begin{pmatrix}
    - \operatorname{E}(x_{1,1}) & \operatorname{E}(x_{1,2}) & \cdots & \operatorname{E}(x_{1,n}) \\
    - \operatorname{E}(x_{2,1}) & \operatorname{E}(x_{2,2}) & \cdots & \operatorname{E}(x_{2,n}) \\
    - \vdots \\
    - \operatorname{E}(x_{m,1}) & \operatorname{E}(x_{m,2}) & \cdots & \operatorname{E}(x_{m,n})
    -\end{pmatrix}
    -
    -
    -This property is utilized in [[covariance matrix|covariance matrices]].
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[Conditional expectation]]
    -*[[An inequality on location and scale parameters]].
    -*Expected value is also a key concept in [[economics]] and [[finance]].
    -*The general term [[expectation]].
    -
    -==External links==
    -*{{planetmath reference|id=505|title=Expectation}}
    -
    -[[Category:Probability theory]]
    -[[Category:Gambling terminology]]
    -
    -[[ar:قيمة متوقعة]]
    -[[de:Erwartungswert]]
    -[[es:Esperanza matemática]]
    -[[eo:Atendata valoro]]
    -[[fr:Espérance mathématique]]
    -[[gl:Valor esperado]]
    -[[it:Valore atteso]]
    -[[he:תוחלת]]
    -[[hu:Várható érték]]
    -[[nl:Verwachting (wiskunde)]]
    -[[ja:期待値]]
    -[[no:Forventning]]
    -[[pl:Wartość oczekiwana]]
    -[[pt:Valor esperado]]
    -[[ru:Математическое ожидание]]
    -[[su:Nilai ekspektasi]]
    -[[fi:Odotusarvo]]
    -[[sv:Väntevärde]]
    -[[vi:Giá trị kỳ vọng]]
    -[[zh:期望值]]
    +{| class="messagebox standard-talk" style="text-align:center;"
    +|-
    +| width="50px" | [[Image:Evolution-tasks.png|50px|Articles for deletion]]
    +|| This article was nominated for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] on 26 March 2006. The result of the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A Santa Cause - It's A Punk Rock Christmas|discussion]] was '''keep'''.
    +|} —'''[[User:Sango123|Sango]][[User talk:Sango123|123]]''' [[WP:EA|(e)]] 02:32, 31 March 2006 (UTC)
    2013-03-18 01:06:21 90708714 Addbot MerlIwBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3218610]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,59 +1,105 @@\n
    -{{CurrentSingles}}
    -{{Infobox Single
    -| Name = Play with Fire
    -| Artist = [[Hilary Duff]]
    -| from Album = 'A Dramatic Life'
    -| Released = [[August 21]] [[2006]] ([[United States|U.S.]] radio)
    [[November 6]] [[2006]] ([[United Kingdom|UK]])
    [[November 10]] [[2006]] ([[Australia]]){{fact}}
    -| Format =
    -| Recorded =
    -| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]/[[Dance music|Dance]]/[[Electronic music|Electronic]]
    -| Length = 3:00
    -| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
    -| Writer =
    -| Producer =
    -| Certification =
    -| Chart position =
    -{{Extra chronology
    -| Artist = Hilary Duff
    -| Type = U.S. singles
    -| Last single = "[[Supergirl (song)|Supergirl]]"
    (2006)
    -| This single = "Play with Fire"
    (2006)
    -}}
    -{{Extra chronology
    -| Artist = Hilary Duff
    -| Type = UK singles
    -| Last single = "[[Fly (Hilary Duff song)|Fly]]"
    (2006)
    -| This single = "Play with Fire"
    (2006)
    -| Next single = . . .
    -}}
    -}}
    +== Pronunciation ==

    +I know this may not be the most pressing of questions, but how are the vowels of 'Gaugamela' pronounced?

    -"'''Play with Fire'''" is a song recorded by [[Hilary Duff]] for Hilary Duff's fourth studio album titled "A Dramatic Life" . It was released to U.S. radio as the album's first [[single (music)|single]] on [[August 21]] [[2006]] (see [[2006 in music]]) and, for the week ending [[September 29]], had peaked at number 157 on [[Mediabase]]'s [[Top 40 (radio format)|Top 40]] chart.[http://w2.mediabase.com/mmrweb/AllAccess/Charts.asp?format=h1R&showtopn=500&cutoff=1 "Top 40"]. [[Mediabase]]. [[September 23]] - [[September 29]] [[2006]]. Retrieved [[September 30]] [[2006]]. The UK [[CD single]] for "Play with Fire" will be released on [[November 6]].[http://www.hmv.co.uk/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=282;2;-1;-1&sku=559735 "Play With Fire"]. [[HMV.co.uk]]. Retrieved [[September 9]] [[2006]].
    +I (English) always thought it was pronounced the same as 'cow cammeller', but the narrator of a history programme (American) pronounced it 'gwagameela'. I think he was wrong, but I can not think of any other time I have heard it said (not something most people have conversations about!). [[User:Oswax|Oswax]] 20:53, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

    -Its [[music video|video]] was directed by [[Alex and Martin]] and filmed in July. According to the directors, the video is "real and surreal" and contains visual effects that are reminiscent of a "[[house of mirrors]]" as seen in an amusement park.Vineyard, Jennifer. [http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1537869/20060803/duff_hilary.jhtml?headlines=true "Hilary Duff: Psychedelic Dance Star? Singer Shoots Trippy Clip For New Single"]. [[MTV News]]. [[August 3]] [[2006]]. Retrieved [[August 4]] [[2006]]. Its world premiere was on [[August 15]] [[2006]],[http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20060815005652&newsLang=en " Hilary Duff Unveils New Fall Collection in AOL RED and KOL Fashion Show"]. [[Business Wire]]. [[August 15]] [[2006]]. Retrieved [[August 17]] [[2006]]. and it features mirrors breaking, fires and explosions.
    +:According to the [[American Heritage Dictionary]], it's {{IPA|/ˌgɔgəˈmilə/}} (/gô'gə-mē'''''''lə/ in their notation). —[[User:Simetrical|Simetrical]] ([[User_talk:Simetrical|talk]]) 05:16, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

    -The album was originally going to be released [[November 21]], but because production took longer than expected, it was pushed back to [[December 5]].[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1541536/20060922/aguilera_christina.jhtml?headlines=true "For The Record: Quick News On Christina Aguilera, Hilary Duff, Madonna, Three 6 Mafia, Fergie & More"]. [[MTV News]]. [[September 22]] [[2006]]. Retrieved [[September 30]] [[2006]].
    +== Is that Gaugamela or Issus? ==

    -==Notes==
    -
    +The Brueghel painting on this page comes from the [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Battle_of_Gaugamela.jpg commons], where it is also identified as Gaugamela, but there's a lot info on the web suggesting that it might depict the [[Battle of Issus]].
    +Google gives far more English results for [http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&rls=en&q=%22Battle+of+Issus%22+Brueghel&btnG=Search "Battle of Issus" + Brueghel] than for ''Arbela'' or ''Gaugamela'', and there are some sites [http://www.art.com/asp/sp-asp/_/PD--12065804/SP--A/IGID--12065804/The_Battle_of_Arbelles_or_The_Battle_of_Issus_1602.htm?sOrig=CRT&sOrigId=32683&ui=981D8AA6C88F4B4EAF6525822E50AC3F] [http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/O0017772.html] [http://www.artyst.net/B/BruegelJanVelours16-17/Bruegel.htm] that list both Issus and Arbella as the title. I suspect that the subject of the painting might really not be known, or might be disputed, but if anyone has access to a reputable source (like the title the [[Louvre]] displays), it would be nice to make sure that our caption is accurate. '''''×'''''[[User:Meegs|Meegs]] 08:57, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

    -
    +:I found this photo credit: "The Battle of Arbelles, or the Battle of Issus, 1602 (oil on canvas), Brueghel, Jan the Elder (1568-1625) / Louvre, Paris, France, / Bridgeman Art Library" from [http://www.bridgeman.co.uk/search/show_credit_popup.asp?image_id=115962]. I think the painter may have confused the two battles -- I don't see any reference to "the battle of Arbelles" anywhere except in the name of this painting, but assume it means "the battle of Arbela". I think the photo can stay. What do you think? --[[User:Jeffrey Henning|Jeffrey Henning]] 05:13, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
    +::Sure, we can keep the image, but there's no reason to hide this detail. What do you think about changing the caption to something like the credit you found? '''''×'''''[[User:Meegs|Meegs]] 14:19, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
    +:::That makes total sense to me. But should probably add a note to the effect "Painter may have confused the separate battles of Arbela and Issus." --[[User:Jeffrey Henning|Jeffrey Henning]] 03:13, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
    +::::Well, we don't know that for sure, and such detail probably doesn't belong in a caption anyway. If the painting's subject is truly unknown, or was somehow confused, then it probably doesn't belong at the top of this article; I'll leave that decision to others. I'm happy enough now that it's labeled properly. '''''×'''''[[User:Meegs|Meegs]] 03:47, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

    -[[Category:2006 singles]]
    -[[Category:Hilary Duff songs]]
    +== Date wrong: ==

    -{{Hilary Duff}}
    +Aelian (Var. Hist. 2.25) has the date as the 6th of Thargelion, roughly the beginning of May. [[User:Haiduc|Haiduc]] 03:01, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

    -{{2000s-pop-song-stub}}
    +==Question==
    +
    +The article says, "''The battle is also inaccurately called the Battle of Arbela.''" In which sense is this incorrect? - [[User:Nat Krause|Nat Krause]]([[User talk:Nat Krause|Talk!]]) 22:59, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I also would like to know why the alternative name is "inaccurate." Why can't it just say "The battle is also called the Battle of Arbela"? Or, "The battle is less commonly called the Battle of Arbela"?- [[User:Mark1000|Mark1000]] 30 Sep 2006 (I'm afraid I'm new to "talk," so I don't know what that link means. I apologize for any ettiquette violations.)
    +
    +----
    +This is a good site for this stuff
    +http://monolith.dnsalias.org/~marsares/warfare/battle/gaugamel.html
    +I am the anonymous making the changes, in accordance to this source
    +
    +== Army Size ==
    +
    +These numbers are inflated. There is no way the Persians had so many men. Historians cannot put numbers on battles this ancient and on battles that have so widely been exaggerated for thousands of years no matter how hard they try. I say we put both armies at unknown numbers.[[User:Khosrow II|Khosrow II]] 04:49, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Yes they could have been so large see [http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr0009.htm]. Since the time of Niebuhr it has been accepted as a doctrine in the west that before the modern era armies could have never measured more than 100,000. This goes against a fundamental principle in science: there is no such thing as doctrine, doctrine is for religion only. The Persians had a population base of 70,000,000 at the time Alexander invaded, and managed to send 400,000+ in Greece in 480 BC (after 10 years of preparations). Ancient sources consistenly give 600 as the size of a Persian fleet unit (though this meant 138,000 rowers and marines). As for land army 60,000 as the size of a corps and 300,000 as the size of an army unit. These numbers come from various sources including the eye-witnesses Xenophon and Ctesias. Why would Ctesias, who wrote from Persian sources and was Artaxerxes Memnon's personal physician, lived in the Persian court and saw armies every day exagerate about their size? The Persians were much more capable of supplying large armies than they are being given credit. PS I am 143.233.183.210 who changed the page. More some reason I got logged off. [[User:Ikokki|Ikokki]] 13:07, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Those are very incorrect. First of all, the population of the Persian Empire at that time was around 40 million maximum. The Greeks were known for exaggerating everythign to make themselves look better. If you think about it, if an army of the size the Greeks said they faced in Persian actual existed, then there would be no way the Greeks could possibly win. No matter how good they were, they would eventually have been overrun. For example, the Greeks at thermopolae, who had everything to their advantage, were eventually over run, so how is it that Alexanders army, that fought on open terrain, could not be overrun? Its these things that dont make sense. The numbers were greatly exaggerated, and there was no way the Kings of Persia could sustain such large armies. Not even the Romans, who had twice the population of the Persian Empire, were able to raise that large of an army.[[User:Khosrow II|Khosrow II]] 22:18, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::Even if you disagree with the assertion do not remove references. Better yet, put up a reference with those that support your numbers. If the Persian empire had a population of 40,000,000 at 5% draft rate (the rate for modern armies) it could draft an army of 800,000. However in antiquity the draft rate was more like 30%, that part of the Greek population was drafted for Plataea. Now the Persian had 300,000 at Plataea, not only because Herodotus said so but because,as Macan and Munro have pointed out, he gives the names of 29 Μυριαρχοι that is leaders of the baivabaram. The baivabaram had 10,000 soldiers. Now if the Persians had managed to sent (albeit with 10 years of preparation) 400,000+ soldiers to Greece, why could they not draft 250,000 (Rufus' number) in Gaugamela? I do not believe that Greek writers are exaderating in Persian numbers, I believe that their modern critics are excessively dogmatic in their approach. And no, the Roman Empire had a smaller population than the Persian Empire. At its maximum, in the second century AD it had a population no more than 70,000,000 with a lower population density, especially in the West. The Persians controlled Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt (like the Romans) but also the densely populated Mesopotamia, the Iranian Plateau and Bactria thus having a larger population. [[User:Ikokki|Ikokki]] 11:04, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::We must not forget the the hoplites were the most heavily armed soldiers in the world (or at least in the West) at that time. In Thermopylae the Greeks lost because on the third day a local man showed the Persians the Anopaia Odos and the Persians encircled the Greek force. Let us not forget what happened earlier: According to Ctesias (who mostly wrote to please his Persian sponsors and used the Persian archives) the first 10,000 Persian soldiers sent were cut down to the last with the losses of 2 or 3 Greeks only (see Persica paragraph 27). In Pampremis the Egyptians were losing the battle to the Persians until the Athenians defeated the Persians opposite them and created a breach which the Egyptians used to defeat the Persians, again, the heavy armor of the hoplite was sucsessfull. It was not a racial thing, in the Battle of Gaza in 201 BC the Egyptians also formed a very sucsesfull phalanx. In any case [[Glotz]] accepts that at least 3 Persians were necessary to defeat one hoplite. Considering that it was never certain where the loyalty of Greek hoplites working for the Persians was to be, it is reasonable for the Darius to raise an Asian army capable of defeating on its own Alexander's force.
    +
    +:::Numerical superiority helps but is not a prequisite for victory. Especially before gunpowder quality and discipline were a major factor. The Roman never raised huge armies because they never needed them. In the West, except for the Punic Wars, the Romans were mostly facing barbarians. In the East, they always had allies. Let us remember though that at the [[battle of Alesia]] Ceasar deafeted an army 6 to 7 times his size, why shouldn't Alexander? The Persians were fully capable of defeating Alexander until Darius fled the battle, leading to his army's dissolution. In case you disagree, that is acceptable. Do not remove though what ancient sources say. Change the phrasing so that, like at [[Battle of Thermopylae]] it says both theories over. Do not POV the article.[[User:Ikokki|Ikokki]] 11:33, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::::You are getting many many thigns mixed up, especially with modern times. First of all, the population of the whole word at that time was probably a bit over 100 million, and the Persian Empire certainly did not posses 70 million of the entire population of the earth. Secondly, armies more than tens of thousands could not be supported at that time unless they were nomadic armies, which the Persians were not. Thirdly, if you say had as much men as you say for just one battle, then how could the Romans not summon such great armies? The Roman Empire had more people in it than the Persian empire did for its time period. Greek historians, as well as all historians in ancient times, exaggerated things a lot. Even Iranian historians did. For example, Iranian historians claimed an army of 300,000 Turks were defeated by only 12,000 Savaran (Persia's elite units) during the time of the Sassanid Empire.
    +
    +::::Furthur disproving you and ancient Greek historians is the fact that as time moved on and sources became more credible, we know that the Romans and Parthians, and the Byzantines and Sassanids did not fight with armies in the hundreds of thousands. We also know that the Muslims and Christians did not fight with armies of hundreds of thousands. The fact is that Greek historians exaggerated a lot, you have to accept this.[[User:Khosrow II|Khosrow II]] 20:23, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::::The population of the world was around 200,000,000 at that time. The Roman empire had a population of 45 million in 14 AD out of 300,000,000 total (see [http://www.prb.org/Template.cfm?Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=7421] The Byzantines did send 135,000 at the time of [[Leo the Thracian]] to conquer the Vandal Kingdom (which failed), the Avar and Persian army at the time of Heraclius was also over 100,000 and the Arab army of the second Arab siege of Constantinople was way over 100,000, this is confirmed by both Arab and Byzantine sources, only 80,000 Arab cavalry escaped. The 1st crusade numbered 135,000 crusaders when it crossed the Bosporus. The population of Antiquity was bigger than in the Middle Ages (the Justiniac plague caused a serious reduction in world population) and so where the armies, something that [[Leo the Wise]] accepts in his book Tactics. Ancient states could also be as organised or better organised than later states. For his campaign in Greece Xerxes had built five major food depots in the north coast of the Aegean in which food over several years had been gathered to feed his army and had 3,000 transport ships bringing supplies.
    +
    +:::::The Romans never really faced major armies and thus did not need to form major armies at once. The did have though some 40 standing legions and thus 400,000 soldiers. The Germans that were menacing Gaul in the 3rd century were some 7,000-strong, obviously they did not need a large army to face them, just better leadership. In the battle of Cannes they faced the biggest army they ever encountered, thus they raised the biggest army they ever had to. In the campaigns they had in Greece they never had to face more than 40,000 Greeks, plus they had Greek allies on their side.
    +
    +:::::To return to the Persian army in Xerxes' invasion according to the critical school the Persian sent 200,000 land troops of which 60,000-120,000 were combat troops (a very ridiculus proposition IMO considering the Greeks raised 38,400 hoplites and a total of 110,000 troops at Plataea, if there were so few Persians why did they not face them at the border of Macedon, where they could also enjoy the support of Macedonian and Thessalian cavalry, instead of having them conquer and raze their cities?). Why would Darius raise a smaller army than that sent by Xerxes over a century earlier, especially so near his base of ops? In any case it is recongnise by everyone the superiority of the armaments of the Greeks could only be faced by an inferiorly armed army through superiority on numbers.
    +
    +:::::Even if you disagree with ancient sources do not remove them from the text, I will keep on reverting it back. Write why you believe it was not that high but there is no reason Arrian's, Diodorus' or Curtius Rufus numbers should not be on the main text. After all according to [[WP:TPA]] a great article:
    +:::::* acknowledges and explores all aspects of the subject; i.e., it covers every encyclopedic angle of the subject.
    +:::::* is well-documented; all facts are [[Wikipedia:Cite your sources|cited]] from reputable sources, preferably sources that are accessible and up-to-date.
    +
    +:::::I would really love to read a summary of how you (or better yet those who you copy) come up with these low numbers. Please do not do the lazy thing and revert the page, write where these numbers derive from after having them listed. I will add references of historians that accept ancient numbers tommorow, do add historians that accept your numbers (and better yet how they come up with them).[[User:Ikokki|Ikokki]] 00:46, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Encyclopaedia Iranic clearly states that the ancient figures are worthless [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/] (by the way, for those that dont know, Encyclopaedia Iranica is a work being carried out by Cambridge University and is considered to be the highest authority regarding Iranian history). I put unknown in, this way, everyone is happy. Its a good compromise.[[User:Khosrow II|Khosrow II]] 23:53, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Unlike say chemistry where there is an absolute source book called "Standard Methods" (which gets revised every few years) which tells you the proper way say to measure say calcium in a sample, in humanities there is no absolute source. I already mention 4 sources that claim that ancient numbers are right, the history of the Greek Nation was composed by the greatest academics (albeit thirty years ago), considering it included military and Persia specialists, there is no reason it should be less reliable Encyclopaedia Iranica.
    +
    +:Don't remove ancient sources. It will only get you in trouble with the editors. You might not like them but, in the name on neutrality, Wikipedia inlcudes pretty strange stuff. See for example [[New Chronology (Fomenko)]] [[User:Ikokki|Ikokki]] 13:34, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Authoritative Sources ==
    +
    +Would be modern historians of the caliber of Fox, Green, Bosworth etc, not Lendering. Wikipedia's guidelines say this about reliable sources:
    +
    +''"In general, the most reliable sources are books and journals published by university presses; mainstream newspapers; and magazines and journals published by known publishing houses. As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analysing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Material that is self-published, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable"''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research]
    +
    +''"Anyone can create a website or pay to have a book published, then claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published books, personal websites, and blogs are largely not acceptable as sources.
    +
    +''Self-published material may be acceptable when produced by a well-known, professional researcher in a relevant field or a well-known professional journalist. These may be acceptable so long as their work has been previously published by reliable third-party publications. However, exercise caution: if the information in question is really worth reporting, someone else is likely to have done so."''''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability]
    +
    +:Look that Lendering awnsers perfectly [[WP:RS]]: she is a respected Dutch scholar, and the piece in question compares also in the biography of Alexander she pubblished. This I know by the BMCR, a scholarly journal that reviws the book and mentions exactly this passage.--[[User:Aldux|Aldux]] 01:38, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::The review of Lendering can be found [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2005/2005-07-35.html here]. I haven't been following this dispute closely but I agree with Aldux: Lendering meets [[WP:RS]]. (note that Lendering is male, however.) [[User:Akhilleus|--Akhilleus]] ([[User talk:Akhilleus|talk]]) 01:49, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Thank you for the link. I accept that Lendering's mention in the BMCR, which I was not aware of, probably does make him meet [[WP:RS]]. However I am still not comfortable with the way that his theory about Darius's breaking features more prominently in this article than the more commonly held view of him instigating the flight of the whole army, which is supported by Arrian, Plutarch. I propose that this section is reworked to reflect that Lendering's opinion is in the minority.
    +[[User:Trolip|--Trolip]] ([[User talk:Trolip|talk]])
    +
    +I have provided a quote from Arrian to create more balance in this section and have removed the comment about Diodorus agreeing, since his account of the battle is entirely different from the one in this article and is also different from Lendering's argument. Diodorus, like Arrian, says that the flight became general after Darius fled (17.60), which is different from Lendering's claim. I hope this is a fair compromise.--[[User:Trolip|Trolip]] 02:57, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
    2013-03-19 11:27:23 90868855 Addbot MerlIwBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1937998]] --- \n
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    -The '''Gay Police Association''' (GPA) is a [[British]] national staff association with members in all 52 UK [[police forces]]. The GPA was founded in [[1990]] as LAGPA (Lesbian And Gay Police Association), and represents the needs and interests of [[LGBT]] police staff in the [[United Kingdom]].
    -
    -The GPA's objectives are:
    -:* To work towards [[equal opportunities]] for LGBT police service employees
    -:* To offer advice and support to LGBT police service employees
    -:* To promote better relations between the police service and the LGBT communities
    -
    -==Matthew Windibank Award==
    -
    -After GPA founding member [[Matthew Windibank]] died in March [[1999]], an award was commissioned in his name. The award recognises individuals and organisations that have made an outstanding contribution to the progression of LGBT equality issues inside and outside the police service.
    -
    -* [[2002]], [[Paul Kelly]], Chair, [[Greater Manchester Police]] Federation Joint Branch Board
    -* [[2003]], [[Simon Taylor]], [[Assistant Chief Constable]], [[Norfolk Constabulary]]
    -* [[2004]], [[Dave McFarlane]], National Coordinator of the [[National Black Police Association]]
    -* [[2005]], [[Peter Tatchell]], [[OutRage%21|OutRage!]]
    -* [[2006]], [[Paddy Tomkins]], [[Chief Constable]], [[Lothian and Borders Police]]
    +{{Infobox Country or territory
    +|native_name = 日本(国)
    ''Nippon'' / ''Nihon'' (koku)
    +|conventional_long_name = Japan
    +|common_name = Japan
    +|image_flag = Flag of Japan.svg
    +|image_coat = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
    +|symbol_type = Imperial Seal
    +|image_map = LocationMapJapan.png
    +|national_anthem = ''[[Kimi Ga Yo]]''  (君が代)
    ''Imperial Reign''
    +|official_languages = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
    +|capital = [[Tokyo]]
    +|latd=35 |latm=41 |latNS=N |longd=139 |longm=46 |longEW=E
    +|largest_settlement_type = Most populous conurbation
    +|largest_city = [[Tokyo]]1
    +|government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]]
    +|leader_title1 = [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]]
    +|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]
    +|leader_name1 = [[Akihito|HIM Emperor Akihito]]
    +|leader_name2 = [[Shinzo Abe]] [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|(LDP)]]
    +|area_rank = 62nd
    +|area_magnitude = 1 E11
    +|area = 377,873
    +|areami² = 145,883
    +|percent_water = 0.8%
    +|population_estimate = 128,085,000
    +|population_estimate_year = 2005
    +|population_estimate_rank = 10th
    +|population_census = 127,333,002
    +|population_census_year = 2004
    +|population_density = 337
    +|population_densitymi² = 873
    +|population_density_rank = 20th
    +|GDP_PPP_year = 2006
    +|GDP_PPP = $4.167 [[trillion]]
    +|GDP_PPP_rank = 3rd
    +|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $32,640
    +|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 12th
    +|GDP_nominal = $4,571 [[trillion]]
    +|GDP_nominal_rank = 2nd
    +|GDP_nominal_year = 2005
    +|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $35,757
    +|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 14th
    +|sovereignty_type = [[History of Japan|Formation]]
    +|established_event1 = [[National Foundation Day]]
    +|established_event2 = [[Meiji Constitution]]
    +|established_event3 = [[Japanese Constitution|Current constitution]]
    +|established_event4 = [[Treaty of San Francisco]]
    +|established_date1 = [[February 11|Feb 11]], 660 [[BCE]]2
    +|established_date2 = [[November 29]], [[1890]]
    +|established_date3 = [[May 3]], [[1947]]
    +|established_date4 = [[April 28]], [[1952]]
    +|HDI_year = 2006
    +|HDI = 0.949
    +|HDI_rank = 7th
    +|HDI_category = high
    +|currency = [[Japanese yen|Yen]] (¥)
    +|currency_code = JPY
    +|country_code = JPN
    +|time_zone = [[Japan Standard Time|JST]]
    +|utc_offset = +9
    +|time_zone_DST = none
    +|utc_offset_DST =
    +|cctld = [[.jp]]
    +|calling_code = 81
    +|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = JP
    +|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = JPN
    +|ISO_3166-1_numeric = 392
    +|sport_code = JPN
    +|vehicle_code = J
    +|footnotes = 1 [[Yokohama]] is the largest incorporated city.
    2 Japan was founded on this date by the legendary [[Emperor Jimmu]], first emperor of Japan; it is seen as largely symbolic.
    +}}
    +{{otheruses1|the country in East Asia}}
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Japan'''|[[Japanese language|Japanese:]] 日本/日本国|''Nihon'' or ''Nippon'',The westernized pronunciation is believed to have arisen from that of a south Chinese dialect, in which it is pronounced /jāk-bəng/{{fact}} officially ''Nihon-koku'' or ''Nippon-koku''}} is an [[Island nation|island country]] in [[East Asia]]. Located in the [[Pacific Ocean]], it lies to the east of [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Korea]], and [[Russia]], stretching from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] in the north to the [[East China Sea]] in the south. The [[kanji|characters]] that make up [[Names of Japan|Japan's name]] literally means "the sun's origin", thus Japan is also sometimes known as the self-identified "''The Land of the Rising Sun''", a name that comes from the country's eastward position relative to mainland [[Asia]]. Its [[capital]] and largest city is [[Tokyo]].
    +
    +At 377,872 [[square kilometer]]s (145,898 [[square mile|sq.mi]]), Japan is the sixty-second [[List of countries and outlying territories by area|largest country by area]]. It encompasses over 3,000 [[island|islands]], the largest of which are [[Honshū]], [[Hokkaidō]], [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]]. Most of Japan's islands are [[mountain|mountainous]], and many are [[volcano|volcanic]], including the highest peak, [[Mount Fuji]]. It has the world's [[List of countries by population|10th largest population]], with nearly 128 million people. The [[Greater Tokyo Area]], with over 30 million residents, is the [[Largest Metropolitan Area|largest metropolitan area]] in the world.
    +
    +[[Archaeology|Archaeological]] research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the [[Upper Paleolithic|upper paleolithic]] period. The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in [[History of China|Chinese history]] texts from the 1st century [[AD]]. Japanese history has been marked by alternating periods of long isolation and radical influence from the outside world. Its culture today is a mixture of outside influences and internal developments. Since it adopted its [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] on [[May 3]], [[1947]], Japan has maintained a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with an [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] and an elected parliament, the [[Diet of Japan|Diet]], which is one of the oldest legislative bodies in [[Asia]].
    +
    +Japan is an economic [[world power]] with the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|second largest economy]] (by nominal [[GDP]]), world's largest international creditor and is the sixth largest [[export]]er and [[import]]er and is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[G8]], [[G4 nations|G4]], and [[APEC]].
    +
    +==History==
    +
    +{{main|History of Japan}}
    +
    +===Jomon and Yayoi eras===
    +[[Image:MiddleJomonVessel.JPG|thumb|left|125px|A Middle [[Jomon]] vessel (3000 to 2000 BC)]]
    +The first signs of civilization appeared around [[10th millennium BC|10,000 BC]] with the [[Jomon]] culture, characterized by a [[mesolithic]] to [[neolithic]] semi-sedentary [[hunter-gatherer]] lifestyle of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of [[agriculture]].Many believe that the [[Ainu people|Ainu]], an indigenous people found mostly on the northern island of [[Hokkaidō]], are descended from the Jomon and thus represent descendants of the first inhabitants of Japan. The Jomon people made decorated clay vessels, often with plaited patterns. Some of the oldest surviving examples of [[pottery]] in the world may be found in Japan.Pottery in Japan:
    +*"The earliest known pottery comes from Japan, and is dated to about 10,500 BC. China and Indo-China follow shortly afterwards" ("Past Worlds" The Times Atlas of Archeology. p. 100, 1995).
    +*"That end of the Ice Age was accompanied by the first of the two most decisive changes in Japanese history: the invention of pottery. In the usual experience of archaeologists, inventions flow from mainlands to islands, and small peripheral societies aren't supposed to contribute revolutionary advances to the rest of the world. It therefore astonished archaeologists to discover that the world's oldest known pottery was made in Japan 12,700 years ago." Jared Diamond, [http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/lng/teaching/japanese/japanroo.htm].
    +*"Japan, however, was the seat of the earliest known development of ceramics" ("The History and Geography of Human Genes", p249, [[Cavalli-Sforza]] ISBN 0-691-08750-4.
    +*Alternatively, the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]'s Timeline of Art History [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/splash.htm] notes "Carbon-14 testing of the earliest known shards has yielded a production date of about 10,500 B.C., but because this date falls outside the known chronology of pottery development elsewhere in the world, such an early date is not generally accepted". [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/eaj/ht02eaj.htm].
    +
    +
    +The [[Yayoi period]], starting around 300 BC, marked the influx of new practices such as [[rice]] farming and [[iron]] and [[bronze]]-making brought by migrants from continental [[East Asia]]."[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23121 The Yayoi period (c. 250 BC–c. AD 250)]," ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; Jared Diamond, "[http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Japan/History/roots.html Japanese Roots], " ''Discover'' 19:6 (June 1998); [http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Japan.pdf Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes], Michael F. Hammer, 2005{{PDFlink}}. Japan first appears in written history in 57 AD, in China's [[Book of Later Han]], as "the people of [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]], formed from more than one hundred tribes." In the 3rd century, according to China's [[Book of Wei]], the most powerful kingdom in Japan was called [[Yamataikoku]], and was ruled by the legendary [[Himiko|Queen Himiko]].
    +
    +===Classical era===
    +[[Image:TodaijiDaibutsu0224.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The Great [[Buddha]] at [[Todaiji|Tōdaiji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], originally cast in 752]]
    +The [[Kofun period]], from the 3rd century to the 7th century, saw the establishment of a dominant policy centered in the [[Yamato Province|Yamato]] area whence arose the [[Emperor of Japan|Japanese imperial]] lineage.
    +
    +The kingdom of [[Baekje]] introduced [[Buddhism]] to Japan, and it was promoted by the Japanese ruling class. (Japan provided Baekje with military support.See ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', volumes 19, Story of Kinmei. [http://applepig.idv.tw/kuon/furu/text/syoki/syoki19_2.htm#sk19_11]"''[[Nihon Shoki]]''; {{cite book | editor = Delmer M. Brown (ed.) | year = 1993 | title = The Cambridge History of Japan | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 140-149|url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521223520&id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&vq=buddhism&dq=Paekche+hostage+japan&sig=dwsfsmf80GCVdVXe90a5s9Tkq34}}; George Sansom, ''A History of Japan to 1334'', Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. ISBN 0804705232) [[Prince Shotoku|Prince Shōtoku]] devoted his efforts to the spread of [[Buddhism]] and [[Chinese culture]] in Japan. He is credited with bringing relative peace to Japan through the proclamation of the [[Seventeen-article constitution]].
    +
    +Starting with the [[Taika Reform Edicts]] of 645, the Yamato court intensified the adoption of Chinese cultural practices and reorganized the government and the penal code based on the Chinese administrative structure of the time.This is in reference to the [[Ritsuryo|Ritsuryō]] This paved the way for the dominance of [[Confucianism|Confucian]] philosophy in Japan till the 19th century. This period also saw the first use of the word {{nihongo|''Nihon''|日本}} as a name for the emerging state.
    +
    +The [[Nara period]] of the 8th century marked the first emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of [[Heijō Palace|Heijō-kyō]]. The imperial court then moved briefly to [[Nagaoka]], and then to Heian-kyō (now [[Kyoto]]).
    +
    +Historical writing in Japan culminated in the early 8th century with the epic chronicles, the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]''. These two chronicles give a legendary account of Japan's beginnings. According to them Japan was founded in 660 BC by [[Emperor Jimmu]], a descendant of the [[Shinto]] deity [[Amaterasu]] (the Sun Goddess). Emperor Jimmu is said to be the ancestor of the [[List of Emperors of Japan|line of emperors]] that remains unbroken to this day. Historians, however, believe the first emperor who actually existed was [[Emperor Ojin|Emperor Ōjin]], though the date of his reign is uncertain.{{citeneeded}}
    +
    +In the [[Heian period]], from 794 to 1185, a distinctly indigenous culture emerged, noted for its [[Japanese art|art]], especially [[Japanese poetry|poetry]] and [[Japanese literature|literature]]. In the early 11th century, [[Murasaki Shikibu|Lady Murasaki]] wrote the world's oldest surviving novel, ''[[The Tale of Genji]]''. The [[Fujiwara clan]]'s regency dominated politics during this period.
    +
    +===Medieval era===
    +[[Image:Hasekura in Rome.JPG|thumb|left|150px|The samurai [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]], Japan's first official ambassador to the Americas and Europe, in 1615.]]
    +Japan's [[medieval]] era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the [[samurai]]. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival [[Taira clan]], [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] was appointed [[Shogun|Shōgun]] and established a base of power in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]. After Yoritomo's death, another warrior clan, the [[Hōjō clan|Hōjō]], came to rule as regents for the shoguns. The [[Kamakura shogunate]] managed to repel [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Mongol invasions]] in 1274 and 1281, with assistance from a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a [[Kamikaze (typhoon)|kamikaze]], or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate lasted another fifty years and was eventually overthrown by [[Ashikaga Takauji]] in 1333. The succeeding [[Ashikaga shogunate]] failed to manage the feudal warlords — the [[daimyo]] — and a civil war erupted. The [[Ōnin War]] (1467 to 1477) is generally regarded as the onset of the "Warring States" or [[Sengoku period]].
    +
    +During the 16th century, traders and [[missionary|missionaries]] from [[Portugal]] reached Japan for the first time, initiating the ''[[Nanban trade period|Nanban]]'' ("southern barbarian") period of active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West. [[Oda Nobunaga]] conquered numerous other ''daimyo'' by using European technology and [[firearms]], and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in the "[[Incident at Honnōji]]" in 1582. [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi [[Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea|twice invaded Korea]], but was thwarted by [[Korea]]n and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] Chinese forces. Following several defeats and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1597.
    +
    +===Edo era===
    +[[Image:RedSealShip.JPG|right|thumb|200px|One of Japan's [[Red seal ship]]s (1634), which were used for trade throughout Asia.]]
    +After Hideyoshi's death, [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] utilized his position as the regent of Hideyoshi's son [[Toyotomi Hideyori]] as well as the conflicts among loyalists of the [[Toyotomi clan]], to gain the support of warlords from across Japan. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed [[shogun|shōgun]] in 1603 and established the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] at [[Edo]] (modern [[Tokyo]]).
    +
    +After defeating Toyotomi clan, at the [[Siege of Osaka]] in 1614 and 1615, the Tokugawas became rulers of Japan, setting up a centralized feudal system with the Tokugawa shogunate at the head of the [[Han (Japan)|feudal domains]]. After Ieyasu, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] enacted a variety of measures to control the [[daimyo]], among them the ''[[sankin-kotai|sankin-kōtai]]'' policy of enforced rotation between fiefs and attendance in Edo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist ''[[sakoku]]'' ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the [[Edo period]]. This is often considered to be the height of Japan's medieval culture. The study of Western sciences, known as ''[[rangaku]]'', continued during this period through contacts with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] enclave at [[Dejima]] in [[Nagasaki]]. The Edo period also gave rise to ''[[kokugaku]]''. Literally translated, this means "Japanese studies," though it more correctly is represented by the study of native Japan by the Japanese themselves.http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/KOKUGAKU.HTM [[Yamaga Soko]] is a [[military strategy|strategist]] who advocated ''[[Bushido]]''. His thought had a strong influence on [[Forty-seven Ronin]] and [[Sonnō jōi]].
    +
    +===Modern Japan===
    +[[Image:Satsuma-samurai-during-boshin-war-period.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Samurai of the [[Satsuma]] clan, during the [[Boshin War]] period, circa 1867. Photograph by [[Felice Beato]].]]
    +On [[March 31]], [[1854]], Commodore [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]] and the "[[Black Ships]]" of the [[United States Navy]] forced the opening of Japan to the West with the [[Convention of Kanagawa]]. The [[Boshin War]] of 1867-1868 led to the resignation of the shogunate, and the [[Meiji Restoration]] established a government centered around the emperor. Japan adopted numerous Western institutions, including a modern government, legal system and military. Japan introduced a [[parliamentary system]] modeled after the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British parliament]], with [[Ito Hirobumi]] as first Prime Minister in 1882.
    +
    +The [[Meiji era]] reforms helped transform the [[Empire of Japan]] into a [[world power]] and embarked on a number of military conflicts to increase access to natural resources with victories in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894-1895) and the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904-1905). That was the first time that an Asian country had defeated a European imperial power. By 1910, Japan controlled [[Korea]] and the southern half of [[Sakhalin]]. Next year, the [[unequal treaties]] Japan had signed with western powers were cancelled.
    +
    +The early 20th century saw a brief period of "[[Taisho democracy]]" overshadowed by the rise of [[Japanese expansionism]] and [[militarization]]. [[World War I]] enabled Japan, which fought on the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence in Asia and its territorial holdings in the Pacific. In 1920 Japan joined the [[League of Nations]] and became a member of its security council. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying [[Manchuria]] in 1931. The ensuing criticism from the League prompted its withdrawal in 1933. In 1936, Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], later joining the [[Axis Powers]] alliance in 1941.
    +
    +Japan subsequently attacked the rest of China, starting the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937-1945), as well as many countries and islands in [[southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific]]. As a result of Japan's actions, an oil embargo and other actions were put in place by the western nations, such as the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Netherlands]]. On December 7, 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked the United States naval base]] in [[Pearl Harbor]] and declared war on the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Netherlands]]. This brought the USA into the war, with [[Nazi Germany]] subsequently declaring war on the United States four days later.
    +
    +[[Image:nagasakibomb.jpg|150px|thumb|The 1945 [[atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bomb]]ing of [[Nagasaki]].]]
    +[[Pacific War|In a steady campaign]], Japan's forces in the occupied lands under its control were destroyed or neutralized. As American forces advanced toward Japan, it was able to employ its bomber forces more effectively against the Japanese. [[Strategic bombing]] of cities like [[Tokyo]] and [[Osaka]] commenced, which directly resulted in the [[atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|1945 atomic bombing]]s of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]]. These attacks killed several hundred thousand Japanese, and brought about an early end to the war.{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,165148,00.html |title=Nagasaki's Mayor Slams U.S. for Nuke Arsenal |accessdate=2006-06-17}}
    +Possibly the most extensive review and analysis of the various death toll estimates is in:
    +{{cite book |author=Richard B. Frank |title=Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire |publisher=Penguin Publishing |year=2001 |id=ISBN 0-679-41424-X}}
    +After the atomic bombings, Imperial Japan agreed to an [[unconditional surrender]].http://library.educationworld.net/txt15/surrend1.html The [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] was signed on [[September 2]], [[1945]] ([[V-J Day]]). The [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East]] (on [[May 3]][[1946]]) was convened to prosecute Japanese leaders for [[Japanese war crimes|crimes against peace and humanity]] as well as war crimes such as the [[Nanking Massacre]]. Other war crimes were treated in the local tribunals held in the Asia-Pacific region. Emperor [[Hirohito]] received immunity from prosecution and retained his position as emperor.
    +
    +The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. In 1947, Japan adopted a new [[pacifism|pacifist]] [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]], seeking international cooperation and emphasizing human rights and democratic practices. Official [[Occupied Japan|American occupation]] lasted until 1952 and Japan was granted membership of the [[United Nations]] in 1956. After the American occupation, under a program of aggressive industrial development and with US assistance, Japan achieved [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|spectacular growth]] to become the second largest economy in the world, with a growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the 1990s, when Japan suffered a major recession from which it has since been slowly recovering.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5178822.stm]
    +
    +{{seealso|Heisei era|Empire of Japan|Military History of Japan}}
    +
    +==Government and politics==
    +[[Image:Japaneseroyalfamily.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The [[Japanese Imperial Family]].]]
    +{{morepolitics|country=Japan}}
    +In academic studies, Japan is generally considered a [[constitutional monarchy]], based largely upon the British system with strong influences from European continental [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] countries such as Germany and France. For example, in 1896 the Japanese government established ''Minpō'', the [[Civil Code]], on the French model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043364?hook=6804 "Japanese Civil Code"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
    +
    +===The Emperor and the Imperial Family===
    +{{main|Emperor of Japan|Imperial House of Japan}}
    +The [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] (天皇 tennō, literally "heavenly sovereign") is defined by the Constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people" and is the head of the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]] and [[head of state]]. He is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy and does not wield even emergency [[reserve power]]s. Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister, and other elected members of the [[Diet]]. Sovereignty is vested in the [[Japanese people]] by the constitution. Although his official status is disputed, on diplomatic occasions the emperor effectively acts as the [[head of state]]. [[Akihito]] is the current emperor and the only reigning emperor in the world.
    +
    +===Diet===
    +[[Image:The Diet.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The [[Parliament]] sits in joint session]]
    +{{main|Diet of Japan}}
    +The [[Constitution of Japan]] states that the nation's "highest organ of state power" is its bicameral [[parliament]], the [[Diet of Japan|National Diet]] (''Kokkai''). The Diet consists of a [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]] (Lower House or ''Shūgi-in'') containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every 4 years or when dissolved, and a [[House of Councillors]] (Upper House or ''Sangi'in'') of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal adult (over 20 years old) [[suffrage]], with a [[secret ballot]] for all elective offices.
    +The [[Liberal conservatism|liberal conservative]] [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived [[coalition government]] formed from its opposition parties in 1993; the largest opposition party is the liberal-socialist [[Democratic Party of Japan]].
    +
    +===Prime Minister===
    +[[Image:Abeshinzo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Japan's [[Wikipedia:As of|current]] Prime Minister, [[Shinzo Abe]].]]
    +{{main|Prime Minister of Japan}}
    +[[Prime Minister of Japan|The Prime Minister]] is the [[head of government]] of Japan, although the literal translation of the title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet". The Prime Minister is appointed by the [[Emperor of Japan]] after being designated by the [[Diet]] from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the [[House of Representatives]] to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the [[Cabinet of Japan]] and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. The current Prime Minister of Japan, since September 2006, is [[Shinzo Abe|Shinzō Abe]]. Although the Prime Minister of Japan is theoretically very powerful, his position is attenuated by the factional nature of Japanese politics and the tendency towards coalition government.
    +
    +===Judiciary===
    +{{main|Japanese law|Judicial system of Japan}}
    +Japanese law was historically heavily influenced by [[Chinese law]] and developed independently during the [[Edo period]] through texts such as ''[[Kujikata Osadamegaki]]'', but has been largely based on the [[civil law]] of [[Germany]] since the late 19th century. Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber-stamp approval of the Emperor. Under the current constitution, the Emperor may not veto or otherwise refuse to approve a law passed by the Diet. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers, 438 Summary Courts, one District Court in each prefecture, nine High Courts and the [[Supreme Court of Japan]]. There is also one Family Court tied to each District Court. The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes (六法 roppō).
    +
    +===Foreign relations===
    +[[Image:Bushkoizumi1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Former Prime Minister [[Junichiro Koizumi|Jun'ichirō Koizumi]] with [[President of the United States|US president]] [[George W. Bush]]. Japan is a close ally of the US in the Pacific area.]]
    +{{main|Foreign relations of Japan}}
    +Japan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the [[United States]]; therefore the [[Japanese-American relations|US-Japan security alliance]] serves as the cornerstone of its [[foreign policy]]. For example Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the [[Iraq War]] with the United States and others. Japan is a member state of the [[United Nations]] and currently serving as a non-permanent [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] member. It is also one of the "[[G4 nations]]" seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.
    +
    +Japan is a member of the [[G8]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], the "[[ASEAN]] plus three", and a participant in the [[East Asia Summit]]. It is also the world's second-largest donor of [[official development assistance]], donating 0.19% of its [[Gross National Income|GNP]] in 2004.[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/3/35389786.pdf Net Official Development Assistance In 2004], Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 11 April 2005. Retrieved 14 May 2006. {{PDFlink}} As member of the G8 Japan maintains cordial relations with most countries as a key trading partner.
    +
    +Japan has [[Foreign relations of Japan#Disputed territories|several territorial disputes]] with its neighbors concerning the control of certain outlying islands. These disputes are in part about the control of marine and natural resources, such as possible reserves of [[crude oil]] and [[natural gas]]. Japan also has an ongoing dispute with [[North Korea]] over its [[North Korean abductions of Japanese|abduction of Japanese citizens]] and its [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]] and missile programs. Japan has cooperated with the US to build a missile defense system after the North Korean 2006 missile tests.
    +
    +===Military===
    +[[Image:japanese_sailors_jmsdf.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Sailors aboard the [[JMSDF]] training vessel JDS Kashima stand in ranks.]]
    +{{main articles|Japan Self-Defense Forces|Japan Defense Agency}}
    +Japan's military is restricted by [[Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan|Article 9]] of the [[Constitution of Japan]] of 1946, which states that "Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." Thus, Japan's current constitution prohibits the use of military force to wage war against other countries.
    +
    +Japan's military is governed by the [[Japan Defense Agency]] (JDA) and primarily consists of the [[Japan Ground Self-Defense Force]], the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]], and the [[Japan Air Self-Defense Force]]. The military budget of Japan is less than one percent of its [[GDP]], though it is estimated to be the fourth largest in the world at $44.3 billion per year, as of 2005. The forces have been recently used in [[peacekeeping]] operations and the [[deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq]] marked the first overseas use of its military since [[World War II]].
    +
    +==Administrative Divisions==
    +[[Image:Japan prefectures.png|right|150px|thumb|The [[Prefectures of Japan#List in ISO Order|prefectures of Japan]]]]
    +{{main|Prefectures of Japan|Cities of Japan|Towns of Japan|Villages of Japan}}
    +Japan has forty-seven [[Prefectures of Japan|prefectures]]. Each has an elected governor and legislature, and an administrative bureaucracy. While there exist eight commonly defined [[regions of Japan]], the prefecture is the largest administrative subdivision. The [[Tokyo City|former city of Tokyo]] is further divided into [[Special wards of Tokyo|twenty-three special wards]], which have the same powers as cities.
    +
    +Japan nation is currently undergoing administrative [[Merger and dissolution of municipalities of Japan|reorganization by merging]] many of the cities, towns, and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions, and is expected to cut administrative costs.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37175.pdf Mabuchi, Masaru, "Municipal Amalgamation in Japan," World Bank, 2001.
    +
    +==Geography and climate==
    +[[Image:Satellite image of Japan in May 2003.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Japan from space, May 2003.]]
    +{{main|Geography of Japan}}
    +Japan is a country of islands which extends along the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are [[Hokkaidō]], [[Honshū]] (the main island), [[Shikoku]] and [[Kyūshū]]. The [[Ryūkyū Islands]], in south-west Japan, lies in a chain between the [[PRC]] and Kyushū. In addition, about 3,000 smaller islands may be counted in the full extent of the Japanese [[archipelago]]. Japan also claims the southern [[Kuril Islands]] (controlled by [[Russia]]), which are located to the north-east of Hokkaidō.
    +
    +Japan is the thirtieth [[list of countries by population density|most densely populated country]] in the world. About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous,http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566679/Japan.html "Japan," Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006
    +http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2006 Macrohard Corporation. All Rights Reserved.    http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Japan "Japan Information", © 1997 - 2006 World InfoZone Ltd and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use, due to the generally steep elevations, climate, and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground, and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Its location on the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive [[earthquake]]s, often resulting in [[tsunami]]s, occur several times each century. The most recent major quakes are the [[2004 Chuetsu Earthquake|2004 Chūetsu Earthquake]] and the [[Great Hanshin earthquake|Great Hanshin Earthquake]] of 1995. [[Onsen|Hot springs]] are numerous, and have been developed as resorts.
    +
    +The climate of Japan is predominantly [[temperate]] but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones:
    +* [[Hokkaidō]]: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter.
    +* [[Sea of Japan]]: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, due to the [[Föhn wind]] phenomenon.
    +* [[Central Highland (Japan)|Central Highland]]: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light.
    +* [[Inland Sea|Seto Inland Sea]]: The mountains of the [[Chūgoku region|Chūgoku]] and [[Shikoku]] regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year.
    +[[Image:Mountfujijapan.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Sakura]] with [[Mount Fuji]] and the [[Shinkansen]] high-speed train in the background]]
    +* [[Pacific Ocean]]: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers due to the southeast seasonal wind.
    +* [[Ryūkyū Islands|Southwest Islands]]: The Ryūkyū Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. [[Tropical cyclone|Typhoons]] are common.
    +
    +The main [[Monsoon|rainy season]] begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, [[typhoon]]s often bring heavy rain.
    +
    +Japan is home to nine forest [[Ecoregions of Japan|ecoregions]] which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests]] in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to [[temperate coniferous forests]] in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.
    +
    +==Economy==
    +[[Image:BoJ.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Bank of Japan]] is the nation's [[central bank]]. Shown here is its Tokyo headquarters.]]
    +{{main|Economy of Japan|Japan's Post War Economic Miracle}}
    +Japan is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|second largest]] economy in the world in terms of [[nominal GDP]] placed behind United States and third after the [[United States]] and [[People's Republic of China|China]] if [[purchasing power parity]] is used. It is the largest Asian economy by nominal GDP, the second largest after China using purchasing power parity. It's also the world's largest international creditor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#Economy].
    +
    +Close [[government]]-[[industry]] cooperation, a strong [[work ethic]], mastery of [[High tech|high technology]], and a comparatively small [[Defense budget of Japan|defense allocation]] have helped Japan advance with extraordinary speed to become the second largest economy in the world. From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth [[Japanese post-war economic miracle|was spectacular]]: a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s.http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-7176.html [[Image:TokyoStockExchange1144.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] is the second largest in the world with market capitalization of more than $4 trillion.]]Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s largely due to the after-effects of [[Japanese asset price bubble|over-investment during the late 1980s]] and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth have met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the slowing of the global economy.https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html "Japan Economy", CIA World Factbook
    +
    +However, the economy saw signs of strong recovery in 2005. GDP growth for the year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and [[European Union]] during the same period.http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/HC02Dh01.html Unlike previous recovery trends, domestic consumption has been the dominant factor in leading the growth. Hence, the Japanese government predicts that recovery will continue in 2006.
    +
    +Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy include the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and banks in closely-knit groups called [[keiretsu]] (examples include [[Mitsubishi]], [[Sumitomo]], [[Fuyo]], [[Mitsui]], [[Dai-Ichi Kangyo]] and [[Sanwa]]); the powerful enterprise unions and ''[[shunto|shuntō]]''; cosy relations with government bureaucrats, and the guarantee of [[lifetime employment]] (''shushin koyo'') in big corporations and highly [[labour union|unionized]] [[blue-collar]] factories. Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability.
    +
    +The country has very limited [[natural resources]] to sustain economic development, since most of the islands are volcanic and mountainous. As a result it is dependent on other nations for most of its raw materials.
    +
    +===Industrial sector===
    +
    +{{main|Manufacturing industries of Japan|Japanese consumer electronics industry|Japanese automobile industry}}
    +Japan's industrial strength is among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of [[motor vehicle]]s, [[electronics|electronic equipment]], [[machine tool]]s, [[steel]] and nonferrous [[metal]]s, [[ship]]s, [[chemical]], [[textile]]s, and [[processed food]]s, and is home to some of the largest and most well-known [[multinational corporation]]s and commercial [[brand]]s in [[technology]] and [[machinery]] (see also [[list of Japanese companies]]) [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html].
    +
    +Japan holds large and commanding world market share in industries such as [[electronics]], [[automobile]], industrial chemicals, machine tools, [[electronic media]] and in recent years [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]] along with the [[United States]]. [[Construction]] has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector.
    +
    +===Financial services sector===
    +{{main|Japanese financial sector}}
    +Japanese financial sector is one of the largest in the world, and it is home to some of the largest [[financial services]] companies, [[business group]]s and [[bank]]s. The large [[keiretsu]]s (business groups), the multinational companies such as [[Sony]], [[Sumitomo]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Toyota]] own billion and trillion [[US dollar]] operating [[bank]]s, [[investment|investment group]]s and/or financial services such as [[Sumitomo Bank]], [[Fuji Bank]], [[Mitsubishi Bank]], [[Toyota Financial Services]], [[Sony Financial Holdings]], etc. (see also [[banks of Japan]]). For instance Japan is home to the world's largest [[financial services]] company the [[Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group]] that has an [[asset]] of around $1.7 [[trillion]]. It's also home to the second largest [[stock exchange]] in the world, the [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]]. The [[central bank]] of Japan is the [[Bank of Japan]]. The government ministry of finance is the [[Ministry of Finance]] who operates the [[Financial Services Agency]] who overseas and regulates as necessary the finance of Japan. Its main [[stock market index]]es are the [[Nikkei 225]] and [[Topix]].
    +
    +===Service sector===
    +Japan's service sector accounts for about three-quarters of its total economic output. [[Bank|Banking]], [[insurance]], [[real estate]], [[Retailer|retail]]ing, [[transportation in Japan|transportation]], and [[telecommunication]]s are all major industries. One of the largest for instance is [[Japan Post]].
    +
    +===Science and technology===
    +[[Image:Asimohonda.jpg|thumb|150px|The [[ASIMO]] [[humanoid robot]] running.]]
    +Japan is a leading nation in the fields of [[scientific research]], [[high tech|high technology]] products, [[medicine]] and [[medical research]]. Some of its more important technological contributions include [[electronics]], [[robotics]], [[machinery]], [[industrial robots|industrial robotics]], [[optics]], [[chemical]]s, [[semiconductors]] and [[metal]]s. For instance Japan leads the world in [[robotics]], having produced [[QRIO]], [[ASIMO]], and [[Aibo]], and possesses more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing.[http://www.unece.org/press/pr2000/00stat10e.htm]
    +
    +Japan also made headway into [[aerospace]] research and [[space exploration]]. It founded the [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency]] (JAXA) in [[October 1]], [[2003]] and is involved in many missions and projects, as well as a possible independent [[manned mission]] to the [[moon]]{{cn}}, having, from 2005, shifted some of its focus away from [[international]] efforts. It is also a major contributor to the [[International Space Station]] project, the most significant contribution being the [[Japanese Experiment Module]] that will complete installation in 2007.
    +
    +===Agriculture and fishing===
    +{{main|Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan}}
    +Because only 29% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation, a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area. However, Japan's small [[agriculture|agricultural]] sector is also highly subsidized and protected. Japan must import about 50%"http://www.skillclear.co.uk/japan/default.asp" of its requirements of [[grain]] and fodder crops other than rice, and relies on imports for most of its supply of [[meat]].
    +
    +In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind [[PRC|China]] in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest [[fishing]] fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch."https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html#Econ"
    +
    +===Infrastructure and transportation===
    +[[Image:Twinshin.JPG|thumb|200px|right|300 (Left) and 700 Series [[Shinkansen]] at Tokyo Station.]]
    +{{main|Transportation in Japan}}
    +Japan is unique in that its [[electric power transmission]] runs at different [[frequency|frequencies]] in different parts of the country — 50 [[Hertz|Hz]] in Tokyo and elsewhere east of the [[Fuji River]], 60 Hz in Osaka and other parts west. The division was due to different technology imports for the initial plant construction; the eastern region imported [[Siemens AG]] technology (German) and the western region imported [[GE]] technology (US). The household power line voltage is constant 100 [[V]] throughout the nation.
    +
    +Japan has 1,177,278 [[km]] of paved roadways, 173 [[airport]]s, and 23,577 [[km]] of [[railway]]s as of 2004. Transportation is highly developed. Air transport is mostly operated by [[All Nippon Airways]] (ANA) and [[Japan Airlines]] (JAL). Railways are operated by [[Japan Railways]] among others. There is extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan.
    +
    +===International trade===
    +Export and import is an essential part of the Japanese economy. Its main export partners are the [[United States|US]] 22.7%, [[China]] 13.1%, [[South Korea]] 7.8%, [[Taiwan]] 7.4%,[[Hong Kong]] 6.3% and [[Pakistan]] 4.3%.
    +Japan's main exports are transport equipment, [[motor vehicles]], [[electronics]], electrical machinery and [[chemical]]s.
    +
    +As a nation that relies heavily on [[international trade]], Japan also imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are [[China]] 20.7%, [[United States|US]] 14%, [[South Korea]] 4.9%, [[Australia]] 4.3%, [[Indonesia]] 4.1%, [[Saudi Arabia]] 4.1%, [[UAE]] 4% (as of 2004). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, [[fossil fuels]], [[foodstuff]]s (in particular [[beef]]), [[chemicals]], [[textile]]s and raw materials for its industries.
    +
    +{{seealso|Energy production in Japan}}
    +
    +==Demographics==
    +{{main|Demographics of Japan}}
    +===Population===
    +[[Image:Shibuya tokyo.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Shibuya]] crossing is one of the largest pedestrian crossings and shopping areas.]]
    +Japan's population is estimated at around 127,463,611. For the most part, Japanese society is [[Linguistics|linguistically]] and culturally homogeneous with only small populations of foreign workers, [[Zainichi Korean]] and others. Japan has indigenous minority groups such as the [[Ainu people|Ainu]] and [[Ryūkyūans]], and social minority groups like the ''[[burakumin]]''.
    +
    +Japan has one of the highest [[life expectancy]] in the world, at 81.25 years of age as of 2006."https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html" However, the Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of [[Post-WW2 baby boom|a postwar baby boom]] followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the 20th century. In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65."http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htm" The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the [[pension|public pension plan]].
    +If its birth and death rates remain at the current levels, Japan's population has passed its peak and its population will continue to decline. It is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050, and to 64 million by 2100."http://www.stat.go.jp/English/data/handbook/c02cont.htm" Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem."[http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/japan/socsec/ogawa.html Demographic Trends and Their Implications for Japan's Future]", The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 7 March 1997. Retrieved 14 May 2006. [[Immigration]] and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population. Immigration, however, is not popular as recent increased [[crime]] rates are often attributed to foreigners living in Japan both by the National Police Agency and in popular Japanese media. But despite public views on foreigners, the Japanese in general do not mind foreigners in their country, and this is pointed out when comparing the increasingly common inter-marriage between Japanese and foreigners, but opinions on "rebellious" foreigners are still strong. Ethnic issues are improving, so there is a narrow but strong chance that if more foreigners enter Japan, and decide to marry another foreigner or Japanese resident, this may increase the chance of the population growing again. It is also noted that many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to [[marry]] or have families as adults."[http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/japan/socsec/ogawa.html Demographic Trends and Their Implications for Japan's Future]", The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 7 March 1997. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
    +
    +{{seealso|Ethnic issues in Japan}}
    +
    +===Largest cities===
    +{{main|List of Japanese cities by population}}
    +[[Image:03-05-JPN192.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Tokyo]]]]
    +[[Image:Yokohama MinatoMirai21.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Yokohama]]]]
    +[[Image:OsakaFromOsakaCastleM0742.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Osaka]]]]
    +Japan has dozens of [[List of Japanese cities by population|major cities]], which play an important role in Japan culture, heritage, and economy. Those in the list of the ten most populous below are all prefecture capitals and [[City designated by government ordinance (Japan)|Government Ordinance Cities]] except those indicated:
    +
    +{| class="wikitable"
    +! No. !! City !! Prefecture !! Population
    +|-
    +| 1 || '''[[Special wards of Tokyo|Tokyo's special wards]]'''a   || [[Tokyo]] || 8,390,967
    +|-
    +| 2 || '''[[Yokohama]]''' || [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]   || 3,579,133
    +|-
    +| 3 || '''[[Osaka]]''' || [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]] || 2,640,097
    +|-
    +| 4 || '''[[Nagoya]]''' || [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]] || 2,214,958
    +|-
    +| 5 || '''[[Sapporo]]''' || [[Hokkaidō]] || 1,882,424
    +|-
    +| 6 || '''[[Kobe]]''' || [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]] || 1,525,389
    +|-
    +| 7 || '''[[Kyoto]]''' || [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]] || 1,474,764
    +|-
    +| 8 || '''[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]''' || [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]] || 1,400,621
    +|-
    +| 9 || '''[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]'''b || [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]] || 1,317,862
    +|-
    +| 10 || '''[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]''' || [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]|| 1,185,030
    +|}
    +{{small|a 23 municipalities. Also capital of Japan.
    b Government Ordinance City only.}}
    +
    +===Language===
    +{{main|Japanese language}}
    +Japan does not legally recognize an [[official language]]; however, [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is the ''de facto'' official language. Japanese courts are the sole location that define language use: Judicial Code Article 74 states "Japanese will be used in courts".
    +
    +About 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. The [[Ryūkyūan languages]], also part of the [[Japonic languages|Japonic language family]] to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in [[Okinawa]], but few children learn these languages. [[Ainu language|Ainu]], the language of the indigenous minority in northern Japan, is moribund, with only a few elderly [[First language|native speakers]] remaining in [[Hokkaidō]]. Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.
    +
    +The [[Japanese language]] is an [[agglutinative language]] distinguished by a system of [[Japanese honorifics|honorifics]] reflecting the [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. There is no consensus on what, if any, linguistic relationship Japanese has with other languages, but scholars continue to [[Japanese language classification|research]] the issue.
    +
    +Japanese incorporates many foreign elements. Japanese has borrowed or derived large amounts of vocabulary from [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. When non-Chinese foreign words are written in Japanese, they are usually done so in a separate alphabet called [[katakana]]. Since the end of World War II, Japanese has also extensively borrowed from [[English language|English]]. The [[Japanese writing system|writing system]] uses [[kanji]] ([[Chinese character]]s) and two sets of [[kana]] ([[syllabary|syllabaries]] based on simplified forms of Chinese characters), as well as the [[Roman alphabet]] and [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]].
    +
    +===Religion===
    +[[Image:Itsukushima torii angle.jpg|thumb|200px|The "floating" [[torii]] at [[Itsukushima Shrine]].]]
    +{{main|Religion in Japan}}
    +84% of Japanese people profess to believe both [[Shinto]] (the indigenous religion of Japan) and [[Buddhism]].[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html#People] Buddhism, [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]] from China have significantly influenced Japanese beliefs and mythology. Religion in Japan tends to be [[syncretic]] in nature, and this results in a variety of practices such as parents and children celebrating [[Shinto]] rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a [[Christian]] [[church]] and funerals being held at [[Buddhist]] temples. A minority (0.7%) profess to [[Christianity]] and other religions (4.7%) like [[shamanism]], [[Islam]], and [[Hinduism in Japan|Hinduism]]. Since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (''[[Shinshūkyō]]'') have emerged.
    +{{seealso|Japanese mythology}}
    +
    +===Education===
    +{{main|Education in Japan}}
    +Compulsory education was introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the [[Meiji Restoration]]. Since 1947, compulsory education consists of [[elementary school]] and [[middle school]], which lasts for 9 years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior [[high school]], and, according to basic statics of [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|MEXT]], 67.5% of high school graduates attend a [[university]], [[junior college]], trade school, or other post-secondary institution in [[2006]]. Japan's education is very competitive especially at the college level and it has prestigious and large universities such as [[University of Tokyo]], [[Tohoku University|University of Tohoku]], [[Keio University]], [[Waseda University]], [[Kyoto University]], [[Hitotsubashi University]], and [[Doshisha University]].
    +
    +===Health===
    +{{main article|Health care in Japan}}
    +In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice.
    +
    +==Culture==
    +
    +{{main|Culture of Japan}}
    +{{sync|Culture of Japan}}
    +[[Image:Japanese traditional dancer cropped.jpg|right|150px|thumb|A traditional Japanese dancer.]]
    +Japanese [[culture]] has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original [[Jomon]] culture to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]].
    +Traditional [[Japanese art]]s include [[Japanese crafts|crafts]] ([[ikebana]], [[origami]], [[ukiyo-e]], [[Japanese traditional dolls|dolls]], [[Lacquer|lacquerware]], [[Japanese pottery|pottery]]), performances ([[bunraku]], [[Japanese traditional dance|dance]], [[kabuki]], [[noh]], [[rakugo]]), traditions ([[List of Japanese games|games]], [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]], [[budo|budō]], [[Japanese architecture|architecture]], [[Japanese garden|gardens]], [[Katana|swords]]), and [[Cuisine of Japan|cuisine]].
    +
    +Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European culture which has led to the evolution of popular band music (called [[J-Pop]]). The fusion of traditional [[woodblock printing]] and Western art led to the creation of [[manga]], a typically Japanese [[comic book]] format that is now popular in and even outside Japan. Manga-influenced [[animation]] for television and film is called [[anime]]. [[Video game consoles]] have prospered since the 1980s. The mascot of [[Nintendo]], "[[Mario]]", is the most popular.
    +
    +===Cuisine===
    +{{main|Japanese cuisine}}
    +A basic, traditional Japanese meal consists of white [[Japanese rice]] with accompanying [[tsukemono]] pickles as appetizers; a bowl of [[miso soup]];selected or combined [[seafood]], [[meat]], [[egg]], and [[vegetable]] dishes known as ''okazu''; and [[green tea]]. In a traditional Japanese breakfast, for example, the ''okazu'' may be a grilled fish. Culturally, people start and finish meals with phrases of gratitude as ''[[itadakimasu]]'' and ''gochisōsama'', respectively. Foods, beverages, and condiments from Japan, such as [[sushi]], [[sashimi]], [[ramen]], [[sake]], [[wasabi]], [[sukiyaki]] and [[teriyaki]] are recognized worldwide.
    +
    +===Music===
    +{{main|Music of Japan}}
    +Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the [[koto]], were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied [[recitative]] of the [[Noh]] drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitarlike [[shamisen]], from the 16th.The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia 1983 edition [[ISBN]]:0-380-63396-5 © Columbia University Press
    +
    +[[Western music]], introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture, as evident from the profusion of [[J-Pop]] artists. Modern Japanese music uses western instruments, scales and style.
    +
    +===Literature===
    +{{main|Japanese literature}}
    +The earliest works include two history books the ''[[Kojiki]]'' and the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'', and a poetry book ''[[Manyoshu|Man'yōshū]]'' in the eighth century, all written in Chinese characters.
    +In the early days of the [[Heian period]], the system of transcription known as ''kana'' ([[Hiragana]] and [[Katakana]]) was created as phonograms. ''[[The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter]]'' is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. [http://www.isp.msu.edu/AsianStudies/wbwoa/eastasia/Japan/literature.html Windows on asia] (Michigan State University) An account of Heian court life is given by ''[[The Pillow Book]]'', written by [[Sei Shōnagon]] while ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'' by [[Murasaki Shikibu|Lady Murasaki]] is sometimes called the world's first novel.
    +
    +During the [[Edo Period]], literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the [[chonin|chōnin]], the ordinary people. [[Yomihon]], for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship.
    +
    +The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated western influences. [[Natsume Soseki|Natsume Sōseki]] and [[Mori Ogai|Mori Ōgai]] were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by [[Akutagawa Ryunosuke|Akutagawa Ryūnosuke]], [[Tanizaki Junichiro|Tanizaki Jun'ichirō]], [[Kawabata Yasunari]], [[Mishima Yukio]], and more recently, [[Murakami Haruki]]. Japan has two [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel prize winning]] authors — [[Kawabata Yasunari]] (1968) and [[Oe Kenzaburo|Ōe Kenzaburō]] (1994).
    +
    +===Sports and recreation===
    +[[Image:JapanSumoMatch.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Sumo]], a traditional Japanese sport.]]
    +{{main|Sport in Japan}}
    +Beginning in the twelfth century, Japan developed traditional [[martial arts]] known as [[budo|budō]], which were popular among the warrior class. These include [[judo]], [[karate]] and [[kendo|kendō]]. [[Sumo]] is sometimes considered Japan's [[national sport]] and is one of its most popular.
    +
    +After the [[Meiji Restoration]], many western sports were introduced and began to spread through the education system. These sports were initially stressed as a form of mental discipline, but Japanese have now come to enjoy them as recreational activities.
    +
    +[[Japanese baseball|Baseball]] is the most popular [[ball game]] in Japan - the [[Japanese Baseball League|professional baseball league in Japan]] was established in 1937. One of Japan's most famous baseball players in [[major league baseball]] is [[Suzuki Ichiro]], who won a [[Gold Glove]]. Concerning [[Football in Japan|football]], the [[J. League|professional soccer league in Japan]] was established in 1992. Japan was a venue of the [[Intercontinental Cup (football)|Intercontinental Cup]] from 1981 to 2004, and Japan co-hosted the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] with [[South Korea]]. [[Golf]] is popular in Japan, as is [[auto racing]], the [[Super GT]] sports car series and [[Formula Nippon]] formula racing.
    +
    +Each year, Japan observes the second Monday in October as [[Health and Sports Day]]. The date, originally October 10, commemorates the opening day of the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in Tokyo. Other major sporting events that Japan has hosted include the [[1972 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sapporo]] and the [[1998 Winter Olympics]] in [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]].
    +
    +==See also==
    +{{portal}}
    +{{Japan topics}}
    +
    +==Notes==
    +{{reflist}}

    ==External links==
    -
    -* [http://www.gay.police.uk/ GPA website]
    -* [http://www.knittingcircle.org.uk/law.html#LAGPA LAGPA - Knitting Circle]
    -* [http://www.qrd.org/qrd/orgs/LAGPA/gay.police.hero.suffers.hate.crime-12.06.96 "Gay police hero victim of hate crime"] LAGPA press release, [[6 December]] [[1996]]
    -
    -[[Category:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom]]
    -[[Category:LGBT organizations]]
    +{{columns
    +|width=400px
    +|col1 =
    +; Official
    +* [http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Kantei.go.jp] - Official [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime ministerial]] and cabinet site
    +* [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/eindex.html Kunaicho.go.jp] - Official site of the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]].
    +* [http://www.mofa.go.jp/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs] - Detailed papers on Japan's foreign policy, education programs, culture and life.
    +* [http://www.shugiin.go.jp/index.nsf/html/index_e.htm Shugi-in.go.jp] - Official site of the House of Representatives
    +* [http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/index.html National Diet Library (English)]
    +
    +; Media
    +* [http://www.nhk.or.jp/english/ NHK Online]
    +* [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/ Kyodo News]
    +* [http://www.asahi.com/english/index.html Asahi Shimbun (English)]
    +* [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/ The Japan Times]
    +
    +|col2 =
    +; Tourism
    +*[http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/ Japan National Tourist Organization]
    +* {{wikitravel}}
    +
    +; Other
    +* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ja.html CIA World Factbook - ''Japan'']
    +* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Japan Encyclopaedia Britannica's Japan portal site]
    +* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/japan/0,7368,450622,00.html Guardian Unlimited - ''Special Report: Japan'']
    +}}
    +
    +==Further reading==
    +* Barry, ''Dave Barry Does Japan'', Ballantine, 1993 (ISBN 0449908100)
    +* ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan'', Cambridge University Press, 1993 (ISBN 0521403529)
    +* De Mente, ''The Japanese Have a Word For It'', McGraw-Hill, 1997 (ISBN 0844283169)
    +* Henshall, ''A History of Japan'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2001 (ISBN 0312233701)
    +* Jansen, ''The Making of Modern Japan'', Belknap, 2000 (ISBN 0674003349)
    +* ''Japan At A Glance'', Kodansha, 1998 (ISBN 4770020805)
    +* Johnson, ''Japan: Who Governs?'', W.W. Norton, 1996 (ISBN 0393314502)
    +* Klar, ''My Mother is a Tractor'', Trafford Publishing, 2005 (ISBN 1412048974)
    +* ''Lonely Planet Japan'', Lonely Planet Publications, 2003 (ISBN 1740591623)
    +* Reischauer, ''Japan: The Story of a Nation'', McGraw-Hill, 1989 (ISBN 0075570742)
    +* Sugimoto et al., ''An Introduction to Japanese Society'', Cambridge University Press, 2003 (ISBN 0521529255)
    +* Totman, ''A History of Modern Japan'', 2d ed., Blackwell, 2005 (ISBN 1405123591)
    +* Van Wolferen, ''The Enigma of Japanese Power'', Vintage, 1990 (ISBN 0679728023)
    +
    +
    +{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}
    +{{Countries and territories of East Asia}}
    +{{Countries bordering the Sea of Japan and/or the Yellow Sea}}
    +{{G8}}
    +{{Monarchies}}
    +
    +
    +
    +[[Category:Japan| ]]
    +[[Category:G8 nations]]
    +[[Category:Island countries]]
    +[[Category:Seafaring nations]]
    +[[Category:Constitutional monarchies]]
    +
    +
    +{{Link FA|vi}}
    +{{Link FA|ar}}
    +{{Link FA|fr}}
    +{{Link FA|no}}
    +
    +
    +[[af:Japan]]
    +[[als:Japan]]
    +[[ang:Iapan]]
    +[[ar:اليابان]]
    +[[an:Chapón]]
    +[[ast:Xapón]]
    +[[az:Yaponiya]]
    +[[bn:জাপান]]
    +[[zh-min-nan:Ji̍t-pún]]
    +[[be:Японія]]
    +[[bs:Japan]]
    +[[br:Japan]]
    +[[bg:Япония]]
    +[[ca:Japó]]
    +[[cs:Japonsko]]
    +[[cy:Japan]]
    +[[da:Japan]]
    +[[de:Japan]]
    +[[arc:ܝܦܢ]]
    +[[et:Jaapan]]
    +[[el:Ιαπωνία]]
    +[[es:Japón]]
    +[[eo:Japanio]]
    +[[eu:Japonia]]
    +[[fa:ژاپن]]
    +[[fr:Japon]]
    +[[ga:An tSeapáin]]
    +[[gl:Xapón - 日本]]
    +[[gu:જાપાન]]
    +[[ko:일본]]
    +[[hi:जापान]]
    +[[hr:Japan]]
    +[[io:Japonia]]
    +[[ilo:Japon]]
    +[[id:Jepang]]
    +[[is:Japan]]
    +[[it:Giappone]]
    +[[he:יפן]]
    +[[kn:ಜಪಾನ್]]
    +[[ka:იაპონია]]
    +[[csb:Japòńskô]]
    +[[kw:Nihon]]
    +[[ht:Japon]]
    +[[ku:Japon]]
    +[[lo:ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ]]
    +[[la:Iaponia]]
    +[[lv:Japāna]]
    +[[lb:Japan]]
    +[[lt:Japonija]]
    +[[li:Japan]]
    +[[jbo:pongu'e]]
    +[[hu:Japán]]
    +[[mk:Јапонија]]
    +[[mg:Japana]]
    +[[mi:Nipono]]
    +[[mr:जपान]]
    +[[ms:Jepun]]
    +[[mo:Жапония]]
    +[[mn:Япон]]
    +[[na:Djapan]]
    +[[nl:Japan]]
    +[[nds-nl:Japan]]
    +[[ja:日本]]
    +[[no:Japan]]
    +[[nn:Japan]]
    +[[nrm:Japon]]
    +[[oc:Japon]]
    +[[ug:ياپونىيە]]
    +[[pam:Japan]]
    +[[ps:جاپان]]
    +[[nds:Japan]]
    +[[pl:Japonia]]
    +[[pt:Japão]]
    +[[ty:Tāpōnē]]
    +[[ro:Japonia]]
    +[[ru:Япония]]
    +[[se:Japána]]
    +[[sco:Japan]]
    +[[sq:Japonia]]
    +[[scn:Giappuni]]
    +[[simple:Japan]]
    +[[sk:Japonsko]]
    +[[sl:Japonska]]
    +[[sr:Јапан]]
    +[[su:Jepang]]
    +[[fi:Japani]]
    +[[sv:Japan]]
    +[[tl:Hapon (bansa)]]
    +[[ta:ஜப்பான்]]
    +[[th:ประเทศญี่ปุ่น]]
    +[[vi:Nhật Bản]]
    +[[tr:Japonya]]
    +[[uk:Японія]]
    +[[uz:Yaponiya]]
    +[[yi:יאפאן]]
    +[[zh-yue:日本]]
    +[[zh:日本]]
    +
    +[[cdo:Nĭk-buōng]]
    +[[wuu:日本]]
    +[[zh-classical:日本]]
    2013-03-17 10:43:00 90608804 Addbot SteenthIWbot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2103496]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,96 +1,142 @@\n
    -'''Richard Ghormley Eberhart''' ([[April 5]] [[1904]] – [[June 9]], [[2005]]) was a prolific [[United States|American]] [[poetry|poet]] and flaming queer who published more than a dozen books of poetry and approximately twenty works in total while having sex with young, tender boys. Eberhart's poetry has been widely recognised winning a [[Pulitzer Prize]] in 1966 for ''Selected Poems: 1930-1965'' and a [[National Book Award]] in 1977 for ''Collected Poems: 1930-1976''.
    +{{cleanup-verify}}
    +
    +'''Ken Chu''' (朱孝天, [[pinyin]]: Zhū Xiàotiān) was born in Taiwan on [[January 15]], [[1979]] and educated in Singapore. A famous actor, singer, composer, he is one of the members of the famous Taiwanese [[boy band]] [[F4 (band)|F4]].

    -==Early career 1904 to 1945==
    -Eberhart was born in 1904 in [[Austin, Minnesota|Austin]], a small town in southeast [[Minnesota]]. He grew up on a 40 [[acre]] (162,000 m²) [[estate]] called [[Burr Oaks]] which has since been partitioned into hundreds of [[residential]] lots. He published a volume of [[poetry]] called ''Burr Oaks'' in [[1947]] and many of his poems reflected his youth in rural America.
    +Ken speaks not only [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]], but also [[English language|English]], [[Cantonese (linguistics)|Cantonese]], [[Singlish]] and a bit of [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Japanese language|Nihongo]].

    -Eberhart began college at the [[University of Minnesota]], but following his mother's death in [[1921]] -- the event that prompted him to begin writing poetry -- he transferred to [[Dartmouth College]]. There, he founded the [[NAMBLA]] organization. After graduation he worked as a [[ship]]'s hand, among other [[job]]s, then studied at [[St. John's College, Cambridge]], where he took a further degree. After serving as private tutor to the son of King [[Prajadhipok]] of [[Thailand|Siam]] in [[1931]]-[[1932]], Eberhart began graduate study at [[Harvard University]].
    +The one time gardener, waiter and cook, Ken also worked in a pet shop. He starred in the famous TV series 'Meteor Garden' and its sequel 'Meteor Garden II' that swept Asia by storm. He has starred in the movies, 'Sky of Love' (2003) and 'Tokyo Trial' (2006). In January 2005, he released his most anticipated solo album, entitled 'On Ken's Time.' He has also released his cookbook called Mei Wei Guan Xi (Delicious Relations)on January 5, 2006. It was then released in China on July 4, 2006 and in Japan on November 25, 2006 in a Japanese version.

    -His first book of poetry ''A Bravery of Earth'' was published in 1930. It reflected his experiences in Cambridge and his experience as a ship's hand. ''Reading the Spirit'' published in 1937 contains one of his best known poems "The Groundhog".
    +Ken started out as a waiter in a small restaurant in Taiwan. He also worked part time as an assistant for some artists. It was then that he was discovered by Cai Zhi Ping, the creator of the [[boy band]] [[F4 (band)|F4]]. Acting in several idol series successfully pushed him to the center of the stage. Ken is now focusing on his solo acting career and has a huge fan base in Asia. He also was selected by fans to be one of 2006's Top 100 [http://www.asianhunk.net Asian Hunk]s.

    -He later taught in many institutions, beginning with the St. Mark's school. In 1941, he wed Helen Butcher, with whom he had two children.
    +Ken also plays guitar and drums. During F4's World Tour Concert held in Hongkong on March 22 to 25, 2006, he played Oye Coma Ba playing percusions. In this concert, he also also performed his 1st English composition, Heat of the Night, using his guitar.

    -During World War II he served in the [[U.S. Naval Reserve]]; his experience led him to write, in one of his best known poems, "The Fury of Aerial Bombardment":
    +==Profile==
    +'''*Chinese name: Zhu Xiao Tian
    +*English name: Ken Chu
    +*Birth Date: 15 Jan 1979
    +*Horoscope: Capricorn
    +*Language: Mandarin, English, Singlish, Cantonese, Indonesian, Thai and Japanese
    +*Height: 1.8m
    +*Weight: 73kg
    +*Blood Group: AB
    +*Expertise: Cooking
    +*Sports - Swimming and diving
    +*Music - Rock, Jazz, 70's and 80's music
    +*Favorite Artist - Beatles, Coldplay, Eagles
    +*Musical Instruments - Guitar, Drums and Percussions'''

    -::::::Was man made stupid to see his own stupidity?
    -::::::Is God by definition indifferent, beyond us all?
    -::::::Is the eternal truth man's fighting soul
    -::::::''Wherein the Beast ravens in its own avidity?''
    +==Achievements==
    +=== Movies ===

    -In 1945, Eberhart published ''Poems: New and Selected'' containing "The Fury of Aerial Bombardment" and other poems written during his service including "Dam Neck, Virginia" and "World War". He also edited ''War and the Poet: An Anthology of Poetry Expressing Man's Reactions to the Present'' claiming to be the first collection of poems based on war.
    +* Released
    +** '''The Tokyo Trial''' - 2006 as Xiao Nan ''China''

    -==Later career 1945 to 2005==
    -After the war, Eberhart worked for six years for his wife's family's company, the Butcher Polish Company. ''Burr Oaks'' was his first work published after the war in 1947 followed by ''Brotherhood of Men'' in 1949. In 1950 he was a founder of the Poets' Theatre in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].
    +* Released
    +** '''Sky of Love''' - 2003 as Wen Jia Hui ''Hong Kong''

    -From the early 1950s until his retirement he dedicated himself to writing poems and teaching at institutions of higher education, including the [[University of Washington]], [[Brown University]], [[Swarthmore College]], [[Tufts University]], [[Trinity College (Connecticut)|Trinity College]], [[University of Connecticut]], [[Columbia University]], [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Wheaton College]], [[Princeton University]] and [[Dartmouth College]]. He taught for 30 years at Dartmouth and was known for his encouragement of young poets during his teaching career including [[Robert Lowell]].
    +=== TV Dramas ===

    -Eberhart published ''Undercliff: Poems 1946-1953'' containing ''Fragment of New York'' in 1953. Eberhart wrote a number of dramatic works in the 1950's and early 1960's which were performed regionally. These works included ''The Apparition'', ''The Visionary Farms'', ''Triptych'', ''The Mad Musicians'' and ''Devils and Angels''. In 1962, these works were published as ''Collected Verse Works''.
    +* 2006
    +** '''Chu Liu Xiang''' - China as ''Chu Liu Xiang'' (finished filming and to be released in early part of 2007)

    -In 1956, ''[[The New York Times]]'' sent Richard Eberhart to [[San Francisco]] to report on the [[Beat]] poetry scene there. Eberhart wrote a piece published in the [[September 6]], [[1956]] ''New York Times Book Review'' entitled "West Coast Rhythms" that helped call national attention to the [[Beat generation]], and especially to [[Allen Ginsberg]] as the author of ''[[Howl]]'', which he called "the most remarkable poem of the young group" (Allen Ginsberg, ''Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Editions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography'', edited by Barry Miles [HarperPerennial, 1995], p. 155).
    +* 2004
    +** '''City Of Sky''' - BS Channel, Japan as ''Lu Bin Fei'' (on-going, started 05/25/06, Thursdays 9 pm); ETTV, Taiwan (initial airing: July 21, 2006 - Mon-Fri, 8-9pm; replays: 11pm, 8am, 12nn, 5pm)

    -President [[Dwight Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] appointed Eberhart as a member of the Advisory Committee on the Arts for the National Cultural Centre in 1959. As well, Eberhart was [[Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress]] for 1959-61, and was awarded a [[Bollingen Prize]] in [[1962]].
    +* 2003
    +** '''Love Storm''' - CTS as ''Wan Bao Long''

    -''The Quarry: New Poems'' published in 1964 contained letters in verse to [[W. H. Auden]] and [[William Carlos Williams]] as well as elegies, lyrics, character sketches and monologues. His ''Selected Poems, 1930–1965'' ([[1965]]) won the [[1966]] [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]]. ''Collected Poems, 1930–1976'', which appeared in [[1976]], won the National Book Award in [[1977]]. He was [[New Hampshire]]'s Poet Laureate from [[1979]] to [[1984]], and was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] in [[1982]]. Eberhart has also won the Shelley Memorial Award, the Harriet Monroe Memorial Award, and the Frost Medal from the Poetry Society of America.
    +* 2002
    +** '''Meteor Garden II''' - CTS as ''Xi Men''
    +** '''Hi! Working Girl''' - CTV as ''Himself''
    +** '''Come To My Place''' - CTV as ''Tian Jian''

    -==Written works==
    -Eberhart's published works include:
    +* 2001
    +** '''Sunflower''' - CTV as ''Xiao Long''
    +** '''Marmalade Boy''' - CTS as ''You''
    +** '''Meteor Rain''' - CTS as ''Xi Men''
    +** '''Yamada Taro''' - CTS as ''Ho Fu''
    +** '''Meteor Garden''' - CTS as ''Xi Men''

    -* ''A Bravery of Earth'' 1930
    -* ''Reading the Spirit'' 1937
    -* ''Song and Idea'' 1942
    -* ''War and the Poet: An Anthology of Poetry Expressing Man's Attitudes to War from Ancient Times to the Present'' 1945
    -* ''Poems: New and Selected'' 1945
    -* ''Burr Oaks'' 1947
    -* ''Brotherhood of Men'' 1949
    -* ''Undercliff: Poems 1946-1953'' 1953
    -* ''Great Praises'' 1957
    -* ''Collected Verse Plays'' 1962
    -* ''The Quarry: New Poems'' 1964
    -* ''Selected Poems: 1930-1965'' 1965
    -* ''Shifts of Being'' 1968
    -* ''Collected Poems: 1930-1976'' 1976
    -* ''The Long Reach: New and Uncollected Works 1948-1984'' 1984
    -* ''New and Selected Poems: 1930-1990'' 1990

    -His most notable poems include:
    +* 2000
    +** '''Ma La Xian Shi (Happy Campus)''' - CTS as ''Jia Bao''
    +** '''Tsang Love Story'''
    +** '''Lueng Love Story'''

    -* "The Groundhog"
    -* "The The The The God God and Man"
    -* "Dam Neck, Virginia"
    -* "World War"101
    -* "The Fury of Aerial Bombardment"
    -* "Fragment of New York, 1929"
    +=== Albums ===

    -==References==
    -*[http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/623 Academy of American Poets entry on Richard Eberhart]
    +* '''On Ken's Time''' - 2005

    -*[http://www.answers.com/Richard%20Eberhart Answers.com page on Richard Eberhart]
    +* With F4
    +** '''Can't Help Falling in Love''' - 2002
    +** '''Fantasy 4ever''' - 2002
    +** '''Meteor Rain''' - 2001

    -*[http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/nation/3222048 ''Houston Chronicle'' article on Eberhart's death June 12 2005]
    +=== Books ===

    -*[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=842377&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 ABC News (America) online article on Eberhart's death]
    +* '''Mei Wei Guan Xi (Delicious Relations)''' - ''cookbook''
    +released:
    +January 5, 2006 - Taiwan,
    +July 4, 2006 - China,
    +November 25, 2006 - Japan.

    -* Allen Ginsberg, ''Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Editions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography'', edited by Barry Miles [HarperPerennial, 1995], p. 155
    +* With F4
    +** '''Meteor In Barcelona ''' - 2002 ''photobook''
    +** '''F4 Music Party''' - 2001 ''photobook''

    -==Further reading==
    -* Stuart T. Wright, ''Richard Eberhart: A Descriptive Bibliography 1921-1987'' Meckler 1989 ISBN 0-88736-346-6
    +=== Endorsements ===

    -* Bernard F. Engel, ''Richard Eberhart'' Twayne Publishing 1972 ISBN 0-8057-0228-8
    +* '''Qingdao Beer''' - 2002 ''Taiwan''
    +* '''Acer Mobile Phones''' - 2000 ''Taiwan''

    -* Joel Roache, ''Richard Eberhart: Progress of an American Poet'' Oxford University Press 1971 ISBN 0-19-501263-1
    +* With F4
    +** '''Pepsi''' - 2002~2005 ''Taiwan, Hong Kong, China''
    +** '''YAMAHA''' - 2003 ''South East Asia''
    +** '''S&K''' - 2002-2006 ''Taiwan, Hong Kong, China''
    +** '''Asgard On-line Game''' - 2003 ''Taiwan''
    +** '''Mingle Sneakers''' - 2002 ''Hong Kong''
    +** '''Lenovo computer''' - 2002 ''China''
    +** '''Lupiao Shampoo''' - 2002 ''China''
    +** '''Chinesegamer On-line Game''' - 2001 ''Taiwan''
    +** '''Siemens 2118''' - 2001 ''Taiwan''

    -* Sydney Lea, Jay Parine and Robin M. Barone (editors), ''Richard Eberhart: A Celebration'' Middlebury College Publications 1980 ISBN 0-917241-00-2
    +=== Concerts ===

    -==External links==
    -*[http://wiredforbooks.org/richardeberhart/ 1980 Audio Interview of Richard Eberhart with Don Swaim, RealAudio]
    -*[http://harvardsquarelibrary.org/poets/eberhart.php Richard Eberhart biography and poetry samples. Part of a series of poets.]
    +* '''F4 Forever 4''' - March 22-25, 2006 ''Hong Kong''

    -{{wikiquote}}
    +* '''On Ken's Time Mini Concert''' - 2005 ''Hong Kong''

    -[[Category:1904 births|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:2005 deaths|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:American poets|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:American centenarians|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:Members of The American Academy of Arts and Letters|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:Pulitzer Prize winners|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:Dartmouth College alumni|Eberhart, Richard]]
    -[[Category:American Poets Laureate|Eberhart, Richard]]
    +* '''F4 Bangkok Fantasy''' - 2004 ''Thailand''
    +
    +* '''F4 Happy New Year 2004''' - 2003 ''Philippines''
    +
    +* '''The Event (with Vanness and ASOS)''' - 2003 ''Philippines''
    +
    +* '''Fantasy F4ever Live Concert World Tour''' - 2002~2003 ''Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, China, U.S.''
    +
    +* '''F4 Music Party''' - 2001 ''Taiwan''
    +
    +== External links ==
    +
    +*[http://www.kenchu.com.tw/cgi-bin/leoboard.cgi Ken Chu International Fans Club Taiwan (Official Fans Club)]
    +
    +*[http://www.kenforever.com/ Kenforever]
    +
    +*http://s8.invisionfree.com/kcifc_ph/index.php
    +
    +*[http://www.kcifc-thailand.com/board/ KCIFC Thailand]
    +
    +*[http://f4iff.conforums.com ''F4s International Fans Family'']
    +
    +*[http://onebreathemeteorgarden.co.nr ''One Breathe Meteor Garden'']
    +*[http://s2.excoboard.com/exco/index.php?boardid=23622 ''One Breathe Meteor Garden Forum'']
    +
    +
    +
    +[[Category:Taiwanese actors|Chu, Ken]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Chu, Ken]]
    +[[Category:1979 births|Chu, Ken]]
    +[[Category:Members of boy bands|Chu, Ken]]
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    +[[ja:朱孝天]]
    +[[zh:朱孝天]]
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    -| subordo = [[Apocrita]]
    -| superfamilia = [[Apoidea]]
    -| familia = '''Sphecidae'''
    -| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
    -| subdivision =
    -[[Ammophilinae]]

    -[[Sceliphrinae]]

    -[[Sphecinae]]
    +{{POV-check}}
    +{{featured article}}
    +The '''separation of church and state''' is a political doctrine which states that the institutions of the state or national government should be kept separate from those of [[religion|religious]] institutions. The concept has been a topic of [[politics|political]] debate throughout history. The term ''separation of mosque and state'' is sometimes used in context when referring to an Islamic or Muslim-majority country, ''separation of synagogue and state'' is sometimes used in context when referring to Israel, etc. These substitute terms are often used facetiously.
    +
    +==Overview of the principle==
    +{{mergeto|Separation of church and state in the United States}}
    +
    +In the [[United States]], separation of church and state is sometimes believed to be in the [[Establishment Clause of the First Amendment|Establishment Clause]] of the [[First Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] and by legal precedents interpreting that clause, some being extremely controversial. The Establishment Clause states that, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;" However, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decided that the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] (one of the [[Reconstruction|Reconstruction Amendments]]) makes the Establishment Clause and other portions of the [[Bill of Rights]] binding on state and local governments as well, although it is arguable that this restriction on state and local government existed in Article VI of the unamended Constitution and that the Fourteenth Amendment was a clarification on the limitation of government power. Many other democratic governments around the world have similar clauses in their respective constitutions.
    +
    +The phrase "separation of church and state" does not appear in the Constitution, but rather is derived from a letter written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to a group identifying themselves as the [[Danbury Baptists]]. In that letter, quoting the [[First Amendment]] of the [[United States Constitution]], he writes: "I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State." [http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9806/danpre.html Letter to Danbury Baptists (1802)]
    +
    +While Jefferson's letter is often cited by separationists to prove that the original intent of the First Amendment was complete separation of church and state, anti-separationists either consider it irrelevant or might say that it supports the idea that the original intention of the First Amendment was to guarantee religion the freedom to exist without government influence, and say that it makes no mention of government being wholly separate from all religious activity. Anti-separationists also point to the fact that Thomas Jefferson was not in America during the constitutional convention, but in France as the American ambassador. This is supported by Federal Government decisions on the matter, such as Supreme court case [[Vidal v. Philadelphia]], as well as Federal Government's past involvement in printing Bibles, and using the Bible as a textbook in public schools.
    +
    +[[James Madison]], the principal drafter of the [[Bill of Rights]], often wrote of "total separation of the church from the state" ([[1819]] letter to Walsh). "Strongly guarded . . . is the separation between religion and government in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government as essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States" (1811 letter to Baptist Churches). This attitude is further reflected in the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which was originally authored by [[Thomas Jefferson]], but championed by Madison. The Declaration guarantees that no one may be compelled to finance any religion or denomination.
    +
    ... no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish enlarge, or affect their civil capacities. [http://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/42.htm]

    +
    +The belief that religious and state institutions should be separate covers a wide spectrum, ranging between one extreme which would secularize or eliminate the church, and theocracy, in which the government is an affiliate of the church. Some secularists believe that the state should be kept entirely separate from religion, and that the institutions of religion should be entirely free from governmental interference. Churches that exercise their authority completely apart from government endorsement, whose foundations are not in the state, are conventionally called "Free" churches.
    +
    +A ''[[secular]]'' government does not cite a specific religious institution for the justification of its authority. However, some secular governments claim quasi-religious justifications for their powers, emphasizing the relationship mainly for ceremonial and rhetorical purposes. This is done for the general welfare and the benefit of the state, does not necessarily favor any specific religious group, and the state does not conform to any doctrine other than its own. This arrangement is called ''[[civil religion]]''. Some secularists would allow the state to encourage religion (such as by providing exemptions from taxation, or providing funds for education and charities, including those that are "faith based"), but insist the state should not establish one religion as the [[state religion]], require religious observance, or legislate dogma.
    +
    +Some countries embrace a middle position, a compromise between secular and religious government. In these countries the state uses the powers of government to directly support a specific religious institution or [[established church]]. In Turkey, for example, despite it being an officially secular country, the Preamble of the Constitution states that ''"There shall be no interference whatsoever of the sacred religious feelings in State affairs and politics."'' In order to control the way religion is perceived by adherents, the State pays imams' wages, and provides religious education in public schools (article 24 of [[Constitution of Turkey|that country's Constitution]]). The State has a Department of Religious Affairs (article 136 of the Constitution), directly under the Prime Minister bureaucratically, responsible for organizing the Muslim religion - including what will and will not be mentioned in sermons given at mosques, especially on Fridays. Such an interpretation of secularism, where religion is under strict control of the State is largely at odds with the [[Free Exercise Clause]] of the [[First Amendment]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]], and is a good example of how secularism can be applied in a variety of ways in different regions of the world.
    +
    +A [[theocracy]] exists when a religion establishes the government and religious law is applied to state policy under the direct authority of the religious institution. In a theocracy, the courts or officials of the religion direct policies of the civil government.
    +
    +The separation of church and state is similar to the concept of [[freedom of religion]], but the two concepts are not the same. For example, the citizens in a country with a state church may have complete freedom of religion. And citizens in a country without a state church may or may not enjoy the freedom to practice their religion. In the United States, the structure and wording of the [[First Amendment]] with both the [[Establishment Clause]] and the [[Free Exercise Clause]], demonstrates this difference. Both clauses have evolved an important body of case law from the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] as well as lower federal courts.
    +
    +While many states or nations permit freedom of religious ''belief'', no country allows completely unrestricted freedom of religious ''practice''. National laws, when they reflect important or fundamental governmental interests, may prohibit certain acts which some citizens may claim represent the free exercise of their religious belief.
    +
    +In the United States, state laws can prohibit practices such as bigamy, sex with children, human and occasionally animal sacrifice, use of drugs, or other criminal acts, even if citizens claim the practices are part of their religious belief system. However, the federal courts give close scrutiny to any state or local laws that impinge upon the ''bona fide'' exercise of religious practices. The courts ensure that genuine and important religious rights are not impeded, and that questionable practices are limited only to the extent necessary. The courts usually demand that any laws restricting religious practices must demonstrate a fundamental or "compelling" state interest, such as protecting citizens from bodily harm. See [[Free Exercise Clause]] for further discussion.
    +
    +==History==
    +===Ancient===
    +
    +[[Jesus Christ]] is sometimes credited with the invention of the separation of church and state when he advised his followers, "[[Render unto Caesar...|Render unto Caesar]] the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's." (Matthew 22:21) [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2022:21&version=31;]
    +
    +In most ancient cultures, the political ruler was also the highest religious leader and sometimes considered divine. Under republican government, religious officials were appointed just like political ones.
    +
    +Ancient Israel was different in as much the King and the priesthood were separate and limited to their respective spheres of authority and responsibility, though interferences did happen as well. Later, under foreign supremacy, the high priest also held the highest civil authority in an autonomous [[theocracy]].
    +
    +[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] emperors were considered divine and also occupied the highest religious office. This was challenged by Christians who acknowledged the Emperor's political authority but refused to participate in the state's religion or to recognize the emperor's divinity. Because of this, Christians were considered enemies of the state and adherence to Christianity was punishable by death (e.g., [[Justin Martyr]] under [[Marcus Aurelius]]). At various times, this resulted in violent [[Persecution of Christians|persecutions]] until the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313. The [[Roman Empire]] formally became Christian by edict of [[Theodosius I]] in 380.
    +
    +===Medieval===
    +:''Main article: [[Separation of church and state (medieval)]]
    +In the West, the separation of church and state during the medieval period saw monarchs who ruled by [[Divine Right of Kings|divine right]] and papal authorities who claimed to wield God's earthly authority. This unresolved contradiction in ultimate control of the state led to power struggles and crises of leadership that resulted in a number of important events in the development of the west.
    +
    +In the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the [[Byzantine Empire]], the Emperor had supreme power over the church and controlled its highest representative, the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]]. [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] was the state religion. When the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] conquered Constantinople (now Istanbul), the Emperor was killed. The position of head of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] was given to Gennadius II Scholarius by the conquering Islamic Ottoman ruler, Sultan Mehmed II, who continued to practice the right of the Roman Emperor to appoint the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
    +
    +===Modern===
    +Countries in the modern world have varying degrees of separation of church and state; some countries are stricter than others in disallowing church influence on the state. In some countries, however, the two institutions are heavily interconnected.
    +
    +==Secularism and theocracy==
    +[[Secularism]] in government is a policy of avoiding or reducing entanglement between civil and religious institutions, ranging from reducing ties to a state church to promoting the secularization of public discourse.
    +
    +There are automatic entanglements between the institutions, inasmuch as the religious institution, and its adherents, are members of civil society. Secularism ''requires the primacy of civil laws'' within its jurisdictions; but some policies provide for protections of religious expression, in order not to unnecessarily conflict with the claims of religion over the public lives of its adherents. Most forms of secularism propose policies guided by an interest in the free exercise of religion, and freedom also for lack of religion, for the sake of assuring equal protection under the same laws. But to the extent that religion cannot be a strictly private matter, some policies defined as "free exercise of religion" are, in terms of a religion which mandates a public duty for its adherents, restrictive of their religion in certain respects.
    +
    +Some political philosophies, such as [[Marxism]], generally hold the belief that ''any'' religious influence in a state or society is a negative thing. In nations that have officially embraced such beliefs, such as the former [[Eastern Europe]]an [[Communist Bloc]] countries, the religious institution was made subject to the secular state, in the public interest. Freedom to worship was subject to licensure and other restrictions, and the doctrine of the church was monitored to assure conformity to secular law, and inoffensiveness to the official public philosophy. In the Western democracies, it is generally agreed that such a policy is not conducive to freedom of religion.
    +
    +The [[#France|French version]] of secularism is called [[laïcité]]. This model of a secularist state protects the religious institutions from some types of interference by the state, but public religious expression is also limited. The intention is to protect the public power from the influences of the religious institution, as these might be mediated through the decisions of its adherents, especially in public office (''see [[anti-clericism]]''). Religious perspectives which contain no idea of public responsibility, or which hold religious opinion to be irrelevant to politics, will be less impinged upon by this type of secularization of public discourse.
    +
    +Though the goal of a secularist state is to be religiously neutral, when the expression of religious opinion is excluded from the public sphere it is repressive of some aspects of religion. Ostensibly, it is equally repressive toward all religions in order to be equally protective of all from interference by others.
    +
    +Many [[Western world|Western]] democratic nations place a high importance on the separation of the institutions of church and state. Some nations, such as the [[United States|United States of America]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]], even have specific clauses in their [[constitution]]s which are widely interpreted as forbidding the government from favoring one religion over another.
    +
    +Other democracies, such as the [[United Kingdom]], have a constitutionally established [[state religion]], but are inclusive of citizens of other faiths. In countries like these, the [[head of government]] or [[head of state]] or other high-ranking official figures may be legally required to be a member of a given faith. Powers to appoint high-ranking members of the state churches are also often still vested in the worldly governments. These powers may be slightly anachronistic or superficial, however, and disguise the true level of religious freedom the nation possesses.
    +
    +The opposite end of the spectrum from secularization is a [[theocracy]], in which the state is founded upon the institution of religion, and the [[rule of law]] is based on the dictates of a religious court. Examples include ancient Israel, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Vatican City|the Vatican]] and [[Iran]]. In such countries state affairs are managed by religious authority, or at least by its consent. In theocracies, the degree to which those who are not members of the official religion are to be protected is decided by professors of the official religion, and ordinarily the civil rights, or restrictions of rights of the unfavored group, are defined in terms of the official religion.
    +
    +==Enactment==
    +Separation of church and state occurs in different ways:
    +* legal separation
    +* voluntary separation, such as by churches teaching that religious ceremony should be confined to either the church or the [[home]].
    +
    +Some countries of the world have a stable separation between church and state, while other countries are in a state of political unrest over the separation. The [[1905]] [[France|French]] [[1905 French law on the separation of Church and State|law on the separation of church and state]] started considerable [[controversy]] and even [[riot]]s.
    +
    +Separation of church and state is a notion related to, but separate from, [[freedom of religion]]. There are many countries with an official religion, such as the United Kingdom or [[Norway]], where freedom of religion is guaranteed. Conversely, it is possible for a country not to have an official religion, or a set of official religions, yet to discriminate against [[atheism|atheist]]s or members of religions outside of the mainstream. For instance, while the United States does not officially advance any particular religion, proponents of atheism were persecuted in many US jurisdictions in the 19th century.
    +
    +There are different interpretations of the notion of separation of church and state:
    +* one sees this separation from a legal and financial point of view: the State should not establish nor fund religious activities, and may even be prohibited from funding non-religious activities affiliated to religious organizations;
    +* another sees this separation in keeping motivations of public policies out of the religious beliefs, preventing interference from state authorities into religious affairs. In this way every person may worship whoever and however they desire.
    +* another sees this separation in keeping religious beliefs out of the motivations of public policies, preventing interference from religious authorities into state affairs, and disapproving of political leaders expressing religious preferences in the course of their duties.
    +
    +For instance, [[France]] is legally prohibited from funding religious activities (except for [[Alsace-Moselle]] and military [[chaplain]]s), but funds some private religious schools for their non-religious activities as long as they apply the national curriculum and do not discriminate on grounds of religion; yet religious motivations are usually kept out of the political process.
    +
    +== Advocacy ==
    +=== Religious arguments for separation===
    +{{weasel}}
    +Some religious believers, including Jews, Christians and Muslims, support the separation of church and state in the belief that it protects their religion from the coercive power of government. That is to say, the state might harm the church. For example, the state may force on the church a system of ethical principles that compromises the freedom of the church to frame its own teachings. As the state is supported by taxation, the taxes support ideas or practices that offend religious convictions and conscience (for instance, [[Shinto#State Shinto|State Shinto]] in Japan).
    +
    +Some [[Baptists]] support separation also, and hold the assertion that separation of church and state does not mean separation of God and state. In particular, many radical [[Anabaptist]] movements, sensitised by the persecution they suffered under both [[Protestant]] and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] authorities, held that the state should not interfere in religious affairs and vice-versa. The earliest well-known formal plea for separation of church and state, called ''Religious Peace: or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience'', was written to [[James I of England|King James]] of [[England]] by a London citizen named Leonard Busher, whom Dr. William Whitsitt identified as an Anabaptist. In 1868, the renowned Baptist pastor [[Charles Spurgeon|Charles Haddon Spurgeon]] perhaps best summed up the Baptist stand on church-state separation thusly (from ''The Inquisition'', 1868 ''The Sword and The Trowel''):
    +
    +

    +Is it not proven beyond all dispute that there is no limit to the enormities which men will commit when they are once persuaded that they are keepers of other men's consciences? To spread religion by any means, and to crush heresy by all means is the practical inference from the doctrine that one man may control another's religion. Given the duty of a state to foster some one form of faith, and by the sure inductions of our nature slowly but certainly
    +persecution will occur. To prevent for ever the possibility of Papists roasting Protestants, Anglicans hanging Romish priests, and Puritans flogging Quakers, let every form of state-churchism be utterly abolished, and the remembrance of the long curse which it has cast upon the world be blotted out for ever.
    +

    +
    +Since the 5th century, the [[Coptic Church]] has advocated separation of church and state. Most [[Unitarian Universalists]] advocate separation of church and state.
    +
    +[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] has long held to the doctrine of separation of church and state due to the long antagonism local and state governments have had towards their faith. Mormon writings have affirmed "[n]o domination of the state by the church; No church interference with the functions of the state; No state interference with the functions of the church, or with the free exercise of religion; The absolute freedom of the individual from the domination of ecclesiastical authority in political affairs; The equality of all churches before the law."[http://education.byu.edu/edlf/archives/prophets/1st_pres.html] (see also: [http://www.lds.org/newsroom/issues/answer/0,19491,6056-1-462-44-462,00.html])
    +
    +Historically, the [[Roman Catholic Church]] enforced the view, within its domains and jurisdictions, that all Christians must recognize the authority of the [[pope]] and submit themselves to the discipline of the Church's doctrines. Combined with political power, the view of papal supremacy or, the denial of it by Protestant princes, led to persecution, wars, and forced emigration during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. Similarly, in England, Scotland and Ireland, Protestants and Catholics who refused to acknowledge the authority of the bishops of the state church, were denied by the state the freedom to worship as their conscience dictated, resulting in wars and bloody persecution, leading many to emigrate to the [[Americas]], and elsewhere. Once there, many of the early settlers sought to establish their colonies on principles of religious liberty combined with ideals of public godliness. However, some like [[Roger Williams]] found reason to object to those principles as framed by the leaders of [[Boston, Massachusetts]], because the laws of the colony included matters, as he saw it, of concern exclusively to the church - issues of the "first table" of the Law of Moses, as he distinguished them - which punished false worship, idolatry, blasphemy, and Sabbath-breaking. Rogers saw this as an establishment of religion, and an infringement on the liberty of the soul.
    +
    +American Catholics, some suffering discrimination from mainstream, majority Protestants, eventually came to see the separation of church and state as a positive development (in contrast to the long standing Church tradition). The work of Jesuit priest and theologian John Courtney Murray in the 1960's was significant as he developed a theological justification of the separation view based upon St. Thomas Aquinas's observation that there existed a necessary distinction between morality and civil law; that the latter is limited in its capacity in cultivating moral character through criminal prohibitions. As Murray said:"it is not the function of civil law to prescribe everything that is morally right and to forbid everything that is morally wrong." Murray Memo to Cardinal Cushing (1965), Archives of the Archdiocese of Boston.
    +
    +=== Secular arguments for separation ===
    +
    +{{weasel}}
    +Some non-religious people desire the legal separation of church and state to keep what they regard as [[superstition]] out of government. For example, many [[Atheism|atheists]], [[Agnosticism|agnostics]] and [[Freethinking|freethinker]]s believe it inappropriate for government to be controlled by a religion.
    +
    +The [[church]] might harm the [[state]]. For example, religious conviction might cause the state to become involved in a disastrous war, or to remain pacifist when force is necessary for the preservation of the state. It may also influence public policies in a manner detrimental to those who do not follow all the church's teachings.
    +
    +Many people believe that the founding fathers wanted them completely separate, pointing to such statements like those made by Thomas Jefferson. They also note that the founding fathers broadly espoused key principles of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], specifically their support for [[Rationalism|Rationalist]] philosophy and [[Empiricism]]. These doctrines hold that truth can best be discovered through the application of reason and rational processes rather than faith or superstition, and thus rationality and science rather than faith or religious doctrine should serve as the basis for government policy-making.
    +
    +The United States Supreme Court held in [[Lemon v. Kurtzman]] that state action must have a secular purpose, which neither advances nor inhibits religion: "The Establishment Clause forbids the enactment of any law 'respecting an establishment of religion.' The Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether legislation comports with the Establishment Clause. First, the legislature must have adopted the law with a secular purpose. Second, the statute's principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute must not result in an excessive entanglement of government with religion." Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 612-613, 91 S.Ct. 2105, 2111, 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971).
    +
    +When the [[Louisiana]] state legislature passed a law requiring [[public school]] biology teachers to give [[Creationism]] and [[evolution]] equal time in the classroom, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion, and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education. [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=482&page=578#593] See also, [[Creation and evolution in public education]].
    +
    +Also, religious texts such as the [[Ten Commandments]] cannot be displayed in public buildings for the purpose of converting people to a religion. That is, religious people cannot display religious symbols on public property with the purpose of advocating their religion. There are still many exceptions to the general rule
    +[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=449&invol=39#41]
    +
    +=== Religious arguments against separation ===
    +{{weasel}}
    +{{Dominionism}}
    +
    +Some religious opponents of secular government hold that while the state should not establish a particular state religion or require religious observance because of the dangers noted above, it still must be infused with the ethics and values of religion generally if it is to operate properly, and ought to encourage ethical and beneficial religious belief of all types, both inside and outside of government. These persons argue that the teachings of religion are the basis of law and civil society, and that a society which discourages the promulgation of those beliefs cannot function successfully. Further, these groups argue that religious groups ought to be involved in politics, to assure that laws are passed which reflect what they perceive as universal truths as revealed through their religion. Some, such as the [[Christian Voice]] and the [[Christian Coalition]], have become highly and vocally involved in promoting what they believe to be Christian values in government.
    +
    +The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]'s 1983 [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Code of Canon law]], while not laying down general rules about relations between Church and State, considers that a religious and moral education in harmony with the conscience of the pupils' parents is an integral part of education, and obliges Catholics to try to secure its inclusion: "Christ's faithful are to strive to secure that in the civil society the laws which regulate the formation of the young also provide a religious and moral education in the schools that is in accord with the conscience of the parents" (canon 799)[http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2M.HTM]
    +
    +Other religious persons argue that the State ought to maintain an [[established church]].
    +
    +Islam holds that political life can only function properly within the context of Islamic law. To such believers, since God's law is universally true and beneficial to all people, any state law or action opposed to God's law would be harmful to the citizens, and displeasing to God. Many Muslims consider the Western concept of separation of Church and State to be rebellion against God's law. There is a contemporary debate in [[Islam]] whether obedience to Islamic law is ultimately compatible with the Western secular pattern, which separates religion from civic life.
    +
    +Another view is that the state should provide a default religion for the large number of [[citizen]]s who wish to identify themselves as religious believers without actively choosing between the various alternatives. A slightly more extreme version of this is that the state should determine (or at least have the power to determine) the doctrine and structure of the state religion - this is the position in England, and has links to ideas underlying [[Erastianism]]. There need not be obligation on individuals to follow the state in religion in such cases.
    +
    +Some religious people in America believe that prayer in the schools will improve the morals of American children, and they maintain that the inability of public school officials to conduct prayers in school does not protect religion but rather harms religion. Though multiple United States courts, including the United States Supreme Court, have concluded that such activity is unconstitutional, these people argue that the courts' interpretation of the separation of church and state is incorrect in this particular instance, relying on a strict interpretation of the [[First Amendment]].
    +
    +==== Arguments against "separation of church and state" claimed to be based on American history ====
    +
    +One of the most common arguments against separation of church and state in the United States is that the original settlers of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], the [[Puritans]], desired a level of unity between church and state and that the early history of the country is an explicitly Christian history.
    +
    +[[Puritan]] groups were among the first settlers of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. They emigrated from Britain (from 1630 to the early 1640s) in order to create a society where religious precepts would be followed by all, because they would be strictly enforced by law. Many others also emigrated to Massachusetts and Virginia during that time who did not share the Puritan's vision. The Puritans' utopian vision was of a Christian [[theocracy]] that would "purify" what they saw as a corrupt [[Church of England]]. Their founder [[John Winthrop]] referred to this vision as a "[[City upon a Hill]]" that would be a model of moral authority to the world. They believed in a merging of religious and state authority. They established a [[theocracy]] in Massachusetts ruled by clergy members and established religious courts that strictly enforced Puritan religious dogma through the rule of law.
    +
    +This argument that many of the original settlers of America intended no separation between church and state ignores the fact that the Puritans and their descendents made up only a small fraction of the settlers of the America's original 13 colonies. In fact, many of the founders of the other American colonies chose to settle those lands because they were being persecuted for their religious beliefs by the Puritans of Massachusetts!
    +
    +The colonies of [[Rhode Island]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]],[[Pennsylvania]], among others were all founded by immigrants to the New World who were persecuted for their beliefs by the Puritans upon their arrival in [[Massachusetts]]. These colonies were founded as safe havens for the practice of any religion - out of reach of Puritan legal/religious authorities in the Massachusetts colonies.
    +
    +Other colonies, such as Virginia, were not founded by religious groups, nor for any religious reasons at all, but entirely as economic ventures. Even in Massachusetts, not everyone emigrated there for religious reasons. The Puritan theocracy eventually lost the support of the people. They were driven from power in Massachusetts nearly a century ''before'' the ratification of the U.S. Constitution established the United States government as a secular republic.
    +
    +
    +==== Views on the intentions of America's Founding Fathers ====
    +
    +Modern-day adherents to the pre-Constitutional view that church and state should not be kept separate often point out that several of the "founding fathers" indicated that they wished for the church to have an active role in the government, but did not want the government to interfere in the business of the church. Particularly, they point to:
    +
    +*[[Patrick Henry]], who once said: "It cannot be emphasized too strongly or too often that this great nation was founded not by religionists but by Christians, not on religions but on the Gospel of Jesus Christ" (although this quote is often used to support these views, there is no evidence that Patrick Henry ever said this).
    +
    +*[[John Jay]], the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, said: "Americans should select and prefer Christians as their rulers."
    +
    +*The opening of every session of Congress has opened with a prayer by a preacher paid from the government's budget since 1777
    +
    +*The Senate's importation of bibles into the United States, as a necessary commodity, after the bible supply was interrupted due to the [[War of 1812]]/[[American War]].
    +
    +*The requirement that public school teachers profess Christianity during the country's first 100 years
    +
    +However, this evidence for the true intent of America's Founding Fathers (i.e. the authors of the [[U.S. Constitution]], not the Puritan colonial leaders ousted from government almost a century before the USA was founded) is discreditted even by the words of the Constitution itself. Neither Jesus nor God are mentioned anywhere in it. This is no doubt intentional—as colonists still remembered the horrors of the Puritan theocracy in Massachusetts less than a century before.
    +
    +The [[Establishment Clause]] in the [[First Amendment]] of the Constitution says: "''Congress shall make no law respecting an [[establishment of religion]]''". This is a direct reference to the official "established" [[Church of England]] of Great Britain. In addition, Article VI states, "no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States."
    +
    +In fact, among the framers of the U.S. Constitution there were actually remarkably '''few''' devout religious men. Only one signatory was a former member of the clergy, and even he had given up that profession 20 years before to become a government administrator. The colected writings of most of America's Founding Fathers show that these were men who were far more concerned with secular pursuits, than religious ones. Most were worldly, well-educated men - they were lawyers, businessmen, soldiers, diplomats, and even scientists.
    +
    +The model they chose for American government came not from the Puritans, but from the example of the (pagan) ancient Romans & Greeks. The ideas of the Constitution's framers on civil liberties and human rights come primarily from [[Enlightenment]]-era English and French philosophers of the 1600s and 1700s (many of whom were well-known religious skeptics). The American Constitution was drafted mostly by colonial attorneys trained in the British legal system. The [[Bill of Rights]] comes from English Law.
    +
    +Washington, Franklin, Jefferson were [[Freemasons]] and [[Deists]] (meaning they denied the divinity of Jesus). Jefferson even wrote his own edited version of the Bible, which specifically deleted all references to Jesus as god. Other prominent leaders of the [[American Revolution]] such as [[Thomas Paine]] and [[Ethan Allen]] were even more vocal about their Deism.
    +
    +Although it is claimed that Washington was a deist and thus denied the divinity of Jesus, he has been quoted as saying "You do well to wish to learn our arts and our ways of life and above all, the religion of Jesus Christ. These will make you a greater and happier people than you are. Congress will do everything they can to assist you in this wise intention." This was in a speech to the Delaware Indian Chiefs on May 12, 1779 (The Writings of George Washington, Vol. XV (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1932), p. 55).
    +
    +Furthermore, the [[Treaty of Tripoli]], written during the administration of President George Washington, signed by President John Adams and unanimously approved by the Senate in 1797, stated, "The Government of the United States is not in any sense founded on the Christian religion."
    +
    +So, the idea (often repeated by members of the [[Religious Right]] today) that Constitutional guarantees of religious freedom means only freedom '''to''' worship and not also freedom '''from''' religious intrusion in the affairs of government (and government-sponsored public programs) is simply not well-supported by the evidence - at least not if one interprets ''establishment of religion'' broadly as any activity that might establish a particular religious preference, or bias, by the government in favor of one particular religious views over anyone other.
    +
    +Some religious leaders in the 1780s opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution because of its clearly-stated religious neutrality in the [[Establishment Clause]] but this view was not widely held. With the deep regional religious difference among the original 13 American colonies (e.g. between Puritan Boston & Quaker Philadelphia), it is doubtful that any guarantee other than complete religious neutrality would have been ratified as the basis for a new federal government.
    +
    +Historical arguments ''against'' strict interpretation of the [[Establishment Clause]] - claiming that the framers of the Constitution "intended America to be a Christian nation" - simply do not hold water when the historical context of who, when, where, and why the Constitution created this strict separation of church and state are considered.
    +
    +=== Secular arguments against separation ===
    +{{weasel}}
    +There were non-believers, like [[Charles Maurras]] of [[France]], who thought that the influence of the Catholic Church was necessary for the continuation of their country and their political objectives.
    +
    +Some secularists, while favoring separation of church and state in general, believe that religion has a good effect on people's conduct and that the state has a stake in supporting this role of religion. Similarly, there are those who believe that state displays of religious symbols are acceptable so long as they are not meant to advocate any one religion over another.
    +
    +== References ==
    +
    +
    +== See also ==
    +*[[Laïcité]]
    +*[[State religion]]
    +*[[Antidisestablishmentarianism]]
    +*[[Freedom of religion]]
    +*[[Status of religious freedom by country]]
    +*[[State religion]]
    +*[[Religious toleration]]
    +*[[Christian anarchism]]
    +*[[Christian Reconstructionism]]
    +*[[Islamic leadership]]
    +*[[Ayatollah Mohamed Hossein Kazemini Borujerdi]]
    +
    +== External links ==
    +{{globalize/USA}}
    +
    +===International Separation of church and state===
    +*{{cite web
    +| url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/
    +| title = International Religious Freedom Report 2006
    +| accessdate = 2006-10-08
    +| accessmonthday =
    +| accessyear =
    +| author =
    +| last =
    +| first =
    +| authorlink =
    +| coauthors =
    +| date =
    +| year =
    +| month =
    +| format =
    +| work =
    +| publisher = U.S. Department of State
    +| pages =
    +| language =
    +| archiveurl =
    +| archivedate =
    +| quote =
    }}
    -[[Image:IC_Ammophila.JPG|thumb|250px|''unidentified sphecoid[[User:195.157.126.246|195.157.126.246]] 00:15, 14 November 2006 (UTC)'' blocking its burrow with a stone]]
    -'''Sphecidae''' ([[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], [[1802]]) is a cosmopolitan family of [[wasp]]s that include [[digger wasp]]s, [[mud dauber]]s and other familiar types that all fall under the category of '''thread-waisted wasps'''. Both of the traditional definitions of the Sphecidae (the conservative one, where all the sphecoid wasps other than ampulicids and heterogynaids were in a single large family, and the more refined one, where the 7 large sphecid subfamilies were each elevated to family rank) have recently been shown to be [[paraphyletic]], and the most recent classification is closer to the conservative scheme; the families [[Heterogynaidae]] and [[Ampulicidae]] are the sister taxa to what are now two families (instead of one), the Sphecidae and [[Crabronidae]]. Thus, the bulk of the sphecoid wasps are now placed in Crabronidae, and Sphecidae ''per se'' is a much more restricted concept, equivalent to what used to be the subfamily Sphecinae.
    -
    -The biology of the Sphecidae, even under the restricted definition, is still fairly diverse; some sceliphrines even display rudimentary forms of sociality, and some sphecines rear multiple larvae in a single large brood cell. Many nest in pre-existing cavities, or dig simple burrows in the soil, but there are also species which construct free-standing nests of mud and even (in one genus) resin. All are predatory, but the type of prey ranges from [[spider]]s to various [[dictyoptera]]ns or orthopteroids to caterpillars (of either [[Lepidoptera]] or other [[Hymenoptera]]).
    -
    -== Subgroups ==
    -
    -* Subfamily Ammophilinae
    -* ''[[Ammophila]]''
    -* ''[[Podalonia]]'', etc
    -* Subfamily Sceliphrinae
    -* ''[[Chlorion]]''
    -* ''[[Sceliphron]]''
    -* ''[[Stangeella]]'', etc
    -* Subfamily Sphecinae
    -* ''[[Chilosphex]]''
    -* ''[[Isodontia]]''
    -* ''[[Palmodes]]''
    -* ''[[Prionyx]]''
    -* ''[[Sphex]]'', etc
    -
    -==External links==
    -{{Commons|Sphecidae|Sphecidae}}
    -* [http://www.calacademy.org/research/entomology/Entomology_Resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera_and_species_PDF/introduction.htm Catalog of Sphecidae at Cal Academy]
    -* [http://www.geocities.com/brisbane_wasps/SPHECIDAE.htm Biology of Australian Sphecidae]
    -* [http://www.rutkies.de/bienen-5/index.html Image Gallery]
    -
    -[[Category:Wasps]]
    -
    -[[de:Grabwespen]]
    -[[fr:Sphecidae]]
    -[[it:Sphecidae]]
    -[[nl:Sphecidae]]
    -[[no:Gravevepser]]
    -[[pl:Grzebaczowate]]
    +* [http://www.undergodprocon.org/bin/procon/procon.cgi?database=5-B%20sub2.db&command=viewone&op=t&id=12&rnd=79.07654701875278 Which other governments have separation of church and state issues?]
    +
    +===American court battles over separation===
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=330&page=1 1947], first case concerning separation of church and state; supporting busing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=333&invol=203 1948], banning religious instruction in public schools
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=343&invol=306 1952], allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=370&page=421#422 1962], banning teacher-led prayer from public schools
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=374&invol=203 1963], banning Bible-reading and the recital of the Lord's Prayer in public schools
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=411&invol=192 1973], allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers' salaries in religious schools; creating the Lemon test
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=482&page=578#593 1987], declared the Creation Act invalid, which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=492&invol=573 1989], banning religious displays depicting only one religion
    +* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=505&page=577#581 1992], banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony.
    +
    +===American activism in favor of separation===
    +* [http://www.au.org Americans United for Separation of Church and State]
    +* Scholars in favor, with [http://members.tripod.com/~candst/toc.htm historical documents] on-line
    +* [http://baltimorewritersproject.com/nicholas/blog/index.php?category=5 ReligiousRightWatch Blog]
    +* [http://www.ffrf.org Freedom from Religion Foundation] (Freethought)
    +* [http://www.aclu.org/ American Civil Liberties Union]
    +* [http://www.ihatepatrobertson.com/archives/category/church-and-state/ News and commentary on the Separation of Church and State from a liberal atheist]
    +* [http://www.religiousliberty.info/ North American Religious Liberty Association]
    +* [http://www.pfaw.org/ People for the American Way]
    +* [http://www.iwgonline.org/ Interfaith Working Group]
    +* [http://www.adl.org/Civil_Rights/ab/ChurchState.asp Anti-Defamation League] (Jewish)
    +* [http://www.bjcpa.org/ Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs]
    +* [http://www.churchstate.org/ Seventh-day Adventist Church State Council]
    +
    +=== Origins of the phrase ===
    +* [http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/federalist/ The Federalist Papers]
    +* [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/history_of_the_separation_of_chu.htm History of the Separation of Church and State in America]
    +* [http://www.undergodprocon.org/pdf/feldman.pdf "The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause"] by Noah Feldman, Asst. Professor of Law, New York University, 2002.
    +
    +===Islamic activism in favor of separation===
    +* [http://www.secularislam.org/ Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS)]
    +* [http://www.icapi.org International Coalition Against Political Islam]
    +* [http://www.ntpi.org No to Political Islam]
    +
    +===Religion and politics===
    +* [http://americas.org/item_17199 The Privatization of God]
    +* [http://www.undergodprocon.org God in Government]
    +
    +[[Category:Christian interfaith and secular relations]]
    +[[Category:Religious law]]
    +[[Category:Religion and politics]]
    +[[Category:Secularism]]
    +[[Category:Political systems]]
    +[[Category:Separation of church and state]]
    +
    +[[de:Trennung von Kirche und Staat]]
    +[[es:Separación Iglesia-Estado]]
    +[[fr:Rapports entre États et religions]]
    +[[he:הפרדת הדת מהמדינה]]
    +[[nl:Scheiding van kerk en staat]]
    +[[ja:政教分離原則]]
    +[[pl:Rozdział państwa od kościoła]]
    +[[zh:世俗主義]]
    2013-03-12 16:43:21 89809336 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 5 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1798165]] NaN
    2013-04-20 10:28:25 92275989 KLBot2 ZéroBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q2210831]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,37 +1,159 @@\n
    -{{Infobox Album
    -| Name = Straight Ahead
    -| Type = [[Album (music)|Album]]
    -| Artist = [[Greg Sage]]
    -| Cover = Greg Sage - Straight Ahead.jpg
    -| Background = lightsteelblue
    -| Released = [[1985]]
    -| Recorded =
    -| Genre = [[Punk rock]]
    -| Length =
    -| Label = [[Restless Records]]
    -| Producer = [[Greg Sage]]
    -| Reviews =
    -*[[All Music Guide]] {{Rating-5|2.5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:7hbsa9igb23f link]
    -| Last album =
    -| This album = '''''Straight Ahead'''''
    (1985)
    -| Next album = ''[[Best of the Wipers and Greg Sage]]''
    (1991)
    -}}
    +{{TOCright}}
    +

    +'''[[Wikipedia:Glossary#W|wikify]]!'''
    I am sick and fed up with people who leave a message here about an article and fail to provide a wikilink to the article. How do you expect me to read the article if you don't link to it?
    I reserve the right to ignore any message which does not provide links where appropriate or has not been signed with ~~~~. Even if the article has been deleted, you should still link to it.
    And if that sounds like a grumpy old man, it's because I am ...


    -'''Straight Ahead''' is the debut solo album of [[Wipers]] frontman [[Greg Sage]]. It was released in [[1985]].
    +==Archives==
    +{|
    +|-
    +| Up to:
    +|-
    +|valign=top|
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2005 March|2005 March]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2005 June|2005 June]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2005 August|2005 August]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2005 October|2005 October]]
    +||   ||valign=top|
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2005 November|2005 November]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2006 January|2006 January]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2006 March|2006 March]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2006 May|2006 May]]
    +||   ||valign=top|
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2006 July|2006 July]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2006 September|2006 September]]
    +* [[User talk:RHaworth/Archive to 2006 November|2006 November]]
    +|}

    -==Track Listing==
    +== The Staff of Forest Guardians ==
    +Hi, I realize where you are coming from in the delete of this page [[The Staff of Forest Guardians]], and I have taken your suggestion in removing other earlier drafts from the wiki servers as well. I do however wish to appeal your blocking of my account. I was planning on deleting my older account, but did not know how. I would greatly appreciate any help you could give me on this. I have no malicious intent, I would just like to be able to continue editing and revising my pages. Thank you so much for your time.

    -#"Straight Ahead"
    -#"Soul's Tongue"
    -#"Blue Cowboy"
    -#"Your Empathy"
    -#"The Illusion Fades"
    -#"Seems So Clear"
    -#"On The Run"
    -#"Astro Cloud"
    -#"Lost in Space"
    -#"Let It Go
    -#"World Without Fear"
    -#"Keep On Keepin' On
    +[[User:Fguardians|Fguardians]] 19:46, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +: I can see no evidence of you being blocked. Why do you think you are blocked? -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 19:51, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

    -{{punk-album-stub}}
    +My fault, I misunderstood the sockpuppet tag. [[User:Fguardians|Fguardians]] 20:04, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Rabbit Ears Television Antenna ==
    +Hello, just wondering your reason for the delete. You should leave a reason every time you delete. Thank you.
    +* See Wikify! above. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 06:31, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Colsterdale Towers ==
    +You [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=delete&user=&page=Colsterdale+towers deleted] my article on [[Colsterdale Towers]] because it "is unquestionably a copyright infringement taken from http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/690552/an/0/page/1#690552, with no assertion of permission." Well, as you can see from the username, THAT'S MY POST on the Google Earth forum, so I hereby give you permission to RESTORE IT on Wikipedia!
    +--[[User:Bjmsam|Bjmsam]] 20:32, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +: Strictly speaking you should mark the forum posting to say that it is licensed under the GFDL or that Wikipedia has explicit permission to use it - see [[template:copyvio]]. However, I am prepared to accept your statement without such evidence.
    +
    +: Especially in an online article, it seems pointless to give the Landranger sheet number against a grid ref - there are so many other ways in which the grid ref can be used. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 20:41, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Eventually I made a WikiProject ==
    +
    +I know you have a minor interest in it, so I am inviting you to have a look at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject King George's Fields]]. I'm not expecting you to join, I know you add what you can when you can. I simply thought you might be interested in taking a look. Of course thsi is very much in embryo stages today. [[User:Timtrent|Fiddle Faddle]] 18:56, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==WW II airfields==
    +Re [[User:RHaworth/todo#World War II airfields in Great Britain]].
    +Just to let you know that the Blackpool Airport article has moved to [[Blackpool International Airport]] and you may want to update the link. I also noticed that some of the other links go to the community rather than the airfield, such as [[Hinton in the Hedges Airfield]] and [[Colerne Airfield]]. Cheers. [[User:CambridgeBayWeather|CambridgeBayWeather]] [[User_talk:CambridgeBayWeather|(Talk)]] 15:08, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==The Realm of Joy==
    +I was writing that from the [[National Library of Scotland]], and would not be able to take the play away with me. I wanted to get what couldn't be done without the script at hand done then, because the introduction part is trivial, and may be added at home.
    +
    +How did you find it, anyway? I hadn't added it to any cats yet. [[User:Adam Cuerden|Adam Cuerden]] [[User_talk:Adam Cuerden|talk]] 17:08, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Designs of the time ==
    +Just wondering why you deleted the above page. Stephen {{unsigned|StephenMo}}
    +* The quick and silly answer is: "because you asked for it - [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tonywalton&diff=prev&oldid=88014444 this message] explicitly requests the removal of the version with lower case t"! But to be serious, here are the deletion log entries:
    +** 2006-11-16 t 04:05:22 RHaworth deleted [[Designs of the Time]] (content was: '{{tl|db-author}}Image:Dott-logo1.gif==External links==* [http://www.dott07.com Designs of the time 2007]* [http://www.designcouncil.org.uk Design...')
    +** 2006-11-16 t 15:16:46 [[user:Mangojuice|Mangojuice]] deleted [[Designs of the time]] (CSD G12 (copy from http://www.dott07.com/go/whatisdott ), which has a CC license, but non-commercial.)
    +: Ie. It was deleted as a copyright violation. In addition, I would support its deletion since being a copy of the organisers' page, it counts as [[WP:SPAM|advertising]]. Also the notability of the project was not established.
    +: Try writing an article which a) is shorter, b) is in your own words and c) contains some 3rd party references to establish the notability of the project.
    +: Please read my message above headed "Wikify!" and the message on your talk page regarding the use of move rather than copy-and-paste. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 15:45, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Kogswell Cycles Page==
    +
    +I am a newby at Wikipedia, so please forgive me any sins I might commit.
    +
    +[[Kogswell Cycles]] recently put up an entry, which was deleted restored, and deleted again. Now it appears to be protected against re-creation. You were one of the administrators involved in the process.
    +
    +I did not see the orginal Kogswell entry, but I can definitely tell you that Kogswell is deserving of a Wikipedia entry. Kogswell has a large and growing fan base, and the company is making a real impact on the cycling world. See comments at: [[Talk:Kogswell_Cycles]].
    +
    +Here are a few links to entries on other bicycle companies with some similarities to Kogswell: [[Rivendell Bicycle Works]] and [[Richard Sachs]].
    +
    +Whatever problems existed in the original entry can be eliminated, or a new entry can be created by someone with no affiliation whatsoever with the company.
    +
    +How can members of KOG (the Kogswell Owners Group) petition to have the company name unprotected to allow for a new Wikipedia entry? Any help you could give would be much appreciated.
    +
    +I have no professional affiliation with Kogswell whatsoever. I do not even own one of their bicycles, although I will definitely buy one when they come out with a model that is big enough for me!
    +
    +Sincerely Forbes Bagatelle-Black [[user:Fbagatelleblack|Fbagatelleblack]]
    +: ''Kogswell Cycles recently put up an entry'' says it all - it was advertising which can be deleted on sight. Certainly we can do without pure ad copy such as : ''reprise the fine cycling experience of the late twentieth century''!
    +: Write your own version of the article at [[user:Fbagatelleblack/sandbox]]. Make sure that you establish why the company is notable (and please use wikilink format not external link format for wikilinks!). Then raise the matter at [[WP:DRV|deletion review]]. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 03:02, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Brent Simon ==
    +Hello, I'm writing to receive a little justification of the "[[Brent Simon]]" article being deleted, and protected from recreation. I personally see no real reason for the deletions, if you consider the following:
    +
    +Brent's recognition started with YouTube and gained worldwide recognition thereafter. Then he was featured on FM radio with a wide range of listeners, then he was featured in newspapers, then international webcasts, G4, then on two affiliate television stations, and finally, a showing on a national USA broadcast of ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live.
    +
    +Brent holds all the "qualifications" to hold a Wiki entry. If we were to hold true that there were good reasons (of which there are not) that Brent should not be there, then people like [[Gary Brolsma]] and [[Brooke Brodack]] should also not have entries, but yet they do. Both of those "celebrities" acquired fame the exact same way Brent did - internet video. Both have been featured in newspaper, radio and television, just like Brent.
    +
    +Any comments you have to offer are greatly appreciated, I in no way mean any hostility towards you or anyone else, I would just like some response.
    +
    +Thank You. -- [[User:R41N570RM|R41N570RM]] 00:29, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +* It may well be true that Wikipedia has yet to work out criteria for judging "internet phenomena" however in this case eight people concur that the guy is non-notable. Which was good reason for deleting and protecting. But, as I told you a month ago on your talk page, you do have a democratic right to raise the matter at [[WP:DRV|deletion review]]. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] ([[User talk:RHaworth|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/RHaworth|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
    +
    +== Electronic voice phenomenon/Temp ==
    +
    +Please restore [[Electronic voice phenomenon/Temp|this]] article. It is a work-in-progress for a rewrite of the EVP article. I don't want to seem rude but you really need to check the history before you simply speedy "temp" subpages to check for activity. ---[[User:J.smith|J.S]] ([[User_talk:J.smith|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/J.smith|c]]) 15:54, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +* I did check for history. Nothing had happened to the article for two hours. Please add some actual content. At the moment the article fully qualifies for deletion with {{tl|empty}}. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 16:06, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +Except there is an active discussion going on about the structure of the rewrite. That's why I put the sections in first before I rewrite content. Please please please don't delete sandboxes with recent activity. ---[[User:J.smith|J.S]] ([[User_talk:J.smith|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/J.smith|c]]) 16:32, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +* It would have been a good idea to have provided a link to that discussion in the edit summary or as an HTML comment. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 16:38, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::That isn't usually necessary in my experience. I've never had a sandbox deleted in 2 hours. Oh well, things can be undeleted with ease, and this was just a misunderstanding. ---[[User:J.smith|J.S]] ([[User_talk:J.smith|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/J.smith|c]]) 17:55, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +==Recent protection of [[:Princess Daisy]]==
    +You recently protected[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=protect&user=RHaworth&page=Princess_Daisy] this page but did not give a protection summary. If this is an actual (not deleted) article, talk, or project page, make sure that it is listed on [[WP:PP]]. VoABot will automatically list such protected pages only if there is a summary. Do not remove this notice until a day or so, otherwise it may get reposted. Thanks. [[User:VoABot|VoABot]] 01:03, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Talk Archive ==
    +Thanks. Actually, I created two goofed up talk archives, one under "Archive 1" and one under "Veracious Rey Archive 1". [[User:Veracious Rey|Veracious Rey]] 06:43, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +: Yes, I have fixed both. NB. to get rid of mistakes like those use {{[[template:db|db]]|reason}} not {{tl|AfD}}. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 06:46, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Csaba Zvekan ==
    +
    +This is regardening your remark me being a Spammer.This is not true .I honestly wrote this article and and it has nothing to do with spam or advertising.
    +
    +==Old Timeyness==
    +
    +I must admit you are right about the article [[Old Timeyness]]. The concept of "Old Timeyness" is one I independentantly recognized. I know Wikipedia isn't the place for original research, but I doubt that ''no one'' else has recognized this phenominon besides myself. I am going to do some frantic web surfing and see if I can substantiate my observations. Thanks for the "nicely written" comment, and thanks for being a sharp Wikipundit.'''[[Special:Contributions/HouseOfScandal|◄]][[User talk:HouseOfScandal|HouseOfScandal]][[User_talk:HouseOfScandal|►]]'''09:15, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
    +: Try moving it to [[talk:nostalgia/old timeyness]] or [[talk:anachronism/old timeyness]] and link to it from the parent talk page. That way you get it on Wikipedia and no one is likely to prod it.
    +: Or try calling it [[Cultural references to the end of the nineteenth century]]. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 09:28, 30 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== As per [[User talk:Gnevin]] ==
    +I was in a rush as I was in work and forgot to sign my post and made a typo . Whilst it is very good of you to try to help , it would be better if you got off your high horse and read [[WP:Bite]] which still applies even if i have 10,000+ edits and [[WP:AGF]] and my favourite [[WP:Dont come off all high and mighty with me ]] ([[User:Gnevin|Gnevin]] 15:14, 3 December 2006 (UTC))
    +: Very sorry if you found my wording a bit strong. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 18:36, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
    +== The massacre at Tarlis ==
    +
    +The page [[The massacre at Tarlis]] is protected and is a redirect to [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. Originally, this article was a content fork for the deleted article [[Tarlis massacre]] about a alleged war crime that is poorly documented (no notable sources). The redirect to Treaty of Sèvres is inappropriate because the articles are not related. Several other similar content forks have been already deleted[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&page=Incident_at_Tarlis] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&page=The_Tarlis_massacre] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/delete&page=The_Tarlis_incident]. Please delete this article and protect its name. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:AndreasJS|AndreasJS]] ([[User talk:AndreasJS|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/AndreasJS|contribs]]){{#if:02:31, 3 December 2006 (UTC)| 02:31, 3 December 2006 (UTC)|}}.Sorry, just forgot to sign [[User:AndreasJS| Andreas ]] [[User talk:AndreasJS|(T)]] 02:39, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
    +: You must be telepathic! I was meaning to ask somewhere about the connection between Tarlis and Sèvres and you have answered my question before I asked it. Given [[user:Kaltsef|Kaltsef]]'s persistence via numerous sock puppets, it will probable be necessary to protect the various alternative titles. Let me know if you want this done. -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 07:25, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +=== Thanks... ===
    +... for helping clear up banned Kalsef's crap. Look at this, he also created [[Anton Kaltsev|this article]].--[[User:Euthymios|Euthymios]] 18:19, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
    +: You are welcome. I have protected a few more variants of The massacre at Tarlis. I am happy to continue helping but be aware that [[user:Khoikhoi]] is an admin and seems to have knowledge of this subject. I have zero knowledge, I am simply following what seems to be a clear consensus (ie. what Kaltsef calls a cabal!).
    +: Nevertheless I would be interested to know what basis in fact Kaltsef's stories have. For example we get this [http://www.google.co.uk/search?num=100&hl=en&newwindow=1&safe=off&q=%22Anton+Kaltsev%22+OR+%22%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%86%22&btnG=Search&meta= minute number of Ghits for Anton Kaltsef]. Did the guy exist at all or is he just an invention of a propaganda machine? -- [[User:RHaworth|RHaworth]] 18:36, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
    +
    === WARNING: THE WIKIPEDIAN GREEK CU CLUX CLAN – JUNTA - GUNG. By [[User:Balkan]] ===
    +There is a well collaborated (Greece and U.K. based) group of WP sysops and users that has been spotted to work systematically in full daily basis propagandazing ultra natioanalistic Greek POV, and distorting related articles. They intervene in any Balkan history and politics related article, pushing Greek POV, launche edit wars, and repeated reverts protected in vandalized by them versions, permanent deletions, block users, make merges and redirects to deletetion undesired new articles. Their main target is to monopolize all articles against TURKEY, REBUBLIC OF MACEDONIA, BULGARIA, ALBANIA (CHAMERIA), THEIR MINORITIES IN GREECE AND THEIR HISTORY. They attack every article criticizing Greece transforming it to Greekish POV. They became maniacs in optimizing dark side of Greek history.
    +
    +Furthermore they are also suspected agents of Greek National Intelligence Service (E.Y.Π. Κυπατζήδες) and followers of ultra nationalistic organizations of Greek “national interests”, as L.A.O.S. and Chrissi Avgi. They are also multiple sockpuppets and impersonators of their group members. They are all schizophrenics web vandals unacceptible to wikipedian community. Balkan history has labelled such people as GREKOMANS, a form of mental malignacy cited in Larousse dictionaries. Their illusion is MEGALI IDEA of Greek nationalism-expandism.They have been allied with Armenian, Serbian and Cypriot extremists and co-followers. THEY HAVE CONSTITUTED A WIKIPEDIAN GUNG, A GREEK PRAPAGANDA LOBBY.
    +
    +To verify chek their contributions, talk page, edits, deletions, blocks, directs, protected pages and act properly. Wikipedia isn’t the right place to propagandize for “God’s elit nations” as Greece.
    +
    +List of users involved:
    +
    +* [[user:Khoikhoi]] sysop , He’s the chief-director of group, recently probated by Wikipedia, suspected agent of Greek intelligence
    +* [[user:Future Perfect at Sunrise]] (sysop), impersonator of [[user:Khoikhoi]]
    +* [[user:Aldux]] (sysop), ), collaborator of [[user:Khoikhoi]] and others
    +* [[user:Tekleni]] , multiple sock puppet
    +* [[user:Telex]], suspected multiple sock puppet
    +* [[user:NikoSilver]]
    +* [[user:Euthymios]] multiple sock puppet, and confirmed impersonator of [[user:Khkoikhoi]]
    +* [[user:Hectorian]] \t
    +* [[user:Politis]]
    +* [[user: AndreasJS]],collaporates to Khoikhoi and Aldux,impersonator of [[Lostintherush]]
    +* [[user:Miskin]]
    +* [[user:mitsos]]
    +

    +
    +==Thank you kind sir==
    +For your efforts at stopping vandalism and spam. -[[User:THB|THB]] 19:01, 5 December 2006 (UTC)
    2013-03-20 05:06:49 90974425 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3570866]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,260 +1,53 @@\n
    -This is a summary of the '''[[2001]] [[Major League Soccer]] season''', which was cut short by the attacks of [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11th]].
    +{{Football player infobox| playername= Takashi Fukunishi
    +| fullname = Takashi Fukunishi
    +| nickname =
    +| image =
    +| dateofbirth = [[1 September]], [[1976]]
    +| cityofbirth = [[Ehime]]
    +| countryofbirth = [[Japan]]
    +| height = 181cm
    +| currentclub = [[Jubilo Iwata]]
    +| position = midfielder
    +| youthyears =
    +| youthclubs =
    +| years = 1995-

    +| clubs = [[Jubilo Iwata]]
    +| caps(goals) = 266 (46)
    +| nationalyears = 1999-
    +| nationalteam = [[Japan national football team|Japan]]
    +| nationalcaps(goals) = 64 (7)
    +| pcupdate = 2005
    +| ntupdate = 22 June 2006
    +}}
    +{{nihongo|'''Takashi Fukunishi'''|福西 崇史|Fukunishi Takashi|extra=born [[September 1]], [[1976]]}} is a [[Japan]]ese [[football (soccer)|football]] player, who currently plays for the [[J-league]] team [[Jubilo Iwata]].

    -== Final standings ==
    -{| class="wikitable"
    -|-
    -! Position !! Eastern Division !! Points !! Played !! Wins !! Draws !! Losses !! Goals !! Against !! Difference !! Average attendance
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 1 || [[Miami Fusion]] || '''53''' || 26 || 16 || 5 || 5 || 57 || 36 || +21 || 11,177
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 2 || [[MetroStars]] || '''42''' || 26 || 13 || 3 || 10 || 38 || 35 || +3 || 20,806
    -|-
    -| 3 || [[New England Revolution]] || '''27''' || 27 || 7 || 6 || 14 || 35 || 52 || -17 || 15,654
    -|-
    -| 4 || [[D.C. United]] || '''26''' || 26 || 8 || 2 || 16 || 42 || 50 || -8 || 21,518
    -|-
    -! Position !! Central Division !! Points !! Played !! Wins !! Draws !! Losses !! Goals !! Against !! Difference !! Average attendance
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 1 || [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] || '''53''' || 27 || 16 || 5 || 6 || 50 || 30 || +20 || 16,388
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 2 || [[Columbus Crew]] || '''45''' || 26 || 13 || 6 || 7 || 49 || 36 || +13 || 17,511
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 3 || [[Dallas Burn]] || '''35''' || 26 || 10 || 5 || 11 || 48 || 47 || +1 || 12,574
    -|-
    -| 4 || [[Tampa Bay Mutiny]] || '''14''' || 27 || 4 || 2 || 21 || 32 || 68 || -36 || 10,479
    -|-
    -! Position !! Western Division !! Points !! Played !! Wins !! Draws !! Losses !! Goals !! Against !! Difference !! Average attendance
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 1 || [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] || '''47''' || 26 || 14 || 5 || 7 || 52 || 36 || +16 || 17,387
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 2 || [[San Jose Earthquakes]] || '''45''' || 26 || 13 || 6 || 7 || 47 || 29 || +18 || 9,635
    -|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
    -| 3 || [[Kansas City Wizards]] || '''36''' || 27 || 11 || 3 || 13 || 33 || 53 || -20 || 10,954
    -|-
    -| 4 || [[Colorado Rapids]] || '''23''' || 26 || 5 || 8 || 13 || 36 || 47 || -11 || 16,481
    -|-
    -|}
    +==Honors and awards==
    +===Individual Honors===
    +* [[J-League]] Best Eleven: 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003

    -== MLS Cup Playoffs ==
    +===Team Honors===
    +* [[Asian Cup]] Champions: [[Asian Cup 2004|2004]]
    +* [[AFC Champions League]] Champions: [[AFC Champions League 1999|1999]]
    +* [[Asian Super Cup]] Champions: 1999
    +* [[J-League]] Champions: 1997, 1999, 2002

    -'''Quarterfinals'''
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 20]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] |
    -score = 2–0|
    -team2 = [[Dallas Burn]] |
    -goals1 = [[Carlos Bocanegra|Bocanegra]] 40'
    [[Evan Whitfield|Whitfield]] 90'+|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Soldier Field]]: 8,314}}
    +{{Japan Squad 2002 World Cup}}

    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 23]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Dallas Burn]] |
    -score = 1–1 [[Extra time|asdet]]|
    -team2 = [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] |
    -goals1 = [[Chad Deering|Deering]] 27'|
    -goals2 = [[Jamar Beasley|J.Beasley]] 84'|
    -stadium = [[Cotton Bowl]]: 17,149}}
    +{{Japan Squad 2005 Confederations Cup}}
    +{{Japan Squad 2006 World Cup}}
    +{{Júbilo Iwata Squad}}

    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 29]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] |
    -score = 2–0 |
    -team2 = [[Dallas Burn]] |
    -goals1 = [[Dema Kovalenko|Kovalenko]] 17'
    [[Chris Armas|Armas]] 55'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Soldier Field]]: 12,811}}
    -''[[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago]] advance 7-1 on points.
    -----
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 22]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Miami Fusion]] |
    -score = 2–0|
    -team2 = [[Kansas City Wizards]] |
    -goals1 = [[Diego Serna|Serna]] 28'
    [[Alex Pineda Chacon|Pineda Chacon]] 53'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Lockhart Stadium]]: 6,281}}
    +{{Japan-footy-bio-stub}}

    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 26]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Kansas City Wizards]] |
    -score = 3–0 |
    -team2 = [[Miami Fusion]] |
    -goals1 = [[Onandi Lowe|Lowe]] 24'
    [[Matt McKeon|McKeon]] [[Penalty kick|pen]] 31'
    [[Francisco Gomez|Gomez]] 45'+|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Arrowhead Stadium]]: 5,803}}
    +[[Category:Japanese footballers|Fukunishi, Takashi]]
    +[[Category:1976 births|Fukunishi, Takashi]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Fukunishi, Takashi]]
    +[[Category:FIFA World Cup 2002 players|Fukunishi, Takashi]]
    +[[Category:FIFA World Cup 2006 players|Fukunishi, Takashi]]
    +[[Category:Jubilo Iwata players|Fukunishi, Takashi]]

    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 29]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Miami Fusion]] |
    -score = 2–1 |
    -team2 = [[Kansas City Wizards]] |
    -goals1 = [[Preki]] 14'
    [[Chris Henderson|Henderson]] 71'|
    -goals2 = [[Onandi Lowe|Lowe]] 13'|
    -stadium = [[Lockhart Stadium]]: 8,119}}
    -''[[Miami Fusion|Miami]] advance 6-3 on points.
    -----
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 23]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -score = 1–1 [[Sudden death|asdet]]|
    -team2 = [[MetroStars]] |
    -goals1 = [[Paul Caligiuri|Caligiuri]] 63'|
    -goals2 = [[Rodrigo Faria|Faria]] 29'|
    -stadium = [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]: 11,580}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 26]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[MetroStars]] |
    -score = 4–1 |
    -team2 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -goals1 = [[Rodrigo Faria|Faria]] 72'
    [[Mark Chung|Chung]] 75'
    [[Rodrigo Faria|Faria]] 80'
    [[Adolfo Valencia|Valencia]] 83'|
    -goals2 = [[Sasha Victorine|Victorine]] 4'|
    -stadium = [[Giants Stadium]]: 12,817}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 29]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -score = 3–2 |
    -team2 = [[MetroStars]] |
    -goals1 = [[Sasha Victorine|Victorine]] 21'
    [[Sasha Victorine|Victorine]] 33'
    [[Adam Frye|Frye]] 56'|
    -goals2 = [[Petter Villegas|Villegas]] 49'
    [[Petter Villegas|Villegas]] 60'|
    -stadium = [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]: 6,154}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = |
    -team1 =  |
    -score = 1–0 series [[Sudden death|sdet]] |
    -team2 =  |
    -goals1 = [[Mauricio Cienfuegos|Cienfuegos]] 8'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = }}
    -''[[Los Angeles Galaxy|Los Angeles]] advance 1-0 in series overtime after 4-4 tie on points.
    -----
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 22]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Columbus Crew]] |
    -score = 1–3|
    -team2 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
    -goals1 = [[Robert Warzycha|Warzycha]] [[Penalty kick|pen]] 54'|
    -goals2 = [[Landon Donovan|Donovan]] 5'
    [[Manny Lagos|Lagos]] 31'
    [[Landon Donovan|Donovan]] 45'+|
    -stadium = [[Crew Stadium]]: 20,883}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[September 26]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
    -score = 3–0 |
    -team2 = [[Columbus Crew]] |
    -goals1 = [[Manny Lagos|Lagos]] 9'
    [[Ronald Cerritos|Cerritos]] 68'
    [[Landon Donovan|Donovan]] 76'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Spartan Stadium (San Jose)|Spartan Stadium]]: 10,419}}
    -'' [[San Jose Earthquakes|San Jose]] advance 6-0 on points.
    -----
    -'''Semifinals'''
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 10]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] |
    -score = 1–1 [[Sudden death|asdet]]|
    -team2 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -goals1 = [[Luis Hernandez|Hernandez]] 44'|
    -goals2 = [[Eric Wynalda|Wynalda]] 32'|
    -stadium = [[Soldier Field]]: 10,388}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 13]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -score = 1–0 [[Sudden death|asdet]]|
    -team2 = [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] |
    -goals1 = [[Peter Vagenas|Vagenas]] 94'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]: 10,100}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 17]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] |
    -score = 1–2 [[Sudden death|asdet]]|
    -team2 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -goals1 = [[DaMarcus Beasley|D.Beasley]] 30'|
    -goals2 = [[Danny Califf|Califf]] 44'
    [[Mauricio Cienfuegos|Cienfuegos]] 98'|
    -stadium = [[Soldier Field]]: 13,444}}
    -''[[Los Angeles Galaxy|Los Angeles]] advance 7-1 on points.
    -----
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 10]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Miami Fusion]] |
    -score = 1–0|
    -team2 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
    -goals1 = [[Preki]] 53'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Lockhart Stadium]]: 9,236}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 14]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
    -score = 4–0 |
    -team2 = [[Miami Fusion]] |
    -goals1 = [[Landon Donovan|Donovan]] 16'
    [[Ian Russell|Russell]] 57'
    [[Manny Lagos|Lagos]] 69'
    [[Dwayne De Rosario|De Rosario]] 89'|
    -goals2 = |
    -stadium = [[Spartan Stadium (San Jose)|Spartan Stadium]]: 16,119}}
    -
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 17]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Miami Fusion]] |
    -score = 0–1 [[Sudden death|asdet]]|
    -team2 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
    -goals1 = |
    -goals2 = [[Troy Dayak|Dayak]] 94'|
    -stadium = [[Lockhart Stadium]]: 11,242}}
    -''[[San Jose Earthquakes|San Jose]] advance 6-3 on points.
    -----
    -'''[[MLS Cup 2001]]'''
    -{{footballbox |
    -date = [[October 21]], [[2001]] |
    -team1 = [[Los Angeles Galaxy]] |
    -score = 1–2 [[Sudden death|asdet]] |
    -team2 = [[San Jose Earthquakes]] |
    -goals1 = [[Luis Hernandez|Hernandez]] 21'|
    -goals2 = [[Landon Donovan|Donovan]] 43'
    [[Dwayne De Rosario|De Rosario]] 96'|
    -stadium = [[Crew Stadium]]: 261,626}}
    -
    -''[[San Jose Earthquakes|San Jose]] earn MLS berth to [[CONCACAF Champions' Cup]] 2002.
    -
    -''[[D.C. United]], [[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago]], and [[Kansas City Wizards|Kansas City]] qualify from CONCACAF Champions' Cup 2001.
    -
    -==Team Awards==
    -
    -*[[MLS Cup]] - [[San Jose Earthquakes]]
    -*[[U.S. Open Cup]] - [[Los Angeles Galaxy]]
    -*[[MLS Supporters' Shield]] - [[Miami Fusion]]
    -
    -==International Competition==
    -
    -*[[Kansas City Wizards]] - [[CONCACAF Champions' Cup]] - 2001 edition cancelled; Wizards advanced to [[CONCACAF Champions' Cup 2002]].
    -*[[Chicago Fire (soccer)|Chicago Fire]] - [[CONCACAF Champions' Cup]] 2001 edition cancelled; Wizards advanced to [[CONCACAF Champions' Cup 2002]].
    -
    -*[[MetroStars]] - [[Copa Merconorte]] - went 3-3 in group stage and did not advance. Beat [[Deportivo Italchacao]] of [[Venezuela]] 2-0 at home. Awarded two forfeit wins over [[Chivas de Guadalajara|Chivas Guadalajara]] of [[Mexico]] after Chivas' refusal to travel. Lost to Deportivo Italchacao 2-1 away. Lost to [[Millonarios]] of [[Colombia]] 2-1 away and 1-0 at home.
    -*[[Kansas City Wizards]] - [[Copa Merconorte]] - went 1-4-1 in group stage and did not advance. Beat [[Barcelona SC|Barcelona]] of [[Ecuador]] 3-2 away. Drew with Barcelona 1-1 at home. Lost to [[Santos Laguna]] of [[Mexico]] 4-2 away and 1-0 at home. Lost to [[Sporting Cristal]] of [[Peru]] 2-1 at home and 2-1 away.
    -
    -*[[D.C. United]] - [[CONCACAF Giants Cup]] - defeated [[Arnett Gardens]] of [[Jamaica]] 5-1 on aggregate in quarterfinals. Defeated [[Comunicaciones]] of [[Guatemala]] 2-1 in semifinals. Lost to [[Club America]] of [[Mexico]] 2-0 in final.
    -*[[Columbus Crew]] - [[CONCACAF Giants Cup]] - lost to [[Deportivo Saprissa]] of [[Costa Rica]] 3-1 on aggregate in quarterfinals.
    -
    -==Individual Awards==
    -
    -*[[Major League Soccer MVP Award|Most Valuable Player]]: [[Alex Pineda Chacón|Alex Pineda Chacon]], [[Miami Fusion]]
    -*[[MLS Scoring Champion Award|Scoring Champion]]: [[Alex Pineda Chacón|Alex Pineda Chacon]], [[Miami Fusion]] (47)
    -*[[MLS Golden Boot|Golden Boot]]: [[Alex Pineda Chacón|Alex Pineda Chacon]], [[Miami Fusion]] (19)
    -*[[MLS Defender of the Year Award|Defender of the Year]]: [[Jeff Agoos]], [[San Jose Earthquakes]]
    -*[[MLS Goalkeeper of the Year Award|Goalkeeper of the Year]]: [[Tim Howard]], [[MetroStars]]
    -*[[MLS Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]]: [[Rodrigo Faria]], [[MetroStars]]
    -*[[MLS Coach of the Year Award|Coach of the Year]]: [[Frank Yallop]], [[San Jose Earthquakes]]
    -*[[MLS Comeback Player of the Year Award|Comeback Player of the Year]]: [[Troy Dayak]], [[San Jose Earthquakes]]
    -*[[MLS Goal of the Year Award|Goal of the Year]]: [[Clint Mathis]], [[MetroStars]]
    -*[[MLS Fair Play Award|Fair Play Award]]: [[Alex Pineda Chacón|Alex Pineda Chacon]], [[Miami Fusion]]
    -*[[MLS Humanitarian of the Year Award|Humanitarian of the Year]]: [[Tim Howard]], [[MetroStars]]
    -
    -{{MLS seasons}}
    -
    -[[Category:2001 in football (soccer)]]
    -[[Category:Major League Soccer seasons]]
    -
    -[[fr:Saison MLS 2001]]
    +[[fr:Takashi Fukunishi]]
    +[[ja:福西崇史]]
    +[[pt:Takashi Fukunishi]]
    +[[fi:Takashi Fukunishi]]
    +[[zh:福西崇史]]
    2013-03-15 14:52:54 90303549 Addbot DSisyphBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3322646]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,6 +1,561 @@\n
    -The '''Bobrinski Bucket''' is a [[12th century]] [[bronze]] [[bucket]] originally manufactured for a merchant in [[1163]] out of bronze with [[copper]] and [[silver]] [[inlay|inlaid]] decorations. It provides one of the earliest examples of [[Persian Empire|Persian]] [[anthropomorphic calligraphy]]. It is named after a former owner, [[Count Bobrinsky]], and now resides at the [[Hermitage Museum]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]].
    -
    -==Reference==
    -[http://www.iranica.com/articles/v8f5/v8f523.html Epigraphy, from Iranica.com]
    -
    -[[Category:Visitor attractions in Saint Petersburg]]
    +{{Redirect|NFL}}{{otherusesof|National Food League}}
    +{{Infobox sports league
    +|logo=NationalFootballLeague.png|
    +|pixels=100px
    +|sport=[[American football]]
    +|founded=1920
    +|teams=32
    +|country={{USA}}
    +|champion=[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]
    +|website=[http://www.nfl.com NFL.com]
    +}}
    +[[Image:NFL teams locations.PNG|thumb|Locations of teams in the NFL]]
    +[[Image:NFL conferences.PNG|thumb|States with AFC team (red), NFC team (blue)]]
    +The '''National Football League''' ('''NFL''') is the largest professional [[American football]] [[Sports league|league]], consisting of thirty-two teams from [[United States|American]] cities and regions. The league's teams are divided into two conferences: the [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) and the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC). Each conference is then further divided into four [[Division (sport)|divisions]] consisting of four teams each, labeled East, West, North, and South. During the league's [[season (sport)|regular season]], each team plays sixteen games over a seventeen-week period consisting of one bye generally from September to November. At the end of each regular season, six teams from each conference play in the [[NFL playoffs]], a twelve-team [[single-elimination tournament]] that culminates with the NFL championship, the [[Super Bowl]]. This game is held at a pre-selected site which is usually a city that hosts an NFL team. One week later, selected all-star players from both the AFC and NFC meet in the [[Pro Bowl]], currently held in [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]].
    +
    +The NFL was formed in [[1920 in sports|1920]] as the '''American Professional Football Association''' (it adopted the name National Football League in [[1922 in sports|1922]]). The NFL is one of the [[major professional sports league]]s of [[North America]].
    +
    +==Teams==
    +There are 32 NFL clubs. Unlike [[Major League Baseball|MLB]], the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] and the [[National Hockey League|NHL]], the league has no teams in [[Canada]] largely because of the presence of [[Canadian football]], a similar but different [[Football|code of football]] than the American version. There are some speculations that with the merger of [[Rogers Communications]] and Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment, the Buffalo Bills or some other team in trouble may move to Toronto.{{cite web | last = Brunt | first = Stephen | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006 | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060925.wbrunt25/CommentStory/Sports | title = Canadian NFL team may not be such a long shot | format = | work = Globe and Mail | publisher = Bell Globemedia | accessdate = 2006-10-18}}
    +
    +Most major cities in the United States have one NFL [[professional sports league organization|franchise]], with the exception of the second-largest city, [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], which does not have one either in the city or its [[metropolitan area]], and the seventh-largest city, [[San Antonio, Texas]]. The NFL is able to utilize the possible relocation of a franchise to Los Angeles as a threat, for example when trying to persuade local governments to contribute to the cost of new stadiums for its other franchises.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 2006-04-27 | url = http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6859210 | title = In a league of its own | format = | work = | publisher = The Economist | accessdate = 2006-10-18}} The [[Washington Redskins]] are the most lucrative NFL franchise and is the most lucrative sports team of all U.S. professional sports, valued at approximately $1.4 billion.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2568057
    +| title = Washington Redskins | format = | work = NFL Valuations | publisher = Forbes.com | accessdate = 2006-10-18}}
    +
    +{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"
    +|-
    +| bgcolor="#FF0000" align="center" colspan="5"|[[Image:AmericanFootballConference.png|100px]] '''[[American Football Conference]]'''
    +|-
    +!Division
    +!Team
    +!Stadium
    +!City/Area
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[AFC East|East]]
    +|'''[[Buffalo Bills]]'''
    +|[[Ralph Wilson Stadium]]
    +|[[Orchard Park, New York]] ([[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo area]])
    +|-
    +|'''[[Miami Dolphins]]'''
    +|[[Dolphin Stadium]]
    +|[[Miami Gardens, Florida]] ([[Miami, Florida|Miami area]])
    +|-
    +|'''[[New England Patriots]]'''
    +|[[Gillette Stadium]]
    +|[[Foxborough, Massachusetts]] ([[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston area]])
    +|-
    +|'''[[New York Jets]]'''
    +|[[Giants Stadium]]
    +|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey]] ([[New York City|New York City area]])
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[AFC North|North]]
    +|'''[[Baltimore Ravens]]'''
    +|[[M&T Bank Stadium]]
    +|[[Baltimore, Maryland]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Cincinnati Bengals]]'''
    +|[[Paul Brown Stadium]]
    +|[[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Cleveland Browns]]'''
    +|[[Cleveland Browns Stadium]]
    +|[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Pittsburgh Steelers]]'''
    +|[[Heinz Field]]
    +|[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[AFC South|South]]
    +|'''[[Houston Texans]]'''
    +|[[Reliant Stadium]]
    +|[[Houston, Texas]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Indianapolis Colts]]'''
    +|[[RCA Dome]]
    +|[[Indianapolis, Indiana]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Jacksonville Jaguars]]'''
    +|[[ALLTEL Stadium]]
    +|[[Jacksonville, Florida]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Tennessee Titans]]'''
    +|[[LP Field]]
    +|[[Nashville, Tennessee]]
    +|-
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[AFC West|West]]
    +|'''[[Denver Broncos]]'''
    +|[[INVESCO Field at Mile High]]
    +|[[Denver, Colorado]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Kansas City Chiefs]]'''
    +|[[Arrowhead Stadium]]
    +|[[Kansas City, Missouri]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Oakland Raiders]]'''
    +|[[McAfee Coliseum]]
    +|[[Oakland, California]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[San Diego Chargers]]'''
    +|[[Qualcomm Stadium]]
    +|[[San Diego, California]]
    +|-
    +| bgcolor="#0000FF" align="center" colspan="5"|[[Image:NationalFootballConference.png|100px]] '''[[National Football Conference]]'''
    +|-
    +!Division
    +!Team
    +!Stadium
    +!City/Area
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[NFC East|East]]
    +|'''[[Dallas Cowboys]]'''
    +|[[Texas Stadium]]
    +|[[Irving, Texas]] ([[Dallas, Texas|Dallas area]])
    +|-
    +|'''[[New York Giants]]'''
    +|[[Giants Stadium]]
    +|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey]] ([[New York City|New York City area]])
    +|-
    +|'''[[Philadelphia Eagles]]'''
    +|[[Lincoln Financial Field]]
    +|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Washington Redskins]]'''
    +|[[FedEx Field]]
    +|[[Landover, Maryland]] ([[Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C. area]])
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[NFC North|North]]
    +|'''[[Chicago Bears]]'''
    +|[[Soldier Field]]
    +|[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Detroit Lions]]'''
    +|[[Ford Field]]
    +|[[Detroit, Michigan]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Green Bay Packers]]'''
    +|[[Lambeau Field]]
    +|[[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Minnesota Vikings]]'''
    +|[[Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome|Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome]]
    +|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]]
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[NFC South|South]]
    +|'''[[Atlanta Falcons]]'''
    +|[[Georgia Dome]]
    +|[[Atlanta, Georgia]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Carolina Panthers]]'''
    +|[[Bank of America Stadium]]
    +|[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[New Orleans Saints]]'''
    +|[[Louisiana Superdome]]
    +|[[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]'''
    +|[[Raymond James Stadium]]
    +|[[Tampa, Florida]]
    +|-
    +|-
    +! rowspan="4" | [[NFC West|West]]
    +|'''[[Arizona Cardinals]]'''
    +|[[University of Phoenix Stadium]]
    +|[[Glendale, Arizona]] ([[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix area]])
    +|-
    +|'''[[St. Louis Rams]]'''
    +|[[Edward Jones Dome ]]
    +|[[St. Louis, Missouri]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[San Francisco 49ers]]'''
    +|[[Monster Park]]
    +|[[San Francisco, California]]
    +|-
    +|'''[[Seattle Seahawks]]'''
    +|[[Qwest Field]]
    +|[[Seattle, Washington]]
    +|}
    +
    +==Season structure==
    +
    +As of 2006, The NFL season features:
    +*A 4-game [[National Football League exhibition season|exhibition season]] (or preseason) running from late July to late August
    +*A 16-game, 17-week [[Regular Season (NFL)|regular season]] running from September to December
    +*A 12-team [[NFL_Playoffs|playoff tournament]] beginning in January culminating in the [[Super Bowl]] in early February.
    +
    +===Exhibition season===
    +
    +{{main|National Football League exhibition season}}
    +
    +Summers see most NFL teams playing four [[exhibition game]]s (referred to by the NFL as "preseason games;" the league discourages the use of the term "exhibition game") from early August through early September. Two "featured" preseason games, the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame Game]] and [[American Bowl]], do not count toward the normal allotment of four games, so the four teams playing in those games each end up playing five exhibition games.
    +
    +The games are useful for new players that are not used to playing in front of very large crowds. Management often uses the games to evaluate newly signed players. Veteran players will generally play only for about a quarter of each game so they can avoid injury.
    +
    +===Regular Season===
    +
    +{{main|Regular Season (NFL)}}
    +
    +The NFL season begins the weekend after [[Labor Day (United States)|Labor Day]]. Each team plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Traditionally, every game is played on Sunday afternoon with the exception of [[Sunday Night Football|one game each week being played on Sunday night]], and another game being played on Monday night, known as ''[[Monday Night Football]]''. For the last few weeks of the regular season (after the [[NCAA football]] regular season has concluded), the league typically schedules several nationally-televised games on Saturday or Thursday evenings.
    +
    +Currently, each team's 16-game regular season schedule is set using a pre-determined formula:
    +
    +[[Image:NFL Schedule Sample.PNG|thumb|right|386px|A sample scheduling grid, with a single team's (the Browns) schedule highlighted. Under this hypothetical schedule, the Browns would play the teams in blue twice and the teams in yellow once, for a total of 16 games]]
    +*Each team plays the other three teams in their division ''twice'': once at home, and once on the road (six games).
    +*Each team plays the four teams from another division within its own conference ''once'' on a rotating three-year cycle: two at home, and two on the road (four games).
    +*Each team plays the four teams from a division in the other conference ''once'' on a rotating four-year cycle: two at home, and two on the road (four games).
    +*Each team plays ''once'' against the other teams in its conference that finished in the same place in their own divisions as themselves, not counting the division they were already scheduled to play: one at home, one on the road (two games).
    +
    +This schedule guarantees that all teams will play in every other team's stadium at least once every eight years.
    +{{clr}}
    +
    +===Playoffs===
    +
    +{{main|NFL playoffs}}
    +
    +The season concludes with a 12-team tournament used to determine the teams to play in the [[Super Bowl]]. The [[Bracket (tournament)|tournament brackets]] are made up of six teams from each of the league's two conferences, the [[American Football Conference]] (AFC) and the [[National Football Conference]] (NFC), following the end of the 16-game regular season:
    +
    +[[Image:NFL playoff tree.PNG|thumb|right|400px|The NFL Playoffs. Each of the 4 division winners is seeded 1-4 based on their W-L-T records. The two wildcard teams (labeled Wild Card 1 and 2) are seeded 5th and 6th (with the better of the two having seed 5) regardless of their records compared to the 4 division winners.]]
    +
    +*The four division champions from each conference (the team in each division with the best regular season won-lost-tied record), which are [[Single-elimination tournament#Seeding|seeded]] 1 through 4 based on their regular season won-lost-tied record.
    +*Two [[Wild card (sports)#National Football League|wild card]] qualifiers (those non-division champions with the conference's best won-lost-tied percentages), which are seeded 5 and 6.
    +
    +The 3 and the 6 seeded teams, and the 4 and the 5 seeds, face each other during the first round of the playoffs, dubbed the '''Wild Card Playoffs''' (the league in recent years has also used the term '''Wild Card Weekend'''). The 1 and the 2 seeds from each conference receive a ''[[bye]]'' in the first round, which entitles these teams to automatically advance to the second round, the '''Divisional Playoff''' games, to face the Wild Card survivors. In any given playoff round, the highest surviving seed always plays the lowest surviving seed . And in any given playoff game, whoever has the higher seed gets the home field advantage (i.e. the game is held at the higher seed's home field).
    +
    +{{clr}}
    +
    +The two surviving teams from the Divisional Playoff games meet in '''Conference Championship''' games, with the winners of those contests going on to face one another in the [[Super Bowl]].
    +
    +==Television schedule==
    +{{Details|NFL on television}}
    +The television rights to the NFL are the most lucrative and expensive rights not only of any American sport, but of any American entertainment property. With the fragmentation of audiences due to the increased specialization of broadcast and cable TV networks, sports remain one of the few entertainment properties that not only can guarantee a large and diversified audience, but an audience that will watch in real time.
    +
    +Annually, the Super Bowl often ranks among the most watched shows of the year. Four of [[Nielsen Media Research]]'s top 10 programs are Super Bowls[http://www.nielsenmedia.com/ratings/topnetworktelecasts.htm Nielson's Top 10 Ratings: Top 10 Network Telecasts of All Time]. Networks have purchased a share of the broadcasting rights to the NFL as a means of raising the entire network's profile. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060906.gtnbc06/BNStory/Technology/home '''McKenna, Barrie''' "NBC hoping NFL, Internet will lead comeback", globeandmail.com, retrieved on October 30, 2006]
    +
    +Under the current television contracts, which began during the 2006 season, regular season games are broadcast on 5 networks: [[CBS]], [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]], [[NBC]], [[ESPN]], and The [[NFL Network]]. Regionally shown games are broadcast on Sundays on CBS and Fox. These games generally air at 1:00PM ET and 4:00PM or 4:15PM ET. Nationally televised games include [[NBC Sunday Night Football|Sunday night games]] (shown on NBC) [[ESPN Monday Night Football|Monday night games]] (shown on ESPN), the Thursday night NFL Kickoff Game, the annual [[Dallas Cowboys]] and [[Detroit Lions]] [[Thanksgiving Classic|Thanksgiving Day games]], and starting in 2006, select Thursday and Saturday games to be shown on the NFL network, a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Football League.[http://www.nfl.com/tvradio NFL TV and Radio Broadcast Partner Schedule, NFL.com] [http://www.nfl.com/nflnetwork/story/9398370 "Bryant Gumbel, Cris Collinsworth to announce NFL Network games", NFL News, NFL.com, April 26, 2006]
    +
    +Additionally, satellite broadcast company [[DirecTV]] offers NFL Sunday Ticket, a subscription based package, that allows most Sunday daytime regional games to be watched.[http://www.directv.com/DTVAPP/global/contentPage.jsp?assetId=900046 NFL Sunday Ticket] [http://www.nfl.com/ticket NFL Sunday Ticket] This package is exclusive to DirecTV in the USA. In Canada, NFL Sunday Ticket is available on a per-provider distribution deal on both cable and satellite.
    +
    +==Radio Schedule==
    +
    +Each NFL team has its own radio network and employs its announcers. Nationally, the NFL is heard on the [[Westwood One]] Radio Network and on Sports USA Radio. Westwood One carries Sunday and Monday Night Football, all Thursday games, two Sunday afternoon contests and all post-season games, including the Pro Bowl. Sports USA Radio broadcasts two Sunday afternoon games every Sunday during the regular season.[http://www.nfl.com/tvradio NFL TV and Radio Broadcast Partner Schedule, NFL.com]
    +
    +The NFL also has a contract with [[Sirius Satellite Radio]], which provides news, analysis, commentary and game coverage for all games.[http://www.nfl.com/tvradio NFL TV and Radio Broadcast Partner Schedule, NFL.com]
    +
    +==Player contracts and compensation==
    +
    +NFL players are all members of a [[labor union|union]] called the [[National Football League Players Association]] (NFLPA). The NFLPA negotiates the general minimum contract for all players in the league. This contract is called the [[collective bargaining|Collective Bargaining Agreement]] (CBA), and it is the central document that governs the negotiation of individual player contracts for all of the league's players. The current CBA has been in place since 1993, and amended in 1998. The NFL has not had any labor-related work stoppages since the 1987 season, which is much longer than [[Major League Baseball]], the [[NBA]] or the [[NHL]]. The current CBA expires at the end of the 2006 season. [http://www.nflpa.org/CBA/CBA_Complete.aspx COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NFL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL AND THE NFL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION, nflpa.org, As amended February 25, 1998]
    +
    +Players are tiered into three different levels with regards to their rights to negotiate for contracts:
    +*Players that have been drafted (see below), and have not yet played in their first year, may only negotiate with the team that drafted them. [http://www.nflpa.org/CBA/CBA_Complete.aspx COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NFL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL AND THE NFL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION, nflpa.org, As amended February 25, 1998] If terms cannot be agreed upon, the players only recourse is to refuse to play ("sit out") until terms can be reached. Players often use the threat of sitting out as a means to force the hands of the teams that drafted them. For example, [[John Elway]] was drafted by the [[Baltimore Colts]] in 1983 but refused to play for them. The Colts traded his rights to the [[Denver Broncos]] and Elway agreed to play.[http://www.johnelway.com/bio.aspx The Life and Football Career of John Elway, johnelway.com] [[Bo Jackson]] sat out an entire year in 1986 rather than play for the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] who had drafted him. He reentered the draft the following year, and was drafted and subsequently signed with the [[Los Angeles Raiders]]. [http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/classic/bio/news/story?page=Jackson_Bo '''Flatter, Ron''' "Bo knows stardom and disappointment", ESPN.com CLASSIC/BIO, March 6, 2006]
    +*Players that have played between 3-5 full seasons in the league, and whose contract has expired are considered "Restricted Free Agents" (see below). They have limited rights to negotiate with any club. [http://www.nflpa.org/CBA/CBA_Complete.aspx COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NFL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL AND THE NFL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION, nflpa.org, As amended February 25, 1998]
    +*Players that have played 5 or more full seasons in the league, and whose contract has expired, are considered "Unrestricted Free Agents"(see below) and have unlimited rights to negotiate with any club. Teams may name a single player in any given year as a "Franchise Player"(see below), which eliminates much of that players negotiation rights. This is a limited right of the team, however, and affects only a small handful of players each year.[http://www.nflpa.org/CBA/CBA_Complete.aspx COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NFL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL AND THE NFL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION, nflpa.org, As amended February 25, 1998]
    +
    +Among the items covered in the CBA are:
    +
    +*The league minimum salary
    +*The salary cap
    +*The annual collegiate draft
    +*Rules regarding "free agency"
    +*Waiver rules
    +
    +===Salaries===
    +
    +A player's salary, as defined by the [http://www.nflpa.org/CBA/CBA_Complete.aspx CBA], includes any "compensation in money, property, investments, loans or anything else of value to which an NFL player" excluding such benefits as insurance and pension. A salary can includes an annual pay and a one-time "signing bonus" which is paid in full when the player signs their contract. For the purposes of the salary cap (see below) the signing bonus is pro-rated over the life of the contract rather than to the year in which the signing bonus is paid.
    +
    +Player contracts are ''not'' guaranteed; teams are only required to pay on the contract as long as the player remains a member of the team. If the player is cut, or quits, for any reason, the balance of the contract is voided and the player receives no further compensation. [http://askthecommish.com/salarycap/faq.asp Salary Cap FAQ, askthecommish.com, retrieved October 30, 2006]
    +
    +{{clr}}
    +{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:1em 0 1em 1em"
    +|-
    +!Years Experience
    +!Minimum Salary [http://askthecommish.com/salarycap/faq.asp Salary Cap FAQ, askthecommish.com, retreived October 30, 2006]
    +|-
    +|0
    +|$260,000
    +|-
    +|1
    +|$305,000
    +|-
    +|2
    +|$380,000
    +|-
    +|3
    +|$455,000
    +|-
    +|4-6
    +|$540,000
    +|-
    +|7-9
    +|$665,000
    +|-
    +|10+
    +|$765,000
    +|}
    +Among other things, the CBA establishes a minimum salary for its players [http://askthecommish.com/salarycap/faq.asp Salary Cap FAQ, askthecommish.com, retreived October 30, 2006], which is stepped-up as a player's years of experience increase. Players and their agents may negotiate with clubs for higher salaries, and frequently do. As of the 2005 NFL season, the highest paid player was [[Atlanta Falcons]] quarterback [[Michael Vick]], whose "cap value" was slightly under $8 million.[http://asp.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/salaries/playerdetail.aspx?player=2367 USATODAY Player Salaries Database -- Detail for Michael Vick retrieved October 30, 2006] The overall value of his contract is 10 years at $130 million, averaging $13 million a year, including signing bonuses and annual salary [http://www.sptimes.com/2004/12/24/Sports/Vick_becomes_highest_.shtml "Vick becomes highest-paid player", St. Petersburg Times, December 24, 2004, retrieved October 30, 3006]
    +
    +===Salary cap===
    +
    +The '''salary cap''' is defined as the maximum amount that a team may spend on player compensation, (see above) for all of its players combined. Unlike other leagues, like the [[NBA]] (which has certain exemptions) or [[Major League Baseball]] (which has a "soft cap" enforced by "luxury taxes"), the NFL has a "hard cap", that is no team, for any reason, may go over the cap.
    +
    +The NFL salary cap is calculated by a formula. It is defined by the current CBA to be 59.5% of the total projected league revenue for the upcoming year. This number, divided by the number of teams, determines an individual teams maximum salary cap. For 2006, this is approximately $102 million per team. For 2007, it is projected that this will rise to $109 million. [http://askthecommish.com/salarycap/faq.asp Salary Cap FAQ, askthecommish.com, retreived October 30, 2006]
    +
    +Teams and players often find creative ways to fit salaries under the salary cap. Early in the salary cap era, "signing bonuses" were used to give players a large chunk of money up front, and thus not count in the salary for the bulk of the contract. This led to a rule whereby all signing bonus are ''pro-rated'' equally for each year of the contract. Thus a player who receives a $10 million dollar signing bonus for a 5 year contract would count $2 million per year for the life of the contract, even though the full $10 million was paid up front during the first year of the contract. Also, if a team cuts any player, the signing bonus ceases to be pro-rated, and the entire balance of the bonus counts against the cap in the upcoming season. This is not true of a player's ''salary'' which terminates when the player is cut. [http://askthecommish.com/salarycap/faq.asp Salary Cap FAQ, askthecommish.com, retrieved October 30, 2006]
    +
    +Player contracts tend to be "back-loaded". This means that the contract is not divided equally among the time period it covers. Instead, the player earns progressively more and more each year. For instance, a player signing a 4-year deal worth $10 million may get paid $1 million the first year, $2 million the second year, $3 million the third year, and $4 million the fourth year. If a team cuts a player after the first year, the final 3 years do not count against the cap. However, the balance of any signing bonus still counts against the team that cut the player, and it counts ''in full'' the year after the player is cut. [http://askthecommish.com/salarycap/faq.asp Salary Cap FAQ, askthecommish.com, retrieved October 30, 2006]
    +
    +===The NFL draft===
    +{{Details|NFL Draft}}
    +Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as "[[NFL draft|the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting]]", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft.
    +
    +Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so on. The exceptions to this order is that the Super Bowl champion ''always'' picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser ''always'' picks 31st.[http://football.about.com/od/miscinformation/a/detdraftorder.htm '''Alder, James''', "NFL Draft Basics:Determining Order of Selection", football.about.com, Retreived November 2, 2006]
    +
    +The draft proceeds for 7 rounds. Rounds 1-3 are run on Saturday of draft weekend, rounds 4-7 are run on Sunday. Teams are given a limited amount of time to make their picks.[http://football.about.com/library/weekly/bl_drafttimelimits.htm "NFL Draft Basics:Time Limits by Round football.about.com, retrieved November 2, 2006] If the pick is not made in the allotted time, subsequent teams in the draft may draft before them. This happened in 2003 to the Minnesota Vikings, much to their own embarrassment.[http://espn.go.com/nfl/overview/vikings2003.html '''Black, James C.''' " Offseason Overview: Minnesota Vikings" May 29, 2003, ESPN.com, retrieved November 2, 2006]
    +
    +Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof. While player-for-player trades are rare during the rest of the year (especially in comparison to the other major league sports), trades are far more common on draft day. In 1989, in arguably the most famous draft day trade ever, the [[Dallas Cowboys]] traded running back [[Herschel Walker]] to the [[Minnesota Vikings]] for five veteran players and six draft picks over 3 years. The Cowboys would use these picks to leverage trades for additional draft picks and veteran players. As a direct result of this trade, they would draft many of the stars that would help them win 3 Super Bowls in the 1990's, including [[Emmitt Smith]], [[Russell Maryland]] and [[Darren Woodson]].[http://vikings.scout.com/2/11653.html "The Herschel Walker Trade", Scout.com, Retrieved November 2, 2006]
    +
    +The first pick in the draft is often taken to be the best overall player in the rookie class. This may or may not be true, since teams often select players more based on needs than on overall skill. Plus, comparing players at different positions is difficult to do. Still, it is considered a great honor to be a first-round pick, and a greater honor to be the first overall pick. The very last pick in the draft is known as [[Mr. Irrelevant]], and is the subject of a dinner in his honor in [[Newport Beach, California]].
    +
    +Drafted players may ONLY negotiate with the team that drafted them (or to another team if their rights were traded away). The drafting team has one year to sign the player. If they do not do so, the player may reenter the draft and can be drafted by another team. [[Bo Jackson]] famously sat out a season in this way.[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/classic/bio/news/story?page=Jackson_Bo '''Flatter, Ron''' "Bo knows stardom and disappointment", ESPN.com CLASSIC/BIO, March 6, 2006]
    +
    +{{see|List of NFL first overall draft choices}}
    +
    +===Free agency===
    +{{details|Free Agent#NFL Usage}}
    +
    +As defined by the CBA, a '''free agent''' is any player who is not under contract to any team and thus has fully free rights to negotiate with any other team for new contract terms. [http://www.nflpa.org/CBA/CBA_Complete.aspx COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NFL MANAGEMENT COUNCIL AND THE NFL PLAYERS ASSOCIATION, nflpa.org, As amended February 25, 1998] [http://www.askthecommish.com/freeagency/ Free Agency 101, askthecommish.com, retrieved November 6, 2006]. Free agents are classified into two categories: ''restricted'' and ''unrestricted''. Furthermore, a team may "tag" a player as a ''franchise'' or ''transition'', which places additional restrictions on that players ability to negotiate. However, the ability to "tag" is quite limited, and only affects a handful of players each year.
    +
    +Free agency in the NFL began with a limited free agency system known as "[[Plan B Free Agency]]", and was in effect for four seasons between 1989 and 1992. Beginning with the 1993 season, [[Free Agent#NFL Usage|"Plan A Free Agency"]] went into effect, which is the system which remains in the NFL today.{{fact}}
    +
    +====Restricted free agent====
    +
    +A player who has more than 3 but less than 5 years of experience is eligible for '''restricted free agency''', whereby his current team has the chance to retain rights to this player by matching the highest offer any other NFL franchise might make to that player. The club can either block a signing or, in essence, force a trade by offering a salary over a certain threshold. In 2006, these thresholds were as follows:
    +*If the a club tenders an offer of $685,000 per year for three year veteran, and $725,000 for a four year veteran, the players current team has "Right of First Refusal" over the contract at those terms, and may sign the player at those terms.
    +*If a club tenders an offer of $712,000 or 110% (whichever is greater) of the previous years salary, then the current club has both "Right of First Refusal" and rights to a draft pick from the same round (or better) from the signing club. Essentially, this means that the new club must forfeit the draft pick to the old club if they wish to sign the player under these terms.
    +*If a club tenders an offer of $1.552 million or 110% (whichever is greater) of the previous years salary, then the current club has both "Right of First Refusal" and rights to the ''first round'' draft pick from the signing club.[http://www.askthecommish.com/freeagency/ Free Agency 101, askthecommish.com, retrieved November 6, 2006]
    +
    +====Unrestricted free agent====
    +
    +A player who has 5 or more years of experience is eligible for '''unrestricted free agency''', whereby his current team has no guaranteed right to match outside offers to that player. This means that players in this category have unlimited rights to negotiate any terms with any team.[http://www.askthecommish.com/freeagency/ Free Agency 101, askthecommish.com, retrieved November 6, 2006]
    +
    +====Franchise tag====
    +
    +The '''franchise tag''' designation given to a player by a franchise that guarantees that player a contract the average of the five highest-paid players of that same position in the entire league, or 120% of the player previous year's salary (whichever is greater) in return for retaining rights to that player for one year. An NFL franchise may only designate one player a year as having the franchise tag, and may designate the same player for consecutive years. This has caused some tension between some NFL franchise designees and their respective teams due to the fact that a player designated as a franchise player precludes that player from pursuing large signing bonuses that are common in unrestricted free agency, and also prevents a player from leaving the team, especially when the reasons for leaving are not necessarily financial. A team may designate no more than one player as a "franchise player" in any one given year. A team may, at their discretion, allow the franchise player to negotiate with other clubs, but if they sign with another club, the first club is entitled to ''two'' first round draft picks in compensation. [http://www.askthecommish.com/freeagency/ Free Agency 101, askthecommish.com, retreived November 6, 2006]
    +
    +====Transition tag====
    +
    +The '''transition tag''' is a less restrictive version of the franchise tag, in that the team only retains "rights of first refusal" rather than exclusive contract rights. While the franchise tag prevents players from negotiating with other teams, the transition tag allows a player to negotiate, but gives the previous employer the right to match another teams offer to retain the player, if they so choose. In order to apply the transition tag, the prior franchise must tender an offer of the average of the ten highest-paid players of that same position in the entire league, or 120% of the player previous year's salary (whichever is greater). A team may designate one player per year as a "transition player" [http://www.askthecommish.com/freeagency/ Free Agency 101, askthecommish.com, retrieved November 6, 2006]
    +
    +==History==
    +{{see|History of American football}}
    +[[Image:NFL 1960.gif|thumb|right|150px|National Football League logo ([[1960]]-[[1969]])]]
    +Like the American college football game from which it sprung, NFL football is a descendant of [[rugby football]], which was imported to the United States from Canada in 1874, and then transformed into American college football after McGill University in Montreal invited Harvard University to Quebec to play a new Canadian version of "rugby football". Professional football in the United States dates at least to 1892, when an athletic club in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] paid [[William Heffelfinger|William "Pudge" Heffelfinger]] $500 to take part in a game. Over the next few decades, while most attention was paid to football at elite colleges on the East Coast, the professional game spread widely in the Midwest, particularly in Ohio where in 1903 the [[Massillon, Ohio|Massillon]] Tigers, a strong amateur team, hired four Pittsburgh pros to play in their season-ending game against Akron.
    +
    +The American Professional Football Association was founded in 1920 at a [[Hupmobile]] dealership in [[Canton, Ohio]]. Legendary athlete [[Jim Thorpe]] was elected president. The group of eleven teams, all but one in the Midwest, was originally less a league than an agreement not to rob other teams' players. In the early years, APFA members continued to play non-APFA teams.
    +
    +In 1921, the APFA began releasing official standings, and the following year, the group changed its name to the National Football League. However, the NFL was hardly a major league in the '20s. Teams entered and left the league frequently. Franchises included such colorful representatives as the [[LaRue, Ohio]] [[Oorang Indians]], an all-[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] outfit that also put on a performing dog show.
    +
    +Yet as former college stars like [[Red Grange]] and [[Benny Friedman]] began to test the professional waters, the pro game slowly began to increase in popularity. By 1934 all of the small-town teams, with the exception of the [[Green Bay Packers]], had moved to or been replaced by big cities. One factor in the league's rising popularity was the institution of an annual [[National Football League championships|championship game]] in 1933.
    +
    +By the end of [[World War II]], pro football began to rival the college game for fans' attention. The spread of the [[T formation]] led to a faster-paced, higher-scoring game that attracted record numbers of fans. In 1945, the [[Cleveland Rams]] moved to [[Los Angeles]], becoming the first big-league sports franchise on the West Coast. In 1950, the NFL accepted three teams from the defunct [[All-America Football Conference]], expanding to thirteen clubs.
    +
    +In the 1950s, pro football finally earned its place as a major sport. The NFL embraced television, giving Americans nationwide a chance to follow stars like [[Bobby Layne]], [[Paul Hornung]], [[Otto Graham]], and [[Johnny Unitas]]. The 1958 NFL championship in [[New York City|New York]] drew record TV viewership and made national celebrities out of Unitas and his [[Baltimore Colts]] teammates.
    +
    +The rise of professional football was so fast that by the mid-[[1960s|'60s]], it had surpassed [[baseball]] as Americans' favorite spectator sport in some surveys. As more people wanted to cash in on this surge of popularity than the NFL could accommodate, a rival league, the [[American Football League]] (AFL), was founded in 1960.
    +
    +The AFL introduced features that the NFL did not have, such as wider-open passing offenses, players' names on their jerseys, and an official clock visible to fans so that they knew the time remaining in a period (the NFL kept time by a game referee's watch, and only periodically announced the actual time). The newer league also secured itself financially after it established the precedents for gate and television [[revenue sharing]] between all of its teams, and [[network television]] broadcasts all of its games.
    +
    +The AFL also forced the NFL to expand: The [[Dallas Cowboys]] were created to counter the AFL's [[Dallas Texans (AFL)|Dallas Texans]]. The Texans moved the franchise to Kansas City as the Chiefs in 1963; the [[Minnesota Vikings]] were the NFL franchise given to Max Winter for abandoning the AFL; and the [[Atlanta Falcons]] franchise went to Rankin Smith to dissuade him from purchasing the AFL's [[Miami Dolphins]].
    +
    +The ensuing costly war for players between the NFL and AFL almost derailed the sport's ascent. By 1966, the leagues agreed to [[AFL-NFL Merger|merge]] as of the 1970 season. The ten AFL teams joined three existing NFL teams to form the NFL's [[American Football Conference]]. The remaining thirteen NFL teams became the [[National Football Conference]]. Another result of the merger was the creation of an AFL-NFL Championship game that for four years determined the so-called "World Championship of Professional Football". After the merger, the then-renamed [[Super Bowl]] became the NFL's championship game.
    +
    +In the 1970s and [[1980s|'80s]], the NFL solidified its dominance as America's top spectator sport and its important role in American culture. The Super Bowl became an unofficial national holiday and the top-rated TV program most years. [[Monday Night Football]], which first aired in 1970 brought in high ratings by mixing sports and entertainment. Rules changes in the late 1970s ensured a fast-paced game with lots of passing to attract the casual fan.
    +
    +The founding of the [[United States Football League]] in the early 1980s was the biggest challenge to the NFL in the post-merger era. The USFL was a well-financed competitor with big-name players and a national television contract. However, the USFL failed to make money and folded after three years.
    +
    +In recent years, the NFL has expanded into new markets and ventures. In 1986, the league began holding a series of pre-season exhibition games, called [[American Bowl]]s, held at international sites outside the United States. Then in 1991, the league formed the World League of American Football, (now [[NFL Europe]]), a developmental league now with teams in [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]]. The league played a regular-season NFL game in [[Mexico City]] in 2005 and intends to play more such games in other countries. In 2003, the NFL launched its own cable-television channel, [[NFL Network]].
    +
    +===Franchise relocations and mergers===
    +{{details|NFL franchise moves and mergers}}
    +
    +In the early years, the league was not stable and teams moved frequently. Franchise mergers were popular during [[World War II]] in response to the scarcity of players.
    +
    +Franchise moves became far more controversial in the late [[20th century]] when a vastly more popular NFL, free from financial instability, allowed many franchises to abandon long-held strongholds for perceived financially greener pastures. While owners invariably cited financial difficulties as the primary factor in such moves, many fans bitterly disputed these contentions, especially in [[Cleveland Rams|Cleveland]], [[Baltimore Colts|Baltimore]], [[Houston Oilers|Houston]] and [[St. Louis Cardinals|St. Louis]], each of which eventually received teams some years after their original franchises left (the [[Cleveland Browns|Browns]], [[Baltimore Ravens|Ravens]],[[Houston Texans|Texans]] and the [[St. Louis Rams|Rams]] respectively). However, [[Los Angeles]], the second-largest [[media market]] in the United States, [[NFL in Los Angeles|has not had an NFL team since 1994]] after both the [[Oakland Raiders|Raiders]] and the [[St. Louis Rams|Rams]] relocated elsewhere.
    +
    +Additionally, with the increasing [[suburbanization]] of the U.S., the building of new stadiums and other team facilities in the [[suburb]]s instead of the central city became popular from the 1970s on, though at the [[2000|turn of the millennium]] a reverse shift back to the central city became somewhat evident.
    +
    +==Video games==
    +[[Electronic Arts]] publishes an NFL video game for current [[video game console]]s and for PCs each year, called ''[[Madden NFL]]'', being named after former coach and current football commentator [[John Madden (football)|John Madden]]. Prior to the 2005-2006 football season, other NFL games were produced by competing [[video game publisher]]s, such as [[2K Games]] and [[Midway Games]]. However, in December 2004, Electronic Arts signed a five-year exclusive agreement with the NFL, meaning only Electronic Arts will be permitted to publish games featuring NFL team and player names.
    +
    +==Commissioners and presidents==
    +#President [[Jim Thorpe]] ([[1920]]-1921){{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.footballresearch.com/articles/frpage.cfm?topic=1921b | title = 1921 Once more, with feeling | format = | work = | publisher = Professional Football Researchers Association | accessdate = 2006-10-18}}
    +#President [[Joseph Carr]] ([[1921]]-1939)
    +#President [[Carl Storck]] ([[1939]]-1941)
    +#Commissioner [[Elmer Layden]] ([[1941]]-1946)
    +#Commissioner [[Bert Bell]] ([[1946]]-1959)
    +#Interim President [[Austin Gunsel]] ([[1959]]-1960, following death of Bell)
    +#Commissioner [[Pete Rozelle|Alvin "Pete" Rozelle]] ([[1960]]-1989)
    +#Commissioner [[Paul Tagliabue]] ([[1989]]-2006)
    +#Commissioner [[Roger Goodell]] ([[2006]]-present)''
    +
    +==Main League offices==
    +*[[Canton, Ohio]] (1920-1921)
    +*[[Columbus, Ohio]] (1921-1941)
    +*[[Chicago]] (1941-1946)
    +*[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] (1946-1960)
    +*[[New York City]] (1960-present)
    +
    +==Uniform numbers==
    +
    +{{main|Squad number}}
    +
    +In the NFL, players wear [[Squad number|uniform numbers]] based on the position they play. The current system was instituted into the league on [[April 5]], [[1973]][http://football.about.com/cs/football101/a/bl_numbersystem.htm NFL uniform numbering system], as a means for fans and officials (referees, linesmen) to more easily identify players on the field by their position. Players who were already in the league at that date were [[grandfather clause|grandfathered]], and did not have to change their uniform numbers if they didn't conform. Since that date, players are invariably assigned numbers within the following ranges, based on their primary position:
    +
    +* Quarterbacks, placekickers and punters, and other specialists: 1-19
    +* Wide receivers: 10-19, 80-89
    +* Running backs and defensive backs: 20-49
    +* Offensive linemen: 50-79
    +* Linebackers: 50-59 and 90-99
    +* Defensive linemen: 60-79 and 90-99
    +* Tight ends: 80-89, or 40-49 if all are taken
    +
    +Prior to 2004, wide receivers were allowed to only wear numbers 80-89. [http://football.about.com/od/nationalfootballleague/a/04rulechanges.htm 2004 NFL Rules changes] The NFL changed the rule that year to allow wide receivers to wear numbers 10-19 to allow for the increased number of players at wide receiver and tight end coming into the league. Prior to that, players were only allowed to wear non-standard numbers if their team had run out of numbers within the prescribed number range. Perhaps most familiar to fans, [[Keyshawn Johnson]] began wearing number 19 in 1996 because the [[New York Jets]] had run out of numbers in the 80s.
    +
    +Occasionally, players will petition the NFL to allow them to wear a number that is not in line with the numbering system. In 2006, [[New Orleans Saints]] running back [[Reggie Bush]] petitioned the NFL to let him keep the number 5 which he used at [[University of Southern California|USC]]. His request was later denied[http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2455586 '''Clayton, John''' "NFL won't change numbering system for Bush", ESPN.com, May 23, 2006].
    +
    +It should be noted that this NFL numbering system is based on a player's ''primary'' position. Any player wearing any number may play at any position on the field at any time (though players wearing numbers 50-79 must let the referee know that they are playing out of position by reporting as an "ineligible number in an eligible position"). It is not uncommon for running backs to line up at wide receiver on certain plays, or to have a large lineman play at fullback or tight end in short yardage situations. Also, in preseason games, when teams have expanded rosters, players may wear numbers that are outside of the above rules. When the final 53-player roster is established, they are reissued numbers within the above guidelines.
    +
    +==Awards==
    +*[[Vince Lombardi Trophy]]
    +*[[AFC Championship Game|Lamar Hunt Trophy]]
    +*[[NFC Championship Game|George S. Halas Trophy]]
    +*[[NFL Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player]]
    +*[[NFL Coach of the Year Award|Coach of the Year]]
    +*[[NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award|Offensive Player of the Year]]
    +*[[NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award|Defensive Player of the Year]]
    +*[[NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award|Offensive Rookie of the Year]]
    +*[[NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award|Defensive Rookie of the Year]]
    +*[[Super Bowl MVP]]
    +*[[NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award|NFL Comeback Player of the Year]]
    +*[[Walter Payton Man of the Year Award]]
    +*[[Pro Bowl MVP]]
    +
    +===Discontinued awards===
    +*[[AFL All-Star Game MVP]]
    +*[[UPI NFL MVP]]
    +*[[UPI NFC Player of the Year]]
    +*[[UPI AFL-AFC Player of the Year]]
    +*[[UPI NFL-NFC Rookie of the Year]]
    +*[[UPI AFL-AFC Rookie of the Year]]
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[List of American football players]]
    +*[[List of National Football League head coaches|Current NFL coaches]]
    +*[[American football]]
    +*[[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
    +*[[Defunct NFL teams]]
    +*[[List of Professional Football Drafts]]
    +*[[Personal Seat License]]
    +*[[NFL Films]]
    +*[[NFL Network]]
    +*[[Glossary of American football]]
    +*[[NFL Nicknames]]
    +*[[USA Football]]
    +*[[Madden NFL|Madden NFL series]]
    +*[[NFL Street|NFL Street series]]
    +*[[NFL Blitz]]
    +*[[Sports league attendances]]
    +*[[Instant replay]]
    +*[[NFL franchise moves and mergers]]
    +*[[NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team]]
    +*[[NFL All-Decade Teams]]
    +*[[Bang Cartoon]]
    +===Pre-seasons===
    +*[[American Bowl]]
    +*[[Pro Football Hall of Fame Game]]
    +===Regular seasons===
    +*[[List of NFL seasons]]
    +*[[List of NFL tied games]] (since 1974)
    +*[[National Football League Lore|NFL Lore]]
    +*[[National Football League: Last to First]]
    +*[[Significant rivalries in the NFL]]
    +*[[Thanksgiving Classic]]
    +===Postseasons===
    +*[[NFL playoffs]]
    +*[[List of NFL champions]]
    +*[[Super Bowl]]
    +*[[List of Super Bowl champions]]
    +*[[Pro Bowl]]
    +*[[Professional American football championship games|Professional Football Championship Games]]
    +*[[List of Current NFL franchise post-season droughts]]
    +*[[One Game Playoff]]
    +*[[Active NFL playoff appearance streaks]]
    +
    +===Records===
    +*[[NFL Standings since AFL-NFL merger]]
    +*[[NFL records (individual)|NFL Individual Records]]
    +*[[NFL Records (Team)|NFL Team-Oriented Records]]
    +*[[NFL Annual Rushing Leaders]]
    +
    +===Other related leagues===
    +====American football====
    +*[[American Football League]]
    +*[[All-America Football Conference]]
    +*[[NFL Europe]]
    +*[[List of leagues of American football]]
    +
    +==External links==
    +* [http://www.nfl.com Official NFL website]
    +* [http://www.nflplayers.com Official NFL players website]
    +* [http://www.superbowl.com Official Super Bowl website]
    +* [http://www.nfldigest.com NFL Digest]
    +* [http://cbs.sportsline.com/nfl/history NFL History] - Champion and Award Lists
    +* [http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=700 Harris Poll on popularity of the NFL and each individual team]
    +* [http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/30/06nfl_NFL-Team-Valuations_land.html NFL Franchise Valuations]
    +
    +==References==
    +

    +
    +

    +
    +==Further information==
    +*"NFL Scores Nearly $18 Billion in TV Rights", by Stefan Fatsis and Kyle Pope, [[14 January]] [[1998]], ''The Wall Street Journal'' (p. B1) [http://subscribe.wsj.com/microexamples/articlefiles/NFLScoresNearly18BillionInTVRights.doc]
    +*{{cite book | title=2006 NFL Record and Fact Book | publisher=Time Inc. Home Entertainment | id=ISBN 1-933405-32-5}}
    +*{{cite book | title=Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League | publisher=[[Harper Collins]] | id=ISBN 1-933405-32-5}}
    +* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A57668-2005Jan7?language=printer NFL's Economic Model Shows Signs of Strain]
    +* [http://www.footballresearch.com/articles/frpage.cfm?topic=rulesname Professional Football Researchers Association] - detailed descriptions of why many of the rules named after players were enacted.
    +*[http://www.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/hiestand-tv/2006-04-05-nfl-scheduling_x.htm Process of game-time decisions will eliminate TV duds, create chaos] by Michael Hiestand, [[USA Today]], April 5, 2006 (Last accessed April 5, 2006)
    +* [http://www.pro-football-reference.com Pro Football Reference] - Historical stats of every team and player in the NFL.
    +* [http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/ap/2006/08/31/ap2987034.html Five NFL teams worth over $1 billion]
    +* [http://nflbiz.blogspot.com/2006/08/roger-goodell-washington-post-profile.html Roger Goodell: Washington Post Profile]
    +
    +
    +
    +{{NFL}}
    +{{NFL seasons}}
    +{{Profootball}}
    +[[Category:1920 establishments]]
    +[[Category:American football]]
    +[[Category:Cooperatives]]
    +[[Category:National Football League| ]]
    +[[Category:American football leagues]]
    +[[Category:Professional sports leagues]]
    +
    +[[ca:National Football League]]
    +[[da:NFL]]
    +[[de:National Football League]]
    +[[es:National Football League]]
    +[[fr:Ligue nationale de football]]
    +[[it:National Football League]]
    +[[he:NFL]]
    +[[hu:National Football League]]
    +[[nl:National Football League]]
    +[[ja:NFL]]
    +[[no:National Football League]]
    +[[pl:National Football League]]
    +[[pt:National Football League]]
    +[[ru:Национальная футбольная лига]]
    +[[simple:National Football League]]
    +[[fi:NFL]]
    +[[sv:National Football League]]
    +[[th:เอ็นเอฟแอล]]
    +[[zh:國家美式足球聯盟]]
    2013-03-14 19:43:33 90182963 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2420157]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,176 +1,8 @@\n
    -The '''Ford Falcon''' is a [[automobile|car]] manufactured by [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] since [[1960]]. It was once manufactured in the [[USA]], [[Canada]], [[Argentina]], [[Mexico]], [[Australia]] and [[Chile]], and was also assembled in many other countries. The Falcon remains Ford's most popular model in [[Australia]], which is also the only country in which new Falcons are now built. If sales figures from all countries are combined the Falcon is one of the biggest selling names in world automotive history.[http://www.falconclub.com/story.html]

    -==Falcons in North America==
    -[[Image:Fronten60.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The 1960 Frontenac, which was essentially a re-badged Falcon for the Canadian market.]]Historically, the Big Three auto manufacturers, ([[General Motors Corporation|GM]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] and [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]]), focused purely on the larger and more profitable vehicles in the US and Canadian markets. Towards the end of the [[1950s]], all three manufacturers realised that that former strategy would no longer work. Large automobiles were becoming increasingly expensive thanks to wage inflation, making smaller European cars such as [[Volvo Cars|Volvo]]s and [[Volkswagen]]s increasingly attractive. Furthermore, many American families were now in the market for a second car, and market research showed that women especially thought that the full-size car had grown too large and cumbersome. At the same time, that research showed that many buyers would prefer to buy US or Canadian if the domestic manufacturers offered a smaller, cheaper car. Thus, all three introduced [[compact car]]s: the Valiant from Chrysler (becoming the [[Plymouth Valiant]] in [[1961]]), the rear-engined [[Chevrolet Corvair]], and the Ford Falcon. Competition also came from smaller [[Studebaker]], with the [[Studebaker Lark|Lark]], and AMC with its [[Rambler (car)|Rambler]] line.

    -By American standards of the [[1960s]], the Falcon was a small car, but elsewhere it was considered a mid-size car. It was powered by a small, lightweight 90 hp (67 kW), 144 in³ (2.4 L) [[straight-6]] with a single-barrel [[carburetor]]. Construction was [[unibody]], and suspension was fairly standard; [[coil spring]]s in front, [[leaf spring]]s in the rear. There was room for six passengers in reasonable comfort in the simple interior. Body styles available at launch were two and four-door [[sedan]]s, two or four-door [[station wagon]]s, and the [[Ford Ranchero]] car-based pickup, transferred onto the Falcon platform for 1960.
    +==Your edit to [[:Queen City Yacht Club]]==
    +Your recent edit to [[:Queen City Yacht Club]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_City_Yacht_Club&diff=90182565&oldid=56849018 diff]) was reverted by an '''automated bot''' that attempts to recognize and repair [[Wikipedia:vandalism|vandalism]] to Wikipedia articles. If the bot reverted a legitimate edit, please accept my humble creator's apologies – if you bring it to the attention of the bot's owner, we may be able to improve its behavior. '''[[User:AntiVandalBot/FAQ|Click here]]''' for '''frequently asked questions''' about the bot and this warning. // [[User:AntiVandalBot|AntiVandalBot]] 07:33, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

    -[[Image:Ford Falcon 500px.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1963 Ford Falcon Futura Convertible]]In [[1960]], [[Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited|Ford's Canadian subsidiary]] introduced the Falcon-based [[Frontenac (automobile)|Frontenac]] in order to give [[Mercury automobile|Mercury]] and [[Meteor (car)|Meteor]] dealers a smaller model to sell. Produced for the [[1960]] model year only, the Frontenac was essentially a re-badged 1960 Falcon with its own unique grille, tail lights and external trim including red maple leaf insignias. Despite strong sales (5% of Ford's total Canadian output) the Frontenac was discontinued and replaced by the [[Mercury Comet]] for [[1961]].

    +== Regarding your edit to [[Broughty Ferry]] ==

    -
    [[Robert McNamara]], a Ford executive who became Ford's president briefly before being offered the job of US Defense Secretary, is regarded by many as "the father of the Falcon". McNamara left Ford shortly after the Falcon's introduction, but his faith in the concept was vindicated with record sales; over half a million in the first year and hitting over a million sold by the end of the second year.[[Image:1964 Ford Falcon.jpg|right|thumb|200px|1964 Ford Falcon]]
    -
    -The [[1961]] model year introduced an optional 101 hp, 170 in³ (2.8 L) six, and two new models were introduced; a bucket-seat sedan model with a higher trim level called the '''Futura''', and a [[sedan delivery]]. A Mercury derivative, the [[Mercury Comet]], was launched.
    -
    -[[1962]] saw a Squire model of the station wagon, with fake wood trim on the sides. Also new that year, the "Futura" option was offered with in slightly upgraded interior, different fender trim (spears), and a handful of different emblems. Halfway through the model year, they changed the roof line at the back window to more of a [[Ford Thunderbird|Thunderbird]] design.
    -
    -In [[1963]] even more models were available; there was now a 4-door Futura, a Deluxe wagon and Ranchero, convertibles were introduced, and the new "Sprint" model was introduced. Halfway through the model year, a 260 in³ (4.3 L) [[V8]] engine was offered for the first time. The Falcon was climbing in trim level from its budget beginnings as Ford attempted to wring more profit from the line.[[Image:66falcon.jpg|thumb|200px|1966 Ford Falcon Sports Coupe]]
    -
    -A redesign changed the Falcon's looks for [[1964]]. The new look was more squared-off, more modern, as Ford chased the youth market. Later in 1964, Ford's new offering for that market was launched: the [[Ford Mustang]], based heavily on the Falcon but with no compromises about its youthful, fun intention. The Mustang dealt Falcon sales in North America a blow from which they would never recover.
    -
    -The Falcon continued to be sold, but at much lower levels, even after another redesign in [[1966]] that moved the Falcon into small mid-size territory. The Ranchero was moved to the Fairlane platform in [[1967]], and the convertible models were discontinued.[[Image:69falconwagon.jpg|thumb|220px|1969 Falcon station wagon]]
    -
    -The final model year for the Falcon in the United States was [[1969]], with the aborted [[1970]] model year replaced on [[January 1]], 1970. These 1970½ Falcons were unique: they were a version of the larger [[Ford Torino]], sold only for seven months before the introduction of the [[Ford Maverick]] in [[1971]]. These Falcons could be ordered with all the Torino options, including the giant [[Ford 385 engine|Ford 429 Cobra Jet]] engine (7.0 L).
    -
    -== Falcons in Argentina==
    -In [[Argentina]], Falcons closely resembling the 1960s North American Falcons were built until the early [[1990s]]. Green Falcons became infamous due to their use by [[death squad]]s during the [[military dictatorship]] of the [[1970s]] and early [[1980s]].
    -
    -The Falcon retained the same body style, with a more substantial facelift taking place in the 1980s, bringing it into line with other Fords. However, by then, it was apparent that it was a [[1960]] design wearing a 1980s grille. The [[station wagon]] model was officially called the '''Falcon Rural'''.
    -
    -It was the official vehicle of many police forces, especially the [[Policía Bonaerense]].
    -
    -==Falcons in Australia==
    -{{Seealso|Ford Performance Vehicles}}
    -[[Image:Falcon.jpg|thumb|1973 ("XB") Australian Ford Falcon GT 351]]
    -
    -===General description===
    -[[Ford Australia]] has manufactured over four million of its versions of the '''Falcon''' which have been sold since 1960, and it has been the best selling car in Australia on many occasions. Throughout its history the Falcon has been available in [[sedan]], [[station wagon]], [[ute]] (short for "utility," known in the US as [[pickup truck]]s), and [[panel van]] versions. Falcons dominate the ranks of taxis in Australia and [[New Zealand]] and are also widely used as police cars.
    -
    -Other Falcon-based models continue to be made in Australia, including the better-appointed '''[[Ford Futura]]''', and a luxury version called the '''Fairmont'''. The '''Fairlane''' and '''[[Ford LTD|LTD]]''' limousine models use a longer version of the Falcon wheelbase. The '''[[Futura]]''' name was revived in Australia some years later for a mid-range model of the Falcon. Falcon and Fairmont station wagons, as well as the Fairlane and [[Ford LTD|LTD]] limousines, have a longer wheelbase than the Falcon. For this reason they are sometimes rebuilt for uses such as stretch limousines and [[hearse]]s.
    -
    -===History===
    -In 1959, Ford built a factory at [[Broadmeadows, Victoria]] for the Falcon, which is still made there. Falcon components made at Broadmeadows and other places have, in the past, also been assembled at several other locations. Until the early [[1990]]s one of these factories was [[Ford New Zealand]]'s plant in Wiri, [[Auckland]]; since then all Falcons sold in that country have been fully imported from Australia.
    -
    -The first Falcons sold in Australia, from September 1960, were a model designated the "XK", essentially a [[right hand drive]] version of the [[United States|U.S.]] model. Ford Australia needed a car that was larger than modified [[North America]]n or British models, such as the [[Ford Zephyr]], which were not always considered suitable for the Australian market. "XK" sales suffered from complaints about the durability of US-designed cars on rough [[outback]] roads. Ford Australia introduced some local design changes to the "XK" in early 1962, such as a heavier suspension system. However, the Falcon was still widely perceived as unsuitable for local conditions and was not a success in the Australian market. Nevertheless, Ford stuck with the Falcon and sales increased over following years. The "XM", released in 1964, was the first Falcon with an Australian-designed body, although it differed little in appearance from US models. The following model, the XP, saw the [[Ford Fairmont|Fairmont]] introduced as an upmarket variant, and the XP was ''[[Wheels magazine|Wheels]]'' magazine's [[Car of the Year]] for 1965, while the largely American-styled XR won the award in 1966.
    -
    -The Australian affection for the ute also allowed the Falcon to serve as the base model for their line of utes and [[panel van|panelvans]], starting in the late 1950s and gaining rapid recognition by (usually younger) enthusiasts by the mid-1960s. As the base sedan and station wagon models of the Falcon further evolved, so too did the ute and panelvan models, although usually up to a year or so after initial release into the market (the only exception was the XF series, which lasted through the initial "EA26" era due to the perceived unreliabity of the base EA-model sedans).
    -
    -Falcons have been raced in Australia's premier [[touring car racing]] categories for many years. From the late [[1960s]], when the [[Bathurst 1000|Bathurst]] Enduro was raced in production cars, a series of high-performance Falcon variants were built. With the "XW" in 1969, Australian Falcons gained a GT model with a bigger V8, the 351 in³ (5.8 L) Canadian-made "Windsor" engine, producing 291 hp (217kW). The GTs remain valuable collectors' cars and this is especially true of the "XY" GT, released in 1970, in which the Windsor was replaced by a "Cleveland" 351, producing 300hp (224kW). An upgraded Cleveland, in the [[1971]] "XY" GTHO Phase III, produced 385 hp (287 kW). Just a couple of the semi-legendary'GHTO Phase IV were built. Ford had intended to race with the Phase IV's at Bathurst. However, on [[June 25]], [[1972]], the motoring editor of [[The Sydney Morning Herald]], [[Evan Green]], published an untruthful and inflamatory article about 3 car makers that were building street legal supercars that could top 240 km/h. Government pressure forced Ford, along with Holden and Valiant, to abandon their high performance cars, phase IV included. Ironically, [[Evan Green]] later became a PR boss and member for the board for arch-rival [[Trabant]], and would even make his name as a rally driver. The article he wrote and its impact later became known as the '''Supercar Scare'''.
    -
    -The end of production in the US paved the way for much greater Australian input in the design of Australian-made Falcons, from 1971 onwards, although for several years there was still a distinct resemblance to US-made Mustang. This was particularly noticeable in the "XA" Falcon, introduced in 1972 and the similar "XB" and "XC" models.
    -
    -The 1973 GT "XB" was the car used to create the black '[[Pursuit Special]]' in the film [[Mad Max]], while the 1974 "XB" Sedan was the basis for the blue and yellow Police Interceptors that also made an appearance.
    -
    -The Falcon, while popular, was outsold in Australia by [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] [[Holden]]'s [[Holden Kingswood|Kingswood]] until [[1978]], when Holden decided to replace the Kingswood with a smaller model called the [[Holden Commodore|Commodore]], based on the European [[Opel]] models. Ford's next model Falcon, the "XD", introduced in [[1979]], bore some styling resemblances to the European [[Ford Granada]], but was somewhat larger, and eventually outsold the Commodore. Initially, quality and fuel consumption concerns dogged the XD. 1980's introduction of the crossflow Alloy Head improved fuel consumption of the ageing 4.1 OHV engine, an engine with its roots in the 1960s. As the 1979 fuel crisis eased, Australians moved away from the downsized Commodore back to traditional full-size Australian sedans. In 1982, For the first time in more than a decade, the Falcon eclipsed its Holden rival and did so for the next decade. Only with the subtantially improved VT Commodore did Australian buyers flock back to Holden.
    -
    -Government pressure and the fuel crisis began to curtail the development of high performance cars. Despite some opposition, the traditional V8 models were deleted in the 1980s, in favour of fuel-injected six-cylinder models which, in fact, produced more power. The Ford eights remained absent between 1983 and 1991, when the EB was introduced. The EB II was arguably one of Ford's best ever Falcons, righting the wrongs of the previous EA and EB models - so much so that no substantial changes were made until the EF of 1995.
    -
    -With hindsight, the deletion of the bent-eights was the lesser of two evils presented at the time. Ford had considered replacing the Falcon with a model from "Project Capricorn", which would have seen a front-wheel-drive car based on a stretched Mazda 626 fill the market segment.
    -
    -There was a third alternative: developing a four-door version of the European Ford Scorpio, which at the time had only been designed as a five-door hatchback. Work on this did progress to clay models.
    -
    -[[Image:Xfpanelvan.jpg|left|thumb|1990 "XF" MkII Falcon panelvan]]
    -
    -Ford persisted with developing an all-Australian car under the codename EA26 (E for the large size, A for Australia, 26 for the global project number, usually in sequence at Ford). EA26 would retain the traditional Falcon hallmarks of width and rear-wheel drive. This proved to be the correct move as sales of the Falcon began to climb after the fuel crisis aftermath, while those of the rival [[Holden Commodore]] slipped. It became clear that Australian buying patterns had not truly changed and what the public wanted was a full-size family car.
    -
    -In addition, Ford's dominance of the [[taxicab|taxi]] market in Australia meant that a car that could comfortably seat three along the back seat—and even the front, with a bench seat installed—was necessary. It also ensured that Ford could retain, at least until Holden released the new [[Holden Statesman|Statesman]] in the late [[1980s]], the market for official cars for governmental use.
    -
    -The "EA" model Falcon introduced in [[1988]] bore a passing resemblance to the European [[Ford Scorpio]], but under the skin, remained entirely Australian. This was only produced as sedan and stationwagon models, with the old model ute and panelvan (at that stage the XF model) continuing in production. Between [[1989]] and [[1992]], a version of the Falcon ute was badged as a [[Nissan]] under an unsuccessful government-backed model-sharing scheme called the '''Button Plan''' (which also saw the Nissan Pintara badged as the [[Ford Corsair]]). The EA model, while initially popular, unfortunately proved a little unreliable: transmission issues and electrical faults (also experienced by their major competitor at the time, the VN [[Holden Commodore|Commodore]]) were the usual culprits, before the "EB" model was hurriedly released some time later in 1990, fixing most of these issues. EA-model reliability also curtailed resale value, and still does to this day: most second-hand car purchasers usually prefer to pay more money for the preceding model (the XF) or the succeeding model (the EB) than for the EA. This also affected the ute and panelvan models, which still persisted with their old XF-model styling, to eventually get a quick update from the EB-model release the following year in 1991 (as the "XG").
    -
    -The Tickford Fords of the [[1990s]] represented the reintroduction of high performance models. These included the XR8 and potent [http://tseries.cjb.cc/ T-Series], engineered by the [[United Kingdom|British]] company [[Tickford]], which does work for [[Aston Martin]], now also owned by Ford.
    -
    -While their sport-utility models still proved very popular, the popularity of the panelvan at this stage had faded somewhat of late, and Ford released their last and apparently final model of the panelvan in 1997 with their XH & XH2 models (based on the EF model of the previous year). Falcon-based utes continued evolving along the lines of the sedan however: the next model (AU) offered the first tray-model ute in many years.
    -
    -[[Image:Falcon AU XR8 2.jpg|right|thumb|1999 "AU" Falcon XR8 sedan]]
    -[[Image:Falcon AU XR8 1.jpg|left|thumb|1999 "AU" Falcon XR8 sedan]]
    -
    -The "AU" model Falcon was released in [[1998]], but was panned by the motoring press, and faced an uphill battle against the new "VT" model [[Holden Commodore]]. The AU — actually developed under the code name "EA169" — had Ford's "New Edge" design style, which was meant to differentiate it from the Audi-esque styling prevalent in the 1990s. The gamble, which had worked with the [[Ford Focus]], did not particularly endear the AU Falcon to its buyers, even after subtle model upgrades (the AU Series II and Series III).
    -
    -Although now panned for its styling, the new Mercedes-Benz CLS-class bears a striking resemblance to the AU Falcon.
    -
    -However, Ford Australia appears to be fighting back with the "BA"-model Falcon, with yet another unique design, suggesting AU Falcon's failure was due to the proportions and lines of the car. The BA Falcon retains the same doors (due to engineering limtations), but otherwise appears as a very thorough redesign. Engineering-wise, substantial improvements were made to allow the BA — also officially part of the "EA169" platform — to compete well against the Commodore.
    -
    -BA brought the new [[Ford Barra engine|Barra]] engines to the Falcon range, the 210hp (157kW) SOHC 4.0L was given a new DOHC variable valve timed head (this version produced 245hp (182kW)), and the Windsor 295hp (220kw) 5.0L and 335 (250kw) 5.6L V8 was replaced with a 24-valve 295hp (220kW) SOHC 5.4L V8 in lower models; 32-valve 349hp (260kW) and 389hp (290kW) 5.4L DOHC V8s powered the sportier XR8 and GT models.
    -
    -Also new to the model range was the XR6 Turbo, powered by a 323hp (240kW) Turbo version of the base model's 4.0L engine (this engine is currently unique to Australia). Turbocharging was initially experimented with during the early development of the 4.0 L engine, which was being developed for the EA in 1998. Its relatively high power output - 147kw in MP-EFI version - was considered more than adequate for the time, and plans for turbocharging and even DOHC were dropped.
    -
    -The turbo BA engine is lightly stressed and a favorite platform for tuners who have extracted over 1000kw from it. Companies such as Australia's 'Air Power Systems' can supply kits to provide around 400kW for around $4000. Rumors and conspiracy theories abound, but a widely held though unsubstantiated belief is that the turbocharged engine was over-tuned in the intial BA release and, during routine servicing, the engine was detuned to reduce the stress and thus possibility of warranty claims.
    -
    -The BA model offered substantial improvements in styling, interior, engines, reliability and performance. Within a year of its release, Falcon sales had increased subtantially and, for a time, eclipsed Commodore sales. The BA Mark II changes incorporated small improvements more akin to a model-year upgrade.
    -
    -The BF model brought many mechanical upgrades to the Falcon this year, including but not limited to; dual-independent variable cam timing on the 6-cylinder and SOHC V8 engines, which in conjunction with ECU modifications led to increases in power and fuel economy, required to comply with recently introduced Euro III emissions standards. Long a Falcon (and indeed, Australian-built vehicle) weakness was the continued use of 1980s-originating 4-speed automatic transmissions. With the BF, Ford introduced a 6-speed automatic developed by German company [[ZF Friedrichshafen AG|ZF]] and [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] dynamic stability control available as an option on many models.
    -
    -It is interesting to note that Ford Australia continues to face the same problems that led to the Falcon being introduced in the 1960s: the resistance of Ford buyers to "smaller" models. Attempts to sell the US [[Ford Taurus]] in Australia and New Zealand as a possible future replacement for the Falcon proved ultimately unsuccessful. Since the dropping of the [[Ford Scorpio|Scorpio]], the largest model available from Ford in Europe is now the [[Ford Mondeo|Mondeo]], which proved unpopular in Australia, even competing in the same medium-sized segment of the market as it does in Europe.
    -
    -Australian Falcon exports have traditionally been confined to countries in the Asia-Pacific region, such as New Zealand, and [[Pacific Islands|Pacific Island]] nations like [[Papua New Guinea]] and [[Fiji]]. The only significant export market for the Falcon outside the region has been [[South Africa]], where it was released in [[1996]], after an absence of nearly 20 years, but was dropped in [[2003]]. Some limousines and hearses are exported to the [[United Kingdom|UK]] by Coleman Milne, which used to convert European-made [[Ford Scorpio|Granada]]s and [[Ford Scorpio|Scorpio]]s for the same purposes. [[Hong Kong]] also imported a small batch of Falcons for trial as taxis, but they have not seen success there either. The Falcon was ''[[Wheels magazine|Wheels]]'' magazine's [[Wheels Car of the Year|Car of the Year]] again for 2002.
    -
    -===Full Falcon Model Line Up===
    -1960: XK Falcon^^
    -1962: XL Falcon
    -1964: XM Falcon
    -1965: XP Falcon
    -1966: XR Falcon^^
    -1968: XT Falcon
    -1969: XW Falcon^
    -1971: XY Falcon
    -1972: XA Falcon^^
    -1973: XB Falcon
    -1976: XC Falcon
    -1979: XD Falcon^^
    -1982: XE Falcon
    -1984: XF Falcon
    -1988: EA Falcon^^
    -1991: EB Falcon
    -1994: ED Falcon
    -1995: EF Falcon^
    -1996: EL Falcon
    -1998: AU Falcon^^
    -1999: T1 T-Series
    -2000: AUII Falcon, T2 T-Series
    -2001: AUIII Falcon, T3 T-Series^
    -2002: T3 T-Series, BA Falcon^
    -2004: BAII Falcon
    -2005: BF Falcon
    -
    -^ - Major Facelift
    -^^ - Complete New Car
    -
    -===[[Ford Territory]]===
    -[[Image:0817tmp3.jpg|thumb|150px|2004 Ford Territory]]The Ford Territory is a [[crossover SUV]] built by [[Ford Australia]] and based on the EA169 platform of the Ford Falcon, released in April [[2004]]. Its code name inside Ford was E265. It won the prestigious 2004 [[Wheels Car of the Year|''Wheels'' Car of the Year]] award, the reviewers praising car-like handling and practicality as reasons for its win. Ford had reportedly spent [[Australian dollar|A$]]500 million on developing the range over four years. It is built on the same production line as the Australian made Ford BA series Falcon. Ford's reputed design brief was for its engineers to develop 'a BMW X5 for Falcon money'. With the clever use of an extensible platform, parts-bin components and a competent though superceded all-wheel drive system, Ford came very close to achieving its goal.
    -
    -==Falcons as police cars in Australia==
    -The '''Ford Falcon''' and its rival the '''Holden Commodore''' make up the majority of Australian [[state police]] fleets. General duties cars are almost identical to the stock Falcon XT, except for upgrades such as modified seats which provide better support and comfort to officers wearing equipment belts, a limited slip differential, sports suspension and dual airbags.
    -
    -Other modifications include a heavy duty battery, alternator, and wiring, to enable the installation and use of extra equipment like speed detection radar and police radios, a police-certified speedometer with two kilometre increments which provides greater accuracy, a map reading lamp, and reduced insulation in the car roof to facilitate the fitting and wiring of the emergency lights. The various police forces fit their own sirens, emergency lights and decals.
    -
    -[[Image:Falcon_Police_Car.jpg|thumb|Semi-marked BAII Falcon XR8, used for traffic duties in central Victoria]] General Duties patrol cars run the standard 190kW six-cylinder engine, and some states use high powered Falcon XR6 Turbo (245 kW) and XR8 (260 kW) sedans as traffic enforcement vehicles. Contrary to popular belief, police cars in Australia do not have any performance enhancing [[Chip tuning|engine tuning chips]].
    -
    -Falcon sedans are commonly used as police vehicles in [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Tasmania]], the [[Australian Capital Territory]], and the [[Northern Territory]]. The [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]] police forces mainly use Holden Commodores, however when the AU Falcon was released in 1997 they were used almost exclusively. Caged trucks based on the Falcon XL cab chassis are frequently used in Victoria and Queensland, and occasionally in South Australia and Western Australia.
    -
    -As noted above, several XB Falcons appeared in the film "Mad Max" as police patrol cars. Mad Max's own car, a black model equipped with a supercharger, is famously referred to as 'the last of the V8 interceptors'.
    -
    -[[Image:Ford_Falcon_XR6_Turbo.jpg|thumb|Falcon XR6 Turbo]]
    -
    -== External links ==
    -===USA===
    -*[http://www.falconregistry.com/ FalconRegistry.com]
    -*[http://www.falconparts.com/ FalconParts.com]
    -*[http://www.falconclub.com/ Falcon Club of America]
    -*[http://www.nwfalcon.com/ Northwest Classic Falcons]
    -*[http://www.fordforums.com.au/ FordForums]
    -*[http://www.fordsix.com/ Ford Six Performance]
    -*[http://cquesttechnologies.com/fspp/ Ford Six Performance Parts]
    -
    -===Argentina===
    -*http://www.todofalcon.com.ar/ (in Spanish)
    -
    -{{Commonscat}}
    -===Australia===
    -*[http://www.fordmods.com/ Fordmods - Ford Falcon Modifications]
    -*[http://www.gt351.com.au/ Ford Falcon GT351]
    -*[http://tseries.cjb.cc/ Tickford T-Series]
    -*[http://www.trueblueford.com/ True Blue Ford]
    -*[http://www.xfalcon.com/ xFalcon (XD, XE & XF Falcon) car club]
    -*[http://www.eseries.com.au/ E-Series Ford Falcon Club]
    -*[http://www.earlyfalcon.org/ Early Falcon Car Club of Victoria]
    -*[http://www.fastlane.com.au/ford-history/falcon/ford-75-falcon-40-history.htm Fastlane.com A brief history of the Falcon's 40 years]
    -*[http://www.fordforums.com.au/ FordForums.com.au]
    -*http://www.fordxr6turbo.com/
    -{{Ford}}
    -
    -[[Category:Ford vehicles|Falcon]]
    -[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
    -[[Category:Transport in Australia]]
    -[[Category:1960s automobiles]]
    -
    -[[de:Ford Falcon]]
    -[[sv:Ford Falcon]]
    +Thank you for experimenting with {{#if:{{{1|}}}|the page [[:{{{1}}}]] on}} Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. [[User:Ydam|''' YDAM ''']][[User_talk:Ydam|''TALK'']] 07:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    2013-04-18 20:53:07 92227618 KLBot2 EmausBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q2687349]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,246 +1,40 @@\n
    -{{Infobox NBA Player
    -| image = LeBron James.jpg
    -| caption =
    -| position = [[Small forward (basketball)|Small Forward]]
    -| nickname = King James; Chosen One
    -| height_ft = 6
    -| height_in = 8
    -| weight_lb = 240| salary = 16 million
    -| team = [[Cleveland Cavaliers]]
    -| nationality = USA
    -| birth_date = [[December 30]], [[1984]]
    -| birth_place = [[Akron, Ohio]]
    -| draft = 1st overall
    -| draft_year = 2003
    -| draft_team = [[Cleveland Cavaliers]]
    -| career_start = 2003
    -| highschool = St. Vincent-St. Marys
    Akron, Ohio
    -| awards = 2003-04 [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]]
    2006 [[National Basketball Association All-Star Game|NBA All-Star Game]] MVP
    Two-time NBA All-Star
    Two-time All-NBA selection
    2005-06 [[The Sporting News]] NBA co-MVP
    -}}
    -'''LeBron Raymone James''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ləbrɑn dʒeɪmz]}}, born [[December 30]], [[1984]] in [[Akron, Ohio]]), commonly nicknamed '''King James''' or '''The Chosen One''' is an [[United States|American]] professional [[basketball]] player for the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] and the [[United States national basketball team|U.S. National Team]].
    +A '''529 plan''' is a [[Tax advantage|tax-advantaged]] investment vehicle in the [[United States]] designed to encourage saving for the future higher education expenses of a designated beneficiary. It is named after section 529 of the [[Internal Revenue Code]]. The detailed behavior of 529 plans are determined by state legislation, and while most plans allow investors from out of state, there can be significant state tax advantages and other benefits, such as matching grant and scholarship opportunities, protection from creditors and exemption from state financial aid calculations, for investors who invest in 529 plans within their state of residence.

    -Beginning in his junior year of [[high school]], James was highly promoted by the national media in the United States as a future NBA star. He was selected with the first overall pick in the [[2003 NBA Draft]] by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the age of 18, becoming only the second high school player taken at the number one draft position.
    +There are two types of 529 plans: prepaid and savings. Prepaid plans allow one to purchase tuition credits, at today's rates, to be used in the future. Therefore, performance is based upon tuition inflation. Savings plans are different in that all growth is based upon market performance of the underlying investments, which typically consist of [[mutual fund]]s. Most 529 savings plans offer a variety of age-based asset allocation options where the underlying investments become more conservative as the beneficiary gets closer to college-age. They also offer risk-based asset allocation options where the underlying investments maintain the same equity-to-fixed-income ratio regardless of the age of the beneficiary. Many savings plans also offer a stable value or guaranteed option designed to protect an investor's principal while providing for some investment growth, while others offer investments in [[certificates of deposit]].

    -== Early life ==
    -LeBron James was born an only child in a low-income area of Akron, Ohio to the unwed Gloria James on [[December 30]], [[1984]]. His mother was only 16 at the time and six months shy of graduating from high school. Due to his family's humble circumstances, James, being raised solely by his mother and her associates, led a transitory lifestyle, moving frequently from one home to another.http://cleveland.about.com/od/famousclevelanders/p/lebron.htm Things began to look up for him when his mother began seeing a man by the name of Eddie Jackson. James was young enough at the time to have him serve as a father figure; he did not have any contact with his biological father.http://espn.go.com/magazine/vol5no26next.html Jackson would often be seen supporting James later on at his high school basketball games. Starting as early as his junior year in high school, James had made it clear he was planning to pursue an NBA career following his graduation.
    +Prepaid plans may be sponsored by states or higher education institutions. Savings plans may only be sponsored by states. Although states sponsor savings plans, recordkeeping and administrative services for many such savings plans are usually delegated to a mutual fund company or other financial services company.

    -==High school==
    -===Freshman year===
    -James attended [[St. Vincent - St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio)|St. Vincent - St. Mary High School]] in [[Akron, Ohio]]. He was the starting [[point guard]] on a team led by James' future best friend and manager Maverick Carter. Although Carter is commonly referred to as James' cousin, they are not actually related. With James at the point and the primacy of Carter, the team cruised to a perfect 27-0 record and won the Division III state championship. James averaged 18.2 points and 6 rebounds per game.
    +With the [[Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001]] (EGTRRA), 529 plans gained their current prominence and tax advantages. Prior to EGTRAA, distributions from 529 plans for qualified higher education expenses were taxed at the beneficiary's federal [[income tax]] rate. After EGTRAA, distributions from 529 plans for qualified higher education expenses are exempt from federal income tax. The 529 plan provisions of EGTRAA were made permanent by the Pension Protection Act of 2006. Originally the benefits were set to expire on December 31, 2010.

    -===Sophomore year===
    -James took over the helm of the team after Carter's graduation and averaged 27.8 points, 7.5 rebounds, 5.9 assists, and four steals for SVSM en route to another state title. He was subsequently named Ohio's "Mr. Basketball"and selected to the ''[[USA Today]]'' All-USA First Team — the first sophomore to be so honored.
    +==Advantages==
    +* All money grows federal and state income-tax free
    +* The account holder retains control of the assets within the program regardless of beneficiary's age
    +* The beneficiary can be changed at any time to another member of the beneficiary's family
    +* Many states exempt withdrawals from state income-tax for qualified higher education expenses
    +* Money can be used virtually everywhere -- over 8,000 schools in the U.S. and over 800 foreign schools
    +* Money can be used to pay for tuition, fees, room, board, books, supplies and required equipment
    +* High maximum contribution limits
    +* Account owners can contribute up to $60,000 per beneficiary or $120,000 if married filing jointly immediately (as long as they don't make additional contributions until 5 years have passed), if they wish not to pay gift tax on their contributions. Should a donor die within those 5 years, a pro-rata amount of the gift will revert back to their estate and will have gift tax due on it
    +* Assets within 529 plans are protected from bankruptcy
    +* Most plans have very low minimum monthly contribution limits making them attractive to all families regardless of income level
    +* Each state offers a no-fee, low cost option that can be opened by contacting the plan directly

    -An avid [[American football|football]] player in addition to basketball, James was also able to add to his resume the distinction of being First-Team All-State as a [[wide receiver]] for his high school team. However, injury concerns influenced James to concentrate solely on basketball.
    +The income tax advantages have contributed significantly to their popularity as a college savings tool.

    -===Junior year===
    -In James' third year of high school his stats improved even further. He averaged 29.7 points and 8.4 rebounds, and was once again named Mr. Basketball Ohio. In addition, he again found a spot on the All-USA First Team, and was named the 2001-02 [[Gatorade]] National Boys Basketball Player of the Year. It was then that his nickname "King" James would become a household staple in Ohio.
    -
    -In his junior year, he appeared in [[SLAM Magazine]] which was the beginning of his nationwide exposure.
    -
    -[[Image:Si-cover lebron james 2002.jpg|thumb|left|Dubbed "The Chosen One" by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', James was the first high school basketball player on the cover since [[Rick Mount]].]]
    -
    -However, the St. Vincent-St. Mary basketball team failed to defend its state title when it moved up to the more challenging Division II and lost to Cincinnati's Roger Bacon High School. James attempted to declare for the [[NBA Draft]], petitioning for an adjustment to the NBA's rules of draft eligibility, which then required the completion of high school by a prospective player. The petition was unsuccessful, but it led to an unprecedented level of attention on him as he entered his senior year. By then, "King" James had already appeared on the covers of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' and ''[[ESPN The Magazine]]''. His popularity soared to new heights, forcing his team to move from their playing at the school gym to the nearby [[James A. Rhodes Arena]] at the [[University of Akron]]. Celebrities such as [[Shaquille O'Neal]] attended some of the games, hoping to get a glimpse of the prodigious young basketball player. A few of James's high school games were even televised nationally on [[ESPN2]] and regionally on [[pay-per-view]].
    -
    -===Senior year===
    -Gloria James touched off a firestorm of controversy when she was allowed to use her son's future earning power as collateral to secure a bank loan to buy an $80,000 [[Hummer H2]] for her son's 18th birthday, prompting an investigation by the [[Ohio High School Athletic Association]] (OHSAA). Under the OHSAA guidelines, no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance. When James later accepted two throwback basketball jerseys worth $845 from NEXT, an urban clothing store in [[Shaker Square]], in exchange for his posing for pictures to be displayed on the store's walls, OHSAA stripped him of his eligibility. James appealed and a judge blocked the ruling, reducing the penalty to a two-game suspension and allowing him to play the remainder of the season. However, James's team was forced to forfeit one of their wins as a result.
    -
    -Despite the distractions, the Irish won a third state title, and James, for an unprecedented third time, was named Mr. Basketball Ohio and to the All-USA First Team. He earned MVP honors at the [[McDonald's All-American Game]], the [[EA Sports]] Roundball Classic, and the Jordan Capital Classic. Although it was a foregone conclusion, by participating in more than two high school all-star events, James legally lost his [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] eligibility.
    -
    -==NBA career==
    -
    -===2004-05 season===
    -In the offseason, James played for Team USA in the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]] where he and his teammates won the bronze medal in men's basketball, the first time an American Olympic team using NBA players (called the [[Dream Team (basketball)|Dream Teams]]) failed to win the gold medal. Due to coach [[Larry Brown (basketball)|Larry Brown]]'s preference for experienced players, James' minutes on the court were limited.
    -
    -In the 2004-2005 season, James became the youngest player to register a [[triple-double]] (double digits in three statistical categories such as points, assist, rebounds) and the youngest player to score 50 points in one game (56 points in a loss to the [[Toronto Raptors]]), making his first All-Star team in the process. James's season averages also improved drastically (27.2 ppg, 7.4 rpg, and 7.2 apg). He joined a select group of players to average over 25 points, 7 assists and 7 rebounds in a season and was the youngest on that list by far. Again, the Cavaliers failed to reach the playoffs (lost the tie-breaker to NJ), finishing two games over the .500 mark.
    -
    -===2005-06 season===
    -
    -The Cavaliers made several off-season moves in the summer of 2005, adding [[Larry Hughes]] (from the [[Washington Wizards]]), [[Damon Jones]] (from the [[Miami Heat]]) and [[Donyell Marshall]] (from the Toronto Raptors). The Cavs' front office underwent substantial management changes at this time as well. Long-time owner [[Gordon Gund]] sold the franchise to [[Dan Gilbert]], who subsequently replaced General Manager [[Jim Paxson]] with former Cavs player [[Danny Ferry]], and brought in [[Mike Brown (basketball coach)|Mike Brown]] as the new head coach.
    -
    -At the [[2006 NBA All-Star Game]], James led the [[NBA|Eastern Conference]] team to victory with a 29-point, six-rebound performance. He was awarded the game's MVP, becoming the youngest player to do so.
    -
    -James finished the season with 31.4 points, 7.0 rebounds, 6.6 assists and 1.6 steals per game, joining [[Oscar Robertson]], [[Jerry West]] and [[Michael Jordan]] as the only players in NBA history to average at least 30 points, 7 rebounds and 6 assists in a single season. James also became the youngest player in NBA history to average at least 30 points per game in a season. One of James' highlights in the season was going for nine straight games with 35+ points. The only other players since [[1970]] to accomplish that feat were [[Michael Jordan]] and [[Kobe Bryant]].
    -
    -====MVP candidacy====
    -
    -Following the 2005-2006 regular season, James was one of the top candidates for the [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award]]. He was third in the league in scoring, and a close second in the league in [[Player Efficiency Rating|PER]] behind [[Dirk Nowitzki]]. He also finished first among forwards with 6.6 apg and 31.4 ppg {{cite web|title=2005-06 EFFICIENCY LEADERS : Efficiency Per Game |work=NBA.com|url=http://www.nba.com/statistics/player/Efficiency.jsp?league=00&season=22005&conf=OVERALL&position=0&splitType=9&splitScope=GAME&qualified=N&yearsExp=-1&splitDD=|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}. James finished second to [[Steve Nash]] of the [[Phoenix Suns]] in MVP voting.
    -
    -James was awarded co-MVP honors with Nash by [[The Sporting News]], an award given by that publication based on voting of the thirty General Managers in the league.
    -
    -====Playoffs====
    -On [[March 29]], [[2006]], the Cavaliers clinched a playoff spot for the first time since 1998. In just three years, James had transformed the Cavaliers from a lottery team (17-65 the season before he arrived) into a playoff contender, ending the 2005-2006 season with a 50-32 record, 4th in the Eastern Conference.
    -
    -On [[April 22]] James made his [[2006 NBA Playoffs|playoff]] debut against the [[Washington Wizards]] and recorded a [[triple-double]], with 32 points, 11 assists and 11 rebounds in the Game 1 victory. He became the third player in NBA history to register a triple-double in his playoff debut, joining [[Johnny McCarthy]] ([[1960]]) and [[Magic Johnson]] ([[1980]]). On [[April 28]] in Game 3, he became the first player to score over 40 points in his first playoff road game, with 41 in a win over the Wizards. The Cavaliers won the series 4 games to 2, and James tallied 35.7 points per game while shooting 51% from the field. His scoring average is third all-time behind [[Wilt Chamberlain]] and [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]] for a player's first playoff series.
    -
    -James led the Cavaliers to a 3-2 series lead over the defending [[Eastern Conference (NBA)|Eastern Conference]] champion and divisional rival [[Detroit Pistons]]. The Pistons, however, eliminated the Cavs by winning the final two games.
    -
    -James averaged 30.8 ppg, 8.1 rpg, and 5.8 apg in his first ever playoff appearance in the NBA.
    -
    -===Contract extension===
    -James has negotiated a contract extension for three years (with a player option for a fourth year) worth [[USD|$]]60 million that will begin in the [[2007-08 NBA season]]. The deal is for fewer years (and less money) than the maximum contract he could sign, but would lead to free agency faster. In additon, in the NBA, a player with less than 7 years experience can only be paid a maximum of 25% of a team's salary cap. A player beyond 7 years experience can receive 30% of a teams [[salary cap]] under the NBA's collective bargaining agreement that took effect in the 2005-2006 NBA season. This has augmented concerns that he may leave for a bigger market. Rumors have circulated that in his [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] endorsement contract, James would be paid substantially more if he played in [[New York]], [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] or [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]].
    -
    -==United States National Team==
    -
    -[[Image:LeBron_James_USA.jpg|thumb|right|LeBron James on the shootout practice with [[United States national basketball team|U.S. National Team]] before the game vs. [[Serbia and Montenegro]] in [[Belgrade]], [[August 6]], [[2004]].]]
    -James played in the [[United States national basketball team|U.S. National Team]] at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens]], and on the [[Basketball World Championship 2006|2006 World Championships]] in [[Japan]]. Despite the high expectations, the team has finished with only bronze medals both times.
    -
    -James has been named as one of three captains for the [[United States national basketball team#2006-2008 U.S. Men's Basketball Team|USA Men's Basketball National Team from 2006-2008]], alongside [[Carmelo Anthony]] and [[Dwyane Wade]]. After the failure on the 2006 World Championships, the team will have to compete at the Tournament of Americas Olympic Qualifiers in [[2007]], in order to qualify for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]].
    -
    -==Player profile==
    -
    -
    -
    -James is one of the few players in the league who can at times play three or more positions. James primarily is featured as a guard/forward. He has the length and quickness of a small forward, the size of a power forward, court vision and ball-handling of a two guard or point guard. During the All-star game, James started as the shooting guard for the East. He has a career average of 6.6 apg. James' overall skill sets and on-court play have led to comparisons to NBA greats such as [[Magic Johnson]] and his childhood idol [[Michael Jordan]] (both considered guards){{cite news|author=DuPree, David|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/playoffs/2006-04-20-james-cover_x.htm|work=[[USA Today]]|title=King James' next conquest|date=April 21|year=2006|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}. Due to James' versatile gameplay, others consider him more in the vein of the legendary [[Oscar Robertson]], who was known for his great all-around play. In the 2005-06 season, James ranked among the league leaders in triple-doubles, and has 11 in his career (9 - Regular Season, 2 - Postseason). James relies on his quickness, size and strength to get to the basket, and is skilled at drawing contact and the resulting foul. In the 2006 season he led the league in completed traditional [[three pointer|three point plays]]. According to analysts, James has yet to play with the same type of intensity on defense as he does on offense. Although he has averaged nearly 2 steals per game in his career through the 2005-2006 NBA season {{cite web|url=http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/j/jamesle01.html|title=LeBron James Statistics|work=Basketball-reference.com|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}, James has yet to be featured on any of the NBA all-defensive teams {{cite web|url=http://www.basketball-reference.com/awards/all_defense_by_player.html|title=All-Defense Selections by Player|work=Basketball-reference.com|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}.
    -
    -==Awards and honors==
    -{{MedalTop}}
    -{{MedalSport|Men's Basketball}}
    -{{MedalBronze|[[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens]] | [[Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics|United States]]}}
    -{{MedalBottom}}
    -===NBA highlights===
    -* '''[[The Sporting News|TSN]] NBA Co-MVP''': 2006
    -* '''NBA All-Star Game MVP''': 2006
    -* '''2-time NBA All-Star''': 2005, 2006
    -* '''2-time All-NBA''':
    -** '''First Team''': 2006
    -** '''Second Team''': 2005
    -* '''NBA All-Rookie First Team''': 2004
    -* '''NBA Rookie of the Year''': 2004
    -* '''[[The Sporting News|TSN]] NBA Rookie of the Year''': 2004
    -* NBA regular-season leader, '''field goals made''': 2005 ('''795''')
    -* NBA regular-season leader, '''minutes played''': 2005 ('''3,388''')
    -* '''Career 40+ Point Games (Regular Season)''': 16 (as of the end of 05-06 season)
    -* '''Career 50+ Point Games (Regular Season)''': 3 (as of the end of 05-06 season)
    -* '''Career 40+ Point Games (Postseason)''': 2 (as of the end of 05-06 season)
    -* '''Career [[triple-double]]s (Regular Season)''': 9 (as of the end of 05-06 season)
    -* '''Career triple-doubles (Postseason)''': 2 (as of the end of 05-06 season)
    -* Led the league in traditional '''three-point plays''' with ('''79''') in the [[2005-06 NBA season]]{{cite web|work=[[Associated Press|AP]]|title= Make LeBron shoot two: Haywood's hard foul alters Cavaliers-Wizards series|url=http://www.covers.com/articles/articles.aspx?theArt=77663&tid=25&t=1|date=April 26, 2006|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}
    -
    -===NBA milestones===
    -James owns numerous NBA "youngest player" records:
    -
    -* Youngest player in NBA history and the first Cavalier to be named '''[[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]]''', at 19 years of age.
    -* Youngest player in NBA history to record a triple-double in his career (20 years, 20 days), with '''27 points, 11 rebounds,''' and '''10 assists''' on [[January 19]], [[2005]] vs. the [[Portland Trail Blazers]].
    -* Youngest player in NBA history to score 50 points in one game (20 years, 80 days), with '''56 points''' vs. the [[Toronto Raptors]] on [[March 20]], [[2005]].
    -* Youngest player in NBA history to score 2000 points in a season and average 30 points per game in a season (2005-2006 season).
    -* Youngest player in NBA history to reach:
    -:* '''1,000 points'''*
    -:* '''2,000 points'''*
    -:* '''3,000 points'''*
    -:* '''4,000 points'''*
    -:* '''5,000 points'''*
    -:* '''6,000 points''' in his career (21 years, 89 days) set on [[March 29]], [[2006]] vs. the [[Dallas Mavericks]].
    -* Youngest player in NBA history to win an All-Star Game MVP (21 years, 55 days)
    -* Youngest player in NBA history to be named to the All-NBA first team (21 years, 138 days)
    -
    -===Personal records===
    -
    -* '''One of only three players in NBA history''' to average at least '''20 points, 5 rebounds and 5 assists''' in his rookie season (joining Oscar Robertson and Michael Jordan).
    -* '''One of only five players in NBA history''' to average over '''25 points, 7 rebounds and 7 assists''' in a season (joining [[Larry Bird]], Michael Jordan, Oscar Robertson and [[John Havlicek]])
    -* '''One of only four players in NBA history''' to average at least '''30 points, 7 rebounds and 6 assists''' in a single season
    -*'''One of only three players since 1970''' to record nine straight games of scoring 35 or more points.
    -*'''One of only three players in NBA history''' to record a triple-double in his playoff debut (joining [[Magic Johnson]] and [[Johnny McCarthy]]).
    -*'''The first player''' to score more than 40 points in his first playoff road game, with 41 points in Game 3 of the 2006 NBA Playoffs.
    -
    -===Cavaliers franchise records (10)===
    -*'''Points'''
    -** Game: '''56''' ([[March 20]], [[2005]] vs. Toronto Raptors).
    -** Game, playoffs: '''45''' ([[May 3]], [[2006]] vs. [[Washington Wizards]]).
    -** Half, playoffs: '''25''' (1st half, [[April 30]], [[2006]] vs. Washington Wizards){{cite web|work=[[Associated Press]]|title=Arenas fuels Wiz with spectacular second half|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId=260430027|date=April 30, 2006|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}
    -** Quarter: '''21''' (4th quarter, [[April 5]], [[2006]] vs. [[New York Knicks]]).
    -** Quarter, playoffs: '''18''' (1st quarter, [[April 30]], [[2006]] vs. Washington Wizards).
    -** Season: '''2,478''' ([[2005-06 NBA season|2005-06]])
    -** Scoring average, all-time: '''26.5'''
    -** Scoring average, month: '''32.9''' (March 2006) {{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/james_pom_060403.html|title=LeBron James Named NBA’s Eastern Conference Player of the Month|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006}}
    -** Consecutive games scoring at least 35 points: '''9''' ([[March 22]]–[[April 8]], [[2006]]) {{cite web|title=James, Cavaliers End Nets’ Winning Streak|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20060408/CLENJN/recap.html|work=nba.com|accessdate=August 21|accessyear=2006|date=April 8, 2006}}
    -*'''Field goals made'''
    -** Game: '''19''' (3 times, most recently [[April 5]], [[2006]] vs. New York Knicks)
    -
    -===High school achievements===
    -;2001
    -:''[[USA Today]]'' All-USA First Team (first sophomore to receive this honor)
    -:Ohio Mr. Basketball (first sophomore to receive this honor)
    -:Adidas ABCD Camp Underclassmen MVP
    -;2002
    -:''[[USA Today]]'' High School Player of the Year
    -:Gatorade Circle of Champions National Player of the Year
    -:''[[USA Today]]'' All-USA First Team
    -:Ohio Mr. Basketball
    -;2003
    -:''[[USA Today]]'' High School Player of the Year
    -:Gatorade Circle of Champions National Player of the Year
    -:''[[USA Today]]'' All-USA First Team
    -:Ohio Mr. Basketball
    -:Ohio Division II Player of the Year
    -:Naismith High School Player of the Year
    -:Morgan Wootten Award ([[McDonald's]] National Player of the Year)
    -:[[McDonald's High School All-American]]
    -:McDonald's High School All-American Game MVP
    -:Jeremy Nathaniel Memorial Classic MVP
    -:Jordan Capital Classic MVP
    -:[[EA Sports]] Roundball Classic MVP
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -* He has one son, LeBron James Jr., born on [[October 6]], [[2004]], to Savannah, James' high school sweetheart.
    -* Wore jersey #32 as a freshman while at Saint Vincent-Saint Mary High School before later adopting the number #23 in tribute to Michael Jordan. He currently still wears #23 with the Cavaliers.
    -* He made a guest appearance on his favorite show, ''[[The Simpsons]]'', in the episode "[[Homer and Ned's Hail Mary Pass]]".
    -* At the [[Black Entertainment Television]] Awards in 2006, James won the "Best Male Athlete" award.
    -* Since July 2005, James's agent is the [[Philadelphia]]-area attorney [[Leon Rose]]; previously, his agent was [[Aaron Goodwin]].
    -* He is a confidant of [[William Wesley]]{{cite news|author=Windhorst, Brian|title=Mystery man behind scenes|work=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|date=[[June 5]], [[2005]]}}.
    -* He wore jersey # 6 in the [[United States national basketball team]] in 2006
    -* Although he shoots right handed James writes and performs most tasks with his left.
    -* James appears on the cover of [[NBA Street Showdown]].
    -
    -==Notes==
    -

    -
    -==References==
    -*Jones, Ryan: ''King James: Believe the Hype'', St. Martin's Griffin 2003. ISBN 0-312-32229-1
    -*Morgan, David Lee: ''LeBron James: The Rise of a Star'', Gray & Company Publishers 2003. ISBN 1-886228-74-4
    +==See also==
    +* [[Coverdell Education Savings Account]]s
    +* [[List of finance topics]]
    +* [[List of finance topics#personal finance|List of personal finance topics]]

    ==External links==
    -*[http://www.lebronjames.com/ Official site]
    -*[http://www.cavsinfo.com/ highlight vids and avatars]
    -*[http://www.nba.com/playerfile/lebron_james/ NBA.com Profile - LeBron James]
    -*{{basketball-reference|id=j/jamesle01|name=LeBron James}}
    -*{{espn nba|id=3704|name=LeBron James}}
    -*{{imdb name|id=1429908|name=LeBron James}}
    -*[http://www.cavshistory.com/menupages/lebron.htm The LeBron Phenomenon]
    -*[http://www.nbadraft.net/profiles/lebronjames.htm NBA Draft profile at nbadraft.net]
    +*[http://www.collegesavings.org/ "College Savings Plans Network"], An affiliate to the National Association of State Treasurers, the CSPN monitors federal activities and promotes legislation that will positively affect state programs.
    +*[http://www.msrb.org/msrb1/mfs/mfs529csp2.asp "Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code"]
    +*[http://www.sec.gov/investor/pubs/intro529.htm "SEC Introduction to 529 Plans"] - [[SEC]]
    +*[http://www.irs.gov/publications/p970/ch08.html "Qualified Tuition Program (QTP)", Publication 970 (2005)] - [[Internal Revenue Service]]
    +*[http://www.msrb.org/msrb1/mfs/mfs529csp.asp "MSRB general summary of 529 college savings plans"] - [[MSRB]]
    +*[http://www.sensible-investor.com/529_plans.html "The Sensible Investor Guide to 529 Plans"]
    +*[http://www.collegesavingsfoundation.org/ "College Savings Foundation"], A Washington, D.C.-based not-for-profit organization with the mission of helping American families achieve their education savings goals.

    -{{start box}}
    -{{succession box|title=[[National Basketball Association|NBA]]
    [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]]|before=[[Amare Stoudemire]]|after=[[Emeka Okafor]]|years=2004}}
    -{{succession box|title=[[National Basketball Association All-Star Game|NBA All-Star Game]]
    Most Valuable Player|before=[[Allen Iverson]]|after=[[TBD]]|years=2006}}
    -|}
    -{{2003 NBA Draft}}
    -[[Category:1984 births|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:Living people|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:American basketball players|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:African American basketball players|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:Olympic competitors for the United States|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:People from Akron, Ohio|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:Cleveland Cavaliers players|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:NBA high school players|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans|James, Lebron]]
    -[[Category:United States men's national basketball team members|James, LeBron]]

    -[[de:LeBron James]]
    -[[et:LeBron James]]
    -[[es:LeBron James]]
    -[[fa:له برون جیمز]]
    -[[fr:LeBron James]]
    -[[it:LeBron James]]
    -[[he:לברון ג'יימס]]
    -[[lt:LeBron James]]
    -[[nl:LeBron James]]
    -[[ja:レブロン・ジェームズ]]
    -[[no:LeBron James]]
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    -[[th:เลอบรอน เจมส์]]
    -[[tr:LeBron James]]
    -[[zh:勒布朗·詹姆斯]]
    +[[Category:Taxation in the United States]]
    +[[Category:United States federal taxation legislation|0529]]
    2013-03-20 04:27:36 90970562 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2869727]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,97 +1,44 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_band |
    - band_name = Paradise Lost |
    - image = [[Image:Paradise Lost Promo (2006).jpg|200px]] |
    - caption = Line-up, circa 2005 (''[[Paradise Lost]]'' promotional) From left to right, Aaron Aedy, Steve Edmonson, Nick Holmes and Greg Mackintosh |
    - years_active = [[1988]] – present |
    - status = Active |
    - origin = [[Halifax, West Yorkshire]], [[UK]] |
    - music_genre = [[Synth rock]]
    [[Death metal]]
    [[Doom metal]]
    [[Gothic metal]] |
    - record_label = [[Century Media Records]] |
    - current_members = [[Nick Holmes]]
    [[Greg Mackintosh]]
    [[Aaron Aedy]]
    [[Steve Edmonson]]

    -[[Jeff Singer]] |
    -}}
    +[[Image:Milledoler1.jpg|thumb|Philip Milledoler (1775-1852)]]

    -'''Paradise Lost''' are a [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band formed in [[1988 in music|1988]] in [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]. Along with countrymates [[Anathema (band)|Anathema]] and [[My Dying Bride]], they are credited for creating the subgenre known as "[[doom metal|doom]]/[[death metal|death]]" metal.

    -Ironically, the band members are almost unknown in their home country, but in mainland Europe they have been extremely popular for many years, especially in [[Greece]] and [[Germany]], where they are regarded as mainstream rock stars. Although they have also been partially attributable for pioneering [[gothic metal]], throughout their career the band have also confounded fans and critics alike with their perpetual taste for reinvention and experimentation, a desire to work with producers from other musical genres, and an oft-stated refusal to repeat themselves for fear of stagnation.
    +'''Philip Milledoler''' ([[22 September]], [[1775]] – [[22 September]] [[1852]]) was a reverend and the fifth [[President]] of [[Rutgers University|Rutgers College]] (now [[Rutgers University]]) serving from 1810 until 1840.

    -For instance, vocalist [[Nick Holmes]] used a [[death grunt]]-style of singing in the band's early duration, ''[[Lost Paradise]]'' ([[1990]]), ''[[Gothic (album)|Gothic]]'' ([[1991]]); upon the release of ''[[Shades of God]]'' ([[1992]]) and ''[[Draconian Times]]'' ([[1995]]), he refined his voice to a cleaner tone almost akin to [[James Hetfield]] of [[Metallica]]; and on [[One Second]] ([[1997]]), which was distributed by [[hip hop music|hip hop]] label [[Jive Records]], the band experimented with [[Depeche Mode]]-styled [[synth pop]] and [[electronica]]. Despite criticism from traditionalists, this bold approach has also garnered them many new fans along the way, and cemented the loyalty of progressive "old-timers."
    +==Biography==
    +He was born in 1775 in [[Rhinebeck, New York]]. His father emigrated to the United States from [[Switzerland]] in 1751.

    -Paradise Lost's line-up has remained remarkably consistent for a long-standing heavy metal band, consisting of singer [[Nick Holmes|Holmes]], guitarists [[Greg Mackintosh]] and [[Aaron Aedy]], and bassist [[Steve Edmonson]]. Holmes and Mackintosh are the principal [[composers]], with almost all of the band's songs credited solely to them. Only the band's drumming position has changed, with original sticks man [[Matthew Archer]] leaving in [[1994]] to be replaced by ex-[[Marshall Law]] drummer [[Lee Morris]]. In March [[2004 in music|2004]], Morris also left the band. Drummer [[Jeff Singer]] is now working with the band, but as of [[2005 in music|2005]], he is not a permanent replacement.
    +He graduated from [[Columbia University|Columbia College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (A.B.) in 1793 and was [[ordination|ordained]] into the ministry by the German Reformed Synod in [[Reading, Pennsylvania]] on [[May 17]], [[1794]], and served churches in both the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch Reformed]] faiths.

    -== Members ==
    -=== Current members ===
    -* [[Nick Holmes]] - Vocals
    -* [[Greg Mackintosh]] - Guitar
    -* [[Aaron Aedy]] - Guitar
    -* [[Steve Edmonson]] - Bass
    -* [[Jeff Singer]] - Drums
    +He married Susannah Benson and had a daughter: Susan Ann Milledoler (c1790-1867) who married Martin Wiltsie Brett (1788-1879) in 1816.

    -=== Former members ===
    -* [[Lee Morris]] - Drums
    -* [[Matthew Archer]] - Drums
    +He was active in forming the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], [[American Bible Society]] and the [[United Foreign Missionary Society]]. In [[1825]], he accepted the presidency of Queen's College after the death of [[John Henry Livingston]], and convinced one of his parishioners in [[New York City]], Colonel [[Henry Rutgers]], a wealthy bachelor, to donate $5,000 to the college creating a drive to reopen the closed institution. The Board of Trustees named the institution after Colonel Rutgers, and Rutgers College was reopened on [[14 November]] [[1825]].

    -== Discography ==
    -=== Albums ===
    -* ''[[Paradise Lost (demo)|Paradise Lost]] (demo)'' - [[1988]]
    -* ''[[Frozen Illusion]] (demo)'' - [[1989]]
    -* ''[[Lost Paradise]]'' - [[1990]]
    -* ''[[Gothic (album)|Gothic]]'' - [[1991]]
    -* ''[[Shades of God]]'' - [[1992]]
    -* ''[[Icon (Paradise Lost album)|Icon]]'' - [[1993]]
    -* ''[[Draconian Times]]'' - [[1995]]
    -* ''[[One Second (Paradise Lost album)|One Second]]'' - [[1997]]
    -* ''[[Host (album)|Host]]'' - [[1999]]
    -* ''[[Believe in Nothing]]'' - [[2001]]
    -* ''[[Symbol of Life]]'' - [[2002]]
    -* ''[[Paradise Lost (album)|Paradise Lost]]'' - [[2005]]
    -* ''[[11th Album]]'' - [[2007]]
    +Reverend Milledoler was responsible for reorganizing the curriculum of Rutgers College into one that instructed in the liberal arts, offering courses in [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], [[Mathematics]], [[Philosophy]], [[Literature]], [[Political Economy]], and later lectures in [[Geology]], [[Mineralogy]] and [[Chemistry]]. During this time, enrollment at Rutgers College increased, and the college became more independent of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]. This increased dissension between the Church and the college prompted Reverend Milledoler to resign in 1839, remaining on the post until the Trustees selected a replacement.

    -=== Singles/EPs ===
    -* ''[[In Dub]]'' - [[1990]]
    -* ''[[As i Die]]'' - [[1992]]
    -* ''[[Gothic EP]]'' - [[1994]]
    -* ''[[Seals the Sense]]'' - [[1994]]
    -* ''[[Forever Failure]]'' - [[1995]]
    -* ''[[The Last Time (Paradise Lost)|The Last Time]]'' - [[1995]]
    -* ''[[True Belief '97]]'' - [[1997]]
    -* ''[[Say Just Words]]'' - [[1997]]
    -* ''[[One Second (Paradise Lost)|One Second]]'' - [[1997]]
    -* ''[[Permanent Solution]]'' - [[1999]]
    -* ''[[So Much is Lost]]'' - [[1999]]
    -* ''[[Fader (song)|Fader]]'' - [[2001]]
    -* ''[[Mouth (song)|Mouth]]'' - [[2001]]
    -* ''[[Erased]]'' - [[2002]]
    -* ''[[Forever After]]'' - [[2005]]
    +He died on his birthday, [[22 September]], [[1852]] on [[Staten Island]] in [[New York City]].

    -=== Compilations/Live ===
    -* ''The Singles Collection'' - [[1997]]
    -* ''[[Reflection (Paradise Lost album)|Reflection]]'' - [[1998]]
    -* ''[[At The BBC]]'' - [[2003]]
    +==Publication==
    +*''Dissertation on Incestuous Marriages'' (1843)

    -== External links ==
    -* [http://www.paradiselost.co.uk/ Official site]
    -* [http://www.paradiselost.co.uk/albums/ Paradise Lost lyrics] at Official Site
    +==References==
    +
    +*[[New York Times]]; [[September 23]], [[1852]], Wednesday; Death of Rev. Philip Milledoler. We regret to announce that at an early hour yesterday morning, Rev. Philip Milledoler, D.D., S.T.P., departed this life at the residence of his son-in-law, Hon. J. W. Beekman, on [[Staten Island]]. Dr. Milledoler was born as Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, on the 22d of September, 1775, and was just seventy-seven years of age at the time of his decease.
    +*[[New York Times]]; [[March 12]], [[1867]], Wednesday; On Sunday evening, March 10, Susan Ann, wife of Martin W. Brett, and daughter of the late Rev. Philip Milledoler, D.D. The relatives and friends of the family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral from her late residence, No. 32 Livingston Street, [[Brooklyn]], on Thursday, the 14th, at 3 o'clock P.M., without further invitation.

    -* {{musicbrainz artist|id=10bf95b6-30e3-44f1-817f-45762cdc0de0|name=Paradise Lost}}
    -* [http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=191 Paradise Lost] at [[Encyclopaedia Metallum]]
    -* {{discogs artist|artist=Paradise+Lost|name=Paradise Lost}}
    +==Note==
    +*Appleton's Cyclopedia published his death date incorrectly as [[23 September]], [[1852]]. This was the date his obituary was published.

    -{{Paradise Lost}}
    +==See also==
    +*[[Philip Milledoler Brett]]
    +*[[Media:Milledoler 1852 obit.gif|Obituary in the New York Times]]

    -[[Category:English musical groups]]
    -[[Category:British heavy metal musical groups]]
    -[[Category:Death metal musical groups]]
    -[[Category:Doom metal musical groups]]
    +==External links==
    +* [http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/milledoler.shtml Rutgers biography]

    -[[de:Paradise Lost (Band)]]
    -[[da:Paradise Lost]]
    -[[fr:Paradise Lost (groupe)]]
    -[[it:Paradise Lost]]
    -[[nl:Paradise Lost (band)]]
    -[[pl:Paradise Lost]]
    -[[pt:Paradise Lost (banda)]]
    -[[ru:Paradise Lost]]
    -[[sl:Paradise Lost]]
    -[[fi:Paradise Lost]]
    -[[sv:Paradise Lost (musikgrupp)]]
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box|title=President of [[Rutgers University]]|before=[[John Henry Livingston]]|after=[[Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck]]|years=1825–1840}}
    +{{end box}}
    +
    +[[Category:1775 births|Milledoler]]
    +[[Category:1852 deaths|Milledoler]]
    +[[Category:Presidents of Rutgers University|Milledoler, Philip]]
    +[[Category:American university presidents|Milledoler]]
    2013-03-13 16:23:46 89999446 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3130065]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,31 +1,29 @@\n
    -[[Image:Main Event PPV.jpg|right]]'''Main Event''' is [[Australia]]'s only [[pay-per-view]] channel. It transmits through [[Foxtel]], [[Optus Television]] and [[Austar]]. It broadcasts major sporting and entertainment events such as [[boxing]], [[professional wrestling]], [[concert]]s and even [[The Jerry Springer Show|Jerry Springer specials]]
    +{{Taxobox
    +| color = pink
    +| name = ''Angustinaripterus''
    +| status = {{StatusFossil}}
    +| fossil_range = Middle [[Jurassic]]
    +| image =
    +| image_width = 240px
    +| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
    +| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
    +| classis = [[Sauropsid|Sauropsida]]
    +| ordo = [[Pterosauria]]
    +| subordo = [[Rhamphorhynchoidea]]
    +| familia = [[Rhamphorhynchid]]ae
    +| genus = '''''Angustinaripterus'''''
    +| species = '''''A. longicephalus'''''
    +| binomial = ''Angustinaripterus longicephalus''
    +| binomial_authority = He, Xinlu, et al., [[1983]]
    +}}

    -In recent times, the channel has broadcasted the [[Anthony Mundine|Anthony "The Man" Mundine]] vs. [[Danny Green]] boxing fight and has broadcasted nearly every [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] pay-per-view since [[2001]] (There was a contract negotiation period that prevented the WWE from showing WWE Pay-Per-Views between January and August 2003). Since [[May 2006]] it has also been broadcasting [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] pay-per-views. It also broadcasted [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]]'s weekly programming (for free) as [[FOX8]], the usual broadcaster, was busy fulfilling a schedule for the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].
    +''Angustinaripterus'' was discovered at Dashanpu near Zigong, in the Szechuan province of [[China]]. It is known from a single skull.

    -Main Event has also broadcasted large concerts for artists such as [[Christina Aguilera]] and [[Beyonce Knowles]] in the past.
    +The skull shows large, intermeshing teeth at the tip, and may have been used to snatch fish from the surface of water. The teeth put ''Angustinaripterus'' near to [[Dorygnathus]], but some other features of the skull are comparable with those of [[azhdarchids]].

    -'''Professional wrestling'''
    -''Note: All times are in Eastern Daylight Time. [[Queensland|Qld]] subtract 1 hour, [[South Australia|SA]] subtract 30 minutes, [[Western Australia|WA]] subtract 3 hours''
    +==Sources==

    -*''WWE Fanatic Series: ''[http://www.ezydvd.com.au/item.zml/788711 "McMahon"]'' - [[November 10]] and [[November 25]], screening every two hours from 8am to 8pm (AEST)at [[Australian dollar|AU$]]9.95 for an all day ticket.
    -
    -*[[TNA Bound for Glory 2006]] - Saturday [[November 4]], 7:30am, 12.30pm, 5:30pm
    -
    -*[[WWE Cyber Sunday]] - Monday [[November 6]], 12:00pm, 6:30pm
    -
    -*[[Survivor Series (2006)|WWE Survivior Series]] - Monday [[November 27]] 12:00pm, 6;30pm.
    -
    -'''Boxing'''
    -
    -*Mayweather v Beldomir - [[November 5]] 1:00pm
    +http://www.pterosaur.co.uk


    -
    -==See also==
    -* [[Professional wrestling in Australia]]
    -
    -==External links==
    -* [http://www.mainevent.com.au Official site]
    -
    -{{Australia-bcast-stub}}
    -[[Category:Television stations in Australia]]
    +{{paleo-stub}}
    2013-03-16 17:39:41 90496019 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q892890]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,210 +1,72 @@\n
    -{{Cleanup-date|September 2006}}
    -{{History of England}}
    -'''England''' is the largest and most populous of the [[constituent countries]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The division dates from the arrival of the [[Anglo-Saxons]] in the [[5th century]]. The territory of [[England]] has been politically united since the [[10th century]]. This article concerns that territory. However, before the [[10th century]] and after the accession of [[James VI of Scotland]] to the throne of England in [[1603]], it becomes less convenient to distinguish [[History of Scotland|Scottish]] and [[History of Wales|Welsh]] from English history since the union of these nations with England.
    +{{Yogaschool|name=[[Anusara Yoga]]
    +|color=green
    +|bgcolor=white
    +|religious_origins=[[Hinduism]]
    +|regional_origins=[[The Woodlands, Texas]], [[USA]]
    +|founding_guru=[[John Friend]]
    +|popularity=Growing from the late [[20th century]]
    +|derivatives=
    +|related_schools=
    +|practice_emphases=[[alignment]], "heart opening" postures and the [[spirituality|spiritual]] and [[meditation|meditative]] aspects of [[hatha yoga]]
    +|other_topics=[[Tantra]]
    +}}

    -==England before the English==
    -: ''Main articles: [[Prehistoric Britain]], [[Iron Age Britain]] and [[Roman Britain]]''
    -[[Image:Stonehenge Closeup.jpg|thumb|[[Stonehenge]], thought to have been erected c.2000-2500BC]]
    -Archaeological evidence indicates that what is now southern England was colonised by humans long before the rest of the British Isles due to its more hospitable climate between and during the various [[ice age]]s of the distant past. The first historical mention of the region is from the [[Massaliote Periplus]], a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the [[6th century BC]], although cultural and trade links with the continent had existed for millennia prior to this. [[Pytheas of Massilia]] wrote of his trading journey to the island around [[325 BC]]. Later writers such as [[Pliny the Elder]] (quoting [[Timaeus]]) and [[Diodorus Siculus]] (probably drawing on [[Poseidonius]]) mention the tin trade from southern England but there is little further historical detail of the people who lived there. [[Tacitus]] wrote that there was no great difference in language between the people of southern England and northern [[Gaul]] and noted that the various tribes of Britons shared physical characteristics with their continental neighbours.'''
    -[[Julius Caesar]] visited southern England in [[55 BC|55]] and [[54 BC]] and wrote in ''[[De Bello Gallico]]'' that the population of southern England was extremely large and shared much in common with the other barbarian tribes on the continent. Coin evidence and the work of later Roman historians have provided the names of some of the rulers of the disparate tribes and their machinations in what was to become England.
    +'''Anusara Yoga''' is a modern school of [[yoga]] started by [[John Friend]] in 1997; it is a popular [[hatha yoga]] style with a [[Tantra|Tantric philosophy]]. Friend continues to take an active role leading the expansion of the school and training (and certifying) teachers.

    -Surprisingly few historical sources describe Roman England. For example, we have only one sentence describing the reasons for the construction of [[Hadrian's Wall]]. The Claudian invasion itself is well attested and Tacitus included the uprising of [[Boudica]], or "Boadicea", in [[61]] AD in his history. Following the end of the [[1st century]], however, Roman historians only mention fragments of information from the distant province. The Roman presence strengthened and weakened over the centuries, but by the [[5th century]] Roman influence had declined to such a point that the peoples who were to become the English were emerging.
    +The emphasis of the school is on a set of "Universal Principles of Alignment" which underlie all postures, "heart opening" postures and the spiritual/meditative benefits of [[hatha yoga]].

    -==The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Celtic Britain==
    -{{main|History of Anglo-Saxon England}}
    -In the wake of the Romans, who had abandoned the south of the island by about [[410]] in order to concentrate on difficulties closer to home, present day England was progressively settled by successive and often complementary waves of [[Germanic tribes]]men.
    +Attainable bliss and joy in practice and everyday life are an important aspect of the underlying philosophy of this school. Many western students with a modernist bent find this school attractive.

    -The prevailing view is that waves of Germanic people, [[Jutes]] together with large numbers of [[Frisians]], [[Saxon people|Saxons]] from northern [[Germany]] and [[Angles]] from what is now southern [[Denmark]] - commonly known as Anglo-Saxons - who had been partly displaced on mainland [[Europe]], invaded Britain in the mid [[5th century]] and again around the middle of the [[6th century]]. They came under military leaders and settled at first on the eastern shores. They are believed to have fought their way westward, looking for more land to cultivate, taking lowland and leaving less desirable lands in the hills to the Celtic Britons.
    +==Opening Invocation==
    +Each Anusara class typically opens with the singing of the following mantra:

    -Professors John Davies and A.W. Wade-Evans believe that the Saxons did not sweep away the entire population of the Celtic Britons in the areas they overran, as was supposed by [[19th century]] historians. Population estimates based on the size and density of settlements put Britain's population at about 3.5 million by the time Romans invaded in A.D. 43. Some historians now believe subsequent invaders from mainland Europe had little genetic impact on the British. The notion that large-scale migrations caused drastic change in early Britain has been widely discredited, according to the view of Simon James, an archaeologist at Leicester University, England.
    -
    -For the English, their defining period was the arrival of Germanic tribes known collectively as the Anglo-Saxons. Some researchers suggest this invasion may have consisted of as few as 10,000 to 25,000 people — not enough to displace existing inhabitants. However, the latest genetic studies of the modern British population suggests an intermediate situation, with around 50% of Britons remaining in England, the figure increasing from east to west [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0719_050719_britishgene_2.html]. The reason for this relatively high ratio of Saxons in the modern population may be due to a higher reproductive rate (Proc Royal Soc B 2006).
    +

    +ॐ नमः शिवय गुरवे

    +सचिदननद मुतयै

    +निसपपचय शनतय

    +निरलमबय तेजसे


    -Analysis of human remains unearthed at an ancient cemetery near Abingdon, England, indicates that Saxon immigrants and native Britons lived side-by-side. David Miles, research fellow at the Institute of Archaeology has said: "Probably what we're dealing with is a majority of British people who were dominated politically by a new elite. ... They were swamped culturally but not genetically". Simon James writes: "It is actually quite common to observe important cultural change, including adoption of wholly new identities, with little or no biological change to a population".[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0719_050719_britishgene_2.html]
    +ॐ
    +


    -Increasingly, the Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated, a process enabled by a lack of clear unity amongst the British people against a unified armed foe, and the culture pushed westwards and northwards. The settlement (or invasion) of England is known as the Saxon Conquest or the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] (sometimes "English") Conquest.
    +
    Om Namah Shivaya Gurave

    +Saccidananda Murtaye

    +Nischprapanchaya Shantaya

    +Niralambaya Tejase

    +Om
    +


    -In approximately [[495]], at the [[Battle of Mons Badonicus|Battle of Mount Badon]] (Latin ''Mons Badonicus'', Welsh ''Mynydd Baddon'') possibly at Badbury Rings near the Roman Porchester-Poole road,{{fact}} Britons inflicted a severe defeat on an invading Anglo-Saxon army which halted the westward Anglo-Saxon advance for a long period. While it was a major political and military event of the 5th and 6th centuries in Britain, there is no certainty about who commanded the opposing forces. This victory by the British army made it possible to halt the Saxon invasion and secured a long period of peace for Celtic Britain.
    +As Sanskrit is a concept-based language, a literal translation is difficult to achieve. One translation is as follows:

    -The earliest source does not name the commanders of the opposing forces, but by the 9th century the victory was attributed to King Arthur. The 9th century Historia Brittonum records traditions that name the Romano-British / Celtic leader as Arthur. An old Welsh poem ascribed to Taliesin (who lived in the last half of the 6th century), refers to "the battle of Badon with Arthur, chief giver of feasts… the battle which all men remember". In that sort of society, "chief giver of feasts" implies supreme leader. Gildas writes "ad annum obsessionis Badonici montis ... quique quadragesimus quartus ut novi orditur annus mense iam uno emenso qui et meae nativitatis est", which has been translated in more than one way. It may mean "at/to the year of the siege of Mount Badon ... which happened 44 years and one month ago, and which is [the year] of my birth".

    -King Maelgwn of Gwynedd was still living when Gildas wrote this, therefore Gildas wrote this on or before 547. This suggests the date 503 or shortly before for the battle. Bede treated this passage as saying that the battle was 44 years after the Anglo-Saxons came to Britain (which he said was in 449). Adding 44 years to 449 gives the date 493 for the battle. Adding 44 years to 447 (when Thanet was conceded to Hengist) gives the date 491 for the battle. Some would argue that Bede's copy of Gildas was much closer to Gildas's time than any extant; however, the age of a manuscript (especially one no longer existing) is no guide to its accuracy. However uncertain the place, date, or participants of this battle may be, it clearly halted the Anglo-Saxon advance for some years.
    +

    +"I offer myself to the Light, the Auspicious One, who is the True Teacher within and without,

    +Who assumes the forms of Reality, Consciousness, and Bliss,

    +Who is never absent and is full of peace,

    +Independent in existence, the vital essence of Illumination."
    +


    -The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is silent about this battle, but documents a gap of almost 70 years between two major Anglo-Saxon leaders (Bretwaldas) in the fifth and sixth centuries. Procopius records a story, told to him by a member of a diplomatic delegation from the Franks, including a group of Angles, which included that some Anglo-Saxons and British found their island so crowded that they migrated into northern Gaul to find lands to live on. There are other tales from the mid-6th century about groups of Anglo-Saxons leaving Britain to settle across the English Channel. All of these point to some kind of reversal in the fortunes of the invading Anglo-Saxons.

    -Archaeological evidence collected from the cemeteries of the pagan Anglo-Saxons suggests that some of their settlements were abandoned and the frontier between the invaders and the native inhabitants pushed back some time around 500. The Anglo-Saxons held the present counties of Kent, Sussex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and around the Humber; it is clear that the native British controlled everything west of a line drawn from the mouth of the Wiltshire Avon at Christchurch north to the river Trent, then along the Trent to where it joined the Humber, and north along the river Derwent and then east to the North Sea, and an enclave to the north and west of London, and south of Verulamium (near St. Albans), that stretched west to join with the main frontier. The Britons defending this pocket could securely move their troops along Watling Street to bring reinforcements to London or Verulamium, and thus keep the invaders divided into pockets south of the Weald, in eastern Kent, and in the lands around the Wash.
    -
    -In the decisive [[Battle of Deorham]], in [[577]] between the West Saxons and the Britons, the British people of Southern Britain were separated into the West Welsh ([[Cornwall]], [[Devon]] [[Dorset]] and [[Somerset]]) and the [[Wales|Welsh]] by the advancing Saxons. Deorham is usually taken to refer to Dyrham in Gloucestershire. The battle was promptly followed by the Saxon occupation of three cities: Cirencester (Corinium), probably a provincial capital in the Roman period; Gloucester (Glevum), a former legionary fortress and a colonia; and Bath (Aquae Sulis), a renowned pagan religious centre and spa city. However, their advance southwestward was held up for about a hundred years, until the battle of Peonnam, and was not complete until the 10th century. Though there were some gains towards Wales, it remained largely independent from the Saxons.
    -
    -The remains of many villas are found in the vicinity of these cities, implying that the area was wealthy as well as relatively sophisticated: it must be inferred that this Saxon advance was a significant blow to the Britons. The battle is also considered by some to be decisive since it drove a land wedge between the Britons of what was to become Wales and those in the southwest peninsula. It has however been objected that, though the battle may have had an impact on large-scale movements, the passage of Welsh-speaking individuals was evidently not impossible: a Welsh genealogy appears to record that, in the 7th century, the descendants of kings of Pengwern founded a dynasty in the Glastonbury region. It would not have been difficult to make such a journey by boat. In fact, archaeology suggests that, although the Anglo-Saxons quickly took over the Cirencester region after the battle, it took some time for them to colonize Bath and Gloucester.
    -
    -From the [[4th century]] AD, many Britons had migrated across the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, with their chiefs, soldiers, families, monks and priests, and started to settle and colonize the western part ([[Armorica]]) of [[Gaul]] (France) where they founded a new nation: [[Brittany]]. The immigrant Britons gave their new country its current name and contributed to the [[Breton language]], Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The name "Brittany" (from "Little Britain") arose at this time to distinguish the new Britain from "Great Britain". Brezhoneg (the British language) is still spoken in Brittany in [[2006]].
    -
    -Beginning with the raid in [[793]] on the monastery at [[Lindisfarne]], [[Vikings]] made many raids on England.
    -
    -At [[Dore]] (now a suburb of the [[Sheffield|City of Sheffield]]) [[Egbert of Wessex]] received the submission of [[Eanred of Northumbria]] in [[829]] and so became the first Saxon overlord of all England.
    -
    -[[Image:England-878ad.jpg|thumb|England in 878]]
    -After a time of plunder and raids, the Vikings began to settle in England and trade, eventually ruling the [[Danelaw]] from the late [[9th century]]. One Viking settlement was in [[York]], called [[Jorvik]] by the Vikings. Viking rule left significant traces in the [[English language]]; the similarity of [[Old English language|Old English]] and [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] led to much borrowing.
    -
    -The principal legacy left behind in those territories from which the languages of the Britons were displaced is that of toponyms. Many of the place-names in England and to a lesser extent Scotland are derived from the Britons' names, including London, Dumbarton, York, Dorchester, Dover and Colchester. Several place-name elements are thought to be wholly or partly Brythonic in origin, particularly bre-, bal-, and -dun for hills, carr for a high rocky place, coomb for a small deep valley.
    -
    -Until recently it has been believed that those areas settled by the Anglo-Saxons were uninhabited at the time or the Britons had fled before them. However, genetic studies show that the British were not pushed out to the Celtic fringes – many tribes remained in what was to become England (see C. Capelli et al. 'A Y chromosome census of the British Isles'. Current Biology 13, 979–984, ([[2003]])). Capelli's findings strengthen the research of Steven Bassett of Birmingham University; his work during the [[1990s]] suggests that much of the West Midlands was only very lightly colonised with Anglian and Saxon settlements.
    -
    -{{Seealso|Hengest|Cerdic of Wessex|Bede|Offa|Egbert of Wessex|Alfred the Great|Anglo-Saxon Kings}}
    -
    -==England during the Middle Ages==
    -: ''Main article: [[Britain in the Middle Ages]]''
    -[[Image:Bayeuxtap1.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the [[Battle of Hastings]] (1066) on the [[Bayeux Tapestry]]]]
    -The defeat of [[Monarch|King]] [[Harold Godwinson]] at the [[Battle of Hastings]] in [[1066]] at the hands of William of [[Normandy]], later styled [[William I of England]] and the subsequent [[Norman Conquest|Norman takeover]] of [[Saxon England]] led to a sea-change in the history of the small, isolated, island state. William ordered the compilation of the [[Domesday Book]], a survey of the entire population and their lands and property for tax purposes.
    -
    -William ruled over Normandy, then a powerful kingdom in France. William and his nobles spoke and conducted court in [[Anglo-Norman]], in Normandy as well as in England. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy endured for centuries and left an indelible mark in the development of modern English.
    -
    -The English [[Middle Ages]] were to be characterised by [[civil war]], international war, occasional insurrection, and widespread political intrigue amongst the aristocratic and monarchic elite. England was more than self-sufficient in cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. The nation's international economy was based on the [[Wool#History|wool trade]], in which the produce of the sheepwalks of northern England was exported to the textile cities of [[Flanders]], where it was worked into cloth. Medieval foreign policy was as much shaped by relations with Flemish textile industry as it was by dynastic adventures in western France. An English textile industry was established in the fifteenth century, providing the basis for rapid English capital accumulation.
    -
    -[[Henry I of England|Henry I]], also known as "Henry Beauclerc" (so named because of his education—as his older brother [[William II of England|William]] was the [[heir apparent]] and thus given the practical training to be king, Henry received the alternate, formal education), worked hard to reform and stabilise the country and smooth the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and [[Anglo-Norman]] societies. The loss of his son, [[William Adelin|William]], in the wreck of the [[White Ship]] in November [[1120]], was to undermine his reforms. This problem regarding succession was to cast a long shadow over English history.
    -
    -During the disastrous and incompetent reign of [[Stephen I of England|Stephen]] ([[1135]] - [[1154]]), there was a major swing in the balance of power towards the [[feudal]] [[baron]]s, as [[the Anarchy|civil war]] and lawlessness broke out. In trying to appease [[Scotland|Scottish]] and Welsh raiders, he handed over large tracts of land. His conflicts with his cousin [[Empress Matilda|The Empress Matilda]] (also known as Empress Maud), whom he had earlier promised recognition as heir, were his undoing: she bided her time in [[France]] and, in the autumn of [[1139]], invaded (with her husband, [[Geoffrey of Anjou]] and her half-brother, [[Robert of Gloucester]]).
    -
    -Stephen was captured and his government fell. Matilda was proclaimed queen but was soon at odds with her subjects and was expelled from [[London]]. The period of insurrection and civil war that followed continued until [[1148]], when Matilda returned to France. Stephen effectively reigned unopposed until his death in [[1154]], although his hold on the throne was still uneasy. When Stephen's son and heir apparent [[Eustace IV|Eustace]] died in 1153 Stephen reached an accommodation with Matilda which allowed her son, Henry of [[Anjou]], (who became [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]) to succeed Stephen and in which peace between them was guaranteed.
    -
    -The reign of Henry II represents a reversion in power back from the barony to the monarchical state; it was also to see a similar redistribution of legislative power from the Church, again to the monarchical state. This period also presaged a properly constituted legislation and a radical shift away from [[feudalism]].
    -
    -[[Image:King John of England signs the Magna Carta - Illustration from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902.jpg|thumb|left|The signing of the [[Magna Carta]] (1215)]]
    -Henry's successor, [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] "the Lion Heart", was preoccupied with foreign wars, taking part in the Third Crusade and defending his French territories against Philip II of France. His younger brother [[John of England|John]], who succeeded him, was not so fortunate; he suffered the loss of Normandy and numerous other French territories. He also managed to antagonize the feudal nobility and leading Church figures to the extent that in 1215, they led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign the [[Magna Carta]], which imposed legal limits on the King's personal powers.
    -
    -John's son, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], was only 9 years old when he became King. His reign was punctuated by numerous rebellions and civil wars, often provoked by incompetence and mismanagement in Government, and Henry's perceived over-reliance on French courtiers (thus restricting the influence of the English nobility). One of these rebellions, led (curiously enough) by a disaffected courtier, [[Simon de Montfort]], was notable for its assembly of one of the earliest precursors to [[British Parliament|Parliament]].
    -
    -The reign of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] (1272-1307) was rather more successful. Edward enacted numerous laws strengthening the powers of his Government, and summoned the first officially sanctioned [[Parliaments of England]] (such as his [[Model Parliament]]). He conquered [[Wales]], and attempted to use a succession dispute to gain control of [[Scotland]], though this developed into a costly and drawn-out military campaign. His son, [[Edward II of England|Edward II]], suffered a massive defeat at [[Battle of Bannockburn|Bannockburn]]; but the campaign continued until the early years of [[Edward III]], and was only finally abandoned after the conclusion of the [[Treaty of Northampton]] in 1328.
    -
    -[[The Black Death]], an epidemic of [[bubonic plague]] that spread over the whole of [[Europe]], arrived in England in [[1349]] and killed perhaps up to a third of the population. International excursions were invariably against domestic neighbours: the [[Wales|Welsh]], [[Ireland|Irish]], [[Cornwall|Cornish]], and the [[Hundred Years' War]] against the [[France|French]] and their [[Scottish people|Scottish]] allies. Notable English victories in the Hundred Years' War included [[Battle of Crécy|Crécy]] and [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]]. In addition to this, the final defeat of the uprising led by the Welsh prince, [[Owain Glyndŵr]], in 1412 by Prince Henry (later to become [[Henry V of England|Henry V]]) represents the last major armed attempt by the Welsh to throw off English rule.
    -
    -[[Edward III of England|Edward III]] gave land to powerful noble families, including many people with Royal blood in their veins. Because land was equivalent to power in these days, this meant that these powerful men could now try to make good their claim to the Crown. The autocratic and arrogant methods of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] only served to alienate the nobility more, and his forceful dispossession in [[1399]] by [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] sowed the seeds for what was to come. In the reign of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], which began in [[1422]], things came to a head because of his personal weaknesses and mental instability. Unable to control the feuding nobles, he allowed outright civil war to break out. The conflicts are known as the [[Wars of the Roses]] and although the fighting was very sporadic and small, there was a general breakdown in the authority and power of the Crown. [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] went a little way to restoring this power but the spadework was generally done by [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]].
    -
    -{{Seealso|English historians in the Middle Ages|List of English chronicles|Bayeux Tapestry}}
    -
    -==Tudor England==
    -: ''Main article: [[Early Modern Britain]]''
    -The Wars of the Roses culminated in the eventual victory of the relatively unknown Henry Tudor, [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] in [[1485]], where the Yorkist [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] was slain, and the succession of the Lancastrian House was ultimately assured. Whilst in retrospect it is easy for us to date the end of the Wars of the Roses to the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]], Henry VII could afford no such complacency. Before the end of his reign, two pretenders would try to wrest the throne from him, aided by remnants of the Yorkist faction at home and abroad. The first, [[Lambert Simnel]], was defeated at the [[Battle of Stoke]] (the last time an English King fought someone claiming the Crown) and the second, [[Perkin Warbeck]], was hanged in [[1499]] after plaguing the King for a decade.
    -
    -In [[1497]], [[Michael An Gof]] led Cornish rebels in a march on London. In a battle over the [[River Ravensbourne]] at [[Battle of Deptford Bridge, 1497|Deptford Bridge]], An Gof fought for various issues with their root in taxes. On [[June 17]], [[1497]] they were defeated, and Henry VII had showed he could display military prowess when he needed to. But, like [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in the future, here was a King with no wish to go "on his travels" again. The rest of his reign was relatively peaceful, despite a slight worry over the succession when his wife [[Elizabeth of York]] died in [[1503]].
    -
    -[[Image:Hans Holbein d. J. 049.jpg|thumb|King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]]]
    -King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] split with the [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic Church]] over a question of his divorce from [[Catherine of Aragon]]. Though his religious position was not at all [[Protestant]], the resultant schism ultimately led to England distancing itself almost entirely from Rome. A notable casualty of the schism was Henry's [[chancellor]], Sir [[Thomas More]]. There followed a period of great religious and political upheaval, which led to the [[English Reformation]], the royal expropriation of the monasteries and much of the wealth of the church. The [[Dissolution of the English Monasteries|Dissolution of the Monasteries]] had the effect of giving many of the lower classes (the [[gentry]]) a vested interest in the Reformation continuing, for to halt it would be to revive [[Monasticism]] and restore lands which were gifted to them during the Dissolution.
    -
    -Henry VIII had three children, all of whom would wear the Crown. The first to reign was [[Edward VI of England]]. Although he showed piety and intelligence, he was only a boy of ten when he took the throne in [[1547]]. His uncle, [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]] tampered with Henry VIII's will and obtained [[letters patent]] giving him much of the power of a monarch in March of that year. He took the title of Protector. Whilst some see him as a high-minded idealist, his stay in power culminated in a crisis in [[1549]] when many counties of the realm were up in protest. [[Kett's Rebellion]] in Kent and the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] in [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] simultaneously created a crisis during a time when invasion from Scotland and France were feared. Somerset, disliked by the Regency Council for his autocratic methods, was removed from power by [[John Dudley, Earl of Warwick|John Dudley]], who is known as [[Lord President Northumberland]]. Northumberland proceeded to adopt the power for himself, but his methods were more conciliatory and the Council accepted him.
    -
    -When Edward VI lay dying of [[tuberculosis]] in [[1553]], Northumberland made plans to place [[Lady Jane Grey]] on the throne and marry her to his son, so that he could remain the power behind the throne. His putsch failed and [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] took the throne amidst popular demonstration in her favour in London, which contemporaries described as the largest show of affection for a Tudor monarch. Mary, a devout Catholic who had been influenced greatly by the Catholic King of [[Spain]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Charles I of Spain|Charles V]], tried to reimpose Catholicism on the realm. This led to 274 burnings of Protestants, which are recorded especially in [[John Foxe]]'s [[Book of Martyrs]]. She was highly unpopular among her people, and the Spanish party of her husband, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] caused much resentment around Court. Mary lost [[Calais]], the last English possession on the Continent, and became increasingly more unpopular (except among Catholics) as her reign wore on. She successfully repelled a rebellion by [[Sir Thomas Wyatt]].
    -
    -The reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] restored a sort of order to the realm following the turbulence of the reigns of Edward and Mary when she came to the throne following the death of the latter in [[1558]]. The religious issue which had divided the country since Henry VIII was in a way put to rest by the [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]], which created the [[Church of England]] in much the same form we see it today. Much of Elizabeth's success was in balancing the interests of the [[Puritan]]s (radical Protestants) and "die-hard" Catholics. She managed to offend neither to a large extent, although she clamped down on Catholics towards the end of her reign as war with Catholic Spain loomed.
    -
    -The [[slave trade]] that established Britain as a major economic power can be attributed to Elizabeth, who granted [[John Hawkins]] the permission to commence trading in 1562. The number of Africans transported to England was so great due to the slave trade that by 1596 Elizabeth complained that "several blackamoores have lately been brought into this realm of which kind of people there are already too much here". She tried unsuccessfully to expel them via a Proclamation in 1601.
    -[[Image:Elizabeth I (Armada Portrait).jpg|thumb|Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]]]]
    -Elizabeth maintained relative government stability apart from the [[Revolt of the Northern Earls]] in [[1569]], she was effective in reducing the power of the old nobility and expanding the power of her government. One of the most famous events in English martial history occurred in [[1588]] when the [[Spanish Armada]] was repelled by the English navy commanded by [[Sir Francis Drake]], but the war that followed was very costly for England and only ended after Elizabeth's death. Elizabeth's government did much to consolidate the work begun under [[Thomas Cromwell]] in the reign of Henry VIII, that is, expanding the role of the government and in effecting common law and administration throughout England.
    -
    -In all, the Tudor period is seen as a decisive one which set up many important questions which would have to be answered in the next century and during the [[English Civil War]]. These were questions of the relative power of the monarch and Parliament and to what extent one should control the other. Some historians think that Thomas Cromwell affected a "[[Tudor Revolution]]" in government and it is certain that Parliament became a lot more important during his chancellorship. Other historians say the "Tudor Revolution" really extended to the end of Elizabeth's reign when the work was all consolidated. Although the [[Privy Council of England|Privy Council]], which was the mainstay of Tudor government, declined after the death of Elizabeth, whilst she was alive it was very effective.
    -
    -{{Seealso|English Renaissance}}
    -
    -==The Stuarts and the Civil War==
    -{{main|British Civil War}}
    -
    -Elizabeth died without leaving any direct heirs. Her closest male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI, of the house of Stuart, so he became [[James I of England]], the first king of the entire island of Great Britain, though he ruled England and Scotland separately. A number of assassination attempts were made on James, notably the [[Main Plot]] and [[Bye Plot]]s of [[1603]], and most famously, on [[November 5]], [[1605]], the [[Gunpowder Plot]], by a group of Catholic conspirators, led by [[Guy Fawkes]], which was stoked up and served as further fuel for antipathy in England to the Catholic faith.
    -
    -[[Image:English civil war map 1642 to 1645.JPG|thumb|Maps of territory held by [[Cavalier|Royalists]] (red) and [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] (green) during the [[English Civil War]] (1642 — 1645).]]
    -The [[English Civil War]] broke out in [[1642]], largely as a result of an ongoing series of conflicts between James' son, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], and [[Parliament]]. The defeat of the Royalist army by the [[New Model Army]] of [[Parliament]] at the Battle of [[Naseby]] in June 1645 effectively destroyed the King's forces. Charles surrendered to the Scottish army at Newark. He was eventually handed over to the English Parliament in early 1647. He escaped and the Second English Civil War began, although it was to be only a short conflict, with Parliament quickly securing the country. The capture and subsequent trial of Charles led to his beheading in January [[1649]] at [[Whitehall]] Gate in London. A republic was declared and [[Oliver Cromwell]] became the [[Lord Protector]] in 1653. After he died, his son [[Richard Cromwell]] succeeded him in the office, but soon abdicated. The monarchy was restored in [[1660]], after England entered a period of anarchy, with King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] returning to London.
    -[[Image:Charlesx3.JPG|thumb|left|[[Charles I of England|King Charles I]], who was beheaded in 1649]]
    -In 1665, London was swept by a visitation of the [[Great Plague of London|plague]], and then, in [[1666]], the capital was swept by the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire]], which raged for 5 days, destroying approximately 15,000 buildings.
    -
    -In [[1689]], the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Protestant [[William III of England|William of Orange]], replaced the Catholic King [[James II of England|James II]] in what became known as the [[Glorious Revolution]]. However, in [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]], Catholics loyal to James II were not so content, and a series of bloody uprisings resulted. These [[Jacobite rebellions]] continued until the mid-18th century, until [[Charles Edward Stuart]] was defeated at [[Battle of Culloden|Culloden]] in 1746.
    -
    -The [[Act of Union|First Act of Union]] saw Scotland united with England and Wales (Wales had already been legally incorporated into England by the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542]] by Henry VIII). This was no process of harmonisation, for Scotland had effectively capitulated to English economic pressure after the failure of the [[Darién scheme]]. This process was lubricated in the Scottish parliament by the political manoeuverings of [[John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll|John Campbell]], the 2nd Duke of [[Argyll]] and [[James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry]]. (NB: After the 1707 Act, the histories of Great Britain and England overlap heavily. Since England was the dominant hegemony, it is assumed for the purposes of this article that the two are largely coterminous.)
    -
    -== Colonial England ==
    -In 1607 England built an establishment in Virginia (Jamestown). This was the beginning of English colonization. Many English settled then in North America for religious or economic reasons. The English merchants holding plantations in the warm southern parts of America then resorted rather quickly to the slavery of Native Americans and imported Africans in order to cultivate their plantations and sell raw material (particularly cotton and tobacco) in Europe. The English merchants involved in colonization accrued fortunes equal to those of great aristocratic landowners in England, and their money which fueled the rise of the middle class permanently altered the balance of political power.
    -
    -==The Industrial Revolution==
    -: ''Main article: [[Economic history of Britain]]''
    -The late [[18th century|18th]] and early [[19th century|19th centuries]] saw considerable social upheaval as a largely agrarian society was transformed by technological advances and increasing mechanisation, which was the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Much of the agricultural workforce was uprooted from the countryside and moved into large urban centres of production, as the steam-based production factories could undercut the traditional [[cottage industries]], due to economies of scale and the increased output per worker made possible by the new technologies. The consequent overcrowding into areas with little supporting infrastructure saw dramatic increases in the rise of infant mortality (to the extent that many Sunday schools for pre working age children (5 or 6) had funeral clubs to pay for each others funeral arrangements), crime, and social deprivation.
    -
    -The transition to industrialisation was not wholly seamless for workers, many of whom saw their livelihoods threatened by the process. Of these, some frequently sabotaged or attempted to sabotage factories. These saboteurs were known as "[[Luddite]]s". This view of the Luddite history should also be set against alternative views, such as [[Luddism#E. P. Thompson.27s view of Luddism|that of E. P. Thompson]].
    -
    -==Recent history==
    -: ''Main article: [[History of the United Kingdom]]''
    -The [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]] of [[1800]] formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process, and created a new [[state]] "The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]" with effect from [[1 January]] 1801, uniting England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland.
    -
    -Since then England has not existed as an independent political entity, but as a country it has remained highly dominant in the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of the political and economic leadership the UK is English. London has remained the economic and centre of Britain and one of the world's great cities.
    -
    -During the early [[19th century]], the working classes began to find a voice. Concentrations of industry led to the formation of guilds and unions, which, although at first suppressed, eventually became powerful enough to resist.
    -
    -[[Chartism]] is thought to have originated from the passing of the [[1832]] [[Reform Bill]], which gave the vote to the majority of the (male) middle classes, but not to the 'working class'. Many people made speeches on the 'betrayal' of the working class and the 'sacrificing' of their 'interests' by the 'misconduct' of the government. In [[1838]], six members of Parliament and six workingmen formed a committee, which then published the People's Charter.
    -
    -[[Image:LondonBombedWWII.gif|thumb|London during [[The Blitz]] in [[World War II]]]]
    -The [[revolution of 1848|revolutions]] which spread like wildfire throughout mainland Europe during the [[1840s]] did not occur in England and [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]'s reign was largely one of consensus, despite huge disparities in living standards between the few rich and the multitudinous poor.
    -
    -The Anglo-Irish treaty of [[1921]] established the [[Irish Free State]] (now the [[Republic of Ireland]]) as a separate nation, leaving [[Northern Ireland]] as part of the United Kingdom; its official name became "The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]".
    -
    -England bore the full brunt of German bombing during [[World War II]], many of its cities were badly damaged and huge amounts of infrastructure destroyed. England rapidly recovered after the war, and while internationally the relative wealth and power of Britain have faded, England still remains paramount in the British Isles. [[1999]] saw the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly. There is no English equivalent. In part this is a reflection of the hold England has on the British government.
    -
    -==See also==
    -

    -* [[Bretwalda]]
    -* [[List of British monarchs]], [[British monarchs' family tree]]
    -* [[Politics of the United Kingdom|British politics]]
    -* [[Danelaw]]
    -* [[English people]]
    -* [[History of the British constitution]]
    -* [[History of British society]]
    -* [[Timeline of English history]]
    -
    -* [[Population of England]] - historical estimates
    -* [[History of the Jews in England]]
    -* [[History of Britain]]
    -* [[History of Scotland]]
    -* [[History of Ireland]]
    -* [[History of Wales]]
    -* [[History of Cornwall]]
    -* [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
    -

    -
    -* History by county or city: [[History of Bedfordshire|Bedfordshire]], [[History of Berkshire|Berkshire]], [[History of Birmingham|Birmingham]], [[History of Bristol|Bristol]], [[History of Buckinghamshire|Buckinghamshire]], [[History of Cambridgeshire|Cambridgeshire]], [[History of Cheshire|Cheshire]], [[History of Cornwall|Cornwall]], [[History of County Durham|County Durham]], [[History of Cumbria|Cumbria]], [[History of Derbyshire|Derbyshire]], [[History of Devon|Devon]], [[History of Dorset|Dorset]], [[History of East Sussex|East Sussex]], [[History of Essex|Essex]], [[History of Gloucestershire|Gloucestershire]], [[History of Hampshire|Hampshire]], [[History of Herefordshire|Herefordshire]], [[History of Hertfordshire|Hertfordshire]], [[History of the Isle of Wight|Isle of Wight]], [[History of Kent|Kent]], [[History of Lancashire|Lancashire]], [[History of Leicestershire|Leicestershire]], [[History of Lincolnshire|Lincolnshire]], [[History of London|London]], [[History of Manchester|Manchester]], [[History of Merseyside|Merseyside]], [[History of Norfolk|Norfolk]], [[History of Northamptonshire|Northamptonshire]], [[History of Northumberland|Northumberland]], [[History of Nottinghamshire|Nottinghamshire]], [[History of Oxfordshire|Oxfordshire]], [[History of Rutland|Rutland]], [[History of Sheffield|Sheffield]], [[History of Shropshire|Shropshire]], [[History of Somerset|Somerset]], [[History of Staffordshire|Staffordshire]], [[History of Suffolk|Suffolk]], [[History of Surrey|Surrey]], [[History of Tyne and Wear|Tyne and Wear]], [[History of Warwickshire|Warwickshire]], [[History of West Midlands|West Midlands]], [[History of West Sussex|West Sussex]], [[History of Wiltshire|Wiltshire]], [[History of Worcestershire|Worcestershire]], [[History of Yorkshire]]
    +==Universal Principles of AlignmentTM==
    +The practice of Anusara Yoga can be broadly categorized into three parts: ''Attitude'', ''Alignment'', and ''Action''.
    +


    +'''Attitude'''

    +The concept of ''Attitude'' is related to the Tantric concept of ''Iccha Shakti'', which is defined as the energy or power of fullness, or divine will. The concept of ''Attitude'' is related to the ''heart''. ''Attitude'', according to John Friend, is the "power of the heart as the force behind every action or expression in an asana." It is "the aspiration to reawaken to our divine nature, and the celebration of life."1
    +


    +'''Alignment'''

    +The concept of ''Alignment'' is related to the Tantric concept of ''Jnana Shakti'', which is defined as the energy or power of awareness. The concept of ''Alignment'' is related to the ''mind''. ''Alignment'', according to John Friend, is the "mindful awareness of how various parts of ourselves are integrated and interconnected."1
    +


    +'''Action'''

    +The concept of ''Action'' is related to the Tantric concept of ''Kriya Shakti'', which is defined as the energy or power of action. The concept of ''Action'' is related to the ''body''. ''Action'', according to John Friend, is the "natural flow of energy in the body, which provides both stability and joyful freedom."1

    ==External links==
    -* Full text of ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/8556 The History of England From the Norman Conquest to the Death of John (1066-1216)]'' from [[Project Gutenberg]]
    -* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/launch_tl_british.shtml New and Improved Timeline of England] coming soon from BBC
    -* http://www.britannia.com/history/time1.html Timeline of England
    -* [http://medieval.etrusia.co.uk/ Medieval England]
    +*[http://www.anusara.com Anusara Yoga site]
    +*[http://www.olenayoga.com/anusara.html Olena - Anusara Yoga Defined]
    +*[http://angeladam.com/AnusaraYoga/AnusaraYoga.swf Slideshow of Anusara Yoga workshop with John Friend in Los Angeles, CA]
    +*[http://www.theyogacenter.us/yoga.html The Yoga Center, Carlsbad, CA, USA - Anusara Yoga studio]

    -==Further reading==
    -*[[A History of Britain]]: At the Edge of the World, 3500 BC - 1603 AD by [[Simon Schama]], BBC/Miramax, 2000 ISBN 0-7868-6675-6
    -*A History of Britain, Volume 2: The Wars of the British 1603-1776 by [[Simon Schama]], BBC/Miramax, 2001 ISBN 0-7868-6675-6
    -*A History of Britain - The Complete Collection on DVD by [[Simon Schama]], BBC 2002 ASIN B00006RCKI
    -*The Isles, A History by [[Norman Davies]], Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-513442-7
    -*The History of England, From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688, [[1819]] by [[John Lingard|Father John Lingard]] ([[Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] perspective)
    -*Shortened History of England by [[George Macaulay Trevelyan|G. M. Trevelyan]] Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-023323-7
    -*[[A History of the English Speaking Peoples|History of the English-Speaking Peoples]] by [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] Cassell reference, ISBN 0-304-36389-8 — the writing of which helped bring Churchill to public attention in the 1930s, and which forms the basis of many later reference works
    -*Letters of the Kings of England, now first collected from the originals in [[Royal Archives|royal archives]], and from other authentic sources, private as well as public by J O Halliwell-Phillipps, London, H. Colburn, 1846. [http://books.google.com/books?id=R4S_U_Pt1bcC&vid=OCLC00968669&dq=%22Letters+of+the+Kings+of+England%22&jtp=i vol. 1] - [[Google Books]]
    +{{Yoga}}

    +[[Category:Yoga]]

    -
    -[[Category:History of England|*]]
    -[[Category:Politics of England]]
    -
    -[[cs:Dějiny Anglie]]
    -[[cy:Hanes Lloegr]]
    -[[de:Geschichte Englands]]
    -[[es:Historia de Inglaterra]]
    -[[fr:Histoire de l'Angleterre]]
    -[[it:Storia dell'Inghilterra]]
    -[[la:Historia Anglica]]
    -[[lt:Anglijos istorija]]
    -[[hu:Anglia történelme]]
    -[[nl:Geschiedenis van Engeland]]
    -[[ja:イングランドの歴史]]
    -[[pl:Historia Anglii]]
    -[[pt:História da Inglaterra]]
    -[[ro:Istoria Angliei]]
    -[[ru:История Англии]]
    -[[th:ประวัติศาสตร์อังกฤษ]]
    -[[uk:Історія Англії]]
    -[[zh:英格蘭歷史]]
    +[[sv:Anusara yoga]]
    2013-03-17 18:05:08 90661283 Addbot YFdyh-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3404101]] --- \n
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    -'''ALGOL 68''' (short for '''ALGO'''rithmic '''L'''anguage 19'''68''') is an [[imperative]] [[computer programming|computer]] [[programming language]] that was conceived as a successor to the [[ALGOL 60]] programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined syntax and semantics. Contributions of ALGOL 68 to the field of [[computer science]] are deep and wide ranging, although some of them were not publicly identified until they were passed, in one form or another, to one of many subsequently developed programming languages.
    -
    -ALGOL 68 was defined using a two-level grammar formalism invented by [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden]]. [[Van Wijngaarden grammar]]s use a [[context-free grammar]] to generate an infinite set of productions that will recognize a particular ALGOL 68 program; notably, they are able to express the kind of requirements that in many other programming language standards are labelled "semantics" and have to be expressed in ambiguity-prone natural language prose, and then implemented in compilers as ''ad hoc'' code attached to the formal language parser.
    -
    -The main aims and principles of design of ALGOL 68 are:
    -{{rquote|right|ALGOL 68 was the first (and possibly one of the last) major language for which a full formal definition was made before it was implemented. | [[Cornelis H.A. Koster|C.H.A. Koster]] {{cite web | title = A Shorter History of Algol68 | url = http://npt.cc.rsu.ru/user/wanderer/ODP/ALGOL68.txt | accessdate = Sep 15 | accessyear = 2006 }} }}
    -#Completeness and clarity of design, [http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rr0.html#011]
    -#[[orthogonality|Orthogonal]] design, [http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rr0.html#012]
    -#Security, [http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rr0.html#013]
    -#Efficiency: [http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rr0.html#014]
    -#*Static mode checking,
    -#*Mode-independent parsing,
    -#*Independent compilation,
    -#*Loop optimization,
    -#*Representations - in minimal & larger character sets.
    -
    -Critics of ALGOL 68, prominently [[C. A. R. Hoare]] and [[Edsger Dijkstra]], point out that it abandoned the simplicity of [[ALGOL 60]] and became a vehicle for various complex ideas of its designers. The language also did little to make the [[compiler]] writer's task easy, in contrast to deliberately simple contemporaries (and competitors) [[C programming language|C]], [[S-algol]] and [[Pascal programming language|Pascal]].
    -
    -Though European defence agencies (in Britain [[Royal Signals and Radar Establishment]] - RSRE) promoted the use of ALGOL 68 for its expected security advantages, the American side of the NATO alliance decided to develop a different project, the [[Ada programming language]], making its use obligatory for U.S. defense contracts.
    -
    -The ALGOL 68 heritage is acknowledged by [[C (programming language)|C]], then [[C++]], also by the [[Bourne shell]] and the [[Bash]] [[Unix shell|shell]].
    -
    -For a full length treatment of the language, see [http://www.geocities.com/ernobe Programming Algol 68 Made Easy] by Dr. Sian Leitch.
    -==Time-line of ALGOL 68==
    -{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Year ||bgcolor=#cccccc|Event ||bgcolor=#cccccc|Contributor
    +
    +

    +{| class="toccolours" style="margin: auto;" border=0 cellpadding=0
    +|[[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|50px|Flag of Canada]]
    +! style="background:#c4c4c4" align="center" width="100%" | Law Enforcement Agencies of Canada [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:Template:Can_LawEnforce|action=edit}} edit]
    |-
    -|Mar 1959 ||ALGOL Bulletin Issue 1 (First) ||[[Peter Naur]] / [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]
    -|-
    -|Feb 1968 ||[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1064073&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=53394622&CFTOKEN=62680417 Draft Report(0) Published] ||[[IFIP]] [[IFIP Working Group 2.1|Working Group 2.1]]
    -|-
    -|Jun 1968 ||Meeting in Tirrenia, Italy ||IFIP Working Group 2.1
    -|-
    -|Aug 1968 ||Meeting in North-Berwick, Scotland ||IFIP Working Group 2.1
    -|-
    -|Dec 1968 ||Algol 68 Final Report(1) Presented at Munich Meeting ||IFIP Working Group 2.1
    -|-
    -|Apr 1970 ||[[ALGOL 68R]](R) under [[GEORGE 3]] on an [[International Computers Ltd|ICL]] 1907F. ||[[RSRE|Royal Signals and Radar Est.]]
    -|-
    -|Sep 1973 ||[http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rrTOC.html Revised Report] (2)Published ||IFIP Working Group 2.1
    -|-
    -|___ 1975 ||[[ALGOL 68C]](C) - transportable compiler (zcode [[virtual machine|VM]]) ||[[Stephen Bourne|S. Bourne]], [[Andrew Birrell]], and [[Mike Guy]]
    -|-
    -|Jun 1977 ||Strathclyde ALGOL 68 conference, Scotland || ACM
    -|-
    -|May 1978 ||[http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1061711&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=53394622&CFTOKEN=62680417 Proposals for ALGOL H - A Superlanguage of ALGOL 68] ||A. P. Black, V. J. Rayward-Smith
    -|-
    -|___ 1980 ||[[ALGOL 68 plus|ALGOL 68+]](+) Super Language||[[Lambert Meertens]] & van Vliet
    -|-
    -|___ 1984 ||Full [[ALGOL 68S]](S) compiler for Sun, Sparc, and PCs ||C.H.Lindsey ea, Manchester
    -|-
    -|Aug 1988 ||ALGOL Bulletin Issue 52 (last) ||Ed. C. H. Lindsey / ACM
    -|-
    -|May 1997 ||[http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~chl/index.html#ALGOL%2068 Algol68 S(S) published on the internet] ||[[Charles H. Lindsey]]
    -|-
    -|Nov 2001 ||[[ALGOL 68G]](G) released (GNU GPL open source licensing)||Marcel van der Veer
    +| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="4" | [[Aboriginal Police in Canada]] | [[Barrie Police]] | [[Calgary Police Service]] | [[Canada Border Services Agency]] | [[Canadian Forces Military Police]] | [[Charlottetown Police Department]] | [[CN Police]] | [[Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service]] | [[Durham Regional Police]] | [[Edmonton Police Service]] | [[Fredericton Police]] | [[Gatineau Police]] | [[Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority Police Service]] | [[Halifax Regional Police]] | [[Halton Regional Police Service]] | [[Hamilton Police Service (Ontario)]] | [[London Police Service]] | [[Niagara Parks Police]] | [[Niagara Regional Police Service]] | [[Ontario Provincial Police]] | [[Ottawa Police Service]] | [[Peel Regional Police]] | [[Regina Police Service]] | [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] | [[Royal Newfoundland Constabulary]] | [[Saskatoon Police Service]] | [[Service de police de la Ville de Laval]] | [[Service de police de la Ville de Montréal]] | [[Service de police de la Ville de Québec]] | [[Sûreté du Québec]] | [[Toronto Police Service]] | [[TTC Special Constable Services]] | [[University of Toronto Campus Police]] | [[Vancouver Police Department]] | [[Victoria Police Department]] | [[PoliceWest Vancouver Police Department]] | [[Waterloo Regional ]] | [[Winnipeg Police Service]] | [[York Reginal Police]]
    |}
    -* [http://npt.cc.rsu.ru/user/wanderer/ODP/ALGOL68.txt "A Shorter History of Algol 68"]
    -* [http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/findlanguages2.prx?NodeID=1122310&which=byMyCat Summary of "True Algol68s"]
    -
    -=== Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68 ===
    -Edited by: [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden|A. van Wijngaarden]], [[Barry J. Mailloux|B.J. Mailloux]], [[John E. L. Peck|J.E.L. Peck]] and [[Cornelis H.A. Koster|C.H.A. Koster]]. Offprint from Numerische Mathematik, 14, 79-218 (1969); Springer-Verlag.
    -
    -"Van Wijngaarden once characterized the four authors, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as: [[Cornelis H. A. Koster|Koster]]: [[#transput: Input and output|transputter]], [[John E. L. Peck|Peck]]: syntaxer, [[Barry J. Mailloux|Mailloux]]: implementer, [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden|Van Wijngaarden]]: party ideologist." -- Koster.
    -
    -=== Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68 ===
    -Edited by: [[Adriaan van Wijngaarden|A. van Wijngaarden]], [[Barry J. Mailloux|B.J. Mailloux]], [[John E. L. Peck|J.E.L. Peck]], [[Cornelis H. A. Koster|C.H.A. Koster]], [[Michel Sintzoff|M. Sintzoff]], [[Charles H. Lindsey|C.H. Lindsey]], [[Lambert Meertens|L.G.L.T. Meertens]] and [[Richard G. Fisker|R.G. Fisker]]. Springer-Verlag 1976
    -
    -==Notable Language Elements==
    -===Bold Symbols and Reserved Words ===
    -There are 61 such reserved words ( some with "brief symbol" equivalents ) in the standard sub-language:
    - mode, op, prio, proc,
    - flex, heap, loc, long, ref, short,
    - bits, bool, bytes, char, compl, int, real, sema, string, void,
    - channel, file, format, struct, union,
    - of, at "@", is ":==:", isnt ":/=:", true, false, empty, nil "∘", skip "~",
    - co "¢", comment "¢", pr, pragmat,
    - case in ouse ''in'' out esac "( ~ | ~ |: ~ | ~ | ~ )",
    - for from to by while do od,
    - if then elif ''then'' else fi "( ~ | ~ |: ~ | ~ | ~ )",
    - par begin end "( ~ )", go ''to'', goto, exit.
    -
    -===Units: Expressions ===
    -The basic language construct is the ''unit''. A unit may be a ''formula'', an ''enclosed clause'', a ''routine text'' or one of several technically needed constructs (assignation, jump, skip, nihil). The technical term ''enclosed clause'' unifies some of the inherently bracketting constructs known as ''block'', ''do statement'', ''switch statement'' in other contemporary languages. When keywords are used, generally the reversed character sequence of the introducing keyword is used for terminating the enclosure, eg. ( '''if''' ~ then ~ else ~ '''fi''', '''case''' ~ in ~ out ~ '''esac''', for ~ while ~ '''do''' ~ '''od''' ). This feature was reused by [[Stephen Bourne]] in the common [[Unix]] [[Bourne shell]]. An expression may also yield a ''multiple value'', which is constructed from other values by a ''collateral clause''. This construct just looks like the parameter pack of a procedure call.
    -
    -===mode: Declarations===
    -The basic [[datatype]]s (called '''modes''' in ALGOL 68 parlance) are real, int, compl ([[complex number]]), bool and char. For example:
    -
    - int n = 2, m:=3; co n is a fixed constant of 2, but m is variable which is initially 3 co
    - real avogadro = 6.0221415₁₀23; co [[Avogadro's number]] co
    - long long real pi = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510;
    - compl square root of minus one = 0 ⊥ 1
    -
    -However, the declaration real x; is just [[syntactic sugar]] for ref real x = loc real;. That is, x is really the ''constant name'' for a ''reference to'' a newly generated local real variable.
    -
    -Furthermore, instead of defining both float and double, or int and long and short, etc., ALGOL 68 provided ''modifiers'', so that the presently common double would be written as long real or long long real instead, for example. ''Type queries'' of the kind of max real and min long int are provided to adapt programs to different implementations.
    -
    -All variables need to be declared, the declaration does not have to appear prior to the first use.
    -
    -primitive-declarer: int, real, compl, complexG, bool, char, string, bits, bytes, format, file, pipeG, channel, sema
    -* bits - a "packed vector" of bool.
    -* bytes - a "packed vector" of char.
    -* string - a flexible array of char.
    -* sema - a [[Semaphore (programming)|semaphore]] which can be initialised with the operator level.
    -
    -Other declaration symbols include: flex, heap, loc, ref, long, short, eventS
    -* flex - declare the array to be flexible, i.e. it can grow in length on demand.
    -* heap - allocate variable some free space from the global heap.
    -* loc - allocate variable some free space of the local stack.
    -* ref - declare the variable to be a pointer, similar to using "&" in a C++ declaration.
    -* long - declare an int, real or compl to be of a longer size.
    -* short - declare an int, real or compl to be of a shorter size.
    -
    -A new mode (type) may be declared using a mode declaration:
    - int max=99;
    - mode newtype = [0:9][0:max]struct ( long real a, b, c, short int i, j, k, ref real r );
    -This has the similar effect as the following C++ code:
    - const int max=99;
    - typedef class { public: double a, b, c; short i, j, k; float &r; } newtype[10][max+1];
    -Note that for ALGOL 68 only the newtype name appears to the left of the equality, and most notably the construction is made - and can be read - from left to right without regard to priorities.
    -
    -===Coercions: casting===
    -The coercions produce a coercend from a coercee according to three criteria: the a priori mode of the coercend before the application of any coercion, the a posteriori mode of the coercee required after those coercions, and the syntactic position or "sort" of the coercee. Coercions may be cascaded.
    -
    -There are six possible coercions, termed "deproceduring", "dereferencing", "uniting", "widening", "rowing" and "voiding". Each Coercion, except "uniting", prescribes a corresponding dynamic effect on the associated values. Hence, a number of primitive actions can be programmed implicitly by coercions.
    -
    -Context strength - Allowed coercions:
    -* soft - deproceduring
    -* weak - dereferencing or deproceduring, yielding a name
    -* meek - dereferencing or deproceduring
    -* firm - meek, followed by uniting
    -* strong - firm, followed by widening, rowing or voiding
    -
    -===prag & co: Code Pragments and Comments===
    -Pragmats are directives in the program, typically hints to the compiler. eg.
    - pragmat heap=32 pragmat
    - pr heap=32 pr
    -
    -Comments can be inserted in variety of ways:
    - ¢ The original way of adding your 2 cents worth to a program ¢
    - comment "bold" comment comment
    - co Style i comment co
    - # Style ii comment #
    - £ This is a hash/pound comment for a UK keyboard £
    -
    -Normally, comments cannot be nested in ALGOL 68. This restriction can be circumvented by using different comment delimiters (e.g. use hash only for temporary code deletions).
    -
    -===Expressions and compound statements===
    -ALGOL 68 being an [[expression-oriented programming languages|expression-oriented programming language]], the value returned by an [[assignment (programming)|assignment]] statement is a reference to the destination. Thus, the following is valid ALGOL 68 code:
    - real spi, twice pi; twice pi := 2 * ( spi := 3.1415926 )
    -This notion is present in [[C programming language|C]] and [[Perl]], among others. Note that twice pi is a ''single'' identifier, i.e., blanks are permitted ''within'' ALGOL 68 names (effectively avoiding the ''underscores'' versus ''[[camel case (programming)|camel case]]'' versus ''all lowercase'' issues at once, but at the price of introducing a cornucopia of more serious problems in software engineering).
    -
    -As another example, to express the mathematical idea of a ''sum'' of f(i) from i=1 to n, the following ALGOL 68 ''integer expression'' suffices:
    - (int sum := 0; for i to n do sum +:= f(i) od; sum)
    -Note that, being an integer expression, the former block of code can be used in ''any context where an integer value can be used''. A block of code returns the value of the last expression it evaluated; this idea is present in [[Perl]], among other languages.
    -
    -Compound statements are all terminated by distinctive (if somewhat irreverent) closing brackets:
    -*if choice clauses:
    - if condition then statements [ else statements ] fi
    - "brief" form of if statement: ( condition | statements | statements )
    -
    - if condition1 then statements elif condition2 then [ else statements ] fi
    - "brief" form: ( condition1 | statements |: condition2 | statements | statements )
    -This scheme not only avoids the [[dangling else]] problem but also avoids having to use begin and end in embedded [[Statement (programming)|statement ]] sequences.
    -*case choice clauses:
    - case switch in statements, statements,... [ out statements ] esac
    - "brief" form: ( switch | statements,statements,... | statements )
    -
    - case switch1 in statements, statements,... ouse switch2 in statements, statements,... [ out statements ] esac
    - "brief" form of case statement: ( switch1 | statements,statements,... |: switch2 | statements,statements,... | statements )
    -Example:
    - proc days in month = (int year, month)int:
    - (month|31,(year%×4=0 ∧ year%×400≠0|29|28),31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31)
    -
    -Algol68 allowed the switch to be of either type int ''or'' (uniquely) union. The latter allows the enforcing [[strong typing]] onto union variables. c.f. [[ALGOL 68#struct.2C union .26 .5B:.5D: Structures.2C unions and arrays|union]] below for example.
    -*[[for loop|do]] loop clause:
    - [ for index ] [ from first ] [ by increment ] [ to last ] [ while condition ] do statements od
    - The minimum form of a "loop clause" is thus: do statements od
    -This was considered the "universial" loop, the full syntax is:
    - for i from 1 by 1 to 3 while i≠4 do ~ od
    -There are several unusual aspects of the construct:
    -** only the ''do ~ od'' portion was compulsory, in which case the loop will iterate indefinitely.
    -** thus the clause ''to 100 do ~ od'', will iterate only 100 times.
    -** the while "syntatic element" allowed a programmer to break from a for loop early. eg
    - int sum sq:=0;
    - for i
    - while
    - print(("So far:",i,newline));
    - sum sq≤1000
    - do
    - sum sq+:=i↑2
    - od
    -
    -Subsequent "extensions" to the standard Algol68 allowed the to syntatic element to be replaced with upto and downto to achieve a small optimisation. The same compilers also incorporated:
    -* until(C) - for late loop termination.
    -* foreach(S) - for working on arrays in [[Parallel computing|parallel]].
    -
    -Further examples can be found in the code examples below.
    -
    -===struct, union & [:]: Structures, unions and arrays===
    -ALGOL 68 supports [[array]]s with any number of dimensions, and it allows for the ''slicing'' of whole or partial rows or columns.
    - mode vector = [1:3] real; # vector mode declaration (typedef) #
    - mode matrix = [1:3,1:3]real; # matrix mode declaration (typedef) #
    - vector v1 := (1,2,3); # array variable initially (1,2,3) #
    - []real v2 = (4,5,6); # constant array, type equivalent to vector, bounds are implied #
    - op + = (vector a,b) vector: # binary operator definition #
    - (vector out; for i from ⌊a to ⌈a do out[i] := a[i]+b[i] od; out);
    - matrix m := (v1, v2, v1+v2);
    - print ((m[,2:])); # a slice of the 2nd and 3rd columns #
    -
    -Matrices can be sliced either way, eg:
    - ref vector row = m[2,]; # define a ref (pointer) to the 2nd row #
    - ref vector col = m[,2]; # define a ref (pointer) to the 2nd column #
    -
    -ALGOL 68 supports multiple field structures ('''struct'''). '''Union''' types (modes) are supported. Reference variables may point to both array slices and structure fields. For an example of all this, here is the traditional linked list declaration:
    - mode node = union '''('''real, int, compl, string''')''',
    - list = struct '''('''node val, ref list next''')''';
    -
    -Usage example for union case of ''node'':
    -
    - node n := "1234";
    -  
    - case n in
    - (real r): print(("real:", r)),
    - (int i): print(("int:", i)),
    - (compl c): print(("compl:", c)),
    - (string s): print(("string:", s))
    - out print(("?:", n))
    - esac
    -
    -===proc: Procedures===
    -Procedure ('''proc''') declarations require type specifications for both the parameters and the result ('''void''' if none):
    -
    - proc max of real = (real a, b) real:
    - if a > b then a else b fi;
    -
    -or, using the "brief" form of the conditional statement:
    -
    - proc max of real = (real a, b) real: (a>b | a | b);
    -
    -The return value of a proc is the value of the last expression evaluated in the procedure. References to procedures ('''ref proc''') are also permitted. [[Evaluation strategy#Call by reference|Call-by-reference]] parameters are provided by specifying references (such as ref real) in the formal argument list. The following example defines a procedure that applies a function (specified as a parameter) to each element of an array:
    -
    - proc apply = (ref [] real a, proc (real) real f):
    -  
    - for i from lwb a to upb a do a[i] := f(a[i]) od
    -
    -This simplicity of code was unachievable in ALGOL 68's predecessor [[ALGOL 60]].
    -
    -===op: Operators===
    -The programmer may define new '''operators''' and both those and the pre-defined ones may be [[overloading (programming)|overloaded]]. The following example defines operator max with both dyadic and monadic versions (scanning across the elements of an array).
    -
    - prio max = 9;
    -  
    - op max = (int a,b) int: ( a>b | a | b );
    - op max = (real a,b) real: ( a>b | a | b );
    - op max = (compl a,b) compl: ( abs a > abs b | a | b );
    -  
    - op max = ([]real a) real:
    - (real out := - max real;
    - for i from lwb a to upb a do ( a[i]>out | out:=a[i] ) od;
    - out)
    -
    -====Monadic operators:====
    -{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|priority
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Algol681,2 "Worthy characters{{ref|worthy}}"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|+Algol681
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Algol68C,G
    -|-
    -| 10 || not, up, down, lwb, upb,
    -+, -, abs, arg, bin, entier, leng, level, odd, repr, round, shorten
    -| ¬, ↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈
    -
    -| ~
    -
    -|}
    -====Standard dyadic operators with associated priorities:====
    -{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|priority
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Algol681,2 "Worthy characters"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|+Algol681
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Algol68C,G
    -|-
    -|9||+*, i||+×, ⊥||
    -|-
    -|8|| shl, shr, **, up, down, lwb, upb || ↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈
    -|-
    -|7|| *, /, %, over, %*, mod, elem|| ×, ÷, ÷×, ÷*, %×, ⌷ ||
    -|-
    -|6||-, + || ||
    -|-
    -|5||<, lt, <=, le, >=, ge, >, gt|| ≤, ≥
    -|-
    -|4||=, eq, /=, ne || ≠ || ~=
    -|-
    -|3||&, and||∧
    -|-
    -|2||or||∨
    -|-
    -|1||minusab, plusab, timesab, divab, overab, modab, plusto,
    --:=, +:=, *:=, /:=, %:=, %*:=, +=:
    -|| ×:=, ÷:=, ÷×:=, ÷*:=, %×:=||
    -|}
    -====Assignation and Identity Relations====
    -These are technically not operators, rather they are considered "[http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rr52.html units associated with names]"
    -{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|priority
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Algol681,2 "Worthy characters"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|+Algol681
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Algol68C
    -|-
    -| effectively 0 || :=, =:, = , :=:, :/=:, is, isnt|| :≠: || :~=:
    -|}
    -
    -In November 2004 [[software patent]] application No. 20040230959{{cite web | title = US Pregrant 20040230959 - IS NOT OPERATOR | url = http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=437822&OS=437822&RS=437822 | accessdate = Sep 15 | accessyear = 2006 }} was filed for the ISNOT operator by employees of [[Microsoft]].
    -====Special characters for operators====
    -{{SpecialChars}}
    -The ∨, ∧, ¬, ≠, ≤, ≥, ×, ÷, ⌷, ↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈ and ⊥ characters can be found on the [[IBM 2741]] terminal with the [[APL programming language#APL symbols and keyboard layout|APL]] "golf-ball" print head, these became available in the mid 1960s while ALGOL 68 was being drafted.
    -
    -[[image:APL_keyboard.gif|center|frame|APL keyboard with special characters]]
    -
    -===transput: Input and output===
    -'''Transput''' is the term used to refer to ALGOL 68's input and output facilities. There are pre-defined procedures for unformatted, formatted and binary transput. Files and other transput devices are handled in a consistent and machine-independent manner. The following example prints out some unformatted output to the '''standard output''' device:
    - print ((newpage, "Title", newline, "Value of i is ",
    - i, "and x[i] is ", x[i], newline))
    -Note the predefined procedures newpage and newline passed as arguments.
    -
    -====Books, channels and files====
    -The '''transput''' is considered to be of books, channels and files:
    -* '''Books''' are made up of pages, and lines, and may be locked and selected via chains.
    -** A specific book can be located by name with a call to match.
    -* channels correspond to physical devices. eg. card punches and printers.
    -** There are three standard channels: stand in channel, stand out channel, stand back channel.
    -* A file is a means of communicating between a particular program and a book that has been opened via some channel.
    -** The '''mood''' of a file may be read, write, char, bin, and opened.
    -** transput procedures include: establish, create, open, associate, lock, close, scratch.
    -** position enquires: char number, line number, page number.
    -** layout routines include:
    -***space, backspace, newline, newpage.
    -***get good line, get good page, get good book, and proc set=(ref file f, int page,line,char)void:
    -** A file has '''event routines'''. eg. on logical file end, on physical file end, on page end, on line end, on format end, on value error, on char error.
    -
    -====formatted transput====
    -"Formatted transput" in ALGOL 68's transput has its own syntax and patterns (functions), with formats embedded between two $ characters.
    -Examples:
    - printf (($2l"The sum is:"x, g(0)$, m + n)); ¢ prints the same as: ¢
    - print ((new line, new line, "The sum is:", space, whole (m + n, 0))
    -* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~jmvdveer/algol68g-mk8/doc/syntax.html#formats and many more...]
    -
    -===par: Parallel processing===
    -''ALGOL 68'' supports programming of parallel processing. Using the keyword par, a ''collateral clause'' is converted to a ''parallel clause'', where the synchronisation of actions is controlled using [[Semaphore (programming)|semaphore]]s. In A68G the parallel actions are mapped to threads when available on the hosting [[operating system]]. In A68S a different paradigm of parallel processing was implemented (see below).
    - mode foot = [5]bits; ¢ packed vector of bool ¢
    -  
    - foot left, right;
    -  
    - sema left toe := level ⌈left,
    - right toe := level ⌈right;
    -  
    - proc shoot left toe = void: (
    - shoot(left toe);
    - print("Left: Ouch!!");
    - newline
    - ),
    - shoot right toe = void:(
    - shoot(right toe);
    - print("Right: Ouch!!");
    - newline
    - );
    -  
    - ¢ 10 round clip in a 1955 [[Colt Python .357 Magnum]] ¢
    - sema rounds = level 10;
    -  
    - ¢ the Magnum needs more barrels to take full advantage of parallelism ¢
    - sema acquire target = level 1;
    -  
    - proc shoot = (ref sema target)void: (
    - ↓ acquire target;
    - ↓ rounds;
    - print("BANG! ");
    - ↓ target;
    - ↑ acquire target
    - );
    -  
    - ¢ do shooting in parallel to cater for someone hoping to stand on just one foot ¢
    - par (
    - for toe from ⌊left to ⌈left do
    - shoot left toe
    - od, ¢ <= this comma is important ¢
    - for toe from ⌊right to ⌈right do
    - shoot right toe
    - od
    - )
    -
    -==Code sample==
    -This sample program implements the [[Sieve of Eratosthenes]] to find all the [[prime number]]s that are less than 100. nil is the ALGOL 68 analogue of the ''null pointer'' in other languages. The notation ''x'' of ''y'' accesses a member ''x'' of a struct ''y''.
    -
    -
    - begin # Algol-68 prime number sieve, functional style #
    -  
    - proc error = (string s) void:
    - (print(( newline, " error: ", s, newline)); goto stop);
    - proc one to = (int n) list:
    - (proc f = (int m,n) list: (m>n | nil | cons(m, f(m+1,n))); f(1,n));
    -  
    - mode list = ref node;
    - mode node = struct (int h, list t);
    - proc cons = (int n, list l) list: heap node := (n,l);
    - proc hd = (list l) int: ( l is nil | error("hd nil"); skip | h of l );
    - proc tl = (list l) list: ( l is nil | error("tl nil"); skip | t of l );
    - proc show = (list l) void: ( l isnt nil | print((" ",whole(hd(l),0))); show(tl(l)));
    -  
    - proc filter = (proc (int) bool p, list l) list:
    - if l is nil then nil
    - elif p(hd(l)) then cons(hd(l), filter(p,tl(l)))
    - else filter(p, tl(l))
    - fi;
    -  
    - proc sieve = (list l) list:
    - if l is nil then nil
    - else
    - proc not multiple = (int n) bool: n mod hd(l) ≠ 0;
    - cons(hd(l), sieve( filter( not multiple, tl(l) )))
    - fi;
    -  
    - proc primes = (int n) list: sieve( tl( one to(n) ));
    -  
    - show( primes(100) )
    - end
    -
    -
    -==Program representation==
    -A feature of ALGOL 68, inherited from [[ALGOL]] tradition, is its different representations. There is a representation language used to describe algorithms in printed work, a ''strict language'' (rigorously defined in the Report) and an official ''reference language'' intended to be used in actual compiler input. In the examples above you will observe underlined words. This is the formal representation of the language. ALGOL 68's reserved words are effectively in a different [[Namespace (computer science)|namespace]] from identifiers, and spaces are allowed in identifiers, so the fragment:
    - int a real int = 3 ;
    -is legal. The programmer who actually writes the code does not have the option of underlining the code. Depending on hardware and cultural issues, different methods to denote these identifiers, have been devised, called ''stropping regime''s. So all or some of the following may be possible programming representations:
    -
    - 'INT' A REAL INT = 3;
    - .INT A REAL INT = 3;
    - INT a real int = 3;
    - int a_real_int = 3;
    -The following characters were recommended for portability, and termed "worthy characters" in the [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol68-RR-HardwareRepresentation.pdf Report on the Standard Hardware Representation of Algol 68]:
    -* {{note|worthy}}Worthy Characters: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 "#$%'()*+,-./:;<=>@[ ]_|
    -This reflected a problem in the 1960s where some hardware didn't support lowercase, nor some other non [[ASCII]] characters, indeed in the 1973 report it was written: "Four worthy characters -- "|", "_", "[", and "]" -- are often coded differently, even at installations which nominally use the same character set."
    -* Base characters: "Worthy characters" are a subset of "base characters".
    -
    -=== Example of different program representations ===
    -{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border:5px double grey;" align="left"
    -|| Algol68 as typically published
    - int sum sq:=0;
    - for i
    - while
    - sum sq≤1000
    - do
    - sum sq+:=i↑2
    - od
    -|| Code for a 7-bit/ascii compiler
    - INT sum sq:=0;
    - FOR i
    - WHILE
    - sum sq<=1000
    - DO
    - sum sq+:=i**2
    - OD
    -|| Code for a 6-bits/byte compiler
    - .INT SUM SQ:=0;
    - .FOR I
    - .WHILE
    - SUM SQ .LE 1000
    - .DO
    - SUM SQ .PLUSAB I .UP 2
    - .OD
    -|}
    -
    -== Some Vanitas ==
    -For its technical intricacies, ALGOL 68 needs a cornucopia of methods to deny the existence of something:
    -
    - skip, "~" or "?"C - an undefined value always syntactically valid,
    - void - syntactically like a '''mode''', but not one,
    - nil or "∘" - a name not denoting anything, of no mode,
    - empty - the only value admissible to void, needed for selecting void in a union,
    - [1:0]int - an empty array of integral values, with mode []int,
    - ''undefined'' - a procedure raising an exception in the runtime system.
    -
    -The term nil is ''var'' always evaluates to true for any variable, whereas it is not known
    -to which value a comparison ''x'' < skip evaluates for any integer ''x''.
    -
    -ALGOL 68 leaves intentionally undefined, what happens in case of integer overflow, the integer bit representation, and the degree of numerical accuracy for floating point. In contrast, the language [[Java programming language|Java]] has been criticized for over-specifying the latter.
    -
    -== Comparison to C++ ==
    -Regarding the computing features, the nearest living sibling to ALGOL 68 may be [[C++]], making this a good comparison candidate:
    -
    -C++ doesn't have:
    -* nested functions,
    -* definable operator symbols and priorities,
    -* garbage collection,
    -* ''use before define'',
    -* ''formatted transput'' using complex formatting declarations,
    -* assignment operation symbol (to avoid confusion with equal sign),
    -* arrays (and slice operations on them, but in layered libraries),
    -* automatic UNIONs,
    -* CASE expressions,
    -* nonlocal GOTO
    -* intuitive declaration syntax due to its origin from [[C Programming Language|C]].
    -
    -ALGOL 68 doesn't have:
    -* public/private access protection,
    -* overloaded procedures (in contrast to operators),
    -* explicit memory allocation and deallocation,
    -* forward declarations,
    -* textual preprocessing (header files),
    -* confusion between &- and pointer-style,
    -* comment lines (only bracketed comments),
    -* hierarchical classes.
    -
    -== Variants ==
    -Except where noted (with a superscript), the language described above is that of the "Revised Report(2)".
    -
    -=== The language of the unrevised Report ===
    -The original language(1) differs in syntax of the ''mode cast'', and it had the feature of ''proceduring'', i.e. coercing the value of a term into a procedure which evaluates the term. Proceduring effectively can make evaluations ''lazy''. The most useful application could have been the short-circuited evaluation of boolean operators. In
    - op andf = (bool''a'',proc bool''b'')bool:(''a'' | ''b'' | false);
    -''b'' is only evaluated, if ''a'' is true.
    -As defined in ALGOL 68, it did not work as expected. Most implementations emulate the correct behaviour for this special case by extension of the language.
    -
    -Before revision, the programmer could decide to have the arguments of a procedure evaluated serially instead of collaterally by using semicolons instead of commas (''[http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/gommas.mail gomma]''s).
    -
    -=== Extension proposals from IFIP WG 2.1 ===
    -After the revision of the report, some extensions to the language have been proposed to widen the applicability:
    -* ''partial parametrisation'': creation of functions (with less parameters) by specification of some, but not all parameters for a call, e.g. a function logarithm of two parameters, base and argument, could be specialised to natural, binary or decadic log,
    -* ''module extension'' for support of external linkage,
    -* ''mode parameters'' for implementation of limited parametrical polymorphism (most operations on data structures like lists, trees or other data containers can be specified without touching the pay load).
    -So far, only partial parametrisation has been implemented, in ALGOL68G.
    -
    -===True ALGOL 68s Specification and Implementation Timeline===
    -{|border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
    -!bgcolor=#cccccc|Name||bgcolor=#cccccc|Year||bgcolor=#cccccc|Purpose||bgcolor=#cccccc|State||bgcolor=#cccccc|Description ||bgcolor=#cccccc|Target CPU ||bgcolor=#cccccc|Licencing
    -|-
    -|[[Generalized ALGOL]]|| 1962|| Scientific|| NL|| ALGOL for generalised grammars|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL Y]]0|| 1966|| Scientific|| Intl|| First version of Algol 68|| Specification|| [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]
    -|-
    -|ALGOL 681|| 1968|| Scientific|| Intl|| IFIP WG 2.1 Final Report|| Specification|| ACM
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68-R]]R|| 1970|| Scientific|| UK|| || ICL, Multics, VMS & C generator|| Open Source
    -|-
    -|[[EPOS ALGOL]]E|| 1971|| Scientific|| || || ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68RS]]RS|| 1972|| Scientific|| UK|| Extended RS Algol|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[Algol 68 with areas]]A|| 1972|| Experimental & other|| UK|| Addition of areas to Algol 68|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[OREGANO]]|| 1973|| Research|| US|| "The importance of implementation models."|| || [[UCLA]]
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68C]]C|| 1975|| Scientific|| UK|| Cambridge Algol 68|| ICL, IBM 360, PDP 10 & Unix ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68|ALGOL 68 Revised]]2|| 1975|| Scientific|| Intl|| IFIP WG 2.1 Revised Report|| Specification|| ACM
    -|-
    -|[[Algol H]]H|| 1975|| Experimental & other|| UK|| Proposed extensions to the mode system of Algol 68|| Specification||
    -|-
    -|[[ORDA|Algol 68 ORDA]]o|| 1976|| practical uses|| USSR|| || ODRA 1204/IL||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68S]]S|| 1977|| Scientific|| Intl|| Simplified version of ALGOL 68|| Amiga & Sun Sparc||
    -|-
    -|[[FLACC]]F|| 1977|| Multi-purpose|| CA|| Mailloux's Algol 68|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68-RT]]RT|| 1979|| Scientific||UK|| Parallel ALGOL 68-R|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[RS Algol]]rs||1979|| Scientific||UK|| || ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68 plus|ALGOL 68+]]+||1980|| Scientific|| NL|| Superlanguage of ALGOL 68|| ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68 LGU]]L|| 1980|| Telecommuni- cations|| USSR|| Full Language + Modules|| IBM, DEC, CAMCOH, PS 1001 & PC ||
    -|-
    -|[[ALGOL 68G]]G|| 2001|| Full Language|| NL|| Includes standard collateral clause|| Interpreter in C|| [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
    -|}
    -
    -The S3 programming language that was used to write the [[VME]] operating system and much other system software on the [[ICL 2900 Series]] was a direct derivative of Algol 68. However, it omitted many of the more complex features, and replaced the basic modes with a set of data types that mapped directly to the 2900 Series hardware architecture.
    -
    -=== Implementation specific extensions ===
    -ALGOL 68R(R) from [[Royal Radar Establishment|RRE]] was the first ALGOL 68 subset implementation,
    -running on the [[International Computers Ltd#1900 series|ICL 1900]].
    -Based on the original language, the main subset restrictions were ''definition before use'' and no parallel processing.
    -This compiler was popular in [[United Kingdom|UK]] universities in the 1970s, where many [[computer science]] students learnt ALGOL 68 as their first programming language; the compiler was renowned for good error messages.
    -
    -ALGOL 68RS(RS) from [[Royal Signals and Radar Establishment|RSRE]] was a portable compiler system written in ALGOL 68RS (bootstrapped from ALGOL 68R), and implemented on a variety of systems including the [[ICL 2900 Series]], [[Multics]] and
    -[[VAX|DEC VAX/VMS]].
    -The language was based on the Revised Report, but with similar subset restrictions to ALGOL 68R.
    -This compiler survives in the form of an Algol68-to-C-Compiler.
    -
    -In ALGOL 68S(S) from [[Carnegie Mellon University]] the power of parallel processing was improved by adding an orthogonal extension, ''eventing''. Any variable declaration containing keyword event made assignments to this variable eligible for parallel evaluation, i.e. the right hand side was made into a procedure which was moved to one of the processors of the [[C.mmp]] multiprocessor system. Accesses to such variables were delayed after termination of the assignment.
    -
    -[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] [[ALGOL 68C]](C) was a portable compiler that implemented a subset of ALGOL 68 by enforcing ''definition before use'', restricting operator definitions and omitting garbage collection, flexible rows and formatted transput.
    -
    -[[ALGOL 68G]](G) by M. van der Veer implements a usable ALGOL 68 interpreter for today's computers and operating systems. A minor restriction is that ''formatted transput'' is still not conforming to the ''Revised Report''.
    -
    -"Despite good intentions, a programmer may violate portability by inadvertently employing a local extension. To guard against this, each implementation should provide a PORTCHECK pragmat option. While this option is in force, the compiler prints a message for each construct that it recognizes as violating some portability constraint."[http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol68-RR-HardwareRepresentation.pdf]
    -
    -== Quotes ==
    -* ''... C does not descend from Algol 68 is true, yet there was influence, much of it so subtle that it is hard to recover even when I think hard. In particular, the union type (a late addition to C) does owe to A68, not in any details, but in the idea of having such a type at all. More deeply, the type structure in general and even, in some strange way, the declaration syntax (the type-constructor part) was inspired by A68. And yes, of course, "long".'' [[Dennis Ritchie]], 18 June 1988 {{cite web | title = usenet:comp.lang.misc "C and Algol 68" | url = http://groups.google.co.uk/group/comp.lang.misc/browse_thread/thread/1e6d4bb30659b78d/f57b6f5c81502cf5 | accessdate = Sep 15 | accessyear = 2006 }}
    -*"Congratulations, your Master has done it" - [[Niklaus Wirth]], Aug 1968.
    -*''The more I see of it, the more unhappy I become'' - E W Dijkstra, 1968 [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD02xx/EWD230.html]
    -* ''[...] it was said that A68's popularity was inversely proportional to [...] the distance from Amsterdam'' [http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-June/054225.html]
    -* 1980 quote: '[...] The best we could do was to send with it a minority report, stating our considered view that, "... as a tool for the creation of sophisticated programs, the language was a failure." [...] ' - [[q:C. A. R. Hoare|C. A. R. Hoare]], Oct 1980, re: "Dec 1968"
    -* Original 1968 version: ''"[...] More than ever it will be required from an adequate programming tool that it assists, by structure, the programmer in the most difficult aspects of his job, viz. in the reliable creation of sophisticated programs. In this respect we fail to see how the language proposed here ''[Algol68]'' is a significant step forward: on the contrary, we feel that its implicit view of the programmer's task is very much the same as, say, ten years ago. This forces upon us the conclusion that, regarded as a programming tool, the language must be regarded as obsolete. [...]"'' Signed by: [[Edsger Dijkstra|DIJKSTRA]], [[F.G. Duncan|DUNCAN]], [[Jan V. Garwick|GARWICK]], [[C.A.R. Hoare|HOARE]], [[Brian Randell|RANDELL]], [[G. Seegmueller|SEEGMUELLER]], [[Władysław M. Turski|TURSKI]], [[Michael Woodger|WOODGER]]. And then on Dec. 23, 1968, [[Jan V. Garwick]] {{cite web | title = [[Algol Bulletin]] (referred to in AB30.1.1.1) | url = http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/articles/papers/702.pdf AB3l.l | accessdate = Sep 15 | accessyear = 2006 }}
    -
    -==References==
    -* Brailsford, D.F. and Walker, A.N., ''Introductory ALGOL 68 Programming'', Ellis Horwood/Wiley, 1979
    -* Lindsey, C.H., ''A History of ALGOL 68'', ACM SIGPLAN Notices 28(3), March 1993. (Includes a comprehensive bibliography of the meetings and discussions before, during and after the development of ALGOL 68.)
    -* Lindsey, C.H. and van der Meulen, S.G., ''Informal Introduction to ALGOL 68'', North-Holland, 1971
    -* McGettrick, A.D., ''ALGOL 68, A First and Second Course'', Cambridge Univ. Press, 1978
    -* Peck, J.E.L., ''An ALGOL 68 Companion'', Univ. of British Columbia, October 1971
    -* Tanenbaum, A.S., ''A Tutorial on ALGOL 68'', Computing Surveys '''8''', 155-190, June 1976 and '''9''', 255-256, September 1977, http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/tanenbaum.pdf
    -* Woodward, P.M. and Bond, S.G., ''ALGOL 68-R Users[[sic]] Guide'', London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1972
    -
    -

    -

    -
    -==External links==
    -* [http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rr.pdf Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68] The official reference for users and implementors of the language
    -* [http://vestein.arb-phys.uni-dortmund.de/~wb/RR/rrTOC.html Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68] HTML version of the above
    -* [http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~chl/index.html Charles Lindsey's paper on the development of ALGOL 68 for the second History of Programming Languages conference proceedings]
    -* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~jmvdveer/algol.html [[ALGOL 68|Algol 68]] Genie - a GNU GPL Algol 68 interpreter]
    -* [http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol68-RR-HardwareRepresentation.pdf [[ALGOL 68|Algol68]] Standard Hardware representation (.pdf)]
    -* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/histsoft/algol68.htm Из истории создания компилятора с [[ALGOL 68|Алгол 68]]]
    -* [http://www.computer-museum.ru/english/algol68.htm [[ALGOL 68|Algol 68]] – 25 Years in the USSR]
    -* [http://ant.tepkom.ru/newsite/disser/doc/Ruchlin.htm Система программ динамической поддержки для транслятора с [[ALGOL 68|Алгола 68]]]
    -* [http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html C history with Algol68 heritage]
    -
    -[[Category:Algol programming language family]]
    -[[Category:Historical programming languages]]
    -[[Category:Imperative programming languages]]
    -[[Category:Procedural programming languages]]
    -[[Category:Programming languages]]
    -[[Category:Systems programming languages]]
    -
    -[[de:Algol 68]]
    -[[nl:Algol-68]]
    -[[pt:ALGOL 68]]
    -[[ru:Алгол 68]]
    -[[sk:ALGOL 68]]
    +

    +[[Category:Canadian navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
    +
    2013-03-24 11:42:31 91220895 Addbot Chobot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q366298]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,491 +1,157 @@\n
    -The following is a list of famous people born in [[Ohio]] and people who spent significant periods of their lives living in Ohio.
    -{{listdev}}
    -==Journalists, Photojournalists, Writers, Cartoonists, Poets, Authors, Playwrights, Screen Writers, Film Directors, Film Producers, Critics, etc.==
    -* [[Berenice Abbott]] (journalist, photographer) (Springford)
    -* [[Karen Ackerman]] (author)
    -* [[Sherwood Anderson]] (author) (Camden/Clyde)
    -* [[R.W. Apple, Jr.]] (journalist and author) (Akron)
    -* [[Nathalie Barney]] (author) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce|Ambrose Bierce]] (author) (Meigs County)
    -* [[Erma Bombeck]] (newspaper columnist, author) (Dayton)
    -* [[Louis Bronfield]] (author) (Mansfield)
    -* [[Milton Caniff]] (cartoonist) (Dayton)
    -*[[Vincent J. Cardinal]] (playwright & director) (Kent)
    -* [[Alice Cary]] (poet)
    -* [[Chris Columbus]] (film director) (Warren)
    -* [[Hart Crane]] (poet)
    -* [[Wes Craven]] (film director) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Michael Cunningham]] (author)
    -* [[Stefan Czapsky]] (film director)
    -* [[William H. Daniels]] (cinematographer) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Carol Dixon]] (author) Marietta
    -* [[Stephen Donaldson]] (author) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Rita Dove]] (poet) (Akron)
    -* [[Paul Laurence Dunbar]] (poet) (Dayton)
    -* [[Harlan Ellison]] (author) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Mel Epstein]] (film producer) (Dayton)
    -* [[Bob Greene]] (newspaper columnist) (Columbus)
    -* [[Zane Grey]] (author) (Zanesville)
    -* [[Cathy Guisewite]] (cartoonist) (Dayton)
    -* [[Virginia Hamilton]] (children's author) (Yellow Springs)
    -* [[William Dean Howells]] (author, critic)
    -* [[Jim Jarmusch]] (film director) (Akron)
    -* [[Jerome Lawrence]] (writer) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Robert E. Lee (writer)]] (Elyria)
    -* [[Toni Morrison]] (author) (Lorain)
    -* [[Harvey Pekar]] (author) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Dav Pilkey]] (author) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]], the creators of [[Superman]] (Cleveland)
    -* [[Steven Spielberg]] (film director, film producer) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[R. L. Stine]] (author)
    -* [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] (author) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[James Thurber]] (author, cartoonist) (Columbus)
    -* [[Michael Wadleigh]] (film director) (Akron)
    -* [[Brad Warner]] (author)
    -* [[Lew Wasserman]] (studio executive)
    -* [[Bill Watterson]] (cartoonist)
    +{{otheruses}}
    +'''"Over the Rainbow"''' music by [[Harold Arlen]] and lyrics by [[E.Y. Harburg]], is one of the most famous songs of the late 1930s.

    -==Politicians, Public Servants, Public Officeholders, etc.==
    -'''See also''': [[List of Ohio politicians]]
    -* [[Michael K. Allen]] (politician, lawyer)
    -* [[Charles Anderson (Governor of Ohio)|Charles Anderson]] (Ohio governor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Prescott Bush]] (U.S. Senator, businessman) (Columbus)
    -* [[Steve Chabot]] (politician, U.S. representative) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Charles G. Dawes]] (politician)
    -* [[James M. Cox]] (Governor, Presidential candidate, Media mogul) (Dayton)
    -* [[Mike DeWine|R. Michael DeWine]] (politician)
    -* [[James A. Garfield]] (Civil War general, U.S. president)
    -* [[James Rudolph Garfield]] (U.S. Interior Secretary)
    -* [[John J. Gilligan]] (politician, Ohio Governor)
    -* [[Bill Gradison]] (politician, U.S. representative)
    -* [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (soldier, politician, U.S. president) (Point Pleasant)
    -* [[Andrew L. Harris]] (Civil War general, U.S. Commissioner, Ohio Governor)
    -* [[Benjamin Harrison]] (soldier, politician, U.S. president) (North Bend)
    -* [[Dave Hobson]] (politician, U.S. representative) (Springfield)
    -* [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] (politician, U.S. president) (Delaware)
    -* [[Dennis Kucinich]] (politician)
    -* [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]] (federal judge, baseball commissioner) (Millville)
    -* [[Frank Lausche]] (Ohio Senator and Governor)
    -* [[Neil H. McElroy]] (businessman, cabinet secretary)
    -* [[William McKinley]] (U.S. president) (Niles)
    -* [[Arthur Ernest Morgan]] (college president, hydraulic engineer, TVA administrator)
    -* [[Jim Rhodes|James A. Rhodes]] (politician, Ohio Governor)
    -*[[Donna Edna Shalala]] (U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 1993 - 2001)
    -* [[William Howard Taft]] (politician, jurist, U.S. president, chief justice) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Robert Taft|Robert A. Taft I]] (politician) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Robert Taft, Jr.|Robert Taft (Jr.)]]
    -* [[Bob Taft|Robert A. Taft II]]
    -* [[Charles Phelps Taft II]], Mayor of Cincinnati
    -* [[Clement Vallandigham]] (politician, activist) (Dayton)
    -* [[George Voinovich]] (politician) (Cleveland)
    +Many feel the song epitomizes the hopes and dreams of youthful aspiration for an ideal world of love and joy. The song was especially written to showcase [[Judy Garland]]'s talents in the [[star vehicle]] ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'', and she was forever after called upon to sing it in all her public appearances, for it became her lifelong theme song.

    -==Artists, Painters, Sculptors, Photographers, etc.==
    -* [[William Jacob Baer]] (painter)
    -* [[George Bellows]] (painter) (Columbus)
    -* [[Theodore Earl Butler]] (painter)
    -* [[Jim Dine]] (painter, sculptor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Ann Hamilton]] (artist) (Lima)
    -* [[Robert Henri]] (painter)
    -* [[Maya Lin]] (sculptor) (Athens)
    -* [[Lily Martin Spencer]] (painter) (Avondale/Marietta)
    -* [[John Henry Twachtman]] (painter)
    -* [[Tom Wesselmann]] (pop artist) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Clarence White]] (photographer) (West Carlisle/Newark)
    -* [[Dare Wright]] (photographer, children's author)
    +Its plaintive melody and simple lyrics depict a pre-adolescent girl's desire for an escape from the "hopeless jumble" of this world, from the sadness of raindrops to the bright new world "over the rainbow." It expresses the childlike faith that "Heaven" will magically "open a door" to a place where "troubles melt like lemon-drops."

    -==Actors, Dancers, Comedians, Performers, Models, Broadcasters, Commercial Spokespersons, Television Presenters/Hosts, etc.==
    -* [[Lola Albright]] (actor) (Akron)
    -* [[Tom Aldredge]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Corey Allen]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Catherine Bach]] (actor) (Warren)
    -* [[Kaey Ballard]] (actor)
    -* [[Lisa Banes]] (actor) (Chagrin Falls)
    -* [[Theda Bara]] (actor) (Avondale)
    -* [[Majel Barrett]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Ned Bellamy]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Halle Berry]] (actor, fashion model) (Cleveland)
    -* [[David Birney]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -*[[John Bixler]] (actor) (Shaker Heights)
    -* [[Nina Blackwood]] (veejay) (Cleveland)
    -* [[J. Paul Boehmer]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Mark Boone Jr.]] (actor) {Cincinnati)
    -* [[John Bottoms]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Bill Boyd]] (actor)
    -* [[Bob Braun]] (talk show host)
    -* [[Clancy Brown]] (actor) (Urbana)
    -* [[Woody Brown]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Michelle Burke]] (actor) (Defiance)
    -* [[Tyreese Burnett]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ralph Byrd]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Marion Byron]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Drew Carey]] (actor, comedian) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Nancy Cartwright]] (voice performer) (Kettering/Dayton)
    -* [[George Chakiris]] (actor) (Norwood)
    -* [[Damian Chapa]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Dave Chappelle]] (comedian, actor) (Yellow Springs)
    -* [[Marguerite Clark]] (actor) (Avondale)
    -* [[Mystro Clark]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ray Combs]] (game show host) (Hamilton)
    -* [[Tim Conway]] (actor, comedian) (Willoughby)
    -* [[Christine Craft]] (broadcaster, radio talk show host)
    -* [[Yvonne Craig]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Beverly D'Angelo]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Dorothy Dandridge]] (actor)
    -* [[Frank Daniels]] (actor, Captain Jinks) (Dayton)
    -* [[Doris Day]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[June Dayton]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ruby Dee]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Phyllis Diller]] (actor, comedian) (Lima)
    -* [[Jim Dine]] (painter, sculptor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Phil Donahue]] (talk show host) (Cleveland/Dayton)
    -* [[Hugh Downs]] (broadcaster) (Akron)
    -* [[Keir Dullea]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Micah Dyer]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Joe Estevez]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Angie Everhart]] (fashion model) (Akron)
    -* [[Jamie Farr]] (actor) (Toledo)
    -* [[Suzanne Farrell]] (dancer) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Clark Gable]] (actor) (Cadiz)
    -* [[Teri Garr]] (actor) (Lakewood)
    -* [[Dorothy Gish]] (actor)
    -* [[Lillian Gish]] (actor) (Springfield)
    -* [[Carlin Glynn]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[David Graf]] (actor) (Lancaster)
    -* [[Joel Grey]] (actor, singer, dancer) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Julie Hagerty]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Arsenio Hall]] (comedian, talk show host, actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Margaret Hamilton]] (actor)
    -* [[Dorian Harewood]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Woody Harrelson]] (actor) (Lebanon)
    -* [[Patricia Heaton]] (actor) (Bay Village)
    -* [[Anne Heche]] (actor)
    -* [[Eileen Heckart]] (actor) (Columbia)
    -* [[John Hockenberry]] (broadcaster) (Dayton)
    -* [[Hal Holbrook]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Katie Holmes]] (actor) (Toledo)
    -* [[Bob Hope]] (comedian, actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Rule Janice]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Elsie Janis]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Allison Janney]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ken Jenkins]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Gordon Jump]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Carol Kane]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Melina Kanakaredes]] (actor) (Akron)
    -* [[Perry King]] (actor) (Alliance)
    -* [[A. J. Langer]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Walter Law]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Hudson Leick]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[RuDee Lipscomb]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[John Lithgow]] (actor) (Yellow Springs)
    -* [[Chad Lowe]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Rob Lowe]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Paul Lynde]] (actor)
    -* [[Diane McBain]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Gates McFadden]] (actor) (Cuyahoga Falls)
    -* [[Mark Metcalf]] (actor) (Findlay)
    -* [[W. Chrystie Miller]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Walter Miller]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ryan Mitchell]] (actor)
    -* [[Bill Moor]] (actor) (Toledo)
    -* [[Greg Morris]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Martin Mull]] (comedian, actor) (North Ridgeville)
    -* [[John Newland]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Paul Newman]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Stephen Nichols]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Don Novello]] (comedian, actor) (Ashtabula)
    -* [[Ed O'Neill]] (actor) (Youngstown)
    -* [[Annie Oakley]] (markswoman) (Greenville)
    -* [[Jack Paar]] (talk show host) (Canton)
    -* [[Lawanda Page]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Suzee Pai]] (actor) (Toledo)
    -* [[Eleanor Parker]] (actor) (Cedarville)
    -* [[Sarah Jessica Parker]] (actor) (Cincinnati/Nelsonville)
    -* [[Dan Patrick]] (sportscaster, talk show host) (Mason)
    -* [[Robert Patrick]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Austin Pendleton]] (actor) (Warren)
    -* [[Luke Perry]] (actor) (Fredericktown)
    -* [[Tom Poston]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Jess Robbins]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Roy Rogers]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Ted Ross]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Alan Ruck]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Tyrone Power]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Gary Sandy]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Sherri Saum]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Fred Scott]] (broadcaster, "Uncle Fred") (Dayton)
    -* [[William Self]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Molly Shannon]] (comedian) (Shaker Heights/Cleveland)
    -* [[Martin Sheen]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Lew Short]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Mamie Smith]] (singer) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Hal Sparks]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Dina Spybey]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Mark Stevens (Actor)|Mark Stevens]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Philip Michael Thomas]] (actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Andrea Thompson]] (model, broadcaster)
    -* [[Lucille Ward]] (actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Tom Wesselman]] (painter) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Jack Weston]] (actor) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Debra Winger]] (actor) (Cleveland Heights)
    -* [[Jonathan Winters]] (comedian, actor) (Dayton)
    -* [[Amy Yasbeck]] (actor) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Hugh Downs]] (broadcaster) (Lima)
    +The song tops the "[[Songs of the Century]]" list compiled by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] and the [[National Endowment for the Arts]]. It also topped the [[American Film Institute]]'s "100 Years, 100 Songs" list.

    -==Miscellaneous Celebrities, Beauty Pageant Winners, Cheesecake Models, etc.==
    -* [[Christina Angel]] (adult entertainment performer) (Dayton)
    -* [[Tina Bockrath]] (cheesecake model) (Dayton)
    -* [[Deanna Brooks]] (cheesecake model)
    -* [[Mary Katherine Campbell]] (Miss America 1922, 1923)
    -* [[Laura Cover]] (cheesecake model)
    -* [[Carmella DeCesare]] (cheesecake model) (Avon Lake)
    -* [[Amee Donovan]] (adult entertainment performer) (Dayton)
    -* [[Sue Downey]] (Miss USA 1965)
    -* [[Carmen Electra]] (cheesecake model, actor) (Cincinnati/White Oak)
    -* [[Leo Ford]] (adult entertainment performer) (Dayton)
    -* [[Felicia Fox]] (adult entertainment performer) (Springfield)
    -* [[Taylor Hayes]] (cheesecake model)
    -* [[John Holmes (actor)|John Holmes]] (adult entertainment performer)
    -* [[Toccara Jones|Toccara Elaine Jones]] (contestant on [[America's Next Top Model]])(Dayton)
    -* [[Heather Kozar]] (cheesecake model) (Akron)
    -* [[Allie LaForce]] (Miss Teen USA 2005) (Vermillion)
    -* [[Traci Lords]] (adult entertainment performer, actor, author) (Steubenville)
    -* [[Jacquelyn Mayer]] (Miss America 1963)
    -* [[Marilyn Meseke]] (Miss America 1938)
    -* [[Ce Ce Peniston]] (model, Miss Black Arizona 1989) (Dayton)
    -* [[Susan Perkins]] (Miss America 1978)
    -* [[Danielle Reyes]] (contestant on [[Big Brother]]) (Dayton)
    -* [[Laurel Lea Schaefer]] (Miss America 1972)
    -* [[Kim Seelbrede]] (Miss USA 1981)
    -* [[Shark Boy|Dean Roll]] (professional wrestler) (Dayton)
    -* [[Hlee Xiong]] ([[Miss Lao Hmong]] 2004) (Akron)
    +The American troops in Europe in [[World War II|WWII]] adopted the song, as well as [[Irving Berlin]]'s "[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]," as a symbol of the US, that faraway land that, after long years of war, seemed like a dream, beyond the rainbow.
    +Modern listeners may be unaware that the song had an introductory stanza, as this was not sung in the film by Garland.

    -==Singers, Musicians, Composers, Songwriters, Conductors, etc.==
    -* [[Albert Ayler]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[David Baerwald]] (musician) (Oxford)
    -* [[Lou Barlow]] (musician) (Dayton)
    -* [[Stiv Bators]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Kathleen Battle]] (singer) (Portsmouth)
    -* [[The Black Keys]] (musicians) (Akron)
    -* [[Cindy Blackman]] (musician) (Yellow Springs)
    -* [[Bone Thugs N Harmony]] (musician group) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Bow Wow]] (musician) (Columbus)
    -* [[Eric Carmen]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Relient K]], (band) (Canton)
    -* [[Tracy Chapman]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Bootsy Collins]] (musician)
    -* [[Louis "Chip" Davis Jr.]] (musician) (Sylvania)
    -* [[Lucky Harrison Dayton]] (musician) (Dayton)
    -* [[Kim Deal]] and [[Kelley Deal]] of [[The Breeders]] (musicians) (Huber Heights/Dayton)
    -* [[Devo]] (musicians) (Kent)
    -* [[Michael Feinstein]] (Columbus)
    -* [[Craig Fuller]] (musician) (Waverly/Columbus)
    -* [[Macy Gray]] (musician) (Canton)
    -* [[Dave Grohl]] of [[Nirvana]] and [[Foo Fighters]] (musician) (Warren)
    -* [[Guided by Voices]] (musicians) (Dayton)
    -* [[Henry Fillmore]] (composer)
    -* [[Screamin' Jay Hawkins]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Heartless Bastards]]
    -* [[Chrissie Hynde]] (musician) (Akron)
    -* [[The Isley Brothers]] (musicians) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Lux Interior]] (musician) (Kent)
    -* [[Nick Lachey]] (musician) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Jani Lane]] (musician) (Akron)
    -* [[James Levine]] (conductor, musician) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Marilyn Manson]] (musician) (Canton)
    -* [[Dean Martin]] (singer, actor) (Steubenville)
    -* [[Maureen McGovern]] (singer) (Youngstown)
    -* [[Mills Brothers]] (musicians)
    -* [[Ohio Players]] (musicians) (Dayton)
    -* [[Robert Pollard]] (composer) (Dayton)
    -* [[Pure Prairie League]] (musicians) (Columbus)
    -* [[Rascal Flatts]] (musical group) (Columbus)
    -* [[The Raspberries]] (musicians) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Trent Reznor]] of [[Nine Inch Nails]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[JD Samson]] of [[Le Tigre]] (musician)
    -* [[Scott Shriner]] of [[Weezer]] (musician) (Toledo)
    -* [[Snowden Family Band]] (musical group) (Clinton)
    -* [[Michael Stanley]] (musician) (Youngstown)
    -* [[Billy Strayhorn]] (musician)
    -* [[Rachel Sweet]] (musician) (Akron)
    -* [[Art Tatum]] (musician) (Toledo)
    -* [[David Thomas]] (musician) (Akron)
    -* [[Roger Troutman]] and [[Larry Troutman]] (composers)
    -* [[Joe Walsh]] (musician)
    -* [[Scott Weiland]] (musician) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Jon Frederic West]] (singer) (Dayton)
    -* [[Dwight Yoakam]] (singer, actor) (Columbus)
    -* [[Chester Jennings]] AKA [[Lyfe]] (musician, singer) (Toledo)
    -* [[The Ojays]] (Canton)
    -* [[Gerald Levert]] (Cleveland)
    -* [[Maynard James Keenan]] (musician) (Ravenna)
    +The song has come to epitomize the gesture of the rising [[octave]], which makes its opening so distinctive. Sight-singing instructors and other musicians use the song as an example and a reference point for hearing the interval.

    -==Soldiers, Sailors, etc.==
    -* [[George Custer]] (cavalry officer) (New Rumley)
    -* [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (soldier, politician)
    -* [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] (soldier, politician)
    -* [[Tecumseh]] (soldier)
    -* [[Andrew L. Harris]] (Civil War general, U.S. Commissioner, Ohio Governor)
    -* [[Eddie Rickenbacker]] (pilot) (Columbus)
    -* [[Robert C. Schenck]] (Civil War general, politician, diplomat) (Dayton)
    +==The Wizard of Oz==
    +The time-honored story is that this classic song was nearly cut from the film. The theory was that the song slowed the pace of the film. It is certainly true that most of the music in the film is medium-to-high energy, in contrast to this gently paced melody. Given the frequent instrumental references to the song throughout the film, including its title sequences, any such consideration was apparently short-lived.

    -==Architects, Inventors, Explorers, Adventurers, Astronauts, Aviators, Spies, etc.==
    -* [[Neil Armstrong]] (astronaut) (Wapakoneta/Lebanon)
    -* [[George Bartholomew]] (inventor)
    -* [[Charles A. Bassett II]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Ken Cameron]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Nancy Currie]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Thomas Edison]] (inventor) (Milan)
    -* [[Harvey Firestone]] (inventor, industrialist) (Columbiana/Akron)
    -* [[Cass Gilbert]] (architect) (Zanesville)
    -* [[John Glenn]] (astronaut, politician) (Cambridge/New Concord)
    -* [[Michael T. Good]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Elisha Gray]] (inventor) (Barnesville)
    -* [[Greg Harbaugh]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Karl G. Henize]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Tom Henricks]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Philip Johnson]] (architect) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Charles Kettering]] (inventor) (Loudenville/Dayton)
    -* [[Whitmore Knaggs]] (soldier, spy)
    -* [[Jim Lovell]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[G. David Low]] (astronaut) {Cleveland)
    -* [[Judith Resnick]] (astronaut) (Akron)
    -* [[Eddie Rickenbacker]] (aviator, race car driver) (Columbus)
    -* [[Ron Sega]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Howard Dwight Smith]] (architect) (Dayton/Columbus)
    -* [[Don Thomas]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Carl Walz]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[D. Thomas Walz]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Mary Ellen Weber]] (astronaut) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Granville Woods]] (inventor) (Columbus/Cincinnati)
    -* [[Orville Wright]] and [[Wilbur Wright]] (inventors) (Dayton)
    -* [[Donn F. Eisele]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Michael J. Foreman]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Michael L. Gernhardt]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Michael T. Good]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Thomas J. Hennen]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Terence T. Henricks]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Robert F. Overmyer]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Ronald A. Parise]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Robert C. Springer]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Sunita L. Williams]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Guion S. Bluford Jr.]] (astronaut)
    -* [[Mark N. Brown]] (astronaut) (Dayton)
    -* [[Charles O. Hobaugh]] (astronaut) (North Ridgeville)
    -* [[Kathryn D. Sullivan]] (astronaut)
    +However, part of the song ''was'' cut from the film. There was to have been an additional verse, when Dorothy was locked in a room in the witch's castle, helplessly awaiting death once the witch's hourglass ran out. A rehearsal recording of the song survives and was included in the Deluxe CD set. In that rendition, Dorothy weeps her way through it, unable to finish, concluding with a tear-filled, "I'm frightened, Auntie Em; I'm frightened!"

    -==Athletes, Coaches, etc.==
    -* [[Kurt Abbott]] (baseball player) (Zanesville)
    -* [[Coy Bacon]] (football player) (Ironton)
    -* [[Dave Blaney]] (race car driver) (Hartford)
    -* [[Paul Brown]] (football coach) (Norwalk)
    -* [[Cris Carter]] (football player) (Troy)
    -* [[Ezzard Charles]] (boxer) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Marco Coleman]] (football player) (Dayton)
    -* [[Roger Clemens]] (baseball player} (Dayton)
    -* [[Cris Collinsworth]] (football player) (Dayton)
    -* [[James "Buster" Douglas]] (boxer) (Columbus)
    -* [[Charlie Frye]] (football player) (Willard)
    -* [[Sarah Fisher (driver)|Sarah Fisher]] (race car driver) (Columbus)
    -* [[Archie Griffin]] (football player) (Columbus)
    -* [[Jim Harbaugh]] (football player) (Toledo)
    -* [[John Havlicek]] (basketball player)
    -* [[Woody Hayes]] (football coach) (Clifton/Newcomerstown/Upper Arlington)
    -* [[Larry Hisle]] (baseball player) (Portsmouth)
    -* [[Bob Huggins]] (basketaball coach) (Gnadenhutten)
    -* [[Lou Holtz]] (Football coach) (East Liverpool)
    -* [[Sam Hornish, Jr.]] (indy car driver, 2-time champion) (Defiance)
    -* [[Dummy Hoy]] (deaf baseball player) (Houcktown)
    -* [[Jim Jackson (basketball)|Jim Jackson]] (basketball player) (Toledo)
    -* [[Lebron James]] (basketball player) (Akron)
    -* [[Lance Johnson]] (baseball player) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Bobby Knight]] (basketball coach) (Massilon/Orrville)
    -* [[Barry Larkin]] (baseball player) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Jerry Lucas]] (basketball player) (Middletown)
    -* [[Scott May]] (basketball player) (Sandusky)
    -* [[Edwin C. Moses]] (runner) (Dayton)
    -* [[Thurman Munson]] (baseball player) (Canton)
    -* [[Jack Nicklaus]] (golfer) (Columbus)
    -* [[Joe Nuxhall]] (baseball player) (Hamilton)
    -* [[Jim Leyland]] (baseball manager) (Perrysburg)
    -* [[Al Oliver]] (baseball player) (Portsmouth)
    -* [[Paul O'Neill]] (baseball player) (Columbus)
    -* [[Doug Mientkiewicz]] (baseball player) (Toledo)
    -* [[Jesse Owens]] (runner) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Orlando Pace]] (Football Player) (Sandusky)
    -* [[Ara Parseghian]] (football coach) (Akron)
    -* [[Jay Payton]] (baseball player) (Zanesville)
    -* [[Jim Paxson]] (basketball player) (Dayton)
    -* [[John Paxson]] (basketball player) (Dayton)
    -* [[Bobby Rahal]] (race car driver) (Medina)
    -* [[Tim Richmond]] (race car driver) (Ashland)
    -* [[Branch Rickey]] (baseball manager) (Stockdale)
    -* [[Ben Roethlisberger]] (football player) (Findlay)
    -* [[Pete Rose]] (baseball player) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Mike Schmidt]] (baseball player) (Dayton)
    -* [[Shannon Stewart]] (baseball player)
    -* [[Jim Tressel]] (football coach) (Mentor)
    -* [[Kevin Youkilis]] (baseball player) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Cy Young]] (baseball player) (gilmore/Newcomerstown)
    -* [[Don Zimmer]] (baseball player, coach) (Cincinnati)
    +That phrase was retained in the film, followed immediately by Auntie Em's appearance in the witch's crystal, and then replaced by the image of the witch, mocking and taunting Dorothy and then turning toward the camera and laughing hideously, directly at the audience.

    -==Businesspeople, Entrepreneurs, etc.==
    -* [[B. F. Goodrich]] (industrialist) (Akron)
    -* [[Herbert H. Dow]] (chemist, industrialist) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Charles Keating]] (banker, activist) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[Carl Lindner]] (prominent entrepreneur, political contributor, philanthropist) (Dayton)
    -* [[Ransom Olds]]
    -* [[John Henry Patterson (NCR owner)|'''John H. Patterson''']] (industrialist) (Dayton)
    -* [[William Procter (candlemaker)|William Procter]] (industrialist) (Cincinnati)
    -* [[John D. Rockefeller]] (industrialist) (Strongsville/Cleveland)
    -* [[Frank Seiberling]] (industrialist) (Western Star)
    -* [[George Steinbrenner]] (shipping magnate, sports club owner) (Cleveland)
    +Garland's tearful rendition of this extra verse was reportedly deemed so heart-wrenching that it was decided to exclude it from the film, in order to spare the young audience from its powerful emotions, especially given the startling scene that immediately followed it.

    -==Publishers, Media Moguls, etc.==
    -* [[James M. Cox]] (publisher of [[Dayton Daily News]], founder of [[Cox Communications]], politician) (Jacksonburg)
    -* [[Larry Flynt]] (publisher of [[Hustler]] adult magazine)
    -* [[Ted Turner]] (founder of [[Turner Broadcasting]], [[CNN]]) (Cincinnati)
    +651621621+61651+651651651651651262651652652

    -==Activists, Philanthropists, Do-Gooders, Public Agitators, Advocates, Lawyers, etc.==
    -* [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] (abolitionist) (Hudson)
    -* [[Clarence Darrow]] (lawyer) (Kinsman)
    -* [[Gloria Steinem]] (feminist)
    -* [[Irvin F. Westheimer]] (founder of Big Brothers Big Sisters)
    -* [[Victoria Woodhull]] (activist, stock broker, journalist, politician) (Homer/Mount Gilead)
    +==Modern-day recordings of the song==

    -==Criminals==
    -* [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] ([[Serial killer|serial killer]]) (lived in [[Bath Township, Summit County, Ohio|Bath]])
    -* [[Donald DeFreeze]] (Patty Hearst kidnapper) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Nathan Gale]] (murderer)
    -* [[James Oliver Huberty]] (murderer) (Massillon)
    -* [[Charles Manson]] (murderer, cult leader) (Cincinnati/Walnut Hills)
    +[[Sam Harris (recording artist)|Sam Harris]] performed a winning rendition on the first season of the original ''[[Star Search]]''. [[Barbra Streisand]], [[Bette Midler]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Rufus Wainwright]], and Garland's daughters [[Liza Minnelli]] and [[Lorna Luft]] have sung the song in concert. One of the most unusual versions was recorded by the late [[Native Hawaiian|Hawaiian]] singer [[Israel Kamakawiwo'ole]] whose medley of "Rainbow" and [[Louis Armstrong]]'s "[[What a Wonderful World]]" was featured on the soundtrack of the films ''[[Meet Joe Black]]'', ''[[Finding Forrester]]'', and ''[[50 First Dates]]'', as well as being copied by [[The Blanks (musical group)|The Worthless Peons]] in the ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' episode, [[My Way Home]]. It was also the final music in the 2002 episode of the [[NBC]] drama series [[ER (TV series)|ER]] entitled "On the Beach", which was [[Mark Greene]]'s last appearance on the show, as he died in the episode[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0568062/fullcredits]. [[James Stewart (actor)|James Stewart]] memorably warbled a rendition while carrying a drunken [[Katharine Hepburn]] in ''[[The Philadelphia Story]]''. Even horror legend [[Vincent Price]] did a version in the film ''[[Dr. Phibes Rises Again]]'', though it was originally sung at the end of the United Kingdom version of the film's prequel, [[The Abominable Dr. Phibes]], even though both films take place before the song was even written. [[Elisabeth Andreassen]] also recorded the song.

    -==Crime Victims==
    -* [[Robert Vallandingham]] (murdered prison guard) (SOCF, Lucasville)
    +[[United Kingdom|British]] television comedian [[Kenny Everett]] sometimes used the song in comedy segments that included the unique sound of a British police car [[Siren (noisemaker)|siren]] and Everett singing the lyrics, "Behind me!" and "That's where you'll find me!"

    -==Scholars, Scientists, Historians, Theorists, Philosophers, Opinionists, etc.==
    -* [[William A. Fowler]] (physicist, Nobel Prize Winner) (Lima, The Ohio State University)
    -* [[Samuel Dana Horton]] (monetary theorist)
    -* [[Thomas Samuel Kuhn]] (science philosopher)
    -* [[Albert A. Michelson]] (physicist) (Case Institute of Technology)
    -* [[E. W. Morley]] (physicist) (Western Reserve University)
    -* [[Charles Richter]] (physicist) (Hamilton)
    -* [[Arthur Schlesinger]] (historian)
    -* [[Sander Vanocur]] (commentator) (Cleveland)
    +The cover band [[Me First and the Gimme Gimmes]] covered the song for their 1999 album ''[[Are a Drag]]'', and in the animated series ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy]]'', [[Grey Delisle]] sang it as her character, Mandy. [[Guitarist]] [[Joe Satriani]] often covers the song at his concerts. [[Guitarist]] [[Ritchie Blackmore]] would perform a few bars of the verse at the beginning of his concerts.

    -==Educators, Lecturers, Motivational Speakers, Self-Help Gurus, etc.==
    -* [[William Holmes McGuffey]] (educator, author)(Tuscarawas County/Oxford/Cincinnati)
    -* [[Norman Vincent Peale]]
    -* [[William Strunk Jr.]] (educator, author) (Cincinnati)
    +In [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]]'s musical ''[[Wicked (musical)|Wicked]]'', a loose adaptation of [[Gregory Maguire]]'s [[The Oz books|Oz]] [[Wicked (novel)|novel of the same name]], a variation of the tune is used as one of the [[leitmotif]]s attached to the main character, [[Elphaba]]. The lyrics of "Un-li-mi-ted, my fu-ture -" is arranged to the same [[interval (music)|intervals]] (though not the same [[rhythm]]) as "Some-where o-ver the rain-bow'. As Elphaba later becomes known as the [[Wicked Witch of the West]], and because Dorothy and she are [[foil (literature)|literary foils]], the tune acquires an [[irony|ironic]] subtext. (It also may be noted that by restricting the piece to seven notes, Schwartz avoids copyright issues with his use of the music.

    -==Others==
    -* [[Clyde Beatty]] (animal trainer) (Chillicothe)
    -* [[Brenda Carlin]] (television producer, wife of [[George Carlin]]) (Dayton)
    -* [[John Dean]]
    -* [[Jack Hanna]] (zoo director, animal expert) (Columbus)
    -* [[Sam Sheppard]] (murder suspect) (Cleveland)
    -* [[Richard Vishton]]
    +"Over The Rainbow" is featured as a [[Dance Dance Revolution]] song, available on the 7th mix in the CD line.

    -==See also==
    -* [[List of people from Cleveland, Ohio]]
    +[[The Smashing Pumpkins]] would often include "Over The Rainbow" in the live/jam version of "[[Silverfuck]]". This is present on the live concert album [[Earphoria]] but on the [[DVD]] [[Vieuphoria]] it is edited out, because they did not have the rights to the song. "Rainbow" can also be found on [[Ray Charles]]'s final album, ''[[Genius Loves Company]]'', as a duet with [[Johnny Mathis]]. [[Oliver Field]], a well known trumpeter in the Pacific Northwest preformed a popular rendition of the song at a local Portland nightclub.

    -[[Category:People from Ohio|*]][[Category:Lists of people by U.S. state|Ohio]]
    +[[Jane Monheit]], recorded a version of "Over The Rainbow" from her sophomore album Come Dream With Me. Monheit later re-recorded a shorter version of the song (minus this intro) for the soundtrack to the film ''[[Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow]]'' starring [[Jude Law]], [[Angelina Jolie]], and [[Gwyneth Paltrow]]. The song was also a bonus track on her fifth album ''[[Taking a Chance on Love (2004 Jane Monheit album)|Taking a Chance on Love]]''.
    +
    +The song has produced memorable moments on [[American Idol]]. The third-place finisher on Season 2, [[Kimberley Locke]], performed it at her initial audition and in the final three. She included it on the Season 2 compilation CD. Locke's version is highly embellished with vocal improvisations, but was widely respected by the judges and audience. In Season 5, [[Katharine McPhee]] performed [[Jane Monheit]]'s version of the song in the final three show on [[May 16]], [[2006]]. Judge [[Simon Cowell]] chose the song for her. McPhee performed sitting on the stage and wearing [[ruby slippers|red shoes]]. She sang the little-known opening verse ''a capella'' leading into a version that was more subdued than Locke's. The judges had high praise for McPhee's performance, and it is believed that the song was responsible for vaulting her into the season's final two. Several critics, including Cowell, consider McPhee's performance to be the best of the entire series. McPhee reprised her performance of the song in the final performance show on [[May 23]]. Her version again received rave reviews. It was included as a [[double A-side]] on her single, "[[Over the Rainbow/My Destiny]]," which was released on [[June 27]], [[2006]].
    +
    +Chinese Pop singer [[Angela Chang]] named her debut album "Over the Rainbow," after this song. She said this is the song her mother used to teach her to sing{{fact}}.
    +
    +Taiwanese Singer/Songwriter [[David Tao]] mashed "Over The Rainbow" with his award-winning song "Blue Moon"; Or "Beach" if directly translated from its mandarin title; in his first Asia-wide concert tour, "Soul Power Live". Highly-sought after musician, Goh Kheng Long (Singaporean), who was involved with David in the arrangement of the song, also played the piano in this song.
    +The song, with David's soaring vocals and the solo grand piano for accompaniment made it the highlight of each concert. Korean pop singer Tim, also performed the song on a Korean Music Show.
    +
    +[[Image:Otrpromocd5xg.jpg|thumb|right|Single cover for [[Kylie Minogue]]'s version of "Over the Rainbow".]]
    +"Over the Rainbow" became Australian singer [[Kylie Minogue]]'s first [[digital single]] (on record label [[Parlophone]]), and was Minogue's first release after she was [[Kylie Minogue#Cancer|diagnosed with breast cancer]]. Her recording, produced by [[Steve Anderson (music)|Steve Anderson]] and released on [[25 December]] [[2005]], is taken from the live [[DVD]] ''[[Showgirl - The Greatest Hits Tour]]'', which was recorded in early 2005 at [[London]]'s [[Earls Court]]. The single's [[B-side]] is Minogue's 2001 version of the [[Christmas]] song "[[Santa Baby]]". Minogue performed "Over the Rainbow" on her Greatest Hits tour to much applause, with ''[[The Times]]'' saying she "delivered a note perfect 'Over the Rainbow' with next to no musical accompaniment. The gig of the year? No doubt about it!". A promo CD was released in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and contained the live version of "Over the Rainbow", as well as "Santa Baby". This promo release was issued to [[radio station]]s only, but it has been sold on the internet.
    +
    +Hundreds of singers have recorded and/or sung their own versions of "Over the Rainbow", including:
    +
    +* [[Tori Amos]]
    +* [[Michael Ball]]
    +* [[Shirley Bassey]]
    +* [[Tony Bennett]]
    +* [[David Bowie]]
    +* [[Dave Brubeck]]
    +* [[Buckethead]] (recorded as Somewhere over the Slaughterhouse)
    +* [[Eva Cassidy]]
    +* [[Edyta Gorniak]]
    +* [[Ray Charles]]
    +* [[Richard Clayderman]]
    +* [[Phil Collins]]
    +* [[Harry Connick, Jr.]]
    +* [[Cosmic Gate]]
    +* [[Vic Damone]]
    +* [[Doris Day]]
    +* [[Aselin Debison]]
    +* [[Deep Purple]]
    +* [[Céline Dion]]
    +* [[Plácido Domingo]]
    +* [[Linda Eder]]
    +* [[Tommy Emmanuel]]
    +* [[Ella Fitzgerald]]
    +* [[Aretha Franklin]]
    +* [[Faith Hill]]
    +* [[Norah Jones]]
    +* [[Guy Sebastian]]
    +* [[Il Divo]]
    +* [[Kenny G]]
    +* [[Stan Getz]]
    +* [[Eydie Gormé]]
    +* [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]]
    +* [[Israel Kamakawiwo'ole]]
    +* [[Patti LaBelle]]
    +* [[Kimberley Locke]]
    +* [[Melissa Manchester]]
    +* [[Marusha]]
    +* [[Johnny Mathis]]
    +* [[Martina McBride]]
    +* [[Susannah McCorkle]]
    +* [[Katharine McPhee]]
    +* [[Me First and the Gimme Gimmes]]
    +* [[Metallica]]
    +* [[Bette Midler]]
    +* [[Glenn Miller]]
    +* [[Jane Monheit]]
    +* [[Nana Mouskouri]]
    +* [[The Mystics]]
    +* [[Willie Nelson]]
    +* [[Olivia Newton-John]]
    +* [[Harry Nilsson]]
    +* [[The Ohio Players]]
    +* [[Mandy Patinkin]]
    +* [[Phish]]
    +* [[The Platters]]
    +* [[Queen_(band)|Queen]]
    +* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
    +* [[The Ramones]]
    +* [[Reel Big Fish]]
    +* [[Rosenshontz]]
    +* [[Jake Shimabukuro]]
    +* [[Frank Sinatra]]
    +* [[Jo Stafford]]
    +* [[Steve Stevens]]
    +* [[Art Tatum]]
    +* [[Tiny Tim (musician)|Tiny Tim]]
    +* [[Sarah Vaughan]]
    +* [[Shayne Ward]]
    +* [[Mägo de Oz]]
    +* [[The Innocence Mission]]
    +* [[Freddie Wadling]]
    +
    +==Lyrics==
    +The song is often referred to as ''Somewhere Over The Rainbow'', however the actual title of the song is simply, ''Over The Rainbow''.
    +The intro was never used in the movie, nor was there ever intentions of using it in the movie. The intro is used more often for theatrical productions of ''The Wizard of Oz''. However contemporary singers often use the intro to lengthen the single for their album. Verse two was intended to be used when Dorothy was locked in the witch’s castle. However that decision was never followed through, and Dorothy simply re-sang the main verse. The only time verse two has been used was during the recording of ''The Wizard of Oz In Concert'', where it was performed by singer/songwriter [[Jewel (singer)|Jewel]]. The second verse is used occasionally in theatrical productions also, and is the most unknown verse of the entire song.
    +
    +
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box
    + | before = "[[Thanks for the Memory]]" from ''[[The Big Broadcast of 1938]]''
    + | title = [[Academy Award for Best Song]]
    + | years = [[1939]]
    + | after = "[[When You Wish upon a Star]]" from ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]''
    +}}
    +{{end box}}
    +
    +[[Category:1939 singles]]
    +[[Category:1939 songs]]
    +[[Category:2005 singles]]
    +[[Category:Aretha Franklin songs]]
    +[[Category:Harry Connick, Jr. songs]]
    +[[Category:Kylie Minogue songs]]
    +[[Category:Judy Garland songs]]
    +[[Category:Ray Charles songs]]
    +[[Category:Oz in stage and film]]
    +[[Category:Parlophone singles]]
    +[[Category:Songs from films]]
    +[[Category:Songs from musicals]]
    +[[Category:Best Song Academy Award winning songs]]
    +[[Category:American songs]]
    +[[Category:Songs with music by Harold Arlen]]
    +[[Category:Songs with lyrics by E. Y. Harburg]]
    +
    +[[sv:Somewhere Over the Rainbow]]
    2013-03-16 21:22:57 90524329 Addbot Luckas-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3285241]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,53 +1,104 @@\n
    -{{spoiler}}
    -{{bleach character info|
    -image=[[Image:Grimmjow jaggerjack.JPG|right|250px]]|caption=Grimmjow Jaggerjack
    -|character name=Grimmjow Jaggerjack
    -|occupation=Former 6th Espada in [[Sōsuke Aizen]]'s army
    -|birthday=Unknown
    -|height=Unknown
    -|weight=Unknown
    -|hair=Unknown
    -|blood_type=Unknown
    -|zanpakutō=Unknown
    -|theme_song=N/A
    -|seiyuu=N/A
    -|}}
    +:''For modern, semi-diplomatic or colonial '''consuls''', see [[Consul (representative)]].''

    -'''Grimmjow Jaggerjack''' (sometimes written as '''Grim Jaw''' or '''Grimmjaw''') is a character in the [[manga]] series ''[[Bleach (manga)|Bleach]]''. Grimmjow was the 6th Espada in [[Sōsuke Aizen]]'s army of arrancar, which meant he was the 6th strongest arrancar, but after [[Kaname Tōsen]] cut off and burned his arm, Grimmjow is no longer a member of the Espada, and [[Rupi (Bleach)|Rupi]] replaced him as the 6th Espada.
    +'''Consul''' (abbrev. ''cos.''; Latin plural ''consules'') was the highest elected office of the [[Roman Republic]] and an appointive office under the [[Roman Empire|Empire]]. The title was also used in other city states, and revived in modern states, notably [[French Republic|Republican France]] before [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] turned it into an [[First French Empire|Empire]].

    -== Character outline ==
    -Grimmjow looks like an older [[Tōshirō Hitsugaya]], but has the same mentality as [[Kenpachi Zaraki]]. What remains of his hollow mask is on his right cheek, he has light blue hair and his eyes have blue/green lines below them, similar to the red marks on [[Ikkaku Madarame]]'s eyes. His attire consists of a ragged white jacket with black inner lining, sleeves rolled up and the [[upturned collar|collar turned up]]. The jacket is left open, revealing his chest, a white [[kimono#Kimono_accessories_and_related_garments|hakama]], and a black sash. As with many other arrancar revealed thus far, the hole that should have been on his chest has moved, in Grimmjow's case to the abdomen. The importance of this, if any, is unknown.
    +The relating adjective is '''consular''', from the Latin ''consularis'' (which has been used, substantivated, as a title in its own right).

    -A crooked number 6 was tattooed on Grimmjow's back just above the hollow hole on the right side. Aizen personally marks the Espada, the ten most powerful of his arrancar, with such tattoos of their respective ranks. The tattoo serves as proof of their rank and power. It has since been removed with Grimmjow's loss of his rank. The tattoo's location is now covered in scar tissue, and Grimmjow bears similar scars on his chest from Ichigo's attacks.
    +==Ancient Rome==
    +{{main|Roman consul}}

    -Grimmjow is the first Espada revealed during the events of the arrancar raid on the human world. He is a seemingly laid back and irreverent individual, but also has a very short temper and is very impulsive. He appears sadistic, carrying a smile of insanity whenever he becomes excited. Grimmjow also seems to say whatever is on his mind regardless of whether or not it is appropriate or rude.
    +==Other uses in antiquity==
    +===Other city states===
    +While in many cities there was a double-headed chief magistracy, often another title was used, such as Duumvir or native styles such as Meddix, but in some Consul was used.

    -He appears to be on bad terms with [[Kaname Tōsen]], who carries him in the same regard as [[Kenpachi Zaraki]]. He also seemingly has a bad relationship with Ulquiorra, another arrancar Espada.
    +===Private sphere===
    +It was not uncommon for various organisations under Roman private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents (the very founding statute or contract was also called ''lex'', 'law')

    -== Synopsis ==
    -After Ulquiorra reports his findings on [[Ichigo Kurosaki]] and other possible threats in [[Karakura Town]], Grimmjow clashes with him concerning Ulquiorra's course of action. Ulquiorra had ordered his companion, Yammy, to eliminate everyone they deemed as trash, including [[Orihime Inoue]], [[Yasutora Sado|Chad]] and [[Tatsuki Arisawa]]. Although Ichigo had been labelled as trash as well, Ulquiorra chose to leave him alive, rather than killing him. Although the appearance of [[Yoruichi Shihouin]] and [[Kisuke Urahara]] may or may not have influenced this decision, Ulquiorra believed they maintained the upper hand.
    +==In Feudal times==
    +In various Italian city states, the republican regimes (elsewhere or in other periods, the Bishop or a hereditary Prince or Lord was in charge) gave its [[Chief Magistrate]]s the title of consul ... Thus there have been governments lead by consuls in [[Bologna]], Novara (with one Maggiore as head of state), [[Trani]], [[Treviso]].

    -Grimmjow believed that Ulquiorra should have eliminated Ichigo on the spot rather than waste time waiting to see if Ichigo would eventually become useful to Aizen. To rectify what he believes to be a mistake, he leads a group of five other arrancar (D-Roy, [[Edorad Leones]], [[Il Forte Grantz]], [[Shawlong Qufang]], and Nakim) to the material world. Their orders are to kill anyone with even the slightest spiritual pressure.
    +The same happened in some cities in France, especially in the Mediterranean south, e.g. [[Avignon]], [[Limoges]].

    -D-Roy is quickly dispatched by [[Rukia Kuchiki]]; Edorad has a close fight with [[Ikkaku Madarame]] but is eventually defeated when he reveals his final release (''bankai''); Il Forte, Shawlong and Nakim are all defeated by [[Renji Abarai]], [[Tōshirō Hitsugaya]] and [[Rangiku Matsumoto]] respectively after their limits are lifted. The five killed are later revealed to have originally only been gillian-level menos, meaning they are merely peons as far as the menos ranks.
    +==Modern republics==
    +===French republican consuls===
    +In [[1799]], revolutionary [[France]] enacted a constitution that conferred supreme executive powers upon ''three'' officials that bore the title "consul" as chief magistracy of the republic. In reality, however, the state was de facto under personal control of the [[First Consul]], general [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], so in political terms it was more like a re-edition of Julius Caesar's and Octavian's [[triumvirate]]s.

    -Grimmjow himself takes on Ichigo Kurosaki shortly after he severely injures Rukia by putting his hand through her stomach. As Grimmjow is about to draw his zanpakutō, Tōsen interrupts the fight and takes him back to [[Hueco Mundo]] to determine his punishment for breaking orders and getting five other arrancar killed. When Grimmjow refuses to take responsibility for his actions, Tōsen request permission to execute Grimmjow, Aizen denied the request, but Tōsen proceeded to cut off and completely burn up Grimmjow's left arm anyway, much to Grimmjow's surprise. Although Grimmjow threatens to kill Tōsen, Aizen stops him before he can proceed any further. Ulquiorra later points out Grimmjow was demoted from the Espada because he lost his arm, saying the same would have happened to Yammy had his arm not been re-attached.
    +Originally the consuls were to hold office for a period of ten years, but in 1802 Bonaparte was declared First ''Consul for life'' (lifetime consulate was introduced for Second and Third Consuls as well), again rather like Caesar was Dictator for life (after declining the royal style). The French consulate ceased to exist when Bonaparte was declared [[Emperor]] of the French in 1804.

    -Later, as Ulquiorra leads a second attack on Karakura Town, Grimmjow accompanies 3 Espada, where he again runs off on his own to confront Ichigo a second time. Ichigo releases his hollow form crossing swords with Grimmjow and blasting him with a black Getsuga Tenshō at point-blank range. Despite his injuries Grimmjow continues to fight unreleased. The tide turns as Ichigo's time limit as a vizard runs out and his mask breaks. Grimmjow slashes Ichigo, but the severity of the wound is still unknown.
    +===Roman republican consuls===
    +Since on [[15 February]] [[1798]] - [[23 June]] [[1800]] the [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]] was declared,
    +it was headed by multiple (not just two-member) consulate, which [[27 November]] [[1798]] - [[12 December]] [[1798]] occupied by "Sicily" (Naples); since [[11 July]] [[1799]] - [[28 September]] [[1799]] the republic was occupied by France, [[30 September]] [[1799]] - [[23 June]] [[1800]] occupied by "Sicily" (i.e. the kingdom of Naples), later one of the home-realms of the Italian kingdom.

    -==Zanpakutō==
    -[[Image:Grimmjow sword.JPG|right|250px|thumb|Grimmjow about to draw his zanpakutō]]
    +The members of the Consulates were:
    +*[[15 February]] [[1798]] - [[20 March]] [[1798]] there were Provisional Consuls: Briganti, Carlo Luigi Costantini, Pio Camillo, duca Bonelli-Crescenzi, Gioacchino Pessuti, Antonio Bassi & Maggi, Stampa & Liborio Angelucci
    +*[[20 March]] [[1798]] - September 1798 the first regular Consuls: Liborio Angelucci, Giacomo De Mattheis, Panazzi, Reppi & Ennio Quirino Visconti
    +*September 1798 - [[27 November]] [[1798]] again Consuls: Brigi (1st time), Calisti (1st time), Francesco Pierelli (1st time), Giuseppe Rey (1st time) & Federico Maria Domenico Michele Zaccaleoni (1st time) (b. 1760 - d. 18..)
    +*After the [[29 November]] [[1798]] - [[12 December]] [[1798]] Provisional Government of five (Princes Giambattista Borghese, Paolo-Maria Aldobrandini & Prince Gibrielli, Marchese Camillo Massimo & Giovanni Ricci), the [[12 December]] [[1798]] - [[24 July]] [[1799]] Consuls: Brigi (2nd time), Calisti (2nd time), Francesco Pierelli (2nd time), Giuseppe Rey (2nd time), Federico Maria Domenico Michele Zaccaleoni (2nd time)

    -The name of Grimmjow's [[zanpakutō]] is still unknown, due to the fact he was actually capable of fighting Ichigo in bankai with nothing but his bare hands. He was even able to block the blade of Ichigo's sword barehanded without sustaining any wounds, sometimes even catching the blade and using it to throw Ichigo. In the end Grimmjow actually took a black getsuga tenshō head-on, merely throwing his arms in front of his face, without sustaining any major injuries. Tōsen interfered just as Grimmjow was going to draw his sword, but as he left he claimed that even if Ichigo could fire off the getsuga tenshō infinitely he still couldn't beat him in his released state.
    +===Paraguay===
    +In between series of juntas (and various other short-lived regimes), the young republic was govered by Consuls of the Republic in power (2 consuls alternating in power every 4 months):
    +*[[12 October]] [[1813]] - [[12 February]] [[1814]] José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (1st time)
    +*[[12 February]] [[1814]] - [[12 June]] [[1814]] Fulgencio Yegros y Franco de Torres
    +*[[12 June]] [[1814]] - [[3 October]] [[1814]] José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (2nd time); he stayed on as [[Supreme Dictator]] [[3 October]] [[1814]] - [[20 September]] [[1840]] (from [[6 June]] [[1816]] styled Perpetual Supreme Dictator)

    -The sword's hilt resembles that of a crooked 's'.
    +After a few Presidents of the Provisional Junta, there were again Consuls of the Republic, [[14 March]] [[1841]] - [[13 March]] [[1844]] (ruling jointly, but occasionally styled First Consul, Second Consul): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán (b. 1792 - d. 1862) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero (d. 1853) (the lasts of the aforemenioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army)
    +Thereafter all republcan rulers were styled President

    -==Notes==
    -*Jaggerjack is sometimes spelt Jaguarjack or Jyaqajaq (and variations) in scanlations, but the correctness of these is dubious.
    +===Revolutionary Greece===
    +Among the many petty local republics that were formed during the first year of the [[Greek Revolution]], prior to the creation of a unified Provisional Government at the [[First National Assembly at Epidaurus]], were:
    +*The Consulate of [[Argos]] (from [[26 May]] [[1821]], under the Senate of the [[Peloponnese]]) had a ''single'' head of state, styled consul, [[28 March]] [[1821]] - [[26 May]] [[1821]]: Stamatellos Antonopoulos
    +*The Consulate of East Greece ([[Livadeia]]) (from [[15 November]] [[1821]], underthe Senate of East Greece) was headed [[1 April]] [[1821]] - [[15 November]] [[1821]] by three Consuls: Lambros Nakos, Ioannis Logothetis & Ioannis Filon
    +''Note: in [[Greek language|Greek]], the term for "consul" is "ypatos", which translates as "supreme one", and hence does not necessarily imply a joint office.''

    -==Trivia==
    -*Tite Kubo has mentioned that he modeled Grimmjow after members of the American metal band Slipknot.
    +==See also==
    +* [[Consularis]] (Roman gubernatorial style)
    +* [[List of topics related to ancient Rome]]
    +* [[Political institutions of Rome]]
    +* Chronological listings of Roman consuls (in law always republican Magistrates):
    +**[[List of Republican Roman Consuls]]
    +**[[List of early imperial Roman consuls]]
    +**[[List of late imperial Roman consuls]]

    -{{Template:Bleach characters}}
    +==Sources and references==
    +*[[Pauly-Wissowa]]
    +*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/ WorldStatesmen- see each present country]

    -[[Category:Bleach characters|Jaggerjack, Grimmjow]]
    +[[Category:Ancient Roman titles]]
    +[[Category:Heads of government]]
    +[[Category:Heads of state]]
    +[[Category:Military ranks of ancient Rome]]
    +[[Category:Latin words]]
    +
    +[[bs:Konzul]]
    +[[bg:Консул]]
    +[[ca:Cònsol romà]]
    +[[cs:Konzul (antický Řím)]]
    +[[da:Consul]]
    +[[de:Consulat]]
    +[[et:Konsul (Vana-Rooma)]]
    +[[es:Cónsul romano]]
    +[[eo:Konsulo (Romia historio)]]
    +[[fr:Consul]]
    +[[gl:Cónsul romano]]
    +[[ko:집정관]]
    +[[hr:Konzul]]
    +[[it:Console (storia romana)]]
    +[[he:קונסול (רומא העתיקה)]]
    +[[ka:კონსული]]
    +[[la:Consul]]
    +[[lt:Konsulas]]
    +[[hu:Consul]]
    +[[nl:Consul (Rome)]]
    +[[ja:執政官]]
    +[[no:Romersk konsul]]
    +[[nn:Romersk konsul]]
    +[[pl:Konsul rzymski]]
    +[[pt:Cônsul]]
    +[[ro:Consul]]
    +[[ru:Консул (Древний Рим)]]
    +[[simple:Consul]]
    +[[sr:Конзул]]
    +[[sh:Konzul]]
    +[[fi:Konsuli]]
    +[[sv:Konsul (Rom)]]
    +[[zh:罗马执政官]]
    2013-03-20 03:53:21 90967196 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3295310]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,88 +1,44 @@\n
    -{{Infobox file format
    -| name = FLV
    -| icon = [[Image:FlashVideo.png]]
    -| extension = .flv
    -| mime = video/x-flv
    -| type code =
    -| uniform type =
    -| owner = [[Adobe Systems]] (originally developed by [[Macromedia]])
    -| genre = [[media container]]
    -| container for =
    -| contained by =
    -| extended from =
    -| extended to =
    -| standard =
    -}}
    -'''FLV''' ('''Flash Video''') is a file format used to deliver video over the Internet to the [[Adobe]] [[Flash Player]] version 6, 7, 8, or 9. FLV content may also be embedded within [[SWF]] files. Notable users of the FLV format include [[Google Video]], [[Reuters|Reuters.com]] and [[YouTube]]. Flash Video is viewable on most operating systems, via the widely-available Macromedia Flash Player and web browser plug-in, or one of several third-party programs such as [[Media Player Classic]] (With the [[ffdshow]] codec installed), [[MPlayer]], [[VLC media player]]. (The open-source players [[MPlayer]] and [[VLC media player]] are unable to play flash video 8 which uses the proprietary [[VP6]] codec.)
    +[[Image:Milledoler1.jpg|thumb|Philip Milledoler (1775-1852)]]

    -==Flash Player==
    -The '''Adobe Flash Player''' is a multimedia and application player created and distributed by [[Macromedia]]. It plays [[SWF]] files which can be created by the [[Adobe Flash]] authoring tool, [[Adobe Flex]] or a number of other [[Adobe]] and third party tools. It has support for a programing language called [[ActionScript]], which can be used to display Flash Video from an SWF file. Because the Flash Player runs as a [[web browser|browser]] [[plug-in]], it is possible to embed Flash Video in web pages and view the video within a web browser.

    -==Video Format==
    -Most FLV files use a variant of [[H.263]] to encode the video. Some FLV files may instead use the screen codec, a simple animation composed of a sequence of [[screenshot]]s. Flash Player 8 also supports On2 Technologies' [[VP6]] codec. Support for encoding FLV files with the VP6 codec is provided by an encoding tool included with Adobe's [[Macromedia Flash]] Professional 8 product, On2's Flix encoding tools, Sorenson Squeeze, and some other third party tools.
    +'''Philip Milledoler''' ([[22 September]], [[1775]] – [[22 September]] [[1852]]) was a reverend and the fifth [[President]] of [[Rutgers University|Rutgers College]] (now [[Rutgers University]]) serving from 1810 until 1840.

    -FLV files may contain audio in [[pulse-code modulation|PCM]], [[ADPCM]], or [[MP3]] format. FLV is limited to one video and one audio stream per file.
    +==Biography==
    +He was born in 1775 in [[Rhinebeck, New York]]. His father emigrated to the United States from [[Switzerland]] in 1751.

    -== Delivery options ==
    -FLV files can be delivered in three different ways:
    -*Embedded in a SWF file using the Flash authoring tool (supported in Flash Player 6 and later)
    -*Streamed via [[Real_Time_Messaging_Protocol|RTMP]] to the Flash Player using the [http://www.macromedia.com/software/flashmediaserver/ Flash Media Server] (formerly called Flash Communication Server) , VCS ( Video Communication Server from Onlinelib [http://www.onlinelib.de VCS] or the open source [http://osflash.org/red5/ Red5 server]
    ''This is the best option for allowing advanced seek capabilities and automatic bandwidth detection.''
    -*Progressively downloaded via HTTP (supported in Flash Player 7 and later.)
    -*Downloaded from programs like [http://www.replay-av.com Replay A/V] or [http://www.wmrecorder.com WM Recorder], or from sites like [http://www.keepvid.com Keepvid.com].
    +He graduated from [[Columbia University|Columbia College]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (A.B.) in 1793 and was [[ordination|ordained]] into the ministry by the German Reformed Synod in [[Reading, Pennsylvania]] on [[May 17]], [[1794]], and served churches in both the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and [[Dutch Reformed Church|Dutch Reformed]] faiths.

    -== External links ==
    -''Note: Some of the programs below may encode both to and from .FLV. They are categorized by their noted use.''
    -* See also - [[Screencast]]
    +He married Susannah Benson and had a daughter: Susan Ann Milledoler (c1790-1867) who married Martin Wiltsie Brett (1788-1879) in 1816.

    -'''Video to Flash Converters with FLV support'''
    -*[http://www.geovid.com/ Flash Video Converter PRO]
    -*[http://www.visifly.com/ VisiFly]
    -*[http://www.flashconv.com/FlashConv FlashConv]
    -*[http://www.flash-on-tv.com/ Video to Flash Encoder]
    -*[http://www.flash-video-mx.com/ Flash Video MX]
    -*[http://www.blue-pacific.com/ Turbine Video Encoder 2]
    -*[http://www.swishzone.com/ SwishVideo2]
    -*[http://www.erightsoft.com/SUPER.html SUPER (C)] SUPER (C) = (Simplified Universal Player Encoder & Renderer)
    -*[http://ffmpeg.mplayerhq.hu/ FFmpeg - Streaming Multimedia System & command line video converter - FreeOSS Cross-Platform] - [[FFmpeg]]
    -*[http://www.ffmpegx.com/ FFmpegX - Graphical user interface to FFmpeg for Mac OSX]
    -*[http://www.autodesk.com/cleaner/ Media Cleaner]
    -*[http://libflv.sf.net/ libflv a free screen video format encoder]
    -*[http://www.sorensonmedia.com/ Sorenson Squeeze]
    -*[http://flix.on2.com/ On2 Flix]
    -*[http://www.rivavx.com/index.php?encoder&L=3/ Riva FLV Encoder],a free video-to-FLV encoder uses [http://mediacoder.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php?title=Ffmpeg&action=edit/ FFmpeg]
    +He was active in forming the [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], [[American Bible Society]] and the [[United Foreign Missionary Society]]. In [[1825]], he accepted the presidency of Queen's College after the death of [[John Henry Livingston]], and convinced one of his parishioners in [[New York City]], Colonel [[Henry Rutgers]], a wealthy bachelor, to donate $5,000 to the college creating a drive to reopen the closed institution. The Board of Trustees named the institution after Colonel Rutgers, and Rutgers College was reopened on [[14 November]] [[1825]].

    -'''Conversion from FLV'''
    -*[http://www.replay-converter.com Replay Converter for Windows]
    -*[http://www.isquint.org/ iSquint a free converter] to mp4 for Mac
    -*[[FFmpeg]] can convert flv files up to flash v7, as of ffmpeg CVS 20060302
    -*[http://www.effectmatrix.com/total-video-converter/ Video Converter converts FLV to any other format]
    -*[http://www.erightsoft.com/SUPER.html SUPER (C)] SUPER (C) = (Simplified Universal Player Encoder & Renderer)
    -*[http://vixy.net/flv_converter FLV Lossless Converter] Online transcoder converts FLV to MOV/AVI/MP4/MP3
    +Reverend Milledoler was responsible for reorganizing the curriculum of Rutgers College into one that instructed in the liberal arts, offering courses in [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], [[Mathematics]], [[Philosophy]], [[Literature]], [[Political Economy]], and later lectures in [[Geology]], [[Mineralogy]] and [[Chemistry]]. During this time, enrollment at Rutgers College increased, and the college became more independent of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]. This increased dissension between the Church and the college prompted Reverend Milledoler to resign in 1839, remaining on the post until the Trustees selected a replacement.

    -'''Flash Video Players'''
    -*[http://www.martijndevisser.com/archives/000021.php FLV Player] from Martijn Devisser
    -*[http://www.flvplayer.com/ FLV Player] - Flash Video Players online
    -*[http://www.videolan.org/vlc/ VLC media player] - cross-platform
    -*[http://www.gnu.org/software/gnash/ Gnash] - GNU Flash movie player - Linux
    -*[http://www.swftools.com/tools-category.php?cat=968 Flash players] - Swftools.com
    -{{commons|MPlayer}}
    -* [http://www.mplayerhq.hu/design7/info.html#docs MPlayer Website] Linux multiplatform, with extensive HTML documentation
    +He died on his birthday, [[22 September]], [[1852]] on [[Staten Island]] in [[New York City]].

    -'''Open Source Flash'''
    -*[http://www.osflash.org/osflash Open Source Flash]
    -*[http://www.osflash.org/doku.php?id=screenweaver Screenweaver - Open Source Flash] - [http://screenweaver.org/ Screenweaver.org]
    -*[http://osflash.org/tutorials OpenSource Flash - Tutorials]
    -*[http://www.flashvideofaq.com/ Flash Video FAQ + Comparison]
    +==Publication==
    +*''Dissertation on Incestuous Marriages'' (1843)

    -'''Macromedia'''
    -*[http://www.macromedia.com/software/flash/ Macromedia Flash]
    -*[http://www.macromedia.com/devnet/flash/video.html Macromedia Flash Video Articles]
    -*[http://www.adobe.com/shockwave/download/download.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash Flash Player 9]
    -*[http://www.flashvideofaq.com FlashVideoFAQ] Compare samples of the same source footage encoded with multiple software packages as both Flash 7 and Flash 8 video.
    -
    -{{Adobe Flash}}
    -[[Category:Container formats]]
    +==References==
    +
    +*[[New York Times]]; [[September 23]], [[1852]], Wednesday; Death of Rev. Philip Milledoler. We regret to announce that at an early hour yesterday morning, Rev. Philip Milledoler, D.D., S.T.P., departed this life at the residence of his son-in-law, Hon. J. W. Beekman, on [[Staten Island]]. Dr. Milledoler was born as Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, on the 22d of September, 1775, and was just seventy-seven years of age at the time of his decease.
    +*[[New York Times]]; [[March 12]], [[1867]], Wednesday; On Sunday evening, March 10, Susan Ann, wife of Martin W. Brett, and daughter of the late Rev. Philip Milledoler, D.D. The relatives and friends of the family are respectfully invited to attend the funeral from her late residence, No. 32 Livingston Street, [[Brooklyn]], on Thursday, the 14th, at 3 o'clock P.M., without further invitation.

    -[[de:FLV]]
    -[[fr:FLV]]
    -[[sv:FLV]]
    +==Note==
    +*Appleton's Cyclopedia published his death date incorrectly as [[22 September]], [[1852]]. This was the date his obituary was published.
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[Philip Milledoler Brett]]
    +*[[Media:Milledoler 1852 obit.gif|Obituary in the New York Times]]
    +
    +==External links==
    +* [http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/rul/libs/scua/university_archives/milledoler.shtml Rutgers biography]
    +
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box|title=President of [[Rutgers University]]|before=[[John Henry Livingston]]|after=[[Abraham Bruyn Hasbrouck]]|years=1825–1840}}
    +{{end box}}
    +
    +[[Category:1775 births|Milledoler]]
    +[[Category:1852 deaths|Milledoler]]
    +[[Category:Presidents of Rutgers University|Milledoler, Philip]]
    +[[Category:American university presidents|Milledoler]]
    2013-03-19 20:43:46 90918895 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3016865]] NaN
    2013-03-17 13:12:18 90626334 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1197774]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,2 +1,30 @@\n
    -Miaosen
    -[[zh:User:Miaosen]]
    +'''Screen''' may mean:
    +{{wiktionarypar|screen}}
    +* [[Window screen]], a wire mesh that covers a window opening
    +* [[Fire screen]]
    +* [[Windshield]] (windscreen), protects the driver of a vehicle
    +* [[Screen-printing]] (silk-screening), a method of printing
    +* [[Projection screen]], a viewing surface
    +* [[Display device]], a cathode ray tube or liquid crystal display (LCD)
    +* [[Computer display]] screen
    +* [[Television]] screen
    +* [[Screen (journal)]], a journal of film and television studies
    +* [[GNU Screen]], a computer program which multiplexes computer terminals
    +* [[Genetic screen]], a procedure to identify a particular kind of phenotype
    +* [[Genetic Screen]], a method to identify the functions of genes.
    +* [[Screen (sports)]], when a player obstructs the vision or motion of another player
    +* [[Screen pass]], a play in American Football.
    +* [[Rood screen]], a partition in a church which separates the chancel from the nave
    +* [[Sieve]], a mesh used to separate fine particles from coarse ones.
    +'''Screen''' may also refer to:
    +* The [[film]] industry
    +{{disambig}}
    +
    +[[ast:Pantalla]]
    +[[de:Schirm]]
    +[[es:Pantalla]]
    +[[eu:Pantaila]]
    +[[fr:Écran]]
    +[[it:Schermo]]
    +[[nl:Scherm]]
    +[[sl:Ekran]]
    2013-04-22 21:00:53 92368549 KLBot2 EmausBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q2938650]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,344 +1,2 @@\n
    -[[Image:Laplace_Runge_Lenz_vector.png|thumb|right|400px|Figure 1: Diagram showing the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' (shown in red) at four points (labeled 1, 2, 3 and 4) on the elliptical orbit of a point particle moving under an inverse-square [[central force]]. The center of attraction is shown as a small black circle from which the position vectors (likewise black) emanate. The coplanar vectors '''p'''×'''L''' and ''(mk/r)'''''r''' are shown in blue and green, respectively; these variables are defined in the first section below. The vector '''A''' is constant in direction and magnitude.]]
    -
    -In [[classical mechanics]], the '''Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector A''' is a [[vector (spatial)|vector]] that describes the motion of a single particle of mass ''m'' under an applied [[central force]]. It is always perpendicular to the [[angular momentum]] vector '''L''' and is a [[constant of motion]] for ''inverse-square'' [[central force]]s such as [[gravity]] or [[electrostatics]]. For such forces, the motion of the particle is a [[conic section]] whose shape is described completely by '''A'''; its magnitude gives the [[eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity]] of the orbit and its direction lies along the [[reflection symmetry|symmetry axis]], pointing to the point of closest approach to the center of force (the [[periapsis]]).
    -
    -'''A''' is ''not'' constant for other types of force laws, in contrast to the [[angular momentum]] vector '''L''', which is conserved for all [[central force]]s. If the deviation from the inverse-square force is small, the orbits are still roughly elliptical, but their semiaxes gradually [[precession|precess]], i.e., rotate over time. In such cases, '''A''' would not be constant, since it follows the major semiaxis of the ellipse (Figure 1).
    -
    -The Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' is also conserved in [[two-body problem]]s interacting by an inverse-square [[central force]], since all two-body problems can be reduced to an equivalent one-body problem. Remarkably, the two-body problem for an inverse-square central force is mathematically equivalent to the problem of a freely moving particle on a four-dimensional [[hypersphere]]. In the latter problem, the vector '''A''' corresponds to a conserved angular momentum in that four-dimensional space. The conservation of both '''A''' and '''L''' under an inverse-square central force results from the higher [[SO(4)|four-dimensional rotational symmetry]]; other central forces exhibit only the normal [[rotation group|three-dimensional rotational symmetry]], which conserves only '''L'''.
    -
    -Historically, the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' was critical in the first [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] derivation of the [[atomic emission spectrum|spectrum]] of the [[hydrogen atom]], before the invention of the [[Schrödinger equation]].
    -
    -Throughout this article, [[vector (spatial)|vectors]] and their [[magnitude (mathematics)|magnitudes]] are indicated by [[emphasis (typography)|boldface]] and [[italic type]], respectively, e.g., A = \left| \mathbf{A} \right|.
    -
    -==Basic properties and applications==
    -
    -For a particle acted on by an inverse-square [[central force]] \mathbf{F}(r)=\frac{-k}{r^{2}}\mathbf{\hat{r}}, the '''Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector''' '''A''' is defined mathematically by the equation{{cite book | last=Goldstein | first=H. | authorlink=Herbert Goldstein | year=1980 | title=Classical Mechanics | edition=2nd edition | publisher=Addison Wesley | pages=102–105,421–422}}
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{A} = \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} - m k \frac{\mathbf{r}}{r} = \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} - m k \mathbf{\hat{r}}
    -
    -
    -where
    -
    -* m\!\, is the [[mass]] of the point particle moving under the [[central force]],
    -* \mathbf{p}\!\, is its [[momentum]] [[vector (spatial)|vector]],
    -* \mathbf{L}\!\, is its [[angular momentum]] vector,
    -* k\!\, is a parameter that describes strength of the [[central force]],
    -* \mathbf{r}\!\, is the position vector of the particle, and
    -* \mathbf{\hat{r}}\!\, is the corresponding unit vector, i.e., \mathbf{\hat{r}} = \frac{\mathbf{r}}{r} where ''r'' is the magnitude of '''r'''.
    -
    -This definition implies that the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' is perpendicular to the [[angular momentum]] vector '''L''' and, thus, lies in the [[plane]] of the [[orbit (celestial mechanics)|orbit]]. The equation '''A•L''' = 0 holds because '''p×L''' and '''r''' are both perpendicular to '''L'''; the definition '''L'''='''r'''×'''p''' implies that '''r•L''' = 0.
    -
    -The orbits of the [[two-body problem|Kepler problem]] can be shown to be a [[conic section]] by taking the [[dot product]] of '''A''' with the position vector '''r'''
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{r} \equiv Ar \cos\theta =
    -\mathbf{r} \cdot \left( \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} \right) - mkr
    -
    -
    -where θ is the angle between '''r''' and '''A'''. Permuting the [[triple product|scalar triple product]] '''r•(p×L)'''='''L•(r×p)'''=''L''2, and rearranging yields the defining formula for a conic section
    -
    -:
    -\frac{1}{r} = \frac{mk}{L^{2}} \left( 1 + \frac{A}{mk} \cos\theta \right)
    -
    -
    -of [[eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity]] e\!\, given by
    -
    -:
    -e = \frac{A}{mk} = \frac{\left|\mathbf{A}\right|}{m k}
    -
    -
    -Since the eccentricity has the same sign as ''k'', attractive forces (positive ''k'') produce [[ellipse|elliptical]] or (if ''A''=0) [[parabola|parabolic]] orbits; similarly, repulsive forces (positive ''k'') produce [[hyperbola|hyperbolic]] or (if ''A''=0) [[parabola|parabolic]] orbits. Thus, the direction of '''A''' lies along the symmetry axis of the conic section and points from the center of force toward the [[periapsis]], the point of closest approach.
    -
    -The seven quantities '''A''', '''L''' and ''E'' are related by two equations, '''A•L'''=0 and
    -
    -:
    -A^2= m^2 k^2 +2 m E L^2 \!\,
    -
    -
    -giving five independent [[constants of motion]]. This is consistent with the six initial conditions (the particle's initial position and velocity [[vector (spatial)|vector]]s, each with three components) that specify the orbit of the particle, since the initial time is not determined by a constant of motion. Since the magnitude of '''A''' (and the eccentricity of the orbit) can be determined from the total angular momentum L and the energy E, it could be argued that only the ''direction'' of '''A''' is conserved independently.
    -
    -[[Image:Kepler_hodograph3.png|thumb|left|280px|Figure 2: The momentum vector '''p''' (shown in blue) moves on a circle as the particle moves on an ellipse. The four labeled points correspond to those in Figure 1. The circle is centered on the ''y''-axis at position ''A/L'' (shown in magenta), with radius ''mk/L'' (shown in green); the angle η determines the eccentricity ''e'' of the elliptical orbit (cos η = ''e''). Such momentum traces are sometimes called [[hodograph]]s.]]
    -
    -A mechanical system with ''d'' degrees of freedom can have at most ''2d-1'' [[constant of motion|constants of motion]], since there are ''2d'' initial conditions and the initial time cannot be determined by a constant of motion. A system with more than ''d'' [[constant of motion|constants of motion]] is called ''superintegrable'' and a system with ''2d-1'' constants is called ''maximally superintegrable''.{{cite journal | last = Evans | first = NW | year = 1990 | title = Superintegrability in classical mechanics | journal = Physical Review A | volume = 41 | pages = 5666–5676}} Since the solution of the [[Hamilton-Jacobi equation]] in one [[coordinate system]] can yield only ''d'' constants, superintegrable systems must be separable in more than one coordinate system.{{cite book | last = Sommerfeld | first = A | authorlink = Arnold Sommerfeld | year = 1923 | title = Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines | publisher = Methuen | location = London | pages = 118}} The Kepler problem is maximally superintegrable, since it has three degrees of freedom ('''d=3'') and five independent [[constant of motion|constant of motion]]; its Hamilton-Jacobi equation is separable in both [[spherical coordinates]] and [[parabolic coordinates]].{{cite book | last=Landau |first=LD | authorlink=Lev Landau | coauthors=[[Evgeny Lifshitz|Lifshitz, EM]] | year=1976 | title=Mechanics | edition=3rd edition | publisher=Pergamon Press | id= ISBN 0-08-021022-8 (hardcover) and ISBN 0-08-029141-4 (softcover)}}
    -
    -The conservation of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' and angular momentum vector '''L''' is useful in showing that the momentum vector '''p''' moves on a [[circle]] under an inverse-square central force. Taking the [[cross product]] of '''A''' and '''L''' yields an equation for '''p'''
    -
    -:
    -L^{2} \mathbf{p} = \mathbf{L} \times \mathbf{A} - mk \hat{\mathbf{r}} \times \mathbf{L}
    -
    -
    -Taking '''L''' along the ''z''-axis and the major semiaxis as the ''x''-axis yields the equation
    -
    -:
    -p_{x}^{2} + \left(p_{y} - A/L \right)^{2} = \left( mk/L \right)^{2}
    -
    -
    -In other words, the momentum vector '''p''' is confined to a circle of radius ''mk/L'' centered on (0, ''A/L''). The eccentricity ''e'' corresponds to the cosine of the angle η shown in Figure 2. For brevity, it is also useful to introduce the variable p_{0} \equiv \sqrt{2m\left| E \right|}. This circular [[hodograph]] is useful in illustrating the [[SO(4)]] [[symmetry]] of the Kepler problem.
    -
    -==Alternative scaling and symbols==
    -
    -Contrary to the [[momentum]] and [[angular momentum]] [[vector (spatial)|vectors]] '''p''' and '''L''', there is no universally accepted definition of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector; several different scaling factors and symbols are used in the scientific literature. The most common definition is given above, but another common alternative is to divide by the constant ''mk'' to obtain a dimensionless conserved [[eccentricity vector]]
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{e} = \frac{1}{mk}\mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} - \mathbf{\hat{r}}
    -
    -
    -This scaled vector has the same direction as '''A''' and its magnitude equals the [[eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity]] of the orbit. Other scaled versions of '''A''' are also possible, e.g., by dividing by ''m'' alone
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{M} = \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{L} - k\mathbf{\hat{r}}
    -
    -
    -where '''v''' is the velocity vector; or by dividing by ''p0''
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{D} \equiv \frac{\mathbf{A}}{p_{0}}
    -
    -
    -which has the same units as the [[angular momentum]] [[vector (spatial)|vector]] '''L'''. Other common symbols for the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector include '''a''', '''R''', and '''V'''. However, the choice of scaling and symbol for the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector do not affect its [[constant of motion|conservation]].
    -
    -==History of rediscovery==
    -
    -The Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' has been rediscovered independently several times over the last three centuries;{{cite journal | last=Goldstein | first=H. | authorlink=Herbert Goldstein | year=1975 | title=Prehistory of the Runge-Lenz vector | journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] | volume=43 | pages=735–738}}{{cite journal | last=Goldstein | first=H. | authorlink=Herbert Goldstein | year=1976 | title=More on the prehistory of the Runge-Lenz vector | journal=[[American Journal of Physics]] | volume=44 | pages=1123–1124}} it has never been well known among physicists, possibly because it is a less intuitive [[constant of motion]] than [[momentum]] and [[angular momentum]]. [[Jakob Hermann]] was the first to show that '''A''' is conserved for a special case of the inverse-square [[central force]],{{cite journal| last = Hermann | first = J | authorlink = Jakob Hermann | year = 1710 | title = Unknown title | journal = Giornale de Letterati D'Italia | volume = 2 | pages = 447–467}}{{cite journal| last = Hermann | first = J | authorlink = Jakob Hermann | year = 1710 | title = Extrait d'une lettre de M. Herman à M. Bernoulli datée de Padoüe le 12. Juillet 1710 | journal = Histoire de l'academie royale des sciences (Paris) | volume = 1732 | pages = 519–521}} and worked out its connection to the eccentricity of the orbital [[ellipse]]. Hermann's work was generalized to its modern form by [[Johann Bernoulli]].{{cite journal| last = Bernoulli | first = J | authorlink = Johann Bernoulli | year = 1710 | title = Extrait de la Réponse de M. Bernoulli à M. Herman datée de Basle le 7. Octobre 1710 | journal = Histoire de l'academie royale des sciences (Paris) | volume = 1732 | pages = 521–544}} Roughly 90 years later, [[Pierre-Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon de Laplace]] rediscovered the conservation of '''A''', deriving it analytically, rather than geometrically.{{cite book | last = Laplace | first = PS | authorlink = Laplace | year = 1799 | title = Traité de mécanique celeste | pages = Tome I, Premiere Partie, Livre II, pp.165ff}} Roughly 50 years later, [[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton]] rederived the eccentricity vector defined above,{{cite journal | last = Hamilton | first = WR | authorlink = William Rowan Hamilton | year = 1847 | title = Applications of Quaternions to Some Dynamical Questions | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy | volume = 3 | pages = Appendix III}} using it to show that the momentum vector '''p''' moves on a circle for motion under an inverse-square [[central force]].{{cite journal | last = Hamilton | first = WR | authorlink = William Rowan Hamilton | year = 1847 | title = Unknown title | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy | volume = 3 | pages = 344ff}} Hamilton also considered the [[binormal]] vector '''W'''
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{W} = \mathbf{p} - \left(\frac{mk}{L^{2}r} \right) \ \left( \mathbf{L} \times \mathbf{r} \right)
    -
    -
    -which is conserved and points along the ''minor'' semiaxis of the ellipse; the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' = '''W'''×'''L''' is the cross-product of '''W''' and '''L'''. Again roughly 50 years later, a [[vector (spatial)|vector]] derivation was given by [[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs]].{{cite book | last = Gibbs | first = JW | authorlink = Josiah Willard Gibbs | coauthors = Wilson EB | year = 1901 | title = Vector Analysis | publisher = Scribners | location = New York | pages = p. 135}} Gibbs' derivation was used as an example by [[Carle David Tolme Runge|Carle Runge]] in a popular [[Germany|German]] textbook on vectors,{{cite book | last = Runge | first = C | authorlink = Carle David Tolme Runge | year = 1919 | title = Vektoranalysis | publisher = Hirzel | location = Leipzig | pages = Volume I}} which was referenced by [[Wilhelm Lenz]] in his paper on the (old) quantum mechanical treatment of the [[hydrogen]] [[atom]].{{cite journal | last = Lenz | first = W | authorlink = Wilhelm Lenz | year = 1924 | title = Über den Bewegungsverlauf und Quantenzustände der gestörten Keplerbewegung | journal = Zeitschrift für Physik | volume = 24 | pages = 197–207}} In 1926, the vector was used by [[Wolfgang Pauli]] to derive the [[spectrum]] of [[hydrogen]] using modern [[quantum mechanics]] (but not the [[Schrödinger equation]]);{{cite journal | last = Pauli | first = W | authorlink = Wolfgang Pauli | year = 1926 | title = Über das Wasserstoffspektrum vom Standpunkt der neuen Quantenmechanik | journal = Zeitschrift für Physik | volume = 36 | pages = 336–363}} after Pauli's publication, it became known mainly as the '''Runge-Lenz vector'''.
    -
    -==Conservation under inverse-square forces==
    -
    -The force \mathbf{F} acting on the particle is assumed to be a [[central force]]
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{F} = \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} = f(r) \frac{\mathbf{r}}{r} = f(r) \mathbf{\hat{r}}
    -
    -
    -for some function f(r) of the radius r. Since the [[angular momentum]] \mathbf{L} \equiv \mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{p} is conserved under central forces, \frac{d}{dt}\mathbf{L} = 0 and
    -
    -:
    -\frac{d}{dt} \left( \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} \right) = \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dt} \times \mathbf{L} = f(r) \mathbf{\hat{r}} \times \mathbf{r} \times m \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} = f(r) \frac{m}{r} \left[ \mathbf{r} \left(\mathbf{r} \cdot \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} \right) - r^{2} \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} \right]
    -
    -
    -where the [[momentum]] \mathbf{p} \equiv m \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} and where the triple [[cross product]] has been simplified using [[Lagrange's formula]]
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{r} \times \mathbf{r} \times \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} = \mathbf{r} \left(\mathbf{r} \cdot \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} \right) - r^{2} \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt}
    -
    -
    -The identity
    -
    -:
    -\frac{d}{dt} \left( \mathbf{r} \cdot \mathbf{r} \right) = 2 \mathbf{r} \cdot \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} = \frac{d}{dt} \left( r^{2} \right) = 2r\frac{dr}{dt}
    -
    -
    -yields the equation
    -
    -:
    -\frac{d}{dt} \left( \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} \right) =
    --m f(r) r^{2} \left[ \frac{1}{r} \frac{d\mathbf{r}}{dt} - \frac{\mathbf{r}}{r^{2}} \frac{dr}{dt}\right] =
    --m f(r) r^{2} \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}\right)
    -
    -
    -For the special case of an inverse-square central force f(r)=\frac{-k}{r^{2}}, this equals
    -
    -:
    -\frac{d}{dt} \left( \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} \right) =
    -m k \frac{d}{dt} \left( \frac{\mathbf{r}}{r}\right) =
    -\frac{d}{dt} \left( mk\mathbf{\hat{r}} \right)
    -
    -
    -Therefore, '''A''' is conserved for inverse-square central forces
    -
    -:
    -\frac{d}{dt} \mathbf{A} \equiv \frac{d}{dt} \left( \mathbf{p} \times \mathbf{L} \right) - \frac{d}{dt} \left( mk\mathbf{\hat{r}} \right) = 0
    -
    -
    -Analogous conserved quantities can be defined for all other [[central force]]s, but none are as simple as '''A'''.{{cite journal | last = Fradkin | first = DM | year = 1967 | title = Existence of the Dynamic Symmetries O4 and SU3 for All Classical Central Potential Problems | journal = Progress of Theoretical Physics | volume = 37 | pages = 798–812}}{{cite journal | last = Yoshida | first = T | year = 1987 | title = Two methods of generalisation of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector | journal = European Journal of Physics | volume = 8 | pages = 258–259}} Since most central forces do not produce closed orbits (see [[Bertrand's theorem]]), these constants are [[multivalued function]]s of the angle θ.
    -
    -==Poisson brackets==
    -
    -The three components ''Li'' of the angular momentum vector '''L''' have the [[Poisson bracket]]s
    -
    -:
    -\left[ L_{i}, L_{j}\right] = \sum_{s=1}^{3} \epsilon_{ijs} L_{s}
    -
    -
    -where ''i''=1,2,3 and εijs is the fully [[antisymmetric tensor]], i.e., the [[Levi-Civita symbol]]; the summation index ''s'' is used here to avoid confusion with the force parameter ''k'' defined above. The Poisson brackets are represented here as ''square'' brackets (not curly braces), both for consistency with the references and because they will be interpreted as [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] [[canonical commutation relation|commutation relations]] in the next section and as [[Lie bracket]]s in the following section.
    -
    -As noted above, a scaled Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''D''' may be defined with the same units as [[angular momentum]] by dividing '''A''' by ''p0''. The [[Poisson bracket]]s of '''D''' with the angular momentum vector '''L''' can be written in a similar form
    -
    -:
    -\left[ D_{i}, L_{j}\right] = \sum_{s=1}^{3} \epsilon_{ijs} D_{s}
    -
    -
    -The [[Poisson brackets]] of '''D''' with ''itself'' depend on the [[negative and non-negative numbers|sign]] of ''E'', i.e., on whether the total energy ''E'' is negative (producing closed, elliptical orbits under an inverse-square central force) or positive (producing open, hyperbolic orbits under an inverse-square central force). For ''negative'' energies — i.e., for bound systems — the Poisson brackets are
    -
    -:
    -\left[ D_{i}, D_{j}\right] = \sum_{s=1}^{3} \epsilon_{ijs} L_{s}
    -
    -
    -whereas, for ''positive'' energy, the Poisson brackets have the opposite sign
    -
    -:
    -\left[ D_{i}, D_{j}\right] = -\sum_{s=1}^{3} \epsilon_{ijs} L_{s}
    -
    -
    -The [[Casimir invariant]]s for negative energies are defined by
    -
    -:
    -C_{1} \equiv \mathbf{D} \cdot \mathbf{D} + \mathbf{L} \cdot \mathbf{L} = \frac{mk^{2}}{2\left|E\right|}
    -
    -
    -:
    -C_{2} \equiv \mathbf{D} \cdot \mathbf{L} = 0
    -
    -
    -and have zero Poisson brackets with all components of '''D''' and '''L'''
    -
    -:
    -\left[ C_{1}, L_{i} \right] = \left[ C_{1}, D_{i} \right] =
    -\left[ C_{2}, L_{i} \right] = \left[ C_{2}, D_{i} \right] = 0
    -
    -
    -''C2'' is trivially zero, since the two vectors are always perpendicular. However, the other invariant ''C1'' is non-trivial and depends only on ''m'', ''k'' and ''E''. As discussed below, this invariant allows the energy levels of [[hydrogen-like atom]]s to be derived using only [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] [[canonical commutation relation]]s, instead of the more customary [[Schrödinger equation]].
    -
    -==Quantum mechanics of the hydrogen atom==
    -
    -Poisson brackets provide a simple method for [[canonical quantization|quantizing a classical system]]; the [[commutation relation]] of two [[quantum mechanics|quantum mechanical]] [[operator]]s equals the [[Poisson bracket]] of the corresponding [[classical mechanics|classical]] variables, multiplied by i\hbar.{{cite book | last = Dirac | first = PAM | authorlink = Paul Dirac | year = 1958 | title = Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 4th revised edition | publisher = Oxford University Press}} By carrying out this quantization and calculating the eigenvalues of the C_{1} Casimir operator for the Kepler problem, [[Wolfgang Pauli]] was able to derive the [[energy spectrum|energy levels]] of [[hydrogen-like atom]]s and, thus, their [[atomic emission spectrum]]. This elegant derivation was obtained prior to the development of the [[wave mechanics|Schrödinger equation]].{{cite journal | last = Schrödinger | first = E | authorlink = Erwin Schrödinger | year = 1926 | title = Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem | journal = Annalen der Physik | volume = 384 | pages = 361–376}}
    -
    -A subtlety of the quantum mechanical operator for the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' is that the momentum and angular momentum operators do not commute; hence, the [[cross product]] of '''p''' and '''L''' must be defined carefully.{{cite book | last=Bohm | first=A. | year=1986 | title=Quantum Mechanics: Foundations and Applications | edition= 2nd edition | publisher=Springer Verlag | pages=208–222}} Typically, the operators for the [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian components]] ''As'' are defined using a symmetric product
    -
    -:
    -A_{s} = - m k \hat{r}_{s} + \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{3} \sum_{j=1}^{3} \epsilon_{sij} \left( p_{i} l_{j} + l_{j} p_{i} \right)
    -
    -
    -from which the corresponding [[ladder operators]] can be defined
    -
    -:
    -A_{0} = A_{3}
    -
    -
    -:
    -A_{\pm 1} = \mp \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \left( A_{1} \pm i A_{2} \right)
    -
    -
    -A normalized first Casimir invariant operator can likewise be defined
    -
    -:
    -C_{1} = - \frac{m k^{2}}{2 \hbar^{2}} H^{-1} - I
    -
    -
    -where ''H-1'' is the inverse of the [[Hamiltonian]] energy operator and ''I'' is the [[identity function|identity operator]]. Applying these ladder operators to the [[eigenstate]]s \left| l m n \right.\rangle of the total angular momentum, azimuthal angular momentum and energy operators, it can be shown that the eigenstates of the first Casimir operator are ''n2 - 1''. Hence, the energy levels are given by
    -
    -:
    -E_{n} = - \frac{m k^{2}}{2\hbar^{2} n^{2}}
    -
    -
    -which equals the [[Rydberg formula]] for [[hydrogen-like atom]]s.
    -
    -==Conservation and symmetry==
    -
    -[[Noether's theorem]] states that every conserved quantity in a physical system corresponds to a [[continuous symmetry]] of the system, and vice versa. In [[classical mechanics]], symmetries are continuous operations that map one orbit onto another without changing the energy of the system; in [[quantum mechanics]], symmetries are continuous operations that "mix" the [[atomic orbital|electronic orbitals]] without changing the overall energy. For example, a generic [[central force]] is symmetric under the [[rotation group]] [[SO(3)]], leading to the conservation of [[angular momentum]] '''L'''. Classically, an overall rotation of the system does not affect the energy of an orbit; quantum mechanically, rotations mix the [[spherical harmonic]]s of the same quantum number ''l'' without changing the energy.
    -
    -The symmetry for the inverse-square central force is higher and more subtle. The higher symmetry results in the conservation of both the angular momentum vector '''L''' and the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A'''. It is more subtle, however, because the symmetry operation must take place in a [[dimension|higher-dimensional space]]. Such symmetries are often called "hidden symmetries".{{cite journal | last = Prince | first = GE | coauthors = Eliezer CJ | year = 1981 | title = On the Lie symmetries of the classical Kepler problem | journal = Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General | volume = 14 | pages = 587–596}} For negative energies, the symmetry group is the ''four-dimensional'' [[rotation group]] [[SO(4)]] whereas, for positive energies, the group is the similarly four-dimensional group of [[Lorentz transformation]]s [[SO(3,1)]]. Classically, the higher symmetry of the Kepler problem allows for continuous alterations of the orbits that preserve energy but not angular momentum; quantum mechanically, this corresponds to mixing orbitals that differ in ''l'', such as the ''s'' (''l''=0) and ''p'' (''l''=1) [[atomic orbital]]s. Such mixing cannot be done with ordinary three-dimensional translations or rotations, but is possible in four dimensions.
    -
    -For ''negative'' energies — i.e., for bound systems — the symmetry is [[SO(4)]], which preserves the length of four-dimensional vectors
    -
    -:
    -\left| \mathbf{e} \right|^{2} = e_{1}^{2} + e_{2}^{2} + e_{3}^{2} + e_{4}^{2}
    -
    -
    -In 1935, [[Vladimir Fock]] showed that the bound Kepler problem is equivalent to the problem of a free particle confined to a four-dimensional [[hypersphere]], both classically and quantum mechanically.{{cite journal | last = Fock | first = V | authorlink = Vladimir Fock | year = 1935 | title = Zur Theorie des Wasserstoffatoms | journal = Zeitschrift für Physik | volume = 98 | pages = 145–154}} The normal three-dimensional elliptical orbitals are related to the corresponding [[great circle]] trajectories on the hypersphere by a [[stereographic projection]]. As shown in the next section, rotation of the hypersphere and reprojection results in a continuous mapping of the elliptical orbits without changing the energy; quantum mechanically, this corresponds to a mixing of all orbitals of the same energy quantum number ''n''. [[Valentine Bargmann]] noted subsequently that the Poisson brackets for the angular momentum vector '''L''' and the scaled Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''D''' formed the [[Lie algebra]] for SO(4).{{cite journal | last = Bargmann | first = V | authorlink = Valentine Bargmann | year = 1936 | title = Zur Theorie des Wasserstoffatoms | journal = Zeitschrift für Physik | volume = 99 | pages = 576–582}} Simply put, the six quantities '''D''' and '''L''' correspond to the six conserved angular momenta in four dimensions, associated with the six possible rotations in that space (there are six ways of choosing two axes from four). This conclusion does not imply that our [[universe]] is a four-dimensional [[hypersphere]]; it merely means that this particular physics problem (the [[two-body problem]] for inverse-square [[central force]]s) is ''mathematically equivalent'' to a free particle on a four-dimensional hypersphere.
    -
    -For ''positive'' energies — i.e., for unbound, "scattered" systems — the symmetry is [[SO(3,1)]], which preserves the [[Minkowski space|Minkowski length]] of [[4-vector]]s
    -
    -:
    -ds^{2} = e_{1}^{2} + e_{2}^{2} + e_{3}^{2} - e_{4}^{2}
    -
    -
    -Both the negative- and positive-energy cases have been reviewed encyclopedically by Bander and Itzykson.{{cite journal | last = Bander | first = M | coauthors = Itzykson C | year = 1966 | title = Group Theory and the Hydrogen Atom (I) | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 38 | pages = 330–345}}{{cite journal | last = Bander | first = M | coauthors = Itzykson C | year = 1966 | title = Group Theory and the Hydrogen Atom (II) | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 38 | pages = 346–358}}
    -
    -==Classical explanation of the four-dimensional rotational symmetry==
    -
    -Although this connection between the [[two-body problem|Kepler problem]] and four-dimensional rotational symmetry [[SO(4)]] may seem mysterious, it is relatively straightforward.{{cite journal | last = Gay | first = JC | coauthors = Delande D, Bommier A | year = 1989 | title = Atomic quantum states with maximum localization on classical elliptical orbits | journal = Physical Review A | volume = 39 | pages = 6587–6590}} Let the four [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian coordinates]] be denoted ''(w, x, y, z)'', where ''(x, y, z)'' is the normal position [[vector (spatial)|vector]] '''r''', and let ''z'' be aligned with the [[angular momentum]] vector '''L'''. Similarly, let the four momenta be denoted ''(pw, px, py, pz)''. As noted above, the vector '''p''' follows a perfect [[circle]] in the ''px-py'' plane (Figure 2).
    -
    -Consider a unit sphere in the three-dimensional space ''(pw, px, py)''. There is a one-to-one [[stereographic projection]] between this sphere and the ''px-py'' plane; specifically, for every momentum vector '''p''' in the plane, there is a unique unit vector on the sphere
    -
    -:
    -\mathbf{u} = \frac{p^{2} - p_{0}^{2}}{p^{2} + p_{0}^{2}} \mathbf{\hat{w}} + \frac{2 p_{0}}{p^{2} + p_{0}^{2}} \mathbf{p}
    -
    -
    -where \mathbf{\hat{w}} is the "North pole", i.e., the unit vector (1, 0, 0) in the ''pw'' direction. Being a [[conformal map]], stereographic projection transforms every circle in the plane into a unique circle on the sphere, and vice versa; thus, the circular [[hodograph]] for an elliptical orbit corresponds to a circle on the unit sphere. Since the original hodograph circle surrounds the origin, the projected spherical circle surrounds the North pole (or South pole). If α represents the angular radius of the spherical circle and θ represents the [[colatitude]] of its center, the equations for the center and radius of the plane circle (Figure 2) are given by
    -
    -:
    -\frac{A}{L} =
    -\frac{\sin \theta}{\cos \alpha - \cos \theta}
    -
    -
    -:
    -\frac{mk}{L} =
    -\frac{\sin \alpha}{\cos \alpha - \cos \theta}
    -
    -
    -Thus, the eccentricity of the orbit (and, equivalently, the magnitude ''A'' of the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector) is determined by both variables
    -
    -:
    -e = \frac{\sin \theta}{\sin \alpha}
    -
    -
    -Rotations about the North pole change the orientation of the orbit, whereas rotations about the other two axes alter the eccentricity. The direction of the angular momentum is preserved by these rotations, since they do not involve the \mathbf{\hat{z}} axis.
    -
    -==Evolution under perturbing potentials==
    -
    -It often occurs that the interaction between two bodies is close to an inverse-square [[central force]], but not exactly. In such cases, the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector '''A''' is not exactly constant. If the perturbing potential ''h(r)'' is a conservative, central force, however, the total energy ''E'' and [[angular momentum]] vector '''L''' are conserved. Therefore, the motion still lies in a plane perpendicular to '''L''' and the magnitude ''A'' is conserved, by the equation A^2= m^2 k^2 +2 m E L^2 \!\,. Consequently, the direction of '''A''' slowly rotates in the orbit of the plane; using canonical perturbation theory and [[action-angle coordinates]], it is straightforward to show that '''A''' rotates at a rate of
    -
    -:
    -\frac{\partial}{\partial L} \langle h(r) \rangle =
    -\frac{\partial}{\partial L} \left\{ \frac{1}{T} \int_{0}^{T} h(r) \ dt \right\} =
    -\frac{\partial}{\partial L} \left\{ \frac{m}{L^{2}} \int_{0}^{2\pi} r^{2} h(r) d\theta \right\}
    -
    -
    -where ''T'' is the orbital period and the identity ''L dt = m r2 dθ'' was used to convert the time integral into an angular integral. As an example, the theory of [[general relativity]] adds a small inverse-cubic perturbation to the normal Newtonian inverse-square gravitational force; specifically,
    -
    -:
    -h(r) = \frac{kL^{2}}{m^{2}c^{2}} \left( \frac{1}{r^{3}} \right)
    -
    -
    -Inserting this function into the integral and using the equation
    -
    -:
    -\frac{1}{r} = \frac{mk}{L^{2}} \left( 1 + \frac{A}{mk} \cos\theta \right)
    -
    -
    -to express ''r'' in terms of θ, the [[Precession#Precession_of_planetary_orbits|precession rate]] of the [[periapsis]] caused by this non-Newtonian perturbation is calculated to be
    -
    -:
    -\frac{6\pi k^{2}}{TL^{2}c^{2}}
    -
    -
    -which closely matches the observed orbital precession of [[Mercury]] and binary [[pulsar]]s. This agreement with experiment is considered to be strong evidence for [[general relativity]].
    -
    -==See also==
    -
    -*[[Bertrand's theorem]]
    -*[[Quantum mechanics]]
    -*[[Astrodynamics]]: [[Orbit]], [[Eccentricity vector]], [[Orbital elements]]
    -
    -==References==
    -
    -

    -
    -

    -
    -==External link==
    -
    -* John Baez, [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/gravitational.html Mysteries of the gravitational 2-body problem]
    -
    -[[Category:Classical mechanics]]
    -[[Category:Celestial mechanics]]
    -[[Category:Rotational symmetry]]
    -
    -[[de:Laplace-Runge-Lenz-Vektor]]
    +{{Doctorwhoproject}}
    +{{NovelsWikiProject|class=Stub|importance=Low}}
    2013-04-08 22:11:23 91854470 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2898208]] NaN
    2013-03-15 16:31:08 90316790 Addbot Chobot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q358385]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,7 +1,222 @@\n
    -{{Please leave this line alone}}
    -
    -I am leaving my mark
    -[[Image:wiki.png|jigsaw globe]]
    -in written history
    -
    -:)
    +
    ''After you update the template, please click [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Main_Page&action=purge this link] to purge the main page cache,
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    +|}
    +This page is for nominations to appear in the "Did you know" section on the [[Main Page]]. Eligible articles may only be up to '''5 days old''', or significantly expanded beyond 1000 characters in the last 5 days.
    +
    +{{DYKbox}}
    +
    +__TOC__
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    +'''Attention, if you're an admin please consider trying your hand at refreshment... it's easy, just follow the directions and [[WP:DYK|the rules]].'''
    +*Follow the steps at the '''[[Wikipedia:Did you know/Guide|Guide to Updating DYK]]'''.
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    +*Try to include items from varied fields of interest, time periods, and parts of the world.
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    +*Stale entries are no fun, but please try to give every entry the exposure it deserves.
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    +
    +
    +{{DYK-Refresh|2006|11|26|14|18|13}}
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    +
    +
    +==Suggestions==
    +List new suggestions here, at the '''date the article was created''' ('''not''' the date you submit it here), with the newest dates at the top. If there's a suitable image, place it after the suggestion.
    +
    +'''Remember:'''
    +*Proposed articles should be over 1000 characters, '''[[WP:CITE|cite sources]]''' (these sources should be ''properly labelled'', that is, not under an "External links" header), and be no more than '''5 days old''' (unless it was under 1000 characters, marked a stub, and has been expanded by at least an additional 1000 characters), and should not be marked as stubs. Articles with good references and cites are preferred to those that are not.
    +*Suggested facts should be:
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    +== BACKLOGGED? ==
    +This page often seems to be backlogged. It is possible to go to [[WP:AN]] or #irc to try and draw attention to it, but this appears somewhat fruitless. If it does get backlogged, it may be useful to draw to its attention the administrators who have regularly updated the template. If any admin would like to be reminded of the backlog, they can feel free to add themselves! As such, administrators who have regularly updated in the past and upon whom haranguing may be effective are
    +* {{admin|Aksi great}}
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    +
    +== Candidate entries ==
    +===November 26===
    +[[Image:Corcomroe Abbey Crossing And Presbytery 1997 09 03.jpg|right|70px]]
    +*...that according to legend, the masons who built '''[[Corcomroe Abbey]]''' in [[Ireland]] were subsequently killed by their patron to prevent them from building another masterpiece elsewhere? (self-nom) [[User:Dppowell|Dppowell]] 19:15, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:DupetitThouarsAA.jpg|right|70px]]
    +*...that the French admiral '''[[Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars|Dupetit Thouars]]''' took possession of the [[Tahiti]] archipelago from the [[British]] in [[1842]], against the opinion of the French government? [[User:PHG|PHG]] 17:01, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Roza Shanina.jpg|right|70px|]]
    +*...that "I shall return after the battle", the phrase of the [[Soviet]] [[sniper]] '''[[Roza Shanina]]''' who rejected the order, subsequently became a title of the book? self-nom, --[[User:Brandmeister|Brand]] [[User talk:Brandmeister|спойт]] 07:02, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +**That seems a bit confusing in English. What about "...that when [[Soviet]] [[sniper]] '''[[Rozina Shanina]]''' was ordered to return to the rear of her battalion, she responded "I shall return after the battle", a phrase which later became the title of a book" (it's a bit long, but it reads better). [[User:BigHaz|BigHaz]] - [[User_talk:BigHaz|Schreit mich an]] 07:09, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +***Fine, but some may consider it quite long indeed. May be this: "...that the phrase of the [[Soviet]] [[sniper]] '''[[Roza Shanina]]''' "I shall return after the battle" later became the paraphrased title of a book? --[[User:Brandmeister|Brand]] [[User talk:Brandmeister|спойт]] 07:26, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +****Sounds good to me. My apologies for misspelling her name in my suggestion, too. Clearly it's been a longer day than I thought. [[User:BigHaz|BigHaz]] - [[User_talk:BigHaz|Schreit mich an]] 07:31, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*****Rather a simple typo than misspelling :P --[[User:Brandmeister|Brand]] [[User talk:Brandmeister|спойт]] 07:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that '''"[[La Coco-Dance]]"''' was the first [[Eurovision Song Contest]] entry to feature lyrics in [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] when it was performed for [[Monaco]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2006]]? (self nom [[User:BigHaz|BigHaz]] - [[User_talk:BigHaz|Schreit mich an]] 06:42, 26 November 2006 (UTC))
    +*...that according to local legend, the '''[[Dormitio Beate Maria Virgine]]''' in [[Jerusalem]] was built upon the site where [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary, mother of Jesus]] passed into eternity? (article by [[User:Fbresan|Fbresan]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 14:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC))
    +:*The somewhat odd phrasing of the end of the nom is to avoid the issue of the [[Assumption of Mary]] versus the [[Dormition of the Theotokos]] versus plain old [[death]]. If you can come up with a more elegant way to word this, or don't really think it's that big a deal, feel free to change the above. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 14:36, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the '''[[Great Appalachian Storm of November 1950]]''' led to wind gusts in excess of 100 mph across [[New York]], [[New Jersey]], and [[New England]]? [[User:Thegreatdr|Thegreatdr]] 15:20, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the 43,000 '''[[Sakhalin Koreans]]''', abandoned by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] after World War II and kept stateless by the [[Soviet Union]] for three decades, can now repatriate to [[South Korea]] at Japanese government expense, but so far, only 1,500 have chosen to go? (self-nom, expanded today from a section of the [[Koryo-saram]] article) [[User:CaliforniaAliBaba|cab]] 15:46, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the crash of '''[[Crossair flight LX498]]''' was initially attributed to [[cell phone]] use, and led to bans of cell phones in [[airplane]]s in several countries? -- [[User:Plutor|Plutor]] [[User_Talk:Plutor|talk]] 15:53, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that '''''[[The Testament of Freedom]]''''' by [[Randall Thompson]] was performed at a 1945 [[Carnegie Hall]] concert given in memory of [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]? (self-nom) --[[User:AlbertHerring]] [[User_talk:AlbertHerring|Io son l'orecchio e tu la bocca: parla!]] 21:31, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +===November 25===
    +*I came across an article on [[flamenco]] singer '''[[Pepe Marchena]]''' during a Newpages patrol. It's a nicely formatted and complete page by a relative newbie. Could someone find a nice fact and use it to encourage them? - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 16:59, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*... that '''[[Walter Adams (economist)|Walter Adams]]''' served as expert [[witness]] before 36 [[congressional committees]]? (article by [[User:Kevin Forsyth|Kevin Forsyth]] nom by [[User:Bakasuprman|Bakaman]] [[User talk:Bakasuprman|Bakatalk]] 05:33, 26 November 2006 (UTC))
    +[[Image:Lupines AnnadelStateParkCA.jpg|thumb|right|90px]]
    +*...that '''[[Annadel State Park]]''' is considered by some [[biologist]]s to have some of the best preserved [[California oak woodland|northern oak woodland]]s in western [[North America]]? selfnom [[User:Anlace|Anlace]] 04:10, 26 November 2006 (UTC) {original stub created by [[User:Smadge]])
    +*...that '''[[David Brody]]''' is credited with co-founding the field of "new labor history"—which focused on working-class culture rather than workers' organizations as a source of history? -- [[User:Tim1965|Tim1965]] 23:24, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*... that '''[[Bill Orban]]''' developed the [[5BX]] plan to help [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] pilots keep fit? --[[User talk:Cherry blossom tree|Cherry blossom tree]] 22:45, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*... that '''[[Sergei Yushenkov]]''' and '''[[Yuri Shchekochikhin]]''' were key members of the [[Sergei Kovalev]] commission charged with investigating the [[Russian apartment bombings]] who both died in apparent assassinations? (articles by [[User:Biophys|Biophys]], nom by [[User:Dryman|Dryman]] 22:06, 25 November 2006 (UTC))
    +*...that the '''[[Sedition Act (Malaysia)|Sedition Act]]''' in [[Malaysia]] does not consider whether one had [[mens rea|criminal intent]] in passing judgement on the crime of [[sedition]]? [[User:Johnleemk|Johnleemk]] | [[User talk:Johnleemk|Talk]] 10:16, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Anwar Ibrahim speaking.jpg|100px|right]]
    +*...that the '''[[Mount Kirkpatrick Formation]]''' of [[Antarctica]], is one of the only [[dinosaur]]-bearing rock formations on the [[continent]] and now sits 14,000 feet above [[sea level]] on [[Mount Kirkpatrick]]? - (Self-nom) [[User:Spawn Man|Spawn Man]] 05:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +* ...that the '''[[Ristorante Cooperativo]]''' in [[Zürich]] may be the only restaurant to have been patronised by [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Gerhard Schröder]]? -- Self-nom, destubbed my own stub. [[User:Sandstein|Sandstein]] 08:04, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that '''[[Irving Crane]]''' pocketed 150 balls in a row in the final round of the 1966 World Crown [[straight pool]] championship; a feat that has never been equalled or eclipsed? - Self-nomination.--[[User:Fuhghettaboutit|Fuhghettaboutit]] 11:16, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:''Alternate longer version'': *...that '''[[Irving Crane]]''' set a new world record in 1939 by pocketing 309 balls in an exhibition [[straight pool]] match but is even better known for his never equalled 150 ball [[Glossary of pool, billiards and snooker terms#Run out|run out]] in the finals of the 1966 World Crown championship?--[[User:Fuhghettaboutit|Fuhghettaboutit]] 14:02, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Samoilov.jpg|left|80px|]]
    +*...that the actor '''[[Yevgeny Samoylov]]''', known for his work with [[Vsevolod Meyerhold]] and [[Alexander Dovzhenko]] in the [[1930s]], celebrated his 90th birthday in [[2002]] playing on the stage of the [[Maly Theatre]]? --self-nom by [[User:Ghirlandajo|Ghirla]] [[User_talk:Ghirlandajo|-трёп-]] 20:02, 25 November 2006 (UTC), please improve
    +:::I suggest a "[[Russia]]n" in front of "actor", as we need to be specific, and I hope to God the man was "acting", not "playing" (although, at age 90, such eccentricities are prolly condoned). :) [[User:Dahn|Dahn]] 22:16, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that after [[World War II]], the [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] [[urban legend]] of '''[[Pérák, the Spring Man of Prague|Pérák]]''' changed from a shadowy surprise attacker to a heroic figure of [[Czech resistance to Nazi occupation|resistance]] against the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Nazi occupation of Prague]]? (article by [[User:Artful Dodger|Artful Dodger]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 13:33, 25 November 2006 (UTC). Feel free to reword.)
    +*...that [[International Emmy Award]] winning actress '''[[Maryam Hassouni]]''' is also a [[law]] student? - [[User:Ilse@|Ilse]][[User talk:Ilse@|@]] 13:49, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that [[Maratha]] Emperor [[Shivaji]]'s [[mentor]] '''[[Dadoji Konddeo]]''' also built the "''Lal Mahal''" in [[Pune]], which served as the [[royal]] [[palace]] of the [[Maratha empire]] in its early years before the capital was shifted to [[Raigad]]? (self-nom) --[[User:New Rock Star|N]][[User:New Rock Star/Esperanza|R]][[User:New Rock Star|S]] | [[User talk:New Rock Star|T]]/[[Special:Emailuser/New Rock Star|M]]\[[User:New Rock Star/Trophy Room|B]] 14:01, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Fort Canning Tunnel UC.JPG|100px|right]]
    +*...that during construction of the '''[[Fort Canning Tunnel]]''', special care was taken to minimize environmental impact on the surrounding [[Fort Canning|Fort Canning Park]]? (self-nom) [[User:SpLoT|SpL]][[User:SpLoT/Azores High|o]][[User:SpLoT|T]] (*[[User talk:SpLoT|T]]* [[Special:Contributions/SpLoT|C]]+[[User:SpLoT/Userboxen|u]]+[[User:SpLoT/Gallery|g]]+[[User:SpLoT/Vandalism|v]]) 14:43, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the under the [[Japan]]ese policy of '''[[Sōshi-kaimei]]''', [[Koreans]] previously banned from taking a Japanese-style surname were now required to by law? (article by [[User:CaliforniaAliBaba|CaliforniaAliBaba]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 15:37, 25 November 2006 (UTC). Article is, however, a translation from the corresponding Jawiki article.)
    +[[Image:Samara-voin.jpg|right|thumb|50px|Samara flag]]
    +*...that the '''[[Samara flag]]''', presented as a gift from [[Russia]] to the [[Opalchentsi|Bulgarian volunteers]] in the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78]], is the only flag awarded a Bulgarian Medal for Bravery? Self-nom, ''[[User:TodorBozhinov|Todor]][[User_talk:TodorBozhinov|→]][[User:TodorBozhinov|Bozhinov]]'' 18:00, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the '''[[Korpela movement]]''' was a short-lived [[cult]] during the [[1930s]] in Northern [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]] whose controversial sexual rituals eventually led to the arrest of 60 followers? Self-nom -[[User:Obli|O]][[User:Obli|bli]] ([[User_talk:Obli|Talk]])[[WP:TALK|?]] 23:54, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s '''''[[Scythian Suite]]''''' was given a scathing [[review]] by a [[music critic]] before it was even premiered? (self-nom; worked it up from a redirect just now) --[[User:AlbertHerring]] [[User_talk:AlbertHerring|Io son l'orecchio e tu la bocca: parla!]] 02:45, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the tiny village of '''[[Sharpham]]''' near [[Glastonbury]], [[Somerset]], [[England]] is the birthplace of of Sir [[Edward Dyer]] an Elizabethan poet and courtier, the writer [[Henry Fielding]], and the cleric [[William Gould]]? Self-nom - — [[User:Rodw|Rod]] [[User talk:Rodw|talk]] 21:15, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +===November 24===
    +*...that '''[[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]]''' was the first [[Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army]], and that he hailed from the royal family of [[Nawanagar]] [[princely state]]? -- self-nom by [[User:ImpuMozhi|ImpuMozhi]] 03:24, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that United States [[World War II]] Army Captain [[Bobbie E. Brown]] was awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroics at the '''[[Battle of Crucifix Hill]]''', running 100 yards up a hill through machine-gun fire to place a bomb in a [[German]] [[blockhouse|pillbox]], as well as letting enemy gun emplacements shoot at him so he could discover their positions. ---Self nom --- Article by [[User:rluick15|rluick15]] • 18:00, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that in [[1819]], '''[[Hussein Shah of Johor]]''', the seventeenth [[Sultan of Johor]], allowed a [[Founding of modern Singapore|British settlement in Singapore]] in order to wrest the throne from his brother with the help of the British, an event that led to the colonisation of the [[Malay Peninsula]] by the [[British Empire]]? Article by [[User:Wai Hong]], nom. by [[User:Vsion|Vsion]] 02:31, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that '''[[Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School]]''' is first national [[high school]] in the south of [[Cebu City]], [[Philippines]]? (self-nom --- [[User:Emperork|Kevin Ray]] 14:52, 24 November 2006 (UTC))
    +:*The bulk of the article's been around [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Vicente_Rama_Memorial_National_High_School&direction=next&oldid=78653495 since September]. I'm sorry, but ''Did you know'' is for highlighting original articles created in the past few days. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 19:11, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Army Medal of Honor.jpg|right|100x100px]]
    +*...that [[United States|American]] [[World War II]] soldier '''[[David M. Gonzales]]''' was [[posthumous]]ly awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for digging out three comrades [[Premature burial|buried alive]], using a small [[Shovel|entrenching tool]] while under enemy [[machine gun]] fire? (article by [[User:Marine 69-71|Marine 69-71]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 07:23, 24 November 2006 (UTC))
    +*...that '''''[[Banksia archaeocarpa]]''''' is a 50 million year old fossilized [[banksia]] cone, closely resembling the living [[Banksia attenuata|Candlestick banksia]]?..self-nom [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] 07:37, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:*Stubby. [[User:Yomangani|Yomangani]][[User_talk:Yomangani|talk]] 11:06, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that [[Norse saga]]s record some '''[[Prehistoric Finnish wars|Finnish campaigns]]''' against [[Sweden]] in the mid-[[8th century]]? --article by [[User:Drieakko]], nom by [[User:Ghirlandajo|Ghirla]] [[User_talk:Ghirlandajo|-трёп-]] 08:38, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that in the '''[[First Peloponnesian War]]''', [[History of Athens#Ancient Athens|Athens]]'s empire reached its greatest extent when that city briefly controlled most of central Greece? --self nom. I'm not sure what the eligibility rules are, but I just finished a [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Peloponnesian_War&diff=89797526&oldid=86914826 major expansion] of this one; use it if it's eligible and useful. --[[User:Robth|Robth]][[User Talk:Robth|Talk]] 09:11, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:*While you've done great work expanding the article, it [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Peloponnesian_War&direction=prev&oldid=86914826 wasn't really a stub] prior to your edits. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 09:39, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:**Okay, no worries. I wasn't sure exactly what the criteria were (just expansion, or expansion from a stub, or what), so I thought I'd just throw it out here and check if it fit. --[[User:Robth|Robth]][[User Talk:Robth|Talk]] 16:22, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:**Ah. looking at the instructions again I see that I read an "and" as an "or" last night. --[[User:Robth|Robth]][[User Talk:Robth|Talk]] 16:25, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:**:On a related note, the article about [[Roman-Spartan War]] seems to qualify for DYK. --[[User:Ghirlandajo|Ghirla]] [[User_talk:Ghirlandajo|-трёп-]] 20:13, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the '''[[Pacific herring]]''' engages in a prolific collective [[spawning]], leading to production of [[egg (biology)|egg]] densities on submerged [[vegetation]] of six million eggs per square meter? selfnom [[User:Anlace|Anlace]] 07:16, 25 November 2006 (UTC) (Nov 24 is the date of expansion beyond stub as marked on talk page)
    +*...that studies on whether '''[[Nice guy|nice guys finish last]]''' have been hindered by the [[social desirability bias]]? (Really struggled to come up with a decent nom for this one, '''please''' reword if you can improve it. Article by [[User:SecondSight|SecondSight]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 10:49, 24 November 2006 (UTC))
    +:*My first reaction was, "There's a study on that?" and my second reaction was to want to open the article. I think your wording is good. -- [[User:Jreferee|Jreferee]] 14:51, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that [[Ghatam]] player '''[[Ghatam Udupa]]''' became the first [[India]]n [[percussionist]] to perform at the [[Krakow]] International Percussion Festival when he played there in [[2005]]? (self-nom) --[[User:New Rock Star|N]][[User:New Rock Star/Esperanza|R]][[User:New Rock Star|S]] | [[User talk:New Rock Star|T]]/[[Special:Emailuser/New Rock Star|M]]\[[User:New Rock Star/Trophy Room|B]] 11:14, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Fallsofbruar.jpg|100x100px|right]]
    +*...that the trees alongside the '''[[Falls of Bruar]]''' were planted in response to an entreaty from [[Robert Burns]], the Scottish poet? (self nom) [[User:Yomangani|Yomangani]][[User_talk:Yomangani|talk]] 18:29, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the appearance of a '''[[Cheeka (dog)|dog]]''' in a [[Hutch (mobile phone network)|Hutch]] ad campaign doubled sales of [[pug]]s in [[India]] in [[2003]]? -- self-nom -- [[User:Longhairandabeard|Longhairandabeard]] 22:56, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*....that some parts of [[Karnataka]] did not get independence with the rest of the [[India |country]] on the 15th of August, 1947? They instead were [[Unification_of_Karnataka#Liberation_of_Hyderabad-Karnataka |'''liberated''']] just over a year later on Sep 17, 1948 and this day is celebrated as [[Hyderabad-Karnataka Liberation Day]] by the Karnataka government. (This fact is from '''[[Unification of Karnataka]]''' article I created recently. -- self-nom -- '''[[User:Sarvagnya|Sarvagnya]] 23:57, 24 November 2006 (UTC)''' note: I havent done a nom for DYK before. so I dont know if there is anything wrong with my filing here. But I've put lot of effort into the article and have written it [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Karnataka&action=history almost alone]. I think it meets the criteria for DYK because the fact that some parts of [[Karnataka]] didnt get independence on Aug 15th is not known to many [[Kannadigas]] themselves.
    +*...that [[United States|American]] [[Thoroughbred]] '''[[Kingston (horse)|Kingston]]''' won eighty-nine [[Horse racing|races]], more than any other horse in the history of the sport? (article by [[User:Ki Longfellow|Ki Longfellow]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 11:02, 25 November 2006 (UTC))
    +[[Image:Prise de la Bastille.jpg|100x100px|right]]
    +*...that although [[scholar]]s have been studying '''[[revolution]]s''' for over a century, there are still many competing [[theories]] explaining those key events in [[human history]]? --self-nom by [[User:Piotrus| Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus ]]|[[User_talk:Piotrus| talk ]] 04:21, 25 November 2006 (UTC). Disclaimer: while the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolution&oldid=278286 original entry] dates to mid-2001, I have been [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolution&diff=89960664&oldid=84274201 expandig] this article in the past months and only today [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolution&diff=89959534&oldid=89959484 removed the stub note].
    +*:To say that the article about [[revolution]]s dates from within the last five days does not make sense. The DYK section is meant to present to our readers new articles and [[Revolution]] does not conform to the definition on any account. If you want to see it on Main Page, please consider submitting it to [[WP:FAC]]. --[[User:Ghirlandajo|Ghirla]] [[User_talk:Ghirlandajo|-трёп-]] 20:08, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*:: I'm not sure [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolution&diff=89967531&oldid=89899889 this] qualifies as a "significant expansion", the requirement for DYK. I'll let the regulars here figure that one out. [[User:Titoxd|Tito]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza |xd]]([[User talk:Titoxd|?!?]]) 20:15, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*:::I was under the impression that DYKs are both for new articles and recently destubbed articles. As for the 'significant expansion': the article had about 3,5k characters month ago before I started editing it, 6,5k characters two days ago before I started the lastest phase of expansion and now has 18k. PS. I am afraid it is not comprehensive enough to be a FA-class article yet, but one day...at least it's not a [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolution&oldid=84274201 pitful stub] anymore :)--[[User:Piotrus| Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus ]]|[[User_talk:Piotrus| talk ]] 02:30, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +===November 23===
    +[[Image:Boston music hall.jpg|100x100px|right]]
    +*...that in 1850, the '''[[Harvard Musical Association]]''', a [[charitable organization]] in [[Boston]], raised over [[United States dollar|$]]100,000 in under sixty days for the construction of the [[Boston Music Hall]] ''(pictured)''? (article by [[User:N E|N E]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 06:46, 24 November 2006 (UTC) )
    +
    +*...that in [[1057]], [[Saint Anthony of Kiev|Saint Anthony of Pechersk]] singled-handedly dug out the '''[[Near Caves (Pechersk Lavra)|Near Caves]]''' in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]] which is part of the [[Kiev Pechersk Lavra]]? self-nom —[[User:DDima|dima]]'''''[[User talk:DDima|/s-ko/]]''''' 23:47, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +*...that [[Thoroughbred]] [[horse racing|racehorse]] '''[[Gallant Man]]''' lost the 1957 [[Kentucky Derby]] by a nose after his [[jockey]] stood up in the [[stirrup]]s thinking he'd already won? (article by [[User:Ki Longfellow|Ki Longfellow]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 17:25, 23 November 2006 (UTC))
    +
    +*...that in the [[United Kingdom]] alone, over [[Pound sterling|£]]60 million is spent every year on dealing with the effects of '''[[Slippery rail|leaves on railroad tracks]]'''? (article by [[User:Oakshade|Oakshade]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 12:49, 23 November 2006 (UTC).
    +:*I almost selected this article. But could you check the UK figures? The last 2 refs in the article give a figure of 60 millions pounds which is greater than 95 million dollars. Being an article related to UK there should be one source which states the accurate amount in GBP. - [[User:Aksi_great|Aksi_great]] ([[User_talk:Aksi_great|talk]]) 18:52, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::*Looks like Oakshade's made the conversion. Altered nom to match. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 10:17, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*...that the '''[[Tromsø Cathedral]]''' is considered the world's northernmost [[Lutheran]] [[cathedral]] and is a rare example of wooden cog-joined [[Gothic Revival architecture]]? --[[User:Leifern|Leifern]] 12:38, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +**Stub. Please expand. --[[User:Ghirlandajo|Ghirla]] [[User_talk:Ghirlandajo|-трёп-]] 17:10, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +*...that together with the [[Treaty of Mendota]], the '''[[Treaty of Traverse des Sioux]]''' ceded nearly 24 million [[acre]]s of [[Sioux]] land to the [[United States]] in exchange for [[money|cash]] and [[Annuity (financial contracts)|annuities]]? (article by [[User:Elkman|Elkman]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 11:25, 23 November 2006 (UTC). Feel free to replace with a more interesting fact if you can mine one from the article.)
    +
    +*...that [[United States|American]] [[novel]]ist '''[[Tracy Quan]]''' once served as spokeswoman to the [[sex worker]] [[advocacy group]] Prostitutes of New York? (article by [[User:JenKilmer|JenKilmer]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 10:30, 23 November 2006 (UTC). Nom would be much nicer if [[Prostitutes of New York]] were a bluelink, though.)
    +
    +*...that '''[[Plasti-Blades]]''', [[after-market (general)|aftermarket]] blades for micro-sized [[radio controlled helicopter]]s, were first rendered as prototypes on a [[fused deposition modeling]] system and actually test flown? Self-nom by [[User:Lucky 6.9|Lucky 6.9]] 07:46, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +*...that '''''[[Dashanpusaurus]]''''' was uncovered from the [[Dashanpu Formation]] and was named after a [[paleontologist]] and the township it was found in? - (self-nom) May be a bit short, but I submitted it anyway. :) Thanks, [[User:Spawn Man|Spawn Man]] 01:55, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:*While the Formation article below's been expanded enough to merit inclusion, this one's still a bit stubby [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 18:58, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +*...that '''[[Satveer Chaudhary]]''' was the first [[Asian American]] to hold elected office in [[Minnesota]]? (article by [[User:Kross]] nom by [[User:Bakasuprman|Bakaman]] [[User talk:Bakasuprman|Bakatalk]] 01:23, 23 November 2006 (UTC))
    +
    +===November 22===
    +*...that there are over 40 types of '''[[List of architectural vaults |architectural vaults?]]''' -- (listed expansion from less than 1000 characters on [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vault_%28disambiguation%29&diff=88521165&oldid=79229961 Nov. 17]; Various contributors, submitted by [[User:Jreferee|Jreferee]] 15:26, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:*I'm not sure whether or not lists qualify for DYK. I seem to remember it coming up in the past, but can't recall the decision. It really should be outlined in the rules somewhere, though. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 15:40, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::*I spent eight hours combing through Wikipedia and the Internet compiling the list (on what I initially thought would be a 20 min project). I doubt that such a comprehensive list exists anywhere else other than on Wikipedia and certainly contains some surprises for people who are interested in architecture. That's why I think the list is worth DYK status (but the five days is up today, so please make a decision soon!) -- 20:59, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:::*I'm not ''opposed'' to featuring the article, it's just that I've not been updating the template myself long enough to feel comfortable doing so in this case without someone to back up my hunch. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 16:59, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:::*:I've always opposed promotion of lists, and quite vocally at that, but I think we may make an exception here. This list does not seem like your average mechanical compilation of items. --[[User:Ghirlandajo|Ghirla]] [[User_talk:Ghirlandajo|-трёп-]] 17:07, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::::* I still oppose this one. THere should be at least two paras at the front giving more context. '''[[User:Blnguyen|Blnguyen]]''' ([[User talk:Blnguyen|bananabucket]]) 06:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +[[Image:Trichol rutilans02 Alberto Vázquez.JPG|right|100px]]
    +*...that '''[[Tricholomopsis rutilans|Plums and Custard]]''' is the common name of the widespread mushroom '''''[[Tricholomopsis rutilans]]'''''? - self-nom by [[User:Casliber|Cas Liber]] 20:36, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +** Please expand this. There's still plenty of time. '''[[User:Blnguyen|Blnguyen]]''' ([[User talk:Blnguyen|bananabucket]]) 06:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +===November 21===
    +*...that '''[[Nikolai Borschevsky]]''' won a [[gold medal]] for Men's [[ice hockey]] at the [[1992 Winter Olympics]], scoring seven goals in eight games? (article by [[User:RomeW|RomeW]], nom by [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 08:53, 21 November 2006 (UTC))
    +:*This doesn't sound blazingly interesting - I presume strikers tend to score goals a high rate - is this a record of some sort.'''[[User:Blnguyen|Blnguyen]]''' ([[User talk:Blnguyen|bananabucket]]) 02:03, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::*Yeah, if the Olympic gold medal isn't enough on its own merits, the rest is just padding. Fairly solid article, though. [[User:GeeJo|GeeJo]] [[User talk:GeeJo|(t)]]⁄[[Special:Contributions/GeeJo|(c)]] • 11:03, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:::* Well, the gold by itself has no hook. There are 300 golds at every olympics, and then some of those are team golds... '''[[User:Blnguyen|Blnguyen]]''' ([[User talk:Blnguyen|bananabucket]]) 06:10, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Outbox==
    +Optionally, move nominations here, along with the users' signatures, for later informing. Then, individually copy each question into the template. (Not all updaters use this so do not read anything into absence of items here; go by the update warning box.) Remove the entries when you are finished with the notification process.
    +
    +==Instructions to admins==
    +Add the following templates to their respective places. Please make sure that if a template includes a date, that you change it to reflect the date the item in question was first featured on the main page.
    +*'''Article talk page:''' ''({{tl|dyktalk}})'' {{subst:dyktalk|{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
    +*'''Article creator's talk page:''' ''({{tl|UpdatedDYK}})'' {{subst:UpdatedDYK|{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|[[Article name]]}} --~~~~
    +*'''Nominator's talk page:''' ''({{tl|UpdatedDYKNom}})'' {{subst:UpdatedDYKNom|{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|[[Article name]]}} --~~~~'''
    +*Refresh the clock [[#Refreshment|above]] by replacing its template with: '''{{DYK-Refresh|{{JD}}}}'''
    +*Don't forget to UNprotect the previously used image AFTER you change the template to the new picture.
    +
    +
    +==Archive==
    +Suggestions that have appeared on [[Template:Did you know]]. The bots are not working, please archive directly to [[Wikipedia:Recent additions]].
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +==See also==
    +Please archive '''Did you know''' entries thematically at the relevant [[Wikipedia:Portal|portal]]:
    +*'''Main Portals''': [[Portal:Arts/Did you know|Arts]], [[Portal:Culture/Did you know|Culture]], [[Portal:Geography/Did you know|Geography]], [[Portal:History/Did you know|History]], [[Portal:Mathematics/Did you know|Mathematics]], [[Portal:Biography/Did you know|Biography]], [[Portal:Philosophy/Did you know|Philosophy]], [[Portal:Science/Did you know|Science]], [[Portal:Society/Did you know|Society]], [[Portal:Technology/Did you know|Technology]]
    +*'''Other''': [[Portal:Architecture/Did you know|Architecture]], [[Portal:Australia/Did you know|Australia]], [[Portal:Aviation/Did you know|Aviation]], [[Portal:Cars/Did you know|Cars]], [[Portal:The Beatles/Did you know|The Beatles]], [[Portal:Communism/Did you know|Communism]], [[Portal:Food/Did you know|Food]], [[Portal:Germany/Did you know|Germany]], [[Portal:India/Did you know|India]], [[Portal:Internet/Did you know|Internet]], [[Portal:London/Did you know|London]], [[Portal:Mexico/Did you know|Mexico]], [[Portal:Music/Did you know|Music]], [[Portal:New Zealand/Did you know|New Zealand]], [[Portal:Pokémon/Did you know|Pokémon]], [[Portal:Poland/Did you know|Poland]], [[Portal:Portugal/Did you know|Portugal]], [[:Template:Russia portal/Did you know|Russia]], [[Portal:Schools/Did you know|Schools]], [[Portal:Scotland/Did you know|Scotland]], [[Portal:Swimming/Did you know|Swimming]], [[Portal:Trains/Did you know|Trains]], [[Portal:Tropical cyclones/Did you know|Tropical cyclones]], [[Portal:Ukraine/Did you know|Ukraine]], [[Portal:United Kingdom/Did you know|United Kingdom]], [[Portal:United States Marine Corps/Did you know|United States Marine Corps]], [[Portal:Wales/Did you know|Wales]], [[Portal:War/Did you know|War]]
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    @@ -1,43 +1,5 @@\n
    -===November 14===
    -====[[Kasy]] → [[Kacey (Battlestar Galactica)]]====
    -redirect name is too general, and not a normal variant of Kacey [[User:Zyxwvutsrqp|Zyxwvutsrqp]] 23:10, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*'''Discussions'''
    +**[[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject China#Awards|Awards for China-related works]]

    -====[[Milwaukee Normal School]] → [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]]====
    -Very confusing redirect. There is no such entity as Milwaukee Normal School. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 19:06, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Keep''' per my comments immediately below. ''Gavia immer'' ([[User:Gavia immer|u]]|[[User talk:Gavia immer|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/Gavia immer|c]]) 19:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Comment'''- What's the point to create a redirect for something doesn't even exist? [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 20:12, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -**'''Keep''' That's part of what redirects are for: to lead people to the correct entity. Redirects are '''not''' tainted, ''not'' shameful, '''not''' deprecated, ''not'' deserving of being avoided or deleted whenever possible!--[[User:Orangemike|Orange Mike]] 20:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete'''-This is so funny. What did you get the shameful thing? [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 20:45, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Because you keep arguing against the redirects as if they were evil rather than useful?--[[User:Orangemike|Orange Mike]] 20:53, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete'''- Milwaukee State Normal School is not an another name or synomy for UWM. It doesn't justify for the [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reasons to create a redirect]]. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 21:19, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -====[[Milwaukee State Normal School]] → [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee]]====
    -Very confusing redirect. Milwaukee State Normal School and UW-Milwaukee are not the same. Many institutions consider UW-Milwaukee was founded in 1956. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 19:03, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Keep''' both of the above, since [http://www.uwm.edu/News/50th/timeline.html the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee] does claim to trace its history back that far. If nominator believes this is untrue, he is welcome to discuss it (with verifiable sources) in the article itself. ''Gavia immer'' ([[User:Gavia immer|u]]|[[User talk:Gavia immer|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/Gavia immer|c]]) 19:40, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Comment''' -These redirects are totally unnecessary. There are no articles has these names wikilinked. People can also get UW-Milwaukee if they search Milwaukee State Normal School in Wikipedia, because this term exists in the UW-Milwaukee article. It is totally ridiculous to create a seperate article because of these redirects. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 20:03, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Keep''' both of these. These are legitimate names of the institution eventually became UWM (by joining with the University of Wisconsin's Extension program in Milwaukee) in 1956. The same buildings and in some cases the same library books are still in use here (I'm typing this from the UWM student union). A redirect is designed to simplify things; expecting people to go through a search process is unnecessarily burdensome. There is nothing embarassing or shameful about having redirects! Redirects are not just for wikilinks; they are for people looking for the alternative term(s). '''''And there is no law that says if there is a redirect, somebody has to create a new page'''''; I don't know why [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] keeps saying that there is.--[[User:Orangemike|Orange Mike]] 20:38, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Delete'''-There is a Wikipedia admisnistrator there suggesting to create a seperate article for UM-Milwaukee's history because of the unnecessary redirects you created. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 20:45, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:"there"? Where?--[[User:Orangemike|Orange Mike]] 20:53, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I just want you to know it is very difficult to talk to you in a respectful way. You can see the talk page of UW-Milwaukee article. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 21:04, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Delete'''- Milwaukee State Normal School is not an another name or synomy for UWM. It doesn't justify for the [[Wikipedia:Redirect|reasons to create a redirect]]. [[User:Miaers|Miaers]] 21:19, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -====[[Oscar Gutierrez]] → [[Óscar Gutiérrez]]====
    -very confusing redirect.type in rey mysterio and it goes to this redirect which redirects to the page.eliminating this will speed up the process of getting to the page.[[User:The pink panther|The Pink Panther]] 02:11, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Comment''' - I already fixed the double redirect. In the future, you don't need to bring such things here; you're allowed (and encouraged) to fix them yourself. ''Gavia immer'' ([[User:Gavia immer|u]]|[[User talk:Gavia immer|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/Gavia immer|c]]) 18:05, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -====[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Coffee lounge|Ezperanza coffee lounge]] redirects====
    -#[[E@ Coffee]]
    -#[[E@C]]
    -Cross namespace redirects. I probably should've bundled these with [[E@]] (created by same user, [[Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion#E@ → Wikipedia:Esperanza|nominated here]]), but oh well. [[User talk:Picaroon9288|Picaroon9288]] 03:31, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Delete''' per nom. Cross-namespace redirect. —[[User:Taestell|taestell]] 05:54, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete''' per nom. -- [[User:Zzuuzz|zzuuzz]] [[User_talk:Zzuuzz|(talk)]] 12:58, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete''' per nom and my comments on the November 13th nomination. ''Gavia immer'' ([[User:Gavia immer|u]]|[[User talk:Gavia immer|t]]|[[Special:Contributions/Gavia immer|c]]) 18:01, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -====[[St. Charles Borromeo.]] redirect====
    -*'''Delete''' nothing links to this obvious typo. --[[User:evrik|evrik]] ([[User talk:evrik|talk]]) 15:51, 14 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*'''Help needed'''
    +**Join [[Wikipedia:WikiProject China/Assessment|Assessment department]] and help rate articles
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    +++ \n
    @@ -1,19 +1,59 @@\n
    -:''Limp biscuit redirects here. For the band see [[Limp Bizkit]].''
    +{{Infobox character
    +| name = Jack Scully
    +| image = [[image:Jack_Nina.jpg|centre]][[Jay Bunyan]] as Jack Scully (left)]]
    +| first = 2001
    +| last = 2005
    +| cause = To be with girlfriend [[Nina Tucker]]
    +| nickname =
    +| alias =
    +| species =
    +| gender = Male
    +| age =
    +| born =
    +| death =
    +| occupation =
    +| title =
    +| family =
    +| spouse =
    +| children =
    +| relatives =
    +| episode =
    +| portrayer = Paul Pantano
    [[Jay Bunyan]]
    +| creator =
    +}}
    +'''Jack Scully''' was a fictional character in the Australian soap opera [[Neighbours]], played by Paul Pantano in the character's first appearance in [[2001]]. [[Jay Bunyan]] took over the role when Jack returned to the show in [[2002]] and remained there until early [[2005]].

    -'''Soggy biscuit''' is a male masturbation game, reportedly played predominantly in schools or as a past time for someone in the armed forces of some kind. The players stand around a [[biscuit]] and [[masturbate]] with the intention of ejaculating onto it. The first person to ejaculate is usually deemed the winner, and the last person to ejaculate has to eat the biscuit.
    +When the Scully family first arrived in Ramsay Street, the absent Jack was spoken of as being a successful soccer player in the English [[FA Premier League]] and his family would occasionally watch the matches in which he played on television; later, his soccer skills were heavily downgraded and when he returned to live with his family, not only was his professional soccer career a thing of the past and had apparently been served in [[New Zealand]] rather than the UK, but Jack had also lost a couple of years from his age (in a de-[[SORAS]] fashion). Some of the reasoning in this rewrite may have come from the decision to cast a New Zealand actor as Jack; [[Jay Bunyan]] used his native New Zealand accent in the role.

    -Although the origins of the term are unclear, it is thought to have originated in Australia sometime in the 1960'sJonathon Green, ''The Cassell Dictionary of Slang'', 1998, page 1110, and is now a widely known concept, at least in the United Kingdom and parts of the [[Commonwealth of nations|Commonwealth]]Zoe Williams, ''The Burning Bush'', October 15th 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,1591546,00.html]. The descriptive term "soggy biscuit" or "biscuit game" may be employed as a euphemism for an embarrassing activity. Although (since the game as defined in its strictest sense does not require [[mutual masturbation]]) "soggy biscuit" is not necessarily associated with [[homosexuality]] — the idea and practice of the game is in keeping with the spirit of adolescent sexual exploration associated by many (at least in the UK) with [[Independent school (United Kingdom)#Terminology|public schools]]Alisdare Hickson, ''The Poisoned Bowl: Sex and the Public School'', 1996, Gerald Duckworth and Co. Ltd, ISBN 0715627090. Since it is difficult for most people to masturbate in a group, let alone ejaculate, the "fun" factor associated with soggy biscuit is the inherent risk of losing.
    +== Family ==
    +===Paternal Line===
    +*Pat Scully (grandfather)
    +**[[Joe Scully]] (father)
    +**[[Lyn Scully]] (mother)
    +***[[Stephanie Scully]] (sister)
    +** [[Max Hoyland]] (brother in-law)
    +****[[Boyd Hoyland]] (step-nephew)
    +**** [[Janae Hoyland|Janae Timmins]] (step-nephew in-law)
    +****[[Summer Hoyland]] (step-niece)
    +****[[Charlie Hoyland]] (nephew)
    +***'''Jack Scully'''
    +***[[Felicity Scully]] (sister)
    +***[[Michelle Scully]] (sister)
    +***[[Oscar Scully]] (brother)
    +**Mick Scully (uncle),
    +** Di Scully (auntie)
    +**Tom Scully (Uncle)

    -Due to the nature of the game, individuals who engage in such activities face many health risks. Ejaculatory fluids which are swallowed may harbor many known types of pathogens and can transmit [[STDs]].
    +===Maternal Line===
    +''Names from paternal line not included, except where necessary to avoid gaps between generations.''
    +*[[Valda Sheergold]] (grandmother), married to Charlie Cassidy (grandfather, deceased)
    +**Lyn O'Rourke (mother), married to Joe Scully (father)
    +*Connie Sheergold (great aunt, deceased), married to Henry O'Rourke
    +**Marnie O'Rourke (second cousin)
    +*Beverley Sheergold (great aunt)

    -The terms "soggy biscuit" and "biscuit game" may be broadly interchangeable with other, similar concepts elsewhere in the world, such as "[[Mutual masturbation#Circle jerk|circle jerk]]"{{fact}}, "Soggy cracker"{{fact}}, "Soggy waffles"{{fact}}, "Toast"{{fact}}, or "Ookie cookie"{{fact}}. . Although the terminology may differ slightly, the notability of the game is such that variations on the theme are referred to in popular culture, examples including [[Stephen Fry]]'s ''[[The Liar]]'' and [[Richard Curtis]] and [[Ben Elton]]'s [[Blackadder]].
    +[[Category:Neighbours characters|Scully, Jack]]
    +[[Category:Fictional drug addicts|Scully, Jack]]

    -
    -==External links==
    -* [http://www.soggybiscuitgame.com/ Online version of the game]

    -==References==
    -
    -[[Category:Sexual slang]]
    -[[Category:Masturbation]]
    -{{Sex-stub}}
    +{{Soap-char-stub}}
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    @@ -1,135 +1,28 @@\n
    -:''This page is an overview of how Wikipedia policy works. See also [[Wikipedia:List of policies]] and [[Wikipedia:List of guidelines]]''.
    -{{policy|[[WP:RULES]]
    [[WP:POL]]}}
    -
    -'''Wikipedia''' has developed a body of '''policies and guidelines''' which have helped us over the years to work toward our singular common goal:
    -:'''''Our goal with Wikipedia is to create a free encyclopedia--indeed, the largest encyclopedia in history, in both breadth and depth. We also want Wikipedia to become a reliable resource.'''''
    +{{CoorHeader|21|55||N|24|59||E|type:mountain}}
    +[[Image:Africa Mt Uwaynat.jpg|thumb|300px|]]
    +'''Jebel Uweinat''' (1934 m; {{Ar|جبل العوينات}} ''{{ArabDIN|gabal al-ʿawaināt}}'' "mountain of sourcelets"; also spelled ''Auenat'', ''Ouenat'', ''Ouinat'', ''Owainat'', ''Uwaynat'', ''Uweinat'', ''Uwenat'', ''Uweynat'' etc.) is a mountain range in the [[Gilf Kebir]] in the area of the [[Egypt]]ian-[[Libya]]n-[[Sudan]]ese border. The area is notable for its prehistoric [[petroglyph]]s.
    +Its western part consists of [[intrusion|intrusive]] [[granite]], arranged in a ring shape of some 25 km diameter, ending in three valleys ([[wadi]]s) towards the west, Karkur Hamid, Karkur Idriss and Karkur Ibrahim. Its eastern part consists of sandstone, ending in Karkur Talh. In Karkur Murr there is a permanent oasis (''Guelta''), Ain al-Brins (Bir Murr).

    -Our policies keep changing, and their interpretation as well. Hence it is common on Wikipedia for policy itself to be debated —on talk pages, on Wikipedia: namespace pages, on the [[Wikipedia:mailing lists|mailing lists]], on [[Wikipedia:Meta|Meta Wikimedia]], and on [[WP:IRC|IRC chat]]. Everyone is welcome to participate.
    +=== Exploration ===
    +*Prinz Kamal ad-Din
    +*Ralph A. Bagnold
    +*Patrick Clayton
    +*[[Ladislaus Almásy]]
    +*H.W.G.J Penderel
    +*[[Leo Frobenius]]
    +*Hans Rhotert
    +*Prinz Ferdinand Lichtenstein

    -While we try to respect consensus, [[WP:WWIN|Wikipedia is not a democracy]], and its governance can be inconsistent.
    -Hence there is disagreement between those who believe rules should be explictly stated and those who feel that written rules are inherently inadequate to cover every possible variation of problematic or disruptive behavior.
    +==External links==
    +*http://www.fjexpeditions.com/frameset/uweinat.htm
    +*http://www.gilf-kebir.de/set2/2_01.htm
    +*http://www.archaeoafrica.de/G_Auenat.html
    +*http://www.uweinat.com/
    +*http://saharasafaris.org/hassaneinbey/

    -In either case, a user who acts against the spirit of our written policies may be reprimanded, even if no rule has technically been violated. Those who edit in [[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|good faith]], show [[Wikipedia:civility|civility]], seek [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]], and work towards the goal of creating a great [[encyclopedia]], should find a welcoming environment.
    +[[Category:Rock art]]
    +[[Category:Mountain ranges of Africa]]
    +[[Category:Sahara]]

    -== Key policies==
    -
    -{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 0 0 1em;" align="right" width="175px"
    -|-
    -![[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|Wikipedia policies and guidelines]]
    -|-
    -!Article standards
    -|-
    -|
    -*[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|Include only verifiable information]] — no [[Wikipedia:No original research|original research]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]]
    -|-
    -!Working with others
    -|-
    -|
    -*[[Wikipedia:Assume good faith|Assume good faith]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Civility|Civility]] and [[Wikipedia:Etiquette|etiquette]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers|Don't bite the newcomers]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:No personal attacks|No personal attacks]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point|Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Resolving disputes|Resolving disputes]]
    -|}
    -
    -
    -You don't need to read every Wikipedia policy before you contribute! However, the following policies are particularly important to the project, and the sooner you get to grips with them, the better:
    -# '''Wikipedia is an encyclopedia.''' — Its goals go no further, and material which does not fit this goal must be removed to another [[Wikimedia]] project, or else altogether. (See [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not]])
    -# '''Avoid bias.''' — Articles should be written from a ''[[Wikipedia:neutral point of view|neutral point of view]]'', representing all differing views on a subject, factually and objectively, in an order which is agreeable to a common consensus.
    -# '''Don't infringe copyrights.''' — Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia licensed under the terms of the [[GNU Free Documentation License]]. Submitting work which [[Copyright infringement|infringes copyright]]s threatens our objective to build a truly free encyclopedia that anyone can redistribute, and could lead to legal problems. (See [[wikipedia:copyrights|Wikipedia copyrights]])
    -# '''Respect other contributors.''' —Wikipedia contributors come from many different countries and cultures, and have widely different views. Treating others with respect is key to collaborating effectively in building an encyclopedia. (See [[Wikipedia:Civility]], [[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|Wikipedia etiquette]], [[Wikipedia:Writers' rules of engagement]], [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|Dispute resolution]].)
    -
    -===Other concise summaries of key policies===
    -One of these concise versions of the Wikipedia guidelines should get you familiar with the important policies.
    -
    -Here's the recommended reading order:
    -#[[WP:5P|The five pillars of wikipedia]]: a quick rundown of the '''5''' key rules you need to start editing. Don't worry, it's easy.
    -#[[WP:SR|Simplified ruleset]]: '''15''' rules of thumb to help you avoid problems
    -#[[Wikipedia:List of policies|List of policies]]: A comprehensive list of the '''40''' or so policies currently in use with very quick summaries.
    -
    -Every policy and guideline is listed in one of the following [[Wikipedia:Category|categories]]:
    -* [[:Category:Wikipedia official policy]]: policies that are widely accepted and that everyone is expected to follow.
    -* [[:Category:Wikipedia guidelines]]: less rigid rules of thumb that are generally accepted by consensus to apply in many cases.
    -
    -==Procedural questions==
    -=== How are policies decided? ===
    -Much Wikipedia policy dates from before 2002. Policy change now comes from three sources:
    -* A proposed policy being adopted by [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]]. (See [[Wikipedia:How to create policy]])
    -* A slow evolution of convention and common practice eventually codified as a policy.
    -* Jimbo, the Board, or the Developers, particularly for copyright, legal issues, or server load.
    -
    -Currently proposed and previously rejected policies can be found in these categories:
    -* [[:Category:Wikipedia proposals]]: ideas for new policies
    -* [[:Category:Wikipedia rejected policies]]: rejected or abandoned ideas for policies
    -
    -=== The difference between policy / guideline / essay / etc ===
    -*A '''[[Wikipedia:List of guidelines|guideline]]''' is something that is (1) actionable and (2) consensual. Guidelines are not set in stone and should be treated with common sense and the occasional exception. Amendments to a guideline should be discussed on its talk page, not on a new page - although it's generally acceptable to edit a guideline to improve it.
    -*A '''[[:Category:Wikipedia naming conventions|naming convention]]''' or '''[[:Category:Wikipedia style guidelines|manual of style entry]]''' is a specific kind of guideline, related to proper naming, or the way articles should be written.
    -*A '''[[Wikipedia:List of policies|policy]]''' is similar to a guideline, only more official and less likely to have exceptions. As with guidelines, amendments should generally be discussed on its talk page, but are sometimes forked out if large in scope. One should not generally edit policy without seeking consensus first.
    -*A '''process''' is a central and organized way of doing things, generally following certain policies or guidelines (e.g. the "deletion policy" tells us how the "deletion process" works)
    -*A '''[[:Category:Wikipedia proposals|proposal]]''' is any suggested guideline or policy that is not yet consensual, or any process not yet in use, as long as discussion is ongoing. Proposals should generally be advertised to get feedback and reach consensus. '''Proposals are NOT decided upon by voting on them.'''
    -*A '''[[:Category:Wikipedia archives|historical]]''' page is any proposal that for which consensus is unclear, where discussion has died out for whatever reason. Historical pages also include any process no longer in use, or any non-recent log of any process. Historical pages can be revived by advertising them.
    -*A '''[[:Category:Wikipedia rejected policies|rejected]]''' page is any proposal for which consensus is opposed, regardless of whether there's active discussion or not. Making small changes will not change this fact, nor will repetitive arguments. Generally it is wiser to rewrite a rejected proposal from scratch and starting in a different direction.
    -*A '''feature request''' is anything that requires a change to the Wikipedia software. These should be filed on [http://bugzilla.wikimedia.org Bugzilla]. One should never assume the developers will implement something without asking them first. Thus, if you propose something that requires a feature request to work, discuss with the devs ''first'' before asking community opinion on an issue that may turn out to be moot.
    -*A '''[[:Category:Wikipedia how-to|how-to]]''' or help page is any instructive page that tells people how to do things. These will of course be edited by people who have suggestions on how to do things differently.
    -*An '''[[:Category:Wikipedia essays|essay]]''' is any page that is not actionable or instructive, regardless of whether it's consensual. Essays tend to be opinionated. Essays need not be proposed or advertised, one can simply write them, as long as one understands the fact that one does not generally speak for the entire community. If you do not want other people to reword your essay, put it in your userspace.
    -
    -===How are policies enforced? ===
    -'''''You''''' are a [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]] editor. Since Wikipedia has no editor-in-chief or top-down article approval mechanism, active participants make [[Copy editing |copyedits]] and corrections to the format and content problems they see. So [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|the participants]] are both writers ''and'' editors.
    -
    -Individual users thus enforce most policies and guidelines by editing pages, and discussing matters with each other. Some policies, such as [[Wikipedia:Dealing with vandalism|Vandalism]] are enforced by Administrators by blocking users. In extreme cases the [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|Arbitration Committee]] has the power to deal with highly disruptive situations, as part of the general [[Wikipedia:Dispute resolution|dispute resolution]] procedure.
    -
    -=== Restricted features ===
    -Some features of the software which could potentially be misused, such as deleting pages and locking pages from editing, are restricted to [[Wikipedia:Administrators|Administrators]], who are experienced and trusted members of the community. Policies particularly relevant to Administrators include:
    -* [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|Protection policy]] (When and why to protect a page)
    -* [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|Blocking policy]] (Blocking users to deal with vandalism or to enforce decisions of the arbitration committee)
    -
    -== Guidelines ==
    -In addition to the generally accepted policies listed above, a very large number of '''[[Wikipedia:List of guidelines|guidelines]]''' have been proposed and adopted by Wikipedians. These are used to provide guidance in various situations that arise on Wikipedia. They cover everything from naming conventions and sensitive terms that should be avoided to how to get along, and why not to bite the newcomers.
    -
    -== Other essays and discussions about Wikipedia ==
    -* The [http://meta.wikimedia.org/ Meta-Wikipedia] site contains many articles about Wikipedia and related topics in a more editorial style.
    -* Creating [[Wikipedia:How-to|how-to]] articles in Wikipedia.
    -*[[Wikipedia:Centralized discussion]] has a number of discussions to establish consensus on whether some groups of articles should or should not be included in Wikipedia.
    -
    -==See also==
    -
    -* [[Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)]], discussion of existing and proposed policies
    -* [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)]], discussion of new ideas and proposals not policy related
    -** [[Wikipedia:Village pump (perennial proposals)]], that come up very often on the proposals
    -
    -[[Category:Wikipedia policies and guidelines| ]]
    -[[Category:Wikipedia official policy| {{PAGENAME}}]]
    -
    -[[bg:Уикипедия:Препоръки и правила]]
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    -[[de:Wikipedia:Empfehlungen]]
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    -[[fr:Wikipédia:Recommandations et règles à suivre]]
    -[[ga:Vicipéid:Polasaithe agus treoirlínte]]
    -[[ia:Wikipedia:Politicas e directivas]]
    -[[ja:Wikipedia:基本方針とガイドライン]]
    -[[mk:Википедија:Начела и насоки]]
    -[[ms:Wikipedia:Polisi dan panduan]]
    -[[lb:Wikipedia:Regelen]]
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    -This is a list of minor characters from the animated series [[Kappa Mikey]].
    -
    -==Minor characters==
    -
    -'''Dr. Takashi Katashi''' - 'Plastic Surgeon To The Stars', he wears a generic doctor headband over his eye, much in the fashion of [[Kakashi Hatake]] from ''[[Naruto (anime and manga)|Naruto]]'' (his name is a [[parody]] of Kakashi's name as well, plus the hairstyles are very close). He performs an unintentional 'pimple enlargement' on Mikey, because he had to do two operations at once (first trying to remove Mikey's pimple, but failing; and turning Yes Man into a muscular man). He did plastic surgery on Socky, to make him beautiful: information which led to Socky's downfall.
    -
    -'''Socky''' - Sock puppet pop icon with a mind of its own, spokesperson for Hitoshi Beauty Cream, and rival of Lily for Teen Trend's 50 Most Beautiful. However, he was removed from the list, after Mikey discreetly revealed that the sock had once been a "dork".
    -
    -'''Yoshi, the Camera Man''' - A blond, beer-bellied, seemingly American man. He operates the camera for the LilyMu show, and is featured somewhere in every episode, sometimes as a main role, but mostly as an easter egg. He also appears to be Ozu's coffee-and-donuts boy, although his is a tough job - Ozu has punished him rather badly for simply forgetting the cream and sugar in his coffee. He sometimes takes baths in the trunk of Lily's car (as shown in ''Lost in Transportation''). He appears to live in LilyMu Towers with the other cast members.
    -
    -'''Mom and Dad''' - Mikey's parents. They have yet to be seen (it is probable that they, like Mikey, are animated in an American style, since their answering machine(s) and counter top are rendered in this way), but they have been featured in the episodes: ''Easy Come, Easy Gonard, Lost in Transportation, The Switch,'' and ''Saving Face.'' Even though they never answer their phone when Mikey calls them for help, their rather offbeat answering machine messages nearly always give some sort of help - even if it isn't in the way one would expect. Mikey appears to be their only child. In his absence from America, Mikey's parents have rented out his room to an [[accordion]]-playing [[troll]].
    -
    -'''Sushi Trio''' - Little [[sushi]]-beings that serve as scene changers or bumpers. They dance around and make cute noises. They are sometimes accompanied by other random characters, such as a sushi chef or a [[sumo]] wrestler.
    -
    -'''Gonard's Mother''' - Gonard still lives with her in LilyMu Towers, or at least in the same place. In ''The Switch'' she has a woman's voice, in ''The Fugi-kid'' she has an Irish-sounding accent, and is voiced by [[Sean Schemmel]] doing a falsetto.
    -
    -'''Agent Yoshida''' - A Japanese government agent that bears a resemblance to Commander Amarao from [[FLCL]], complete with eyebrows (he also wears a similar uniform to the one Naota does at the end of the anime). He arrested Mikey for a crime he did not commit (Supposedly, he stole an invisibility coat). However, later on, he does arrest the real crook, with Mikey's help.
    -
    -'''Lily's Mirror''' - A mirror with a mind of its own, which tells Lily how beautiful - or not - she is. It always talks in a synthesized monotone.
    -
    -'''[[Speed Racer]]''' - An older version of the famed racer. He makes a cameo appearance in the theme song as the LilyMu team's [[limousine]] driver, and in the pilot episode.
    -
    -'''[[Pirate]] Captain''' - Captain of a pirate ship and five other pirates. He first appears in episode Ship of Fools when he gives Mikey Simon a [[pirated]] [[video game]] in exchange for Gonard. Mikey manages to frighten the pirate into abandoning ship (courtesy of the Super Gonard balloon) in order to save Gonard. Later in the show, the pirate makes a cameo in the episode Mikey Likes It (Garbage). One of his pirates bears a striking resemblance to Lucky Roux, (one of captain [[Red-Haired Shanks]]' pirates) from the anime and manga [[One Piece]]. Another pirate makes a cameo in The Fugi-Kid (with a different appearance), and in the same episode, a portrait of the Captain can be seen in the background of the courtroom. The Captain has a quick cameo in The Sumo of All Fears.
    -
    -'''The Chums''': A gang of outcast bikers who accept Mikey as an "honorary member" when he is convinced that the rest of the LilyMu cast are leaving him out of activities and, quite literaly, vehicles, in Lost In Transportation. They give him the motorcycle that Mikey eventually uses as a regular prop on Lilymu. Mikey is most aquainted to their leader, Beef, who teaches him the Chums bear-hug. Mikey eventually becomes friends again with the cast, but the Chums keep in touch with him using a whistle whenever he needs help (so far, he hasn't officially used it, although the motorcycle they gave him has been used in several LilyMu sequences).
    -
    -'''Mr. Stereo''': One of Ozu's company sponsers and best business partners in Lost In Transportation. Mr. Stereo sells used cars at bargain prices, and claims that if his cars don't please his customers, he will do crazy things, even though he does them anyway. Those crazy stunts turn into his one running joke. He has a spoiled son who is a huge fan of Lilymu.
    -
    -'''Pierre''' - The [[waiter]] of the unnamed 'Finest Restaurant in Tokyo'.
    -
    -'''Mikey Cosplayers''' - They appear in some episodes. Big fans of Mikey, they dress in his LilyMu uniform and show up at social events involving him. One of them resembles Conan Edogawa from [[Detective Conan]], and another resembles Zangief, of [[Street Fighter]] fame.
    -
    -'''The Cat Burglar''' - An unnamed bandit who steals the invisibility coat in The Fugi-Kid. Throughout the episode, he was thought to have only one arm, due to the other being covered by the coat during the Mikey-witnessed theft. Agent Yoshida has been chasing him for five years-he has stolen over 2,000 cats, plus the bank robberies he committed using the coat and framed Mikey for. Known to Mikey as "The One-Armed Man" until revealed that the coat was covering one arm. ("What are you!? Some kind of TWO armed man!?") He also made a second appearance in LilyMeow/Lily Meow, revealing that he eats the cats after he catches them and that he is also allergic to cats. His extreme lankiness and strange chin give him a resemblance to characters from the [[Lupin the Third]] franchise.
    -
    -'''Suave Mikey''' - First appeared in Ship of Fools. He looks exactly like Mikey (making him the only other known person in Japan to be drawn in an American style), with the exception of his black sunglasses and noticeably refined demeanor. He unintentionally fools Lily, who thinks that he is great, and Mitsuki, who thinks that he is a jerk, into thinking that he is the real Mikey Simon.
    -
    -'''Spartacus Clone''' - A good imitation of the [[Thracian]]. He first appears in Ship of Fools as a cameo, and makes a second cameo in The Fugi-Kid.
    -
    -'''Ozu's Robots''' - Ozu's robots that first appear in the theme song of Kappa Mikey. They reappear as [[security]] [[robots]] in Mikey Impossible. They appear again in Mikey Likes It (Garbage), dancing with Mitsuki, Guano, and Mikey in [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ft8qKvHiM4E&mode=related&search= The Recycling Song].
    -
    -'''News Reporters''' - Unnamed reporters who often get involved with the LilyMu team from time to time. They first appear in 'Saving Face', and reappear in 'The Fugi-Kid' and Mikey Likes It (Garbage).
    -
    -'''News Anchor''' - A grey-haired man on TV who makes his first appearance in Ship of Fools. He announces the news from time to time.
    -
    -'''Peter/Vito''' - This man is often is misheard by fans and viewers alike, and thus is thought to be named 'Peter' or 'Vito' (closed captions of ''Ship of Fools'' say "Vito"). He is a [[Mafia]] member, and appeared in Ship of Fools, facing a pirate death sentence (walking the plank).
    -
    -'''Mr. Tatami''': Owner of Tatami Megastore, a carrier of LilyMu merchandise, and the Tatami Room. Father of the Tatami Twins. Mikey owes him 20 million yen.
    -
    -'''The Tatami Twins''': Two immensely fat little boys who are the sons of Mr. Tatami. They mistake Guano for a toy, and even throw Lily and Mitsuki into the 'Tatami Room' for 'shoplifting' (trying to save Guano). They could be a reference to the classic [[Super Mario Bros.|Mario Bros.]] (red and green shirts & overalls), who looked equally chubby at the time. Their heads look almost exactly the same as the [[Troublemaker Studios]]'s logo.
    -
    -'''Lawrence Von Martenhouse''': An American actor (also drawn in an American style, like Mikey). He played Captain Impressive on American TV several years back, and this has made him Mikey's childhood hero. He puts on a rather embarrassing Dum-Dum Show at the Tatami Megastore, the result of which 'inspires' Mikey to become a bad boy. Von Martenhouse eventually gets to be Captain Impressive one last time, trying to stop a riot that Mikey started. Is currently on the Dum-Dum Hour.
    -
    -'''Kello''': A small kitten that Mikey finds and adopts in order to get attention for himself. The kitten ends up stealing the spotlight from the entire LilyMu cast, since he is "cute". He is a parody of [[Hello Kitty]].
    -
    -'''Dr. Igor''': Appearing in 'Big Trouble In Little Tokyo', Dr. Igor is a mad scientist who lives on in the 'secret floor' (the 13th) of Lilymu Towers, and the only way to get there is by revealing the secret panel behind all the other buttons in the elevator. He claims to have created all the monsters in the old monster movies in the past, and invented ways of making them huge. Now, he makes a hobby out of skrinking monsters so they become tiny. His face bears a strong resemblence to [[Vash the Stampede]] from [[Trigun]].
    -
    -'''Forbes'''- Dr. Igor's son and assistant, however he resembles a demon with a bat's face and ears, chicken's feet, scaley arms, and a tail in contrast to Dr. Igor's human appearance. He is very charismatic, and is the only other character besides Mikey known to come on to Lily and Mitsuki without hesitation. He designed the monster's butts.
    -
    -'''The Phantom of the Soundstage''' - The title character for Episode 14 in the airdate order- a tall, operatic, shadowy figure who is obviously a parody on the Broadway character, [[The Phantom of the Opera]]. He works undercover as Ozu's studio janitor. He wears a traditional Japanese demon mask, instead of the white, half-mask, and his design may be modeled after a [[Bishōnen]]. He talks in an odd, fragmented manner, with what sounds like a Bostonian accent. As the Phantom, his soul purpose is to punish anyone who pulls a prank, and his motivation stems from his life history- he used to be a member of the original Lilymu team, but his role was overshadowed by a newcomer, "some guy from Canada", who played pranks on him. Because of this, he was many similarities to Lily, which proves to be convenient when she tries to get back a Mikey for pulling pranks on her.
    +{{mergefrom|The Lady}}
    +
    +[[Image:Ceres_statue.jpg|frame|[[Statue]] of [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], the [[Roman mythology|Roman]] '''''goddess''''' of the [[agriculture]]]]
    +
    +A '''goddess''' is a [[female]] [[deity]], in contrast with a [[male]] deity known as a "'''[[God (male deity)|god]]'''". Many [[culture]]s have goddesses, sometimes alone, but more often as part of a larger [[pantheon]] that includes both the conventional [[gender]]s and in some cases even [[hermaphrodite]] deities.
    +As the concept of [[monotheism]] and [[polytheism]] is [[Relativism|relativistic]], so the related concepts of god and goddess can be culturally misunderstood. The concept of gender as applied to a god and goddess, may connote deeper tendencies of [[patriarchy]] and [[matriarchy]], which may to have equivalence to the rift between monotheism and polytheism. The '''goddess''' concept is advocated by modern matriarchists and [[Pantheism|pantheists]] as a female version of or analogue to god (i.e., the [[Abrahamic religion|Abrahamic god]]), who in [[feminist]] and other circles is perceived as being rooted in the patriarchal concept of dominance — to the exclusion of feminine concepts.
    +The feminine-masculine relationship between deifications is sometimes rooted in the [[monism]], ("One-ism") rather than through a definitive and rigid concept of monotheism versus polytheism, wherein the '''goddess''' and '''god''' are seen as the genders of one transcendental [[monad]].
    +
    +==Ancient [[Near East]]==
    +
    +===[[Egypt]]===
    +
    +[[Image:Ägyptischer Maler um 1360 v. Chr. 001.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The '''''goddess''''' [[Isis]]]]
    +
    +{{main|Egyptian mythology}}
    +
    +*[[Isis]]
    +*[[Bast (mythology)|Bast]]
    +*[[Sekhmet]]
    +*[[Hathor]]
    +*[[Nephthys]]
    +*[[Wadjet]]
    +*[[Mut]]
    +*[[Nut (goddess)|Nut]]
    +*[[Neith]]
    +*[[Tawret]]
    +
    +===[[Mesopotamia]]===
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +{{main|Mesopotamian mythology}}
    +
    +*[[Ninhursag]]
    +*[[Tiamat]]
    +*[[Ishtar]]
    +*[[Sin (mythology)|Ningal]]
    +
    +===[[Arabia]]===
    +
    +In the Arabic religion before the [[Islam]], a number of goddesses were worshipped, including the three referred as daughters of God: [[Allat]], [[Uzza]] and [[Manah]], the three chief goddesses of [[Mecca]].
    +
    +==[[Proto-Indo-European religion]]==
    +
    +{{main|Proto-Indo-European religion}}
    +
    +===Dharmic religions===
    +
    +====[[Hinduism]]====
    +
    +{{main|Hindu Goddess}}
    +
    +The Hinduism is a complex of various belief systems that sees many gods and goddesses as being representative of and/or emanative from a single source, [[Brahman]], understood either as a formless, infinite, impersonal monad in the [[Advaita]] tradition or as a dual God in the form of [[Lakshmi]]-[[Vishnu]], [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]], [[Devi]]-[[Shiva]] in [[Dvaita]] traditions. [[Shaktas]], worshippers of the Goddess, equate this God with [[Devi]], the mother goddess. Such aspects of One God as male God ([[Shaktiman]]) and female energy ([[Shakti]]), working as a pair are often envisioned as male gods and their wives or consorts and provide many analogues between passive male ground and dynamic female energy.
    +For example, [[Brahma (god)|Brahma]] pairs with [[Sarasvati]]. [[Shiva]] likewise pairs with [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]] who later is represented through a number of [[avatar]]s (incarnations): [[Parvati]] and the warrior figures, [[Durga]] and [[Kali]]. All goddesses in Hinduism are sometimes grouped together as the great goddess, [[Devi]].
    +A further step was taken by the idea of the ''Shaktis''. Their ideology based mainly on [[tantra]]s sees Shakti as the principle of energy through which all divinity functions, thus showing the masculine to be dependent on the feminine. Indeed, in the great shakta scripture known as the [[Devi Mahatmya]], all the goddesses are shown to be aspects of one presiding female force, one in truth and many in expression, giving the world and the cosmos the galvanic energy for motion. It is expressed through both philosophical tracts and metaphor that the potentiality of masculine being is given actuation by the feminine divine.
    +Local deities of different village regions in [[India]] were often identified with "mainstream" Hindu deities, a process that has been called "Sanskritization". Others attribute it to the influence of [[monism]] or ''Advaita'' which discounts polytheist or monotheist categorization.
    +
    +While the monist forces have led to a fusion between some of the goddesses (108 names are common for many goddesses), centrifugal forces have also resulted in new goddesses and rituals gaining ascendance among the laity in different parts of Hindu world. Thus, the immensely popular goddess [[Durga]] was a pre-Vedic goddess who was later fused with Parvati, a process that can be traced through texts such as Kalika Purana ([[10th century]]), Durgabhaktitarangini ([[Vidyapati]] [[15th century]]), Chandimangal ([[16th century]]) etc.Some goddess like *[[SaptaShrungi]] ,[[Renuka]] , [[Bhavani]] for more see [[List of Hindu deities]]
    +
    +==== Sikhism ====
    +
    +'''God or Goddess?'''
    +
    +The fundamental belief of [[Sikhism]] is that [[God]] or Goddess exists, not merely as an idea or concept, but as a Real Entity, indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who is prepare to dedicate the time and energy to become perceptive to His or Her persona. The Gurus never spoke about proofs of the existence of God: For them S/he is too real and obvious to need any logical proof. Whether God is male or female is a concept that does not pose any problem for a Sikh as God is accepted as gender-neutral. The [[Sikh Scripture]]s refer to God as Father and Mother thus:
    +{{Quotation|God is my Protector, my Mother and Father. Meditating in remembrance on Him, I do not suffer in sorrow. (1) | [[SGGS]] page 1183}}
    +
    +So the concept of a Goddess, although not normally referred to by [[Sikhs]], is in keeping with the holy text of the religion and adheres to the overall concept of God. However, the other overriding aspect of God that is very important, is the concept of the God being formless as described in this line: "When the Immaculate and Formless Lord God was all alone, He did everything by Himself. ||3||" (SGGS page 216) So Sikhs do not imagine a picture of a Goddess in their mind when visualising the Creator Being.
    +
    +===Graeco-Roman religion===
    +{{main|Greek religion|Roman religion}}
    +*[[Eleusinian Mysteries]]: [[Persephone]], [[Demeter]], [[Baubo]]
    +*[[Potnia Theron]]
    +*[[Cybele]]
    +*[[Artemis]]
    +
    +===Celtic religion===
    +{{main|Celtic paganism}}
    +*[[Dea Matrona]]
    +*[[Sulis]], [[Verbeia]]
    +*[[Brigid]]
    +*[[Agrona]], [[Mórrígan]]
    +
    +===Norse religion===
    +{{main|Norse paganism}}
    +Surviving accounts of indigenous Norse paganism contain numerous female deities, giantesses and goddesses.
    +*[[Freyja]]
    +*[[Frigg]]
    +*[[Fulla]]
    +*[[Gná]]
    +*[[Gullveig]]
    +*[[Hel (being)|Hel]]
    +*[[Hlín]]
    +*[[Iðunn]]
    +*[[Nanna (Norse deity)|Nanna]]
    +*[[Nerthus]]
    +*[[Norns]]
    +*[[Nótt]]
    +*[[Skaði]]
    +*[[Sol (goddess)|Sol]]
    +
    +==Abrahamic religions==
    +[[Monotheism|Monotheist]] cultures, which recognise only one central deity, generally do characterize that deity as male, implicitly already grammatically by using masculine [[gender (grammar)|gender]], but also explicitly by terms such as "Father" or "Lord". In all monotheist religions, however, there are mystic undercurrents which emphasize the feminine aspects of the godhead, e.g. the [[Collyridians]] in the time of early Christianity, who viewed [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]] as a Goddess, the medieval visionary [[Julian of Norwich]], the [[Judaism|Judaic]] [[Shekinah]] and the [[Gnostic]] [[Sophia (gnosticism)|Sophia]] traditions, and some [[Sufism|Sufi]] texts in [[Islam]].
    +
    +===Judaism===
    +[[Ancient Hebrew]], as well as [[Modern Hebrew]], had no neuter gender, only masculine and feminine. Although Judaism uses masculine [[Names of God in Judaism|words to describe God]] more than feminine words, Judaism maintains that God has no gender. While God is frequently referred to using masculine formations (because of the grammatical gender of the words generally used to describe God), the majority of objects related to worship in [[Judaism]] such as the [[Torah]] are grammatically feminine.
    +
    +===Christianity===
    +In Christianity, belief in a feminine deity was deemed characteristic of heresy, but veneration for [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]], the mother of [[Jesus]], as an especially privileged human being, though not as a deity, has continued since the beginning of the [[Christian]] faith.
    +
    +Since the 1980s Christian feminists have challenged this traditional view; some such as [[Mary Daly]] no longer consider themselves Christian, but others continue to seek room within their traditions for the Divine Feminine and to press for female spiritual leadership. (See [[thealogy]].)
    +
    +However, while the term "Goddess" was rejected in what is usually considered orthodox Christianity, Christians believe that God transcends sex, whether masculine or feminine.
    +
    +The example of Jesus and the tradition of centuries has Christians refer to and address God as "Father", not "Mother". They believe that in Jesus, who was [[male]], God became incarnate. Pronouns that grammatically are of feminine ''gender'' (not pronouns that refer to the female ''sex'', such as the English "she") are used to refer to the [[Holy Spirit]] in languages, such as Hebrew, where the word for "spirit" is of feminine grammatical gender. In Greek, where the word for "spirit" is of neuter grammatical gender, the pronoun that refers to it is of neuter gender. In Latin, the pronoun is of masculine gender, referring to the grammatically masculine word "spiritus". However, while in English, a language without grammatical gender, the normal pronoun to refer to a spirit would be "it", the Holy Spirit is customarily referred to as "he", perhaps partly due to the influence of Latin and of the other Germanic languages, in which the word for spirit is of masculine grammatical gender.
    +
    +Professedly Christian members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons) believe in, but do not worship, a Heavenly Mother, the wife and female counterpart and equal of the Heavenly Father.
    +
    +===Islam===
    +In pre-Islamic [[Mecca]] the goddesses [[Uzza]], [[Manah|al-Manāt]] and [[Allat|al-Lāt]] were known as "the daughters of god". Uzzā was worshipped by the [[Nabataean]]s, who equated her with the Graeco-Roman goddesses [[Aphrodite]], [[Urania]], [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] and [[Caelestis]]. Each of the three goddesses had a separate shrine near [[Mecca]]. Uzzā, was called upon for protection by the pre-Islamic [[Quraysh]]. "In 624 at the battle called "[[Uhud]]", the war cry of the Qurayshites was, "O people of Uzzā, people of [[Hubal]]!" (Tawil 1993).
    +
    +According to [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s controversial account of the [[Satanic Verses]] (''q.v.''), these verses had previously endorsed them as intercessors for Muslims, but were abrogated. Muslim scholars have regarded the story has historically implausible, while opinion is divided among western scholars such as [[Leone Caetani]], John Burton against and [[William Muir]], [[William Montgomery Watt]] for its plausibility.
    +
    +Islam, God ([[Allah]]) - although referred to as "He" - is free of gender, neither male nor female.
    +
    +==New religious movements==
    +===Discordianism===
    +In [[Discordianism]], [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] or Discordia, is generally venerated as Goddess, as illustrated in the first clause of the Pentabarf:
    +:''"There is no Goddess but Goddess and She is Your Goddess. There is no Erisian Movement but The Erisian Movement and it is The Erisian Movement. And every Golden Apple Corps is the beloved home of a Golden Worm."''
    +She is generally described as a quick-tempered woman who spreads chaos and discord, which are fundamental to life and creativity. However, due to the nature of the religion, this is open to individual interpretation.
    +
    +Many people liken Eris to a [[concept]] or [[idea]], though this may be considered [[blasphemy]] by some.
    +
    +===Reconstructionism===
    +{{main|Polytheistic reconstructionism}}
    +[[Polytheistic reconstructionism|Polytheistic reconstructionists]] focus on reconstructing polytheistic religions, including the various goddesses and figures associated with indigenous cultures.
    +
    +===Wicca===
    +In [[Wicca]] "the Goddess" or "the Lady" is a deity of prime importance, along with her consort the [[Horned God]]. She is described as a kind of tribal Goddess of the witch-cult,{{cite book|first=Gerald |last=Gardner |authorlink=Gerald Gardner |title=The Meaning of Witchcraft |pages=pp. 26-27 |year=1988 |origyear=1959 |publisher=Copple House Books |location=Lakemont, GA US}} who seems largely to be modelled on [[Aradia]], the [[messiah|messianic]] daughter of Diana described in [[Charles Leland]]'s ''[[Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches|Aradia]]''. She was held to be neither omnipotent nor universal, and it was recognised that there was a greater "[[Cosmological argument|Prime Mover]]", although the witches did not concern themselves much with this being.
    +
    +Within many forms of Wicca the Goddess has come to be considered as a [[universalism|universal]] deity, more in line with her description in the [[Charge of the Goddess]], a key Wiccan text. In this guise she is the "Queen of Heaven", similar to [[Isis]]; she also encompasses and conceives all life, much like [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]. Much like Isis and certain late Classical conceptions of [[Selene]],{{cite book|last=Betz |first=Hans Dieter (ed.) |title=The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation : Including the Demotic Spells : Texts |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1989}} she is held to be the summation of all other goddesses, who represent her different names and aspects across the different cultures.
    +
    +The Goddess is often portrayed with strong lunar symbolism, drawing on various cultures and deities such as [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Hecate]] and [[Isis]], and is often depicted as the Maiden, Mother and Crone triad popularised by [[Robert Graves]] (see [[#Triple Goddess|Triple Goddess]] below). Many depictions of her also draw strongly on [[Celtic mythology|Celtic]] goddesses.
    +
    +Some Wiccans believe there are many goddesses, and in some forms of Wicca, notably [[Dianic Wicca]], the Goddess alone is worshipped, and the [[Horned God|God]] plays very litle part in there worship and ritual.
    +
    +====Triple Goddess====
    +[[Image:Triple-Goddess-Waxing-Full-Waning-Symbol.svg|thumb|right|212px|The lunar [[Triple Goddess]] symbol.]]
    +{{main|Triple Goddess}}
    +Goddesses or demi-goddesses appear in sets of three in a number of ancient European pagan mythologies; these include the Greek ''[[Erinyes]]'' (Furies) and ''[[Moirae]]'' (Fates); the Norse ''[[Norns]]''; [[Brighid]] and her two sisters, also called Brighid, from Irish or Keltoi mythology.
    +
    +[[Robert Graves]] popularised the triad of "Maiden" (or "Virgin"), "Mother" and "Crone", and while this idea did not rest on sound scholarship, his poetic inspiration has gained a tenacious hold. Considerable variation in the precise conceptions of these figures exists, as typically occurs in Neopaganism and indeed in pagan religions in general. Some choose to interpret them as three stages in a woman's life, separated by [[menarche]] and [[menopause]]. Others find this too biologically based and rigid, and prefer a freer interpretation, with the Maiden as birth (independent, self-centred, seeking), the Mother as giving birth (interrelated, compassionate nurturing, creating), and the Crone as death and renewal (wholistic, remote, unknowable) — and all three erotic and wise.
    +
    +In dominantly Hellenic derived religions and in subsequent New Age and Wiccan religions, often three of the four phases of the [[moon]] (waxing, full, waning) symbolise the three aspects of the Triple Goddess: put together they appear in a single symbol comprising a circle flanked by two mirrored crescents. Some, however, find the triple incomplete, and prefer to add a fourth aspect. This might be a "Dark Goddess" or "Wisewoman", perhaps as suggested by the missing dark of the moon in the symbolism above, or it might be a specifically erotic goddess standing for a phase of life between Maiden (Virgin) and Mother, or a [[Warrior]] between Mother and Crone. There is a male counterpart of this in the English poem "The Parliament of the Thre Ages".
    +
    +The Triple Goddess as Maiden, Mother and Crone has also reached modern popular culture, such as [[Neil Gaiman]]'s own conception of the Furies in ''[[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|The Sandman]]'', and elsewhere.
    +
    +===Religious feminism===
    +At least since [[first-wave feminism]] in the United States, there has been interest in analyzing religion to see if and how doctrines and practices treat women unfairly, as in [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]]'s [http://www.sacred-texts.com/wmn/wb/index.htm The Woman's Bible]. Again in second wave feminism in the U.S., as well as in many European and other countries, religion became the focus of some feminist analysis in Judaism, Christianity, and other religions, and some women turned to ancient Goddess religions as an alternative to Abrahamic religions (''Womanspirit Rising'' 1979; ''Weaving the Visions'' 1989). Today both women and men continue to be involved in the [[Goddess movement]] (Christ 1997).
    +
    +While much of the attempt at gender equity in mainstream Judaism and Christianity is aimed at reinterpreting scripture and degenderizing language used to name and describe the divine (Ruether, 1984; Plaskow, 1991), there are a growing number of people who identify as Christians or Jews who are trying to integrate Goddess imagery into their religions (Kien, 2000; Kidd 1996, [http://yahoogroups.com/group/goddesschristians "Goddess Christians Yahoogroup"]).
    +
    +==Metaphorical reference==
    +
    +The term "goddess" has also been adapted to poetic and secular use as a complimentary description of a non-mythological woman. For example, [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] had several of his male characters address female characters as goddesses, including Demetrius to [[Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Helena]] (to tease her) in ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' ("O Helen, goddess, nymph, perfect, divine!"), Berowne to Rosaline in ''[[Love's Labour's Lost]]'' ("A woman I forswore; but I will prove, Thou being a goddess, I forswore not thee"), and Bertram to Diana in ''[[All's Well That Ends Well]]''. Pisanio also compares Imogen to a goddess to describe her composure under duress in ''[[Cymbeline]]''. More recently, [[CBS News]] correspondent [[Bob Simon]] described [[Aishwarya Rai]] as "a [[Art in Ancient Greece|Greek]] goddess with an [[India|Indian]] spirit" while interviewing her on [[60 Minutes]]. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/12/29/60minutes/main663862.shtml 60 Minutes, January 2, 2005]
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[Devi (film)|Devi/The Goddess]] (1960 film by [[Satyajit Ray]])
    +* [[Grendel's mother]]
    +* [[God (male deity)]]
    +* [[God and gender]]
    +* [[Goddess worship]]
    +* [[Goddess movement]]
    +* [[Deities]]
    +* [[List of deities]]
    +* [[Mother goddess]]
    +* [[Polytheism]]
    +* [[Henotheism]]
    +* [[The Hebrew Goddess]]
    +*[[Sacred feminine]]
    +* [[Sophia (gnosticism)|Sophia, the Gnostic Goddess]]
    +* [[Shekhina]]
    +* [[Shakti]]
    +* [[Shaktism]]
    +* [[Ramprasad Sen]] author of ''Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair : Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess''
    +* [[Kumari|Kumari : The Living Goddess of Nepal]]
    +* [[Tara (Buddhist)|Tara]] : the Buddhist Goddess / Bodhisattva
    +* [[Kwan Yin]] : the Chinese Buddhist Goddess / Bodhisattva
    +* [[Anahita]] : the goddess of Zoroastrianism.
    +* [[Tien Hou]] : the Chinese "Queen of Heaven"
    +* [[Amaterasu|Amaterasu-ō-mi-kami]] : the Great Goddess of Shinto
    +* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100701734 Kamui Fuchi : the Goddess of the Ainu in "Ainu Creed and Cult", by B. Z. Seligman, H. Watanabe. ]
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +* Christ, Carol P., ''Rebirth of the Goddess'', Addison-Wesley 1997.
    +
    +* Kidd, Sue Monk, ''The Dance of the Dissident Daughter'', HarperSanFrancisco 1996.
    +
    +* Jenny Kien, ''Reinstating the Divine Woman in Judaism'', Universal 2000.
    +
    +* David Kinsley'', Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions'', ISBN 81-208-0379-5.
    +
    +* Plaskow, Judith, ''Standing Again at Sinai'', HarperCollins 1991.
    +
    +* Ruether, Rosemary Radford, ''Woman-Church'', Harper & Row 1984.
    +
    +* ''Womanspirit Rising'', ed. Carol P. Christ and Judith Plaskow, Harper & Row 1979.
    +
    +* ''Weaving the Visions'', ed. Judith Plaskow and Carol P. Christ, Harper & Row 1989.
    +
    +* Jackson, Jared, "The Rise of Kristy", New Deity Publications 2006.
    +
    +[[Category:Goddesses]]
    +[[Category:Deities]]
    +[[Category:Mythology]]
    +
    +[[de:Göttin]]
    +[[es:Diosa]]
    +[[eo:Diino]]
    +[[fr:Déesse]]
    +[[hi:देवी]]
    +[[he:אלה (מיתולוגיה)]]
    +[[la:Dea]]
    +[[nl:Godin]]
    +[[ja:女神]]
    +[[nrm:Déêsse]]
    +[[pt:Deusa]]
    +[[sl:Boginja]]
    +[[sv:Gudinna]]
    +[[tr:Tanrıça]]
    2013-03-15 21:47:19 90359499 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3192074]] --- \n
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    -A '''pocket pistol''' is an American term for any small, pocket-sized [[semi-automatic pistol]] or, less-popular, any other handgun (e.g., [[derringer]], or small [[revolver]]) of small caliber, suitable for [[concealed carry (USA)| concealed carry]] in either a front or rear pocket of a pair of trousers, or in an exterior coat pocket. Some consider the term solely applicable for hammerless handguns that are striker-fired in semi-automatic [[Blowback (arms)|blowback]] configurations, only. However, with the advent of newer and smaller [[double action]] only (DAO) [[semi-automatic pistol]] designs, some [[recoil operation| locked breech]] concealed-hammer pistol designs are now also called pocket pistols. Well-made, more-expensive pocket pistols are called [[mousegun]]s.[[Image:Cal 6 35 Model Automatic Pistol UNION Patent.jpg|thumb|Example of a pocket pistol]]
    +[[Image:Zigong.png|right|140px|]]
    +'''Zigong''' ({{zh-stpw | s=自贡 | t=自貢 | p=Zìgòng | w=Tzu-kung}}), ancient name Ziliujing and Gongjing, is a [[prefecture-level city]] and the third largest city in [[Sichuan Province]], in southwest [[China]]. Granted the recognition as one of the ''Historical and Cultural Cities of China'' by the State Council of the People's Republic. Zigong has long been renowned as "Salt City" for its [[brine]] extraction techniques and the attendant [[salt]]-related culture. It has had the [[Zigong Salt Museum]] since 1736. The Zigong area's population is approximately 3.2 million (which covers five major districts and rural areas). The Fuxi River, a tributary to the Yangtze River, snakes through the city's core. The area is very humid and the visibility can be reduced dramatically in the area due to ground fog. The humidity and fog of Zigong can be attributed to that it sits on what was once a vast inland sea. Changes in the environment caused the water levels to subside leaving salt, brine, and natural gas.

    -In general use, the term '''pocket pistol''' is not considered a [[pejorative]] term.
    +During the summer months the temperatures can reach to 40°C (104° F) during the winter months the temperatures hover around 15.5° C (60° F). The humidity hovers between 80% and 90% year round.

    -==History==
    -The original [[19th Century]] vest-sized pocket pistol, the [[derringer]], is typically no longer widely used for concealed carry (except in [[.357 Magnum]] calibers) with most preferring more rounds of small caliber cartridges in a semi-automatic pistol design to provide increased self-defense capability extending beyond one or two shots. Likewise, but while still retaining moderate amounts of popularity, revolvers are similarly not as widely used as pocket pistols today as they were during the [[1950s]] and earlier.
    +Coordinates: 29°20'6.60"N 104°46'25.39"E

    -The first widely used and successfully sold pocket pistols were sold in blowback designs, such as the [[Raven Arms MP-25]].
    +Zigong is situated south of the Sichuan basin hill country. To the East of Zigong is [[Luzhou]] and to the west of Zigong is [[Leshan]]. To Zigong's south is [[Yibin]] and to the north-east is the city of [[Neijiang]].

    -More recently, modern locked-breech designs, such as the [[Kel-Tec P-32]] and [[Kel-Tec P11]], have become more popular through providing an option for carrying larger, more powerful, caliber sizes, while additionally including more safety features than were included in the older blowback designs.
    +In 1939, two older cities were combined to make Zigong - Ziliujing (some have romanized this name as "Tzeliutsing") and Gongjing to be named Zigong. The Zigong name is a combination of both older cities names. Today there are four municipal districts and two counties of the Zigong area: the Ziliujing District (meaning "Artesian well"), the Gongjing District (meaning "Tribute Well"), the Da'an District, and the Yantan (meaning "along the river") District. The two rural counties of Zigong are Fushun County, and Rongxian County.

    -==Typical usage==
    -The typical usage of a pocket pistol is for close range self-defense, often serving as a deep concealment backup gun to a much larger handgun. Pocket [[holster]]s are highly recommended for the safe carry of pocket pistols, with standard practice being to carry the holster (sometimes with a second magazine sub-pocket stitched into the holster) in a front or rear trouser pocket with nothing else carried in the pocket that could snag on the gun when drawn. The most popular pocket holster designs are typically made of form-fitted leather, with a heavy layer of leather worn outward from the body to prevent ''printing'' of the gun outline on tight clothing.
    +Both previous cities - Gongjing and Ziliujing made up what had became one of the busiest saltyards in China - the Furong Saltyard. The main products were a uniquely rich salt called "hua" salt - which dominated salt from the other Sichuan producers and the "ba" salt which became popular in other provinces in China.

    -Pocket pistols are carried with a round chambered, and with a safety engaged (ON), for single-action designs. However, with the 5 to 6 [[lbf]] (22 to 27 [[newton|N]]) trigger pulls seen on double-action-only long trigger pull handguns without any external safety, and with a round chambered, the use of form-fitting leather holsters prevents inadvertently discharging the gun while it is carried, in much the same way that a [[revolver]] can be carried without an external safety. The use of moisture and vapor-barrier layers in the holster stitched closer to the body in the holster is recommended to prevent damaging the finish of the pocket pistol due to sweat. This extra layer also serves to increase carry comfort, and to prevent chapping or blistering the skin under the holster due to repetitive motion rubbing or friction that can occur while walking, jogging, or running.
    +The area of Zigong has a long history in ancient China - with the invention and development of "Percussion Drilling" being one of the city's accomplishments. There are essentially two cities - that of the old and the new. The city was reached by rail in the 1950s. Several four lane highways reach the city from other cities in the Sichuan province. The new city of Zigong has been modernizing since the late 1970s - but more rapidly since the early 1990s. The old "Salt" city is based on industry and farmland and a new "Tourism" city which caters primarily to Chinese tourists (as Zigong is better known within mainland China). Zigong is host to the Sichuan University of Science and Engineering as well as a new High Technology Zone.
    +[[Image:Zigongsaltmuseumjpgia0.jpg|thumb|300px|Right|Zigong Salt Museum]]

    -Pocket pistol users include both concealed handgun licensed civilians and police officers, desiring a self-defense gun, or desiring to carry a backup gun. Aiming is typically intended for point and shoot, only, with one-handed pistol operation, unlike the practice with small-caliber target pistols which are instead usually fired with two-handed stances, and while carefully aligning the front and rear sights. The typical effective range for pocket pistols is 3 to 7 yards (3 to 7 m). Pocket pistols are typically made with rounded edges, with few controls, to prevent snagging on the draw.
    +==Dinosaurs==
    +[[Image:Yangchuanosauru.jpg|thumb|300px|Right|Yangchuanosaurus at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum]]
    +In [[1980s]], vast dinosaur fossils were excavated in the [[Dashanpu Fomration]], 7 km north-east from downtown Zigong, including a dinosaur named after the township, ''[[Dashanpusaurus]]''. Because of the unique and intact bone remains, Zigong has ever since been attracting [[paleontologist]]s and [[dinosaur]] enthusiasts from around the world. In 1987, the [[Zigong Dinosaur Museum]] was established, becoming the first specialized dinosaur museum open in Asia. Mounted specimens include ''[[Omeisaurus]]'', ''[[Gigantspinosaurus]]'', ''[[Yangchuanosaurus]]'', ''[[Huayangosaurus]]'' and ''[[Xiaosaurus]]''.

    -Range practice, at least monthly, is recommended to maintain proficiency and accuracy. Pocket pistols are not typically pleasant to shoot, having considerably more recoil than seen with larger full-size or service-size semi-automatic pistols. Shooting more than 70-80 rounds will often cause a blister to form on the trigger finger, even with extremely smooth triggers and trigger guards. For proficiency, firing roughly 50 rounds monthly through a pocket pistol is typically adequate to maintain one's accuracy, while avoiding getting trigger-finger blisters.
    +==Lantern Festival==
    +Zigong is the originator of the Chinese [[Lantern Festival]] - which has been copied in Beijing, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. As one of the Historical and Cultural Cities of China, Zigong is called "'''Lantern Town''' in the South Kingdom". In recent years, although the annual lantern show forces the local residents endure unpredictable and extended blackouts during China's Spring Festival, the lantern festival is a boon for tourism in the remote but tranquil city and generates large revenues for the local government. The pattern of Lantern Show, a paradigm of China's festival economy, has been copied throughout China, which dilutes the uniqueness of Zigong's original version.

    -==Caliber sizes and safety features==
    -Pocket pistol caliber size is typically [[.22 LR]], [[.25 ACP]], [[.32 ACP]], and [[380 ACP]] in older hammerless, blowback designs, and [[.32 ACP]], [[.380 ACP]], and [[9 mm Luger]] in concealed-hammer, locked-breech designs. In general, the newer concealed-hammer, locked-breech designs are much more resistant to accidental discharges, having modern hammerblock and other safety features that prevent pistols from firing when a round is chambered and the pistol is accidentally dropped on its muzzle.
    +Since China is on a Lunar calendar - known in the west as the [[Chinese calendar]], Spring Festival - which is also known as [[Chinese New Year]] will vary each year on a [[Gregorian calendar]] - but is roughly between January 16 and Feburary 19 each year - depending on which of the Twelve [[earthly branches]] it is currently.

    -==Popularity==
    -Pocket pistols are typically derided by gun enthusiasts, who claim that tiny guns firing little bullets provide inadequate self defense. Likewise, pocket pistols, due to their typical low cost, often are lumped with [[Saturday night special]]s by those not favoring the use of guns for self defense. Hence, pocket pistols are often not popular with a larger cross-section of the general US population than larger and more expensive self-defense handguns. Still, the numbers sold speak to a wide degree of popularity, with some models having been sold in quantities in excess of 3 million over 30 or more years.
    +The Latern Festival has been going on since the Tang dynasty and gets more elaborate each year and is certainly a sight to behold.
    +[[Image:Lantern.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A latern festival in 2006 in Toronto, Ontario]]

    -This popularity seemingly agrees with [[John Lott]]'s research, who argues in ''[[More Guns, Less Crime]]'' that:
    +==Salt and Natural Gas Industry==
    +Salt was once one of the major sources of revenue for China. To give an idea of how much money was generated from salt in China - after the fall of the last emperor, the Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen secured loans based upon the revenues of the Chinese Salt Administration (the government agency in charge of taxation on salt). The chief inspector of that administration stated "The best salt in China is produced from the salt wells of Sichuan". The best salt wells in Sichuan are in Zigong.

    -
    "While news stories sometimes chronicle the defensive uses of guns, such discussions are rare compared to those depicting violent crime committed with guns. Since in many defensive cases a handgun is simply brandished, and no one is harmed, many defensive uses are never even reported to the police. I believe that this underreporting of defensive gun use is large, and this belief has been confirmed by the many stories I received from people across the country after the publicity broke on my original study." (''More Guns, Less Crime'' p.2)

    +The people of Zigong have been drilling in the area for [[Salt]] since before the Han Dynasty (76-88 A.D.) to extract salt from brine. Some historian estimates are that China has been active in producing salt since about 6,000 BC. The brine aquifers in the area have salinity of at least 50 grams per liter. The classical method of drilling and production was the following: a drilling rig is erected and a borehole is drilled using a drilling bit and rope. Brine is extracted by dropping a long tube down the borehole. A membrane valve then captures the brine for retrieval on the surface. Once the brine is retrieved it's then piped to flat pans for boiling. In the boiling process some water and crushed yellow soybean is added. The soybean absorbs the impurities in the salt. Once boiled, a yellow layer is formed - this is scrapped off leaving absolutely pure salt. The salt is a medium grain salt with different size flakes which have a very strong and unique salt taste. This salt has no additives so it does clump. Locals use grains of rice in the salt to keep the salt from clumping.

    -If Lott's research is correct, then simply having a gun, even a tiny pocket pistol, may suffice to prevent the majority of crimes from otherwise being committed. After all, no one usually desires to be shot, even with tiny bullets. If the prevention of a crime usually results from simply brandishing a gun, then the stopping power of the gun, even a pocket pistol, may not matter.
    +Early methods of brine salt production involved digging large pits in the earth (other parts of China used the evaporation method). Later methods involved very innovative drilling and retrieval methods. An unexpected byproduct of the drilling and resulting wells was natural gas. Since natural gas didn't have the uses it does today, it was channeled into pipes and primarily used onsite to boil the brine and extract the salt. The salt Zigong produced was very rich in taste and was served to the Emperor of China as a tribute. The people of Zigong believe its taste to be superior to the popular french sea salts such as [[Fleur de sel]].

    -==Similar gun-related terminology==
    -Similar terms include Saturday night special, mousegun, and junk gun. The term '''pocket pistol''' typically encompasses a superset of most all of these handguns, without the pejorative issues often seen with the terms Saturday night special and junk gun.
    +Salt production via boreholes was once prevalent in the entire Sichuan area - but for several factors (war, rebellion, taxes, wells drying up) Zigong became the center of production. Salt wells in Zigong were deeper and had better brine salinity - making for better yields in the salt extraction process. The method in which boreholes were drilled is significant. In 1835, the world's (at that time) deepest well was drilled reaching 3,300 feet (compared with a much publicised well in Pennsylvania at 69.5 feet). Wealthy families of the Sichuan city of Jingyan invented deep percussion drilling techniques used in Zigong - 400 years before the Europeans. The miners of Zigong refined the techniques of deep borehole drilling. Later, Europeans copied and further refined the percussion drilling methods - so its effects can be seen in the modern [[Drilling rig]] used for oil and water.
    +[[Image:ZigongSaltwells.jpg|thumb|300px|Right|Old Salt Wells in Zigong]]
    +[[Image:Image-Zigong Salt.jpg|thumb|300px|Right|Boiling Brine into Pure Salt]]

    -==Typical pocket pistols==
    -*Blowback Operation, Single-Action
    -**[[Raven Arms MP-25]] (.25 ACP)
    -**[[Bryco Arms/Jennings Firearms/Jimenez Arms|Bryco Arms]] P-38 (.32 ACP and .380 ACP)
    +Salt became an engine of commerce and wealth for Zigong. There were cheaper methods for salt production, as to start a borehole well cost 3,000 pieces of silver, but transportation cost into the Sichuan valley negated the cheaper production methods (as they usually involved sea water). Zigong is located in the central Chinese [[Sichuan]] province, which was a large basin, surrounded by mountains on three sides and therefore somewhat isolated. Before refrigeration was available salt was a key chemical used in preserving vegetables, meat, and fish. Because of the factors mentioned above (war, wells drying up, and a rebellion) Zigong became a significant supplier of salt to the Sichuan province up until the 1930s. In 1892, miners discovered a vein of rocksalt that feeds Zigongs aquifers. In 1946, a well was drilled with a rotary drillbit. Ancient percussion drilling methods became obsolete and most of the drilling rigs were torn down due to decay. Today, only one traditional salt well still exists, the Xinhai Well, as a tribute to the workers and industry. The Xinhai Well (Bore depth: 1,001.4 meters/4,400 feet) still operates using the older manual methods of pumping and boiling. The salt is used for pickling or canning - and makes an important ingredient to Sichuan style pickles (which are a local favorite). In the modern day, Zigong is a primary source for Natural Gas, Coal, and Inorganic Chemical Production in addition to salt.

    -*Locked-breech Operation, Double-Action-Only
    -**[[Kel-Tec P-32]] (.32 ACP)
    -**[[Kel-Tec P11]] (9 mm)
    +==Zigong Teahouse==
    +Now a historic teahouse built by the Sichuan based salt merchants originally served as a guild hall for salt merchants. Originally called the Wang Sanwei Linneage Hall - it's now called the WangYi Maio Teahouse. The WangYi Maio Teahouse was popular during the height of the salt trade and still stands along a bend in the Fuxi River - which runs through the center of Zigong. The structure has classic Chinese architecture still operates today. The teahouse is located next to the river, on Binjian Lu street. The teahouse is in fact part of the Zigong Salt Museum and is used to generate funds for the museum.
    +[[Image:teahouse.jpg|thumb|300px|Right|Zigong Teahouse]]

    -==References==
    +==The Ancient Streets==
    +Along the Fuxi river are several stone paved roads that are called the "ancient streets". This section of Zigong has traditional houses and shops, typical of life in the days that Zigong was a bustling Salt trade center. Several salt well heads are capped and marked along the streets that wind along the river. At the end of the street is a hand rowed ferry boat that takes a visitor to the opposite shore where stone steps led up into the city.

    -*{{Harvard reference | Surname=McLeod | Given=Terence | Title=Concealable Pocket Pistols, How to choose and use small-caliber handguns | Publisher=Paladin Press | Place=[[Boulder, Colorado]] | Year=2001 | ISBN 1-58160-279-0}}. Concentrates on blowback operation pistols, only.
    +==Local Food and Dishes==
    +Zigong not only has its own local dialect(Zigong-wa) but also some local [[Chinese cuisine]]. Some are common to the [[Sichuan]] area (see [[Szechuan cuisine]] with local variation - but also some unique local recipies.
    +* Various types of [[Dumpling]] or [[Wonton]] (served with hot oil and pepper paste) called chāo shǒu
    +* Sichuan [[Hot pot]]
    +* [[Twice Cooked Pork]]
    +* [[Pepper Beef]]
    +* [[Mapo doufu]]
    +* Diced Rabbit in Hot Pepper Oil
    +* Frog
    +* Fried Eel with Hot Peppers
    +* Turtle Soup
    +* Duck in a Hot Pepper Oil
    +* Tea Enfused Duck
    +* [[Rice]] and [[Chinese noodles]]
    +* Various Types of [[Tea]]

    -==See also==
    -*[[derringer]]
    -*[[doctor gun]]
    -*[[mousegun]]
    -*[[junk gun]]
    -*[[Revolver]]
    -*[[Saturday night special]]
    -*[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
    +==Books==
    +*"The Merchants of Zigong - Industrial Entrepreneurship In Early Modern China by Madeleine Zelin" Columbia Press (ISBN 0-231-13596-3)
    +*"The Great Well of China" by Hans Ulrich Vogel, Scientific American, June 1993
    +*"Salt: A World History" by Kurlansky, Mark. Penguin, 2003 (ISBN 0-8027-1317-4)
    +*"On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550-1900", Benjamin A. Elman (ISBN 0-674-01685-8)

    -[[Category:Semi-automatic pistols]]
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.chinamuseums.com/zigong_dinosaur.htm Zigong Dinosaur Museum ]
    +*[http://www.chn-zg-lantern.org/english/index1.html Zigong Latern Festival]
    +*[http://www.zdm.cn/indextwo.HTM Official Chinese Site for Zigong Dinosaur Museum]
    +*[http://www.zg-xl.com/english/cdls/index.htm Zigong Latern and Exhibition Company]
    +
    +==Famous People==
    +Since the first century, thousands of pre-eminent people have been calling Zigong home. Among them the most famous individuals are [[Wu Yuzhang]], [[Gao Ming]], [[Liu Guangdi]], [[Jiang Zhujun]], [[Zou Nian]], and [[Wei Minglun]].
    +
    +{{Sichuan}}
    +
    +{{coor title dm|29|24|N|104|47|E|region:CN_type:city}}
    +
    +[[Category:Cities in Sichuan]]
    +[[Category:Geography of China]]
    +
    +[[de:Zigong]]
    +[[nl:Zigong]]
    +[[no:Zigong]]
    +[[pt:Zigong]]
    +[[zh:自贡市]]
    +
    +----
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    -'''Saint Job''' (1551 - 1651) was [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] Orthodox saint. Venerable Job was born in [[1551]] nearby the city of [[Kolomyja]], area known as [[Pokuttya]] in [[Ivano-Frankivsk oblast]] ([[Halychyna|Galicia]]) of western part of [[Ukraine]], when it was within the [[Polish kingdom]].
    +The '''Norbotten Party''' (''Norrbottenspartiet'') is a minor, regional party in [[Sweden]]. The base of the party is the most northern Swedish province, [[Norrbotten County]].

    -==Childhood and early years==
    +In the [[Sweden general election, 2002|2002 Swedish general elections]] the party attempted to gain parliamentary representation in the Swedish [[Riksdag]] by securing a seat directly through votes from the election district of Norrbotten County. This attempt failed though.

    -His pious parents Ioann and Agafia of family Zalizo (Iron) named him John after the [[John the Baptist]]. The lives of [[Saint Sava|St Sava]], [[Saint John the Damascene|St John the Damascene]] and works (“The Ladder”) of [[Saint John Climacus|St John Climacus]] were the basics of young Ivan’s virtous living. Young in years and perfect in wisdom, wrote of him his biographist and disciple Dosyfej. The boy differed from other children by his high spiritual aspirations – never his words, knowledge and actions contradicted each other.
    +The party leader is [[Lars Törnman]] which is also the leader of the local municipality party of [[Kiruna municipality|Kiruna]].

    -==Joining Uhornytskyi monastery==
    -
    -At the age of 10 he secretly leaves home for Preobrazhens’kyi ([[Transfiguration]]’s) Uhornyts’kyi Orthodox [[monastery]] in the village of [[Pidhora]], on the outskirts of the town of [[Terebovlya]] ([[Ternopil’ oblast]] of western [[Ukraine]]) and asks hegumen to take him “to serve the brothers”. When John turned 12 he was received as a monk and was given the name Job. Since then, he got to follow the example of biblical Job as a new living model. Reaching the age of 31 (around 1581) he was offered and took the office of [[priesthood]].
    -
    -==Transfer to Dubno monastery and literary work==
    -
    -After the repeated offers of local Ukrainian duke [[Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski|Constantine Ostroz’kyi]], the defender of Orthodoxy, he was transferred to the island monastery Khrestovozdvyzhens’kyi (Exaltation of the Cross) monastery outside of [[Dubno]] that belonged to duke’s estates ([[Rivne]] region of western Ukraine). The monastery was arranged after the canons of [[Theodore Studite]]. There for 20 years St Job was [[hegumen]] (abbot) and engaged himself in the writing of theological books. The collection of his works “The Book of Venerable Job of Pochayiv, written by his own hand” contained 80 teachings, conversations, preaching of St Job, exerpts from Holy Fathers. It was translated into Russian and republished in 1881 under the title “Pchela Pochayevskaya” (The Bee of Pochayiv), edited by the professor of [[Kyiv]] Theological Academy N. Petrov. In his book, St Job defended Orthodoxy against the Protestant herecies (especially the [[Socianism|Socianists]]) that were spreading in western Ukraine at his time writing on the the most important Orthodox dogmas of [[Trinity]], Christ’s divinity, about the Most Holy Mother of God, [[Baptism]] and everything that was rejected by the protestants. Saint Job also critisized Roman-Catholics for using the unleavened bread in the [[communion]] sacrament. The Orthodox church uses leavened bread on the basis that the Body of Christ is Living One.
    -
    -==Withdrawal to Pochayiv==
    -
    -Because of his growing fame he decided to withdraw as a hermit into the caves of mountain at [[Pochayiv]] in [[Kremenets]] district (in the northern part of [[Ternopil oblast]], western [[Ukraine]]). The mountain served as refuge for monk refugees from [[Kyiv]] after 1240 mongol invasion. Monk refugees decided to stop here after having a vision. The legend has it that the [[Theotokos]] appeared to the monks in the shape of a column of fire, leaving her footprint in the rock she stood upon. This imprint came to be revered by the local population and brethren for the curative, medicinal properties of the water that issued from it. At first there was no monastery but ac[[Pochayiv]] gave the monks the mircaulous Greek icon of Mother of God (gift of the the Greek metropolitan [[Neophitos]] for her hospitality) and the lands for organising a proper monastery, where Saint Job was elected to be the first hegumen.
    -
    -Saint Job was silent, short in words, the only thing that one could hear from his lips was [[Jesus prayer]]. For many days and weeks he was leaving brothers into his locked cave, so narrow that it is even to hard to come in, and so little that it was impossible to sit, stand or lay there convieniently. From the periods of long kneeling his knees were covered with wounds and traces got formed in the rock. Once his disciple Dosyfey saw supernatural light coming from the depth of cave shining for two hours into the opposite side of the church. Dosyfey says, he got terrified falling to the ground.
    -
    -==Death and canonization==
    -
    -Saint Job died on October 25th 1651 and was glorified as a saint soon. After his death St Job appeared three times in vision to [[Kyiv]] [[metropolitan]] [[Dyonysij Balaban]] and instructed him that God wants him to open his reliqs. After the initial two visions metropolitan did not hurry to follow the order. Only after the third one, when St Job threatened him with misfortune, Dyonysij saw in it God’s will. The same day the metropolitan departed for [[Pochayiv]] and ordered immediately to open his grave on [[August 28]], [[1559]] after 7 months and 9 months since its burial. His body was found uncorrupt, emitting wonderful and heavenly fragrance. The reliqs were taken to the [[Trinity]] church for worship. Every year, this day a great number of Orthodox piligrims comes to [[Pochayiv]] to give honour to Saint Job. Today they are kept in the church named after him.
    -
    -==Healings and miracles==
    -
    -Two weeks after the transfer of reliqs, in [[1659]], a noble woman Domashevska that was visiting Pochayiv monastery, at midnight heard singing coming out of one of the churches and the light coming from windows. Having entered the church (the door was opened by angelic hand) and saw supernaturel light and singing impossible for a human to pronounce. There stood Saint Job along with two shining youths - angels. Saint Job told her not to be afraid and call the hegumen of the monastery. He lies on his deathbed told Anna. Saint Job gave her a silk kerchief soaked with oil. The hegumen got healed immediately when the kerchief was put to his body. After [[hegumen]] and Anna hurried back to the church, the vision was no more.
    -
    -During the [[Zbarazh]] War of 1675 when [[Pochayiv]] monastery was besieged by the Turkish army, the apparition of the Theotokos accompanied with angels and St Job appeared in the sky forcing the Turks to flee. Numeruous Turkish moslems that witnessed the event during the siege converted to Christianity after this. One of the monastery chapels commemorates this miracle.
    -
    -On October 28 th, 1908 when the Volhynian [[bishop]] and the faithful celebrated the memorial day of saint Job, the saint repeatedly appeared in vision in front of the bishop and blessed the sacraments.
    -
    -After [[1720]], when the monastery was taken over by the Uniate Order of [[Basil the Great]]. All the monks were taken to the [[Uniate]] order of Basilians. The process was reversed due to one singular occurrence. In 1759, a coach of local Polish count Mikołaj Bazyli [[Potocki]] capsized near the monastery walls. In a fit of anger, Potocki fired at his driver three times, all without avail. Attributing this failure to the divine intercession, Potocki settled in Pochayiv and started to lavish gifts upon the cloister. In 1773, count Potocki (who was a Roman Catholic) petitioned the Pope to recognize the Pochayiv icon as miraculous and St Job as a Catholic saint. Only the former petition was satisfied. In 1833, the monastery was accorded the status of lavra and became the summer residence for the Orthodox bishops of [[Volhynia]]. Towards the end of the 19th century, Pochayiv became a mecca of Orthodox pilgrims from all the empire and the Balkans. Its symbolic image was as that of a western forepost of Orthodoxy. The lavra is dominated by the [[Assumption]] Cathedral, conceived by Nicholas Potocki as the largest of Uniate churches and constructed between 1771 and 1783 to designs by the German architect [[Gottfried Hoffmann]]. Millions of Orthodox pilgrims visit the ancient cloister from all over the former [[USSR]], the Balkans, and the more distant Orthodox places.
    -
    -The cave churches of Saint Job and of Saint Anthony and Saint Theodosius are situated for the most part beneath the ground. Their construction started in 1774 and was carried on in several stages, the last in 1860. The church of St Job contains a famous gift from Countess Orlova, a silver reliquary with relics of that saint.
    -
    -The [[Orthodox Church]] celebrates his memory on [[October 28]].
    -
    -==External Links==
    -*[http://www.unicorne.org/Orthodoxy/articles/saints_icons/saints_new/volyn.htm Saints of Orthodox Volyn]

    -*[http://www.ukrop.com/ua/encyclopaedia/100names/6146.html Blessed Job of Pochayiv]

    -*[http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjob.aspx An Excerpt From the Life of St. Job of Pochayiv]

    -*[http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/1_99/pochayiv.htm Wonders of the Pochayiv Mount]
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[Pochayiv Lavra]]
    -
    -[[Category:Eastern Orthodox saints]]
    -[[Category:Monks]]
    -[[Category:Russian saints]]
    -[[Category:Ukrainian saints]]
    -[[Category:Religion in Ukraine|Saints]]
    -[[Category:Christianity in Ukraine|Saints]]
    -[[Category:Ukrainian people|Saints]]
    -
    -[[it:San Giobbe di Pocaiv]]
    -[[uk:Йов Почаївський]]
    -[[ru:Иов Почаевский]]
    +It is not clear whether or not the Norrbotten Party will participate in the [[Sweden general election, 2002|2006 Swedish general elections]].


    -{{saint-stub}}
    -{{East-Slavic-history-stub}}
    +== External links ==
    +* [http://www.kirunapartiet.com/ Kiruna Partiet] {{sv icon}}
    +
    +{{Swedish political parties}}
    +
    +{{euro-party-stub}}
    +{{Sweden-stub}}
    +[[Category:Political parties in Sweden]]
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    @@ -1,46 +1,82 @@\n
    -'''Frank''' is the [[girl group]] from [[Channel 4]]'s [[comedy drama]] [[Television program|series]] ''[[Totally Frank]]''. Frank consists of [[lead singer]] [[Lauren Blake]] born [[1984]], guitarist [[Bryony Afferson]] born [[1984]], keyboard player [[Helena Dowling]] born [[1983]]) and drummer [[Hayley Angel Wardle]] born [[1983]]. In the show Totally Frank the girls play fictional characters Tasha (Lauren), Charlie (Bryony), Flo (Helena) and Neve (Hayley). The band use their real names outside of the show.
    +In [[neurotechnology]], '''deep brain stimulation''' ('''DBS''') is a [[surgery|surgical]] treatment involving the implantation of a medical device called a [[brain pacemaker]], which sends electrical impulses to specific parts of the [[brain]]. DBS was approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in [[1997]] as a treatment for Parkinson's disease as well as essential tremor,U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00580.html FDA APPROVES IMPLANTED BRAIN STIMULATOR TO CONTROL TREMORS.] Retrieved October 18, 2006. and in April [[2003]] as a treatment for dystonia. [http://knbc-tvhealth.ip2m.com/index.cfm?pt=itemDetail&item_id=97349&site_cat_id=470 'Brain pacemaker' treats dystonia.] KNBC TV, April 22, 2003. Retrieved October 18, 2006. DBS may also alleviate symptoms in treatment-resistant [[clinical depression]],[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1109617508510_105026708/?hub=Health Brain stimulation may treat resistant depression.] CTV.ca, March 1, 2005. Retrieved October 18, 2006. and has been used experimentally in the treatment of other conditions. While DBS is helpful for some patients, there is potential for serious complications and side effects.

    -The girls debut single [[I'm Not Shy (Frank single)|I'm Not Shy]] was released on [[July 31]] [[2006]] and reached #40 in the UK singles chart. Their debut album [[Devil's Got Your Gold]] was released on [[August 7]] [[2006]], featuring tracks from the television show including Money In My Pocket, Never Left A Girl, Silence, Don't Wait Up, All I Ever Do, the second series theme tune; Turn It Up, and the first series theme tune; Complicated. As well as new tracks If The Devil's Got Your Gold, Wake Up and Palm Of Your Hand.
    +==Components and placement==
    +The deep brain stimulation system consists of three components: the implanted pulse generator (IPG), the lead, and the extension. The IPG is a [[battery (electricity)|battery]] powered neurostimulator encased in a titanium housing, which sends electrical pulses to the brain to interfere with [[neural]] [[action potential|activity]] at the target site. The lead is a coiled wire insulated in [[polyurethane]] with four [[platinum]] [[iridium]] electrodes, which is placed in one of three areas of the brain. The lead is connected to the IPG by the extension, an insulated wire that runs from the head, down the side of the neck, behind the ear to the IPG, which is placed subcutaneously below the [[clavicle]] or in some cases, the [[Human_abdomen|abdomen]].[[National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]]. [http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/deep_brain_stimulation/deep_brain_stimulation.htm Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's Disease information page.] Retrieved 23 November 2006. The IPG can be calibrated by a [[neurology|neurologist]], [[nurse]] or trained [[technician]] to optimize symptom suppression and control side effects.{{cn}}

    -The promo album sampler for Frank features 3 tracks, these being I'm Not Shy, Turn It Up and Never Left A Girl.
    +DBS leads are placed in the brain according to the type of symptoms to be addressed. For [[essential tremor]] and [[Parkinsonian tremors]], the lead is placed in the [[Human thalamus|thalamus]].[http://www.medtronic.com/physician/activa/tremor.html Activa Tremor Control Therapy.] Medtronic, Inc. Retrieved November 20, 2006. For [[dystonia]] and symptoms associated with [[Parkinson's disease]] ([[rigidity]], [[bradykinesia]]/[[akinesia]] and [[tremor]]), the lead may be placed in either the [[globus pallidus]] or [[subthalamic nucleus]].[http://www.medtronic.com/physician/activa/parkinsons.html Activa Parkinson's Control Therapy.] Medtronic, Inc. Retrieved November 20, 2006.[http://www.medtronic.com/physician/activa/dystonia.html Activa Dystonia Therapy.] Medtronic, Inc. Retrieved November 20, 2006.

    -Frank supported Girls Aloud on their 2006 Chemistry Tour of England and Scotland. The setlist included tracks called I'm Not Shy, Turn It Up and Never Left A Girl.
    +All three components are surgically implanted inside the body. The right side of the brain is stimulated to address symptoms on the left side of the body and vice versa.

    -===Singles===
    +==Procedure==
    +{{unreferencedsect}}
    +[[Image:Parkinson surgery.jpg|thumb|250px|Insertion of electrode during parkinson surgery]]The procedure begins with the neurosurgeon mapping the selected target within the basal ganglia through [[computed tomography]] and [[magnetic resonance imaging]].

    -{| class="wikitable"|width=100%
    -|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="70"|Year
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="140"|Single
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="160"|From The Album
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="200"|UK Chart Position
    -|-
    -|- bgcolor="#F0F8FF"
    -|align="center" valign="top"|'''2006'''
    -|align="center" valign="top"|"[[I'm Not Shy]]"
    -|align="center" valign="top"| ''[[Devil's Got Your Gold]]''
    -|align="center" valign="top"| 40
    -|-
    -|- bgcolor="#F0F8FF"
    -|align="center" valign="top"|'''2006'''
    -|align="center" valign="top"|"[[Never Left A Girl]]"
    -|align="center" valign="top"| ''[[Devil's Got Your Gold]]''
    -|align="center" valign="top"| --
    -|-
    -|}
    +During surgery, the patient is given [[local anesthesia]] and remains awake. A [[craniotomy]] is performed and a DBS lead is placed either [[unilateralism|unilaterlly]] or [[bilateralism|bilaterally]], depending on the patient's symptoms. Microelectrode recording may be used to more precisely locate the desired target within the brain. The IPG and extension are then implanted and connected to each lead.

    -===Albums===
    -{| class="wikitable"|width=100%
    -|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="70"|Year
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="160"|Album
    -!align="center" valign="top" width="200"|UK Chart Position
    -|-
    -|- bgcolor="#F0F8FF"
    -|align="center" valign="top"|'''2006'''
    -|align="center" valign="top"| ''[[Devil's Got Your Gold]]''
    -|align="center" valign="top"| 110
    -|}
    +Depending on the procedures of the medical facility, all components of the DBS system may not be implanted during a single surgery. After surgery is completed, the IPG is calibrated to maximize its effectiveness. Programming can take up to a year to achieve optimal settings.

    +Due to battery depletion, the IPG must be replaced—usually after three to five years, depending on the settings used. The entire unit is replaced to maintain an uncontaminated field within the body. Nevertheless, this is a minor surgical procedure involving only the shallow subclavicular pocket where the IPG resides. Remaining battery life may be reliably determined with a telemetric programmer so that arrangements can be made to replace the unit prior to battery failure.

    -{{UK-pop-band-stub}}
    +==Parkinson's disease==
    +
    +[[Parkinson's disease]] is a common [[neurodegenerative disease]] which causes loss of control over body movement, [[equilibrioception|balance]] and [[coordination]], as well as non-motor symptoms such as [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. DBS does not cure Parkinson's, but it can effectively suppress some of its symptoms and so improve the patient’s [[quality of life]]. DBS has been found to significantly alleviate symptoms in two-thirds of Parkinson's patients, and has recently been used more frequently to treat cases of severe [[essential tremor]].{{cn}} At present, the procedure is used only for patients whose symptoms cannot be adequately controlled with medications.
    +
    +DBS is approved in the [[United States]] by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Parkinson's. DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team.
    +
    +==Clinical depression==
    +
    +Researchers reported in [[2005]] that [[Electricity|electrical]] stimulation of a small area of the [[frontal cortex]] brought about a "striking and sustained remission" in four out of six patients suffering from [[clinical depression]], whose symptoms had previously been resistant to [[medication]], [[psychotherapy]] and [[electroconvulsive therapy]].Mayberg HS, Lozano AM, Voon V, McNeely HE, Seminowicz D, Hamani C, Schwalb JM, Kennedy SH. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron. 2005 Mar 3;45(5):651-60. PMID 15748841.
    +
    +Using brain [[imaging]], the reserchers noticed that activity in the subgenual cingulate region (SCR or [[Brodmann area 25]]) — the lowest part of a band of tissue that runs along the midline of the [[brain]] — seemed to correlate with symptoms of sadness and depression. They implanted electrodes into six patients while they were locally [[Anesthetic|anesthetised]], but alert. While the current was switched on, four of the patients reported feeling a black cloud lifting, and became more alert and interested in their [[social environment|environment]]s. The changes reversed when the current was switched off.
    +
    +The effects of continuous SCR stimulation have produced sustained [[remission]] from depression in the four patients for six months. When reporting the results, the team did caution that the trial was so small that the findings must be considered only provisional.
    +
    +==Tourette syndrome==
    +
    +Deep brain stimulation has been used experimentally in treating a few patients with severe [[Tourette syndrome]]. Despite widely publicized early successes, DBS remains a highly [[experimental]] procedure for the treatment of Tourette's, and more study is needed to determine whether long term benefits outweigh the risk.[[Tourette Syndrome Association]]. [http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/DBS-Statement.htm Statement on DBS.] Retrieved October 16, 2006. The procedure is well tolerated, but complications include "short battery life, abrupt symptom worsening upon cessation of stimulation, hypomanic or manic conversion, and the significant time and effort involved in optimizing stimulation parameters".Malone DA Jr, Pandya MM. Behavioral neurosurgery. ''Adv Neurol.'' 2006;99:241-7. PMID 16536372 There are currently five reports in patients with TS; all experienced reduction in tics and the disappearance of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. "Only patients with severe, debilitating, and treatment-refractory illness should be considered; while those with severe personality disorders and substance abuse problems should be excluded."
    +There may be serious short- and long-term risks associated with DBS in persons with head and neck [[tic]]s. The procedure is invasive and expensive, and requires long-term expert care. Benefits for severe Tourette's are not conclusive considering less robust effects of this surgery seen in the [[Netherlands]]. Tourette's is more common in [[pediatric]] populations, tending to remit in adulthood, so this would not generally be a recommended procedure for use on children. Because diagnosis of Tourette's is made based on a history of symptoms rather than [[analysis]] of neurological activity, it may not always be clear how to apply DBS for a particular patient. Due to concern over the use of DBS in the [[treatment of Tourette syndrome]], the [[Tourette Syndrome Association]] convened a group of experts to develop recommendations guiding the use and potential [[clinical trials]] of DBS for TS.Mink JW, Walkup J, Frey KA, et al. Patient selection and assessment recommendations for deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome. ''Mov Disord.'' 2006 Sep 21. PMID 16991144
    +
    +==Other clinical applications==
    +DBS has been used in the treatment of [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder|obsessive-compulsive disorder]],Nuttin B, Cosyns P, Demeulemeester H, Gybels J, Meyerson B (1999) Electrical stimulation in anterior limbs of internal capsules in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Lancet. 1999 Oct 30;354(9189):1526 PMID 10551504 [[cluster headaches]],{{cn}} and [[obesity]].{{cn}} Although the clinical efficacy is not questioned, the mechanisms by which DBS works is still debated.Benabid AL, Wallace B, Mitrofanis J, Xia R, Piallat B, Chabardes S, Berger F. (2005) A putative generalized model of the effects and mechanism of action of high frequency electrical stimulation of the central nervous system. Acta Neurol Belg. 2005 Sep;105(3):149-57. PMID 16255153 Long-term clinical observation has shown that the mechanism is not due to a progressive [[lesion]], given that interruption of stimulation reverses its effects. Results of DBS in dystonia patients, where positive effects often appear gradually over a period of weeks to months, indicate a role of functional reorganization in at least some cases.{{cite journal | author = Krauss JK| title = Deep brain stimulation for dystonia in adults. Overview and developments| journal = Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery| volume = 78| issue = 3-4 | pages = 168-182 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12652041}}
    +
    +==Potential complications and side effects==
    +While DBS is helpful for some patients, there is also the potential for [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] side effects. Reports in the literature describe the possibility of [[apathy]], [[hallucinations]], [[compulsive gambling]], [[hypersexuality]], [[Cognition|cognitive]] dysfunction, and [[depression]]. However these may be temporary and related to correct placement and calibration of the stimulator and so are potentially reversible.{{cite journal | author = Burn D, Troster A| title = Neuropsychiatric Complications of Medical and Surgical Therapies for Parkinson's Disease. | journal = Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology| volume = 17| issue = 3 | pages = 172-180 | year = 2004 | id = PMID 15312281}} A recent trial of 99 Parkinson's patients who had undergone DBS suggested a decline in [[executive system|executive functions]] relative to patients who had not undergone DBS, including problems with word generation, attention and learning. About 9% of patients had "psychiatric events", which ranged in severity from a relapse in voyeurism to a suicide attempt. Most patients in this trial reported an improvement in their quality of life following DBS, and there was an improvement in their physical functioning.{{cite journal | author = Smeding H, Speelman J, Koning-Haanstra M, et al| title = Neuropsychological effects of bilateral STN stimulation in Parkinson disease: A controlled study| journal = Neurology| volume = 66| issue = 12 | pages = 1830-1836 | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16801645}}
    +
    +Because the brain moves slightly during surgery there is the possibility that the electrodes can become dislodged. This may cause more profound complications such as personality changes, but electrode misplacement is relatively easy to identify using [[computed tomography|CT]] or [[MRI]]. There may also be complications of surgery, such as bleeding within the brain.
    +
    +There is a 2% risk of bleeding in the brain which can lead to a [[stroke]]. The stroke could result in weakness, intellectual impairment, or death.
    +There is a 4% risk of infection: not life threatening but necessitating immediate removal of the DBS system;{{cn}} after the infection recedes. a new one may placed.
    +
    +After surgery:
    +*swelling of the brain tissue is normal
    +*mild disorientation, sleepiness
    +*personality change which recedes after 1-2 week{{verify source}}
    +*follow up after 2-4 weeks to remove sutures, turn on the neurostimulator and program it
    +
    +==See also==
    +* [[Neurosurgery]]
    +* [[Stereotactic surgery]]
    +* [[Psychosurgery]]
    +* [[Neuroprosthetics]]
    +* [[Brain implant]]
    +* [[Vagus nerve stimulation]]
    +
    +==Notes==
    +
    +

    +
    +==References==
    +* McIntyre CC, Grill WM (2000) Selective microstimulation of central nervous system neurons. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 38:219-233. PMID 10784087
    +* McIntyre CC, Grill WM, Sherman DL, Thakor NV (2004) Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition. Journal of Neurophysiology 91:1457–1469. PMID 14668299
    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Deep-Brain-Stimulation.html Deep brain stimulation article from the Surgery Encyclopedia]
    +*[http://www.med.ege.edu.tr/~norolbil/2001/NBD15501.html Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders]
    +
    +[[Category:Neurosurgery]]
    +[[Category:Neurology]]
    +[[Category:Neuroprosthetics]]
    +
    +[[nl:Diepe hersenstimulatie]]
    +[[no:Dyp hjernestimulasjon]]
    +[[tr:Derin beyin stimülasyonu]]
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    +++ \n
    @@ -1,32 +1,160 @@\n
    -'''Paul Dourish''' is a [[computer scientist]] best known for his work at the intersection of computer science and social science. He is a [[professor]] at the [[University of California, Irvine]], where he joined the faculty in 2000.
    +''Main article: [[Negima!: Magister Negi Magi]]''

    -Born and raised in [[Glasgow]], Dourish received a [[B.Sc.]] in [[Artificial Intelligence]] and [[Computer Science]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1989. While at Rank Xerox EuroPARC (later the [[Xerox Research Center Europe]]) in [[Cambridge]], UK, he completed a [[Ph.D.]] in Computer Science at [[University College London]]. He has worked in research laboratories at [[Apple Computer]] and at [[Xerox]]'s [[Palo Alto Research Center]].
    +==Main characters==
    +===Negi Springfield===

    -His published work is primarily in the areas of [[Human-Computer Interaction]], [[Computer supported cooperative work]], and [[Ubiquitous computing]].
    +{{main|Negi Springfield}}

    -His research tends to draw both on technical and social domains, and speak to the relationship between them. His research topics have included the role of informal awareness in supporting coordination in collaborative systems, the relationship between 'place' and 'space' in information systems, and
    -[[methodology|methodological]] questions about the use of [[ethnographic]] techniques in information systems design.
    +===Classmates===

    -He published "Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction" ([[MIT Press]]) in 2001. This book explores the relationship between [[phenomenology|phenomenological social science]]
    -and [[interaction design]],
    -particularly with reference to physically embodied computation and [[ubiquitous computing]].
    +{{main|Characters of Negima (1-15)}}
    +{{main|Characters of Negima (16-31)}}

    -At [[UC Irvine]], he teaches in the Informatics program, and in the interdisciplinary graduate program in [[Arts Comptuation Engineering]]. In addition to his appointment in Informatics, he has courtesy appointments in [[Computer Science]] and [[Anthropology]]. From 2004-2006, he was Associate Director at the
    -[[Calit2|California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology]].
    +==Other characters==
    +===Mahora Characters===
    +====Teachers====
    +{{nihongo|'''Konoemon Konoe'''|近衛 近右衛門|Konoe Konoemon}} (The School Dean) is Konoka's grandfather, which likely played a role in his decision for Negi to live with his granddaughter and Asuna. What has been indicated is that he is a kind-hearted man, but extremely strict. He is also the chief of the Kantō Magic Association. The Dean’s hobby is arranging [[Omiai|marriage interviews]] for Konoka to choose a future fiancée, despite Konoka not wanting to. He even offered the position to Negi. One previous successful arranged marriage was his daughter's marriage to the chief of Kansai Magic Association (Eishun Konoe), which resulted in Konoka's birth and the easing of tensions between the Kansai and Kantō Magic Associations, which has been at odds for quite some time over the Kantō Association's adoption of western magic techniques. The anime suggests that he may have known Sayo Aisaka when she was still alive. (Seiyū: [[Mahito Tsujimura]], VA: [[Randy Tallman]])

    -== Selected Bibliography ==
    -* Dourish, P. 2001. Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. Cambridge: MIT Press.
    -* Dourish, P. 2004. What We Talk About When We Talk About Context. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 8(1), 19-30.
    -* Dourish, P. and Anderson, K. 2006. Collective Information Practice: Exploring Privacy and Security as Social and Cultural Phenomena. Human-Computer Interaction, 21(3), 319-342.
    +{{nihongo|'''Takamichi T. Takahata'''|高畑・T・タカミチ|Takahata T. Takamichi}}[[Image:Takahata.gif|thumb|right|150px|Takamichi T. Takahata]], or Takahata-sensei, is the teacher Negi is replacing at Mahora Middle School. This is not to say that he is not in the school, however - he has appeared several times throughout, though he has become the new art teacher for the time being. Takahata gave Asuna her bell hair decorations when she transferred into Mahora Academy. It should be noted that Takahata-sensei is close friends with Negi, and fought in the magic war, alongside Eishun Konoe and the Thousand Master. Like Nagi, Takamichi is a magic school dropout, but in his case not for lack of studying but for an inability to perform incantations. To make up for this he trained in a special fighting style called "Kanka" that combines both Eastern [[Qi|chi]] and Western magic, and a bare-fist version of [[Iaido]], "Iaiken". Gatō Kagura Vandenburg, one of Nagi’s comrades, whom Takamichi regarded as his master, taught both the Kanka and Iaiken techniques to him. Takamichi was not actually one of the original members of Nagi's group as he actually joins after they became famous. Due to his membership in Nagi's group, Takamichi is extremely famous among the Magic community. He is also noted among the Mahora student body for his ability to put a stop to any fight seemingly without lifting a finger (see his Iaiken technique), earning him the nickname, "Glasses of Death." He and Shizuna have been suspected of dating, but recently it was found that his heart does not belong to any person as of yet.
    +He was shown along with Gandofini and Seruhiko after Negi had been arrested. Gandofini seemed to assign Takamichi to punish Negi by turning him into an ermine. However, when they were alone, Takamichi told Negi that he believed in him, and entrusted him that after being rescued by his companions, they would go back in time to stop Chao.
    +During the third day of the school festival, he assisted Asuna and Setsuna in fighting Chao but was defeated and transported to three hours in the future by her time bullets.
    +(Seiyū: [[Norihiro Inoue]], VA: [[Mark Stoddard]])

    -== See also ==
    -* [[Lucy Suchman]]
    -* [[Terry Winograd]]
    -* [[Mark Weiser]]
    +{{nihongo|'''Shizuna Minamoto'''|源 しずな|Minamoto Shizuna}} [[Image:Minamoto.gif|thumb|right|150px|Shizuna Minamoto]]
    +She is Negi's advisor at Mahora Gakuen. She primarily attempts to be a motherly figure while Negi adjusts to the school, slowly leading him into the different aspects of his job. In both the manga and anime, she is aware of magic. She and Takahata were rumored to have been dating, however recent additions to the story suggest that they are not. She is also noted for her impressive bustline (99cm). (Seiyū: [[Kikuko Inoue]], VA: [[Colleen Clinkenbeard]])

    -== External links ==
    -* Dourish's [http://www.ics.uci.edu/~jpd personal home page]
    +{{nihongo|'''Nitta'''|新田}} (Director of Academy External Activities) is a rather mean teacher who makes sure students do not do anything idiotic, a tough job with the rambunctious 3-A. He is so strict that he always punishes the students who misbehave by making them sit in the [[Seiza]] position for considerable periods of time. Because of this, the students of Mahora Academy have given him the nickname, Nitta the [[Oni (Japanese folklore)|Ogre]] (he is not always mean, however; he has been seen talking in a friendly manner to and encouraging Negi when neither of them is teaching). Despite his position, he is not aware of the existence of magic, thinking it is either nonsense or tricks made up by the students. In the Del Rey and early Chuang Yi versions, Nitta is named Nitsuta, a mistake made by the translators, since the "tsu" character acts as an extension making the proper pronunciation as "Nitta". Early translations of Nitta as “Nita” are wrong as well.
    +Note: In other translations, he is the head Discipline Master.

    -[[Category:Living people|Dourish, Paul]]
    -[[Category:Computer scientists|Dourish, Paul]]
    -[[Category:Human-computer interaction researchers|Dourish, Paul]]
    +{{nihongo|'''Seruhiko'''|瀬流彦}} is a [[bishōnen]] teacher who often hangs out with Nitta. He is one of the secret mages at Mahora. During the "Kyoto Arc", he was assigned with the duty to secretly protect the students during their field trip to Kansai. Hw is not that fight-savvy, according to his own words. He is overpowered along with Gandolfini when Negi's students go to rescue their teacher. On the third day of the school festival, he is shot by Mana's bullets and transported to three hours later.
    +According to the Del Ray manga translation, Volume 9, he is Ken Akamatsu's homage to the character, "Serpico" from Kentarõ Miura's manga ''[[Berserk (manga)|Berserk]]''.
    +
    +'''Professor''' is another teacher with supposedly magical abilities, although it has yet to be seen what it is. Was one of the teachers in the meeting with the Principal. Seems to know a lot about what is happening in the school. He was wildly speculated to be Professor Akashi (Yüna's father), although this has not been confirmed as of yet.
    +
    +'''Ninomiya''' is Makie's rhythmic gymnastics coach. Appeared during Volume 7 when she made harsh comment about Makie (she wasn't aware that Makie was there when she made those comments), whom she felt was not skill enough to join the National finals. She changes her views of her when she notices Makie improve. Makie was able to join the finals.
    +
    +'''Kuhuza Tōko''', a blonde female. At present, it seems that she is in charge of the Mahora mage organization's operations division, ranking second only to the Headmaster. She is a Shinmei Ryuu swordswoman who married a western mage 8 years ago and moved to the Kanto region, though she is believed to be divorced now. She also became Setsuna's master in swords when Setsuna moved to Mahora Academy. While noted to be a calm and collected woman, Chao Lingshen's revealing of magic to the world has added considerable stress on her (she is to be turned into an ermine for at least 3 years, plus her relationship with her normal boyfriend has been wrecked), and she attacks Setsuna and Kaede with abandon.
    +On the third day of the school festival, she assisted the students participating in the Battle of Mahora.
    +
    +'''Gandolfini''' is a dark-skinned mage, probably a teacher. Gandolfini is married and has one daughter. Uses guns (he was shown with an Intratec TEC-9 SMG in Chapter 80) and is possibly a mercenary. His name is an obvious reference to Gandalf from J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. He has a lot of distrust to Chao due to her actions in revealing magic. He, Mei and Takane arrested Chao before the festival but release her on behalf of Negi. Later, he finds out the truth behind the Festival Tournament that Chao was using this event to reveal the existence of magic. He and the school wizards confronted Chao at the end of the tournament but she escaped using her "time machine" watch. In Chapter 138, he confronts Negi and holds him partly responsible for the secret of magic being revealed to the world. This is because had Negi let Chao be arrested, the existence of magic may not have been revealed. Therefore, he had Negi imprisoned. However, it seems that all the mages at Mahora may be punished for their failure to stop Chao. As a result, he goes on a bit of a drinking binge, since he feels that this will be his last time before he is turned into an ermine. He also worries about his daughter's welfare. In his drunken stupor, Asuna and Fei Ku knock him out during their attempt to rescue Negi.
    +
    +'''Mitsuru Nijūin''', a proficient but portly mage. Has a funny activation key that includes food in the chant. Has a very young daughter who can wield surprisingly powerful illusionary magic using toy figures. His daughter tried to attack Asuna and the other students as they came to rescue Negi, conjuring a [[Hippogriff]], [[Cerberus]], and even Takamichi himself, but was defeated when Yue saw through her illusions and used Asuna's power to break them.
    +
    +'''Shakti''', mage teacher that heads the Mahora nun/mage patrol squad. She seems particularly skilled in combat and uses floating crosses, probably an artifact of sorts, in battle.
    +
    +====Students====
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Kotarō Inugami'''|犬上 小太郎|Inugami Kotaro}} is first seen as one of the three mercenary children helping Chigusa Amagasaki in Kyoto. He is a dog [[Hanyo|hanyō]], which is evidenced by his ears and tail. Despite being hotheaded, Kotaro is a chivalrous person and would never hit a woman unless she was a powerful fighter. He also has a strong dislike of Western-style magic, with Negi being one of the few exceptions. Kotaro is an expert in Ninjutsu and charms, and has the power to summon of inugami (dog spirits), but prefers to fight hand to hand rather than using magic from a distance. Kotaro also has the ability to transform into a small black and white dog using a paper charm, and to release his stronger (beast) form. He was used by Chigusa to try to prevent Negi and Asuna from delivering a letter to the head of the Kansai Magic Association, where he sealed them inside of a dimensional loop along the path to the Kansai HQ. He attacked Negi and Asuna, but was defeated by Negi, with unexpected help from Nodoka Miyazaki, who had followed Negi. That night, he intercepted Negi again as he tried to stop Chigusa's summoning ritual, demanding a rematch. this was interrupted by [[Characters of Negima (16-31)#Kaede Nagase|Kaede Nagase]], who fought and defeated Kotaro while Negi continued on (although Kaede realized that Kotaro wasn't giving his best then).
    +
    +After the Kyoto Arc, he was put under the custody of the Kansai Magic Association, where his abilities to transform and summon dog spirits were sealed. He later escaped to find Negi (whom he now considers as a rival, being the only person he's met of his own age who can fight with him on even terms) to have another rematch. When he arrived at Mahora, he ran into Willhelm and The Slime Sisters, and learned their plan to attack Negi. He fought them and stole the bottle that Wilhelm had been released from, and escaped. However, in an attempt to warn Negi, he was injured by, and hit with a confusion spell, temporarily losing most of his memories. [[Characters of Negima (16-31)#Chizuru Naba|Chizuru Naba]] and [[Characters of Negima (16-31)#Natsumi Murakami|Natsumi Murakami]], thinking him to be just a stray dog, nursed him back to health.
    +
    +Wilhelm tracked Kotaro to their dorm room, and attacked Kotaro in an attempt to retrieve the bottle, kidnapping Chizuru after she saved Kotaro from being petrified. Kotaro joined Negi in defeating Wilhelm in order to rescue her and the other girls taken by the demon. For helping Negi battle against Wilhelm and the Slime Sisters, he was pardoned and his powers restored. Kotaro decided to transfer to the Elementary school at Mahora Academy in order to hang around with Negi, whom he had befriended after the battle, and Kaede. He currently stays with Chizuru, Natsumi, and Ayaka, at the former's insistence, under the identity of ''Kotarō Murakami'', Natsumi's younger brother.
    +
    +Chizuru motherly care for Kotaro frequently embarrasses him, hugging him in front of other people. He also regularly chastises Negi for being "involved" with so many girls, only to have his relationship with Chizuru thrown in his face (mistaken for Kotaro liking Chizuru because he's at a loss at how to react when Chizuru hugs him). While Kotaro likes to think of himself as "a lone wolf", Negi teased him by saying "You're more like a dog". His views also seem to draw him into arguments with Yue, which he loses and runs off, in a funny way. The Narutaki twins seem to adore him for his ears.
    +
    +Kotaro has a very lonely past, because (like Setsuna) being a hanyō has made him, from birth, an outcast of both human and dog-demon tribes. This makes him value both his friendship with Negi, and living with Chizuru and Natsumi even more. At the Mahora Legendary Martials Arts Tournament, he quickly defeated Mei Sakura in the first round, but was crushed in the second by Alberio, leading to a depressed moment. Kotaro thinks very highly of Negi, and is afraid to be left behind alone again if Negi refuses to look at him for losing (they made a promise to go together to the finals). Kaede approaches him and offers him to train with her after everything has settled.
    +
    +Like Negi, Kotaro has a somewhat limited view about the world in general, and he is more or less ignorant when it comes to the emotions of girls. His stance on becoming the strongest only in combat leaves him unprepared for things that do not involve fighting. Kotaro does not make any appearance in the first anime series, possibly due to the shortening of the entire Kyoto arc.
    +
    +Kotaro does not appear after Chao had succeeded in revealing Magic to the world, presumably went into hiding out of fear of his hanyou background being exposed. As of ch.156, he finally makes his appearance, after saving Negi from being shot by one of Chao's robots.
    +
    +'''Cocone''', is a young ninja-nun who tags along with Misora. She specializes in telepathy. Her name is sometimes spelled "Kokone".
    +
    +'''Takane D. Goodman''', high-school student and secret mage. Her elemental affinity is shadows, and she can summon and direct shadow warriors, as well as create highly elaborate shadow armor. Her clothes have a nasty habit suffering [[wardrobe malfunction]]s in combat. She, Mei and Gandolfini tried to arrest Chao before the festival but released her on behalf of Negi. She develops Tanaka-phobia due to her match with Tanaka-san, which led to an aforementioned blowing-off of clothing... in front of thousands of people. She later loses to Negi in the tournament, and helps Asuna in an attempt to rescue Takamichi, both resulting in more unwanted nudity. In Chao's future, she is part of the force that is assigned to arrest Negi and his companions, after magic is revealed to the world. However, when she encounters Asuna's magical cancellation ability and her Pactio artifact, she is once again stripped bare. Back in the present, She is taking part in the battle against Chao's robot forces, as a "Hero Unit"(similar to those found in [[Real Time Strategy]] games) assisting the civilian "players" in holding the line.

    +
    +'''Mei Sakura''', kohai to her [[senpai]], Takane, whom she refers to as "onee-sama". She is deemed as a skilled Ministra Magi whose artifact is a broomstick. Mei is also a transfer student, sent to study from a North American mage academy before the Mahora Festival Arc. She, Takane and Gandolfini arrested Chao before the festival but release her on behalf of Negi. Mei seems to have an elemental magic affinity for fire. She was swiftly defeated in one hit by Kotarō during the tournament. When magic is made public, the press constantly hounds her. She joins Takane in their mission to arrest Negi's group, but is defeated easily and also stripped bare. Nodoka used her Pactio artifact on Mei to find out where Negi has been held, and Asuna comforts Mei by promising her that they will return the world back to normal.
    +
    +In the final chapters of Love Hina, Naru mentions that she has a half-sister named "Mei". As she calls home to contact her mother, her half sister picks up the phone instead. At the wedding of Naru and Keitaro, Mei shows up in small appearances and is the exact same appearance as the Mei of Negima. Due to her identical given name and appearance to Naru Narusegawa's half-sister from ''Love Hina'', Akamatsu's previous work, many fans theorize that they are the same person. While Naru's sister Mei was first introduced in the ''Love Hina'' anime (where she had an entirely different personality) and thus was not created by Akamatsu, she was eventually mentioned in the manga, and made small appearances in the final chapter. However, this theory has yet to be proven.
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Megumi Natsume'''|夏目萌|Natsume Megumi}}, alias {{nihongo|'''Nutmeg'''|ナツメグ|natsumegu}} is a Dark-haired, glasses-wearing girl who is a magic student from the Mahora Elementary School. Nutmeg carries a short staff and primarily uses water magic, and is part of a Mahou Shojo team with Mei and Takane. She made her first major appearance with Takane and Mei as they tried to capture Asuna and Negi's other partners in the future, but was defeated by Asuna with the usual unfortunate results for a fight involving Takane. Back in the present, Nutmeg is helping monitor and coordinate forces in the battle against Chao's army.
    +
    +'''Eiko''' is a high-school ace and the leader of the Black Lilies, the championship dodge ball team of St. Ursula High. She teases Negi on the train when he first arrives at Mahora. Later she and her friends had a dodge ball match with Negi's class which decided who would have Negi as their teacher. She and her two friends, Bibi and Shii, make several cameo appearances afterwards. In the most recent chapter, she takes part in the so-called Third Day Festival Games, and is one of the first few casualties when she is stripped of her clothes.
    +
    +'''Naoya''' is a male high school student that also studies within Mahora and is a member of a dodge ball team as well. Has deep feelings for Eiko, his senpai, but was kept from confessing them during the Festival arc by Mana, who shot him in the head with a tranquilizer bullet. In recent rabu-kome chapters, it is explained that Naoya likes Eiko's competitiveness.
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Kaoru Goutokuji'''|豪徳寺 薫|Goutokuji Kaoru}}, pompadoured fight-enthusiast and color commentator at the Festival arc tournament. A skilled fighter in his own right, Kaoru is trained under the art of "Kenka Sappo" (which translates to Brawl Skill) and is an able ki-user. Negi eliminated Kaoru in the elimination matches of the Legendary Mahora Martial Arts Tournament. Despite his rough and somewhat ridiculous appearance, Kaoru is a nice person (who whole-heartedly admitted his loss to Negi and even encouraged him to go for it and offered him gum). He seems to have a rather extensive knowledge of various forms of martial arts (for instance, as the explainer for the Mahora tournament, he is able to identify most of the techniques used, like Mana's Rakansen and Takamichi's Iaiken techniques).
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Keiichi Yamashita'''|山下　慶一|Yamashita Keiichi}}, is a fighter trained under the art of "3-D jujutsu.” Evangeline beat him in a split second in the first round of the Legendary Mahora Martials Arts Tournament. He is named after one of Akamatsu's assistants.
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Tatsuya Nakamura'''|中村 達也|Nakamura Tatsuya}}, a hotheaded fighter who specializes in ki projectiles, but has a glaring weakness in his lack of close quarter combat skill. Kaede beat him in the first round of the Legendary Mahora Martials Arts Tournament. Apparently knows the Kamehameha of DBZ fame from chapter 155.
    +
    +'''Pochi Daigouin''', a fighter seemingly skilled in Chinese martial arts. Not much is known about him as he was completely outclassed by Albireo Ima in the first round of the Legendary Mahora Martials Arts Tournament.
    +
    +'''Haruki and Yuki''' are a boy and girl who attend Mahora Elementary. Yuki has a crush on Haruki, and was nearly shot by Mana for trying to confess her feelings to at the wrong place. She was saved by Negi, who blew her hat off with a gust of wind, causing them to chase it far away from the danger zone, where she could then tell him without triggering a geas from the World Tree. They later appear after being drafted into a "best couples" contest, alongside Eiko and Naoya, and Ako and Negi (Using an age-deceiving pill and posing as his own cousin), who also was drafted. They ended up winning the contest, despite not being sure that they were actually a couple.
    +
    +On the third Day of the Festival, both are stripped down to their underwear as a result of being hit by Chao's robot beams.
    +
    +'''Captain Serizawa''' is the leader of the Mahora Biathlon team. Mana has a crush on him, and he seems to share the feeling. Unfortunately, he chose to tell her during the school festival while she and Negi were watching out for confessions, and was shot by Mana to stop him from saying anything.
    +
    +'''Captain Nanaka Airheart''' is the head of the Mahora University's Aviation Club. He pilots a biplane and leads the team responsible for the aerial acrobatics presentation of the Mahora Festival. He is also the person who is able to locate the whereabouts of Chao Lingshen (atop the airship that roams the skies of Mahora City during the festival) during the Mahora Festival's Final Day Event.
    +
    +===Kyoto Characters===
    +{{nihongo|'''Eishun Konoe'''|近衛 詠春|Konoe Eishun}} is Konoka's father and the chief of the Kansai Magic Association. Despite his last name, he is not from the Konoe family as he actually married into his wife's family. Before the Kyoto Arc, both the Kansai and the Kantō Magic Associations had a feud. This was because Kansai mages did not approve of Kantō mages using Western-style magic instead of Eastern-style magic. In order to ease the schism between two sides, Konoemon Konoe, who was the head of the Kantō Magic Association, made an arranged marriage between Eishun and his daughter. With this, the overt hostility ended. However, a few in Kansai continue in their aversion to Kantō and/or Western mages (e.g. Chigusa Amagasaki). Despite the attitude of Kansai mages towards the west, Eishun became best friends with a powerful Western mage, Nagi Springfield, the Thousand master. Nagi, Eishun, Takamichi, Albireo (Sanders), Gatō and one other, who were Nagi's comrade-in-arms, fought in a magic war that involved both mages from the East and West twenty years ago. Rather than being a mage, Eishun is actually a Shinmei Ryuu swordsmaster. He has battle scars on his body from that war. Even after Nagi's apparent death in 1993, Eishun has still kept Nagi's holiday house clean. Eishun's name is a direct Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese [[Kung Fu]] style [[Wing Chun]], in spite of the fact he has yet to demonstrate any skill in [[martial arts]].
    +
    +Eishun never told his daughter Konoka of her magical background because he wanted his daughter to have a normal life. However, seeing that many in the Kansai Magic Association knew about the great (and dangerous) magic potential in Konoka, Eishun sent his daughter away to Mahora Academy under the care of his father-in-law. Several years after sending his daughter away, he sent Setsuna to guard his daughter. After the events in Kyoto, he asked Evangeline to tutor Konoka in using her power. Eishun is a kind man with a moderate demeanor and because of his connection to the Shinmei Ryuu, so fans speculated he might be a relative to the Aoyamas' from [[Love Hina]]. (Seiyu: [[Masaki Terasoma]])
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Chigusa Amagasaki'''|天ヶ崎 千草|Amagasaki Chigusa}}, named after one of Ken Akamatsu's staff members, is an onmyoudo charm user from the Kansai Magic Association. She was the one responsible for causing trouble at beginning of the school field trip. She tried to prevent Negi from giving his letter to the chief of Kansai Magic Association, because she does not want relations between the Kansai and Kantō Magic Association to improve. Chigusa was the one who tried to kidnap Konoka due to the powerful magic potential that the young girl had. She bears a grudge against Western mages, because her parents were killed in the great magic war that both Eastern and Western mages fought in twenty years ago. She planned to have her revenge against the Western mages by summoning the demon god "Ryōmen Sukuna-no-Kami", and the only way to do so was to gain control of Konoka's vast magical reserves. Despite having the ability to summon warrior spirits and creating [[shikigami]], she also enlisted the help of three mercenaries to help in her plan. She was successful in summoning the demon god using Konoka's magic, but Evangeline defeated the demon easily. As a result, Chigusa's plan failed. She tried to escape but was captured by Chachazero, and is now under the custody of the Kansai Magic Association.
    +
    +{{nihongo|'''Tsukuyomi'''|月詠}}, a Shinmei Ryuu swordswoman, is one of the three mercenary children that were hired to help Chigusa. Unlike Setsuna who uses a single sword style, she uses a sword and dagger style. She also knows how use [[O-fuda|ofuda]], or onmyoudo charms, the same way that Setsuna can. Tsukuyomi seems like she has a crush of sorts for Setsuna and likes to cosplay in Gothic Lolita cloths. She and Toko share similar appearances (Blonde hair, glasses.) that could suggest that they are related.
    +
    +'''Fate Averruncus''' is the last of the three mercenary children helping Chigusa. He supposedly came to Japan from the [[Istanbul]] Magic Association a month before the school field trip to train, but was really hired by Chigusa Amagasaki. Fate is an expert in both Western and Eastern magic, and is stronger and more skilled than Negi, as of the Kyoto Arc. He was the one that almost turned everyone at the Kansai Magic Association headquarters into stone, and kidnapped Konoka when Chigusa failed to kidnap her on earlier attempts. The name he has may not be his real name. He disappeared after the summoned demon god was defeated. He specializes in water-based and petrification spells and can perform Eastern magic such as summoning demons using ofuda. (Seiyū: [[Akira Ishida]])
    +
    +===Welsh Characters===
    +'''Nekane Springfield''' is Negi's cousin, although their relationship is more like that of brother and sister (and he refers to her as such), since they grew up together (and even slept in the same room) after her father took the orphaned Negi in. Her gentle personality is largely based on interpretations through disjointed flashbacks, so it is hard to identify precisely what she is like. What has been indicated however is that she took on more of a motherly role in his life. As a side note, Asuna and Nekane feel similarly for Negi. Six years ago, when demons attacked the village where she and Negi used to live in, she was almost turned to stone while trying to protect Negi from a petrification spell, but was saved by the Thousand Master just in time. Her legs were turned to stone, however, and broke off. A later shot of her in Volume 10 reveals that her legs have been restored, although it is not clear if they were magically restored, or if she wears prostheses. (Seiyū: [[Masami Suzuki]], VA: [[Gwendolyn Lau]])
    +
    +'''Albert Chamomile''', or '''Chamo''' is a perverted lingerie stealing (once again a throw back to the typical manga male stock character archetype), chain-smoking, talking [[Stoat|ermine]] that Negi freed from a trap when he was five years old. Since then, Chamo has been going to Negi whenever he ran into trouble. He claimed to have been sent to Negi by his elder sister to help Negi out, though it was later found out that Chamo escaped from the law for stealing over 2,000 pairs of girls' underwear, and fled to Negi because the law could not arrest him if he were the pet of a wizard. He lied to Negi saying he stole them to keep his sick sister warm, which Negi believed, whereupon Negi made Chamo his pet/familiar. (As a side note, being turned into an ermine is one of the punishments that Negi's magic academy gives, although Chamo is actually a type of elf/fairie/Cait Sith). During his arrival at Mahora, he had stripped nearly every girl in the bathing area of her swimsuits. He had also fibbed about being sent by Negi's sister to help Negi find a partner and immediately pointed out Nodoka to be the prime candidate. Although this may have been a lie at the time, one can wonder if Chamo had some actual insight on Nodoka's potential in a Pactio. He had also confronted Yue on her feelings toward Negi, and then urged her to make a Pactio with him, which she eventually did. He has also played a hand in getting Pactios with Konoka, Setsuna, and Haruna, though with Haruna, this may have been out of pure greed to get more Ermine Dollars. The most recent Pactio done was with Chisame after much prodding on Chamo's part and much resistance on Chisame's.
    +
    +Chamo cares strongly for Negi and will fight to protect him, but he is not above using him to try to make a fast buck. Chief among those methods is attempting to make probationary contracts between Negi and as many of his students as possible, since the act nets him 50,000 Ermine Dollars per contract. The most prominent attempt was the "Kiss Negi" game he set up in Kyoto with Kazumi, which he rigged with a magic circle around the inn, so that anyone who kissed Negi would trigger a Pactio. The result was one Probationary Contract with Nodoka Miyazaki, and four botched ones (Ayaka, Fei Ku, Makie, and the Narutaki Twins). His knowledge of magic and such is vast, and he is very resourceful in making up attacks on the spot. For example, his "Ermine Flash" which consists of him setting alight flash bangs with his lighter as a means of distraction. He seems to have considerable computer skills, (such as ordering items online at mahou.net). Chamo acts as Negi's trusty advisor in most things, though there are times his judgment and/or advice leaves much to be desired. He normally suffers Asuna's wrath whenever his schemes are discovered or he is caught in one of his perverted acts. Chamo addresses Negi as "Aniki" (big brother) and most of the ladies (like Negi's students) as "Ane-san" (big sister, sometimes with slight variations like "Ane-go") even though he is most likely older than all of them. His level of magic is not as great as some of the others, though he has shown some considerable spell casting, chief among them is drawing up magic circles, which is essential for creating Pactios, and casting anti-telepathy spells. (Seiyū: [[Masashi Yabe]] VA: [[Chris Cason]])
    +
    +'''Anya''' is the only other student who graduated with Negi that has been named. A year older than Negi, they have been childhood friends for as long as they can remember, and it has been indicated that Anya helped Negi pack for his trip to Japan. During the Legendary Mahora Martial Arts Tournament, Alberio summoned her as she pointed at the cover of the books he was using as his pactio artifact. She is currently working as a fortuneteller in London, so it is unlikely that she will make any major appearances other than in flashbacks. Anya seems like a grumpy girl (often shown frowning), although that could be from the typical reaction of young people towards those they like. (Seiyū: [[Ryou Hirohashi]], VA: [[Kate Bristol]])
    +
    +'''Stan''' is an old Magister Magi from Negi's village. Despite Negi calling him "grandpa", he is not his grandfather; he is in fact an old friend of Nagi's. Nagi Springfield has always irked Stan, such that he almost seems like he absolutely wants to kill the Thousand Master. He believes Nagi died from pushing himself too far. When the demons attacked the village, he and Nekane stopped a petrifaction spell from the demon Wilhelm, while sealing the demon along with the Slime Trio, but at the cost of Stan himself becoming turned into stone. He protected Negi because he promised Nagi that he would do so at all costs.
    +
    +'''The Magus''' is, as of yet, unnamed. Yet, he is known as Negi's blood grandfather and the headmaster of the Welsh mage academy that Negi Springfield graduated from and is a friend of the dean of Mahora Academy. He also has a Ministra Magi, shown as an illustration in the manga as a short-haired adult woman. Her identity is still unknown.
    +
    +===Nagi and his comrades (The Crimson Wing)===
    +'''Nagi Springfield''' (The Thousand Master) is a legendary wizard who supposedly wields a thousand spells, hence the title, and he is Negi's (and maybe Nekane's) father. The origin of his title is ambiguous. One possibility is that it came about because he was able to make spells a thousand times stronger (e.g. Evangeline's curse, where he claimed he actually didn't know but about five or six spells). There is also a rumor that he made probationary contracts with a thousand different girls (though this is almost certainly just a lie of Albert Chamomile's, meant to inspire Negi to make many contracts and earn Chamo-kun a huge brokerage fee with the Ermine Society). Nagi is so strong, in both magical and physical combat, that he does not even need any Ministra Magi to help him. His fighting style was that of a magic swordsman, using both speedy magic casting and hand-to-hand combat in tandem.
    +
    +Despite what many people thought, he never did graduate from a wizard school, because he was a dropout. When he was ten years old, he became the winner of essentially the last Legendary Mahora Martial Arts Tournament, twenty-five years before the current one. Later, Nagi and his friends fought in a magic war that ended years ago, when he was fifteen years of age. After the war, he became famous for his heroic deeds and received the title of Thousand Master. He disappeared ten years ago in 1993, the same year Negi was born. No one knows precisely what happened to him, but most people assume he is in fact dead (In a recording made by Alberio shortly before Negi's birth, Nagi himself assumed that he would be dead by the time Negi saw it). However, Nagi at least managed to survive until four years later, where he showed up just in time to save Negi from a horde of demons attacking his home village. He seemed to still be in trouble however, as he could only stay long enough to give Negi his staff. According to some flashbacks, Nagi is a nice and playful man, with a cunning and shrewdness that surpasses common sense. The illusionary Nagi created by Alberio was much the same, though with a noticeable ego.
    +
    +Nagi also met Asuna when she was a child and traveled with her for a while, just before he disappeared. In the anime, Nagi accompanies Asuna so they can find a way to stop a contract between a Demon and Asuna, wherein she will die in 10 years. One day, Asuna accidentally nullifies Nagi's magic shield, and he is pierced through the chest by a demon's sword. He quickly casts a spell that causes both him and the demon to disappear in some sort of black hole. The Thousand Master is a mage whose elemental magic affinity is lightning. (Seiyū: [[Takehito Koyasu]] (anime), [[Suzumura Kenichi]] (game); VA: [[Troy Baker]])
    +
    +'''Gateau Kagura Vandenburg''' is one of Nagi's companions. While he looks a lot like the adult Takamichi, it is unknown whether they are related and Takamichi referred to him only as "Master". He trained Takamichi in a form of magical combat called "Magic Ki Fusion", or "Kanka", that combines both Eastern chi and Western magic since Takamichi is unable to use spell incantations. While Asuna was traveling with the group as a child, she also learned some of these techniques. When he died, sometime after Nagi's supposed death, his dying wish was to have Asuna's memories of him removed, and for Asuna to live happily.
    +
    +'''Takamichi T. Takahata''' - see [[#People from Mahora|People from Mahora]]
    +
    +'''Eishun Konoe''' - see [[#People from Kyoto|People from Kyoto]]
    +
    +'''Albireo Imma''' is one of Nagi's former companions. He entered the fighting tournament during the Mahora school festival under the assumed name "'''Kuneru Sanders'''"
    +(This is the official romanization from Ken Akamatsu. Before its appearance, it was mistranslated as [[Colonel Sanders]]. Del Rey uses [http://kunel.magazine.co.jp/index.jsp Ku:nel] Sanders in their releases; "ku:nel" being the name of a Japanese magazine), and went largely unnoticed until he approached Asuna and was recognized by Evangeline. He appears to have information on not only Nagi's whereabouts, but also on Asuna's forgotten past. Albireo appears to be a perverted fellow, as his taste in making Evangeline wear costumes made apparent in recent chapters. He's also a cunning and shrewd man, akin to Nagi Springfield, and is considered as one of the two natural enemies which Evangeline has, the other one being Nagi himself. Albireo Imma has a strong affinity towards gravity elemental magic.
    +
    +An interesting fact revealed in the latest chapters is that Albireo has his very own Pactio card, which means that he, in addition of being a powerful mage, is also a Minister Magi. His artifact is a series of books, with an accompanying bookmark, that can be used to transform into a specific person, using all their skills and abilities. More information can be found in the [[List of Items and Artifacts in Negima#Other pactio items not resulting from a contract with Negi|Artifacts section]]
    +
    +This perverted, but handsome fellow is registered as a librarian in the Mahora Library Island. For some reason he has been resting, or is stuck there for 10 years, and can only send a replica of himself every year during the school festival with the help of the world tree's magic.
    +
    +===Others===
    +'''Chachazero''' is a magical doll that was Evangeline's Ministrum Magi before Nagi put the Dark Evangel under a curse. She looks like a small and childlike version of Chachamaru. Unlike Chachamaru (Evangeline's current Ministra Magi), who is powered by a minimal amount of magical energy that Evangeline still has and a spring, Chachazero needs to be powered by quite a large amount of magic, which mainly came from Evangeline. Because of the curse, she can talk on her own, but cannot move unless there is a large concentration of magic in the area, which is the reason why Evangeline relies on Chachamaru. Chachamaru is polite kind and well mannered. However, Chachazero is rude, abrupt, a bit of a whiner and sometimes bloodthirsty. She is always complaining that she cannot move and that her master has become too soft and not so evil. This is because Chachazero enjoys killing things and seeing things get killed. When she fights, she uses two daggers, and sometimes, a giant sword larger than she is. She is sometimes seen riding on Chachamaru's head or carried like a marionette by Evangeline. In areas with the high amounts of ambient magical energy, such as Evangeline's resort, or during the Mahora Festival, Chachazero is able to move about on her own like a small child. She was also able to move about freely in Kyoto, since Evangeline's full powers were unsealed. Chachazero also seems to get along well with Chamo.
    +
    +While she can be vindictive in the manga, in the anime Chachazero takes on a minor and childlike role; appearing in the memory and voicing Evangeline's request for Nagi to "become mine {Evangeline's}" and the recurring dream of Evangeline's past defeat at Nagi's hands.
    +
    +'''Ryoumen Sukuna no Kami''' is the Great Demon God (大鬼神) of Hida, sealed 1600 years before it was released during the Great War wherein it was again beaten by the Thousand Master and his comrades. It was released again decades after when Chigusa Amagasaki used Konoka Konoe's great magic potential to summon it. However, it was quickly defeated by Evangeline and Chachamaru, and was sealed afterwards by the Kansai Magic Association.
    +
    +'''Graf Wilhelm Josef Von Herrman''' poses as a descendant of a line of German counts, but is in fact a high-level demon. He knows Negi because he was one of the many demons that attacked his village when Negi was four years old; he was the one that turned nearly everyone in the village to stone. Both he and the Slime Trio tried to attack Negi but were sealed by the old Magister Magi Stan into a magic sealing bottle. During the current timeline, both he and the Slime Trio were released by some unknown organization and consequently given two missions: to gauge the threat that Negi Springfield and Kagurazaka Asuna represent, and to temporarily disable Negi Springfield from combat. To help with this, he sent the Slime Sisters to kidnap all the girls he knew had assisted Negi in Kyoto (he deliberately avoided Evangeline, and oddly enough, failed to get Kaede or Mana). However, Kotaro attacked him before starting the operation, and the bottle that had sealed he and the Slime Sisters was stolen. He tracked Kotaro down into the Jr. High Girls' dormitory, and, when confronted by Chizuru Naba, decided to kidnap her too, because she managed to land a blow to his cheek just as he was about to petrify Kotaro, followed with his comment of her being "the first in a long time since a female hit him". He then faces off against Negi and Kotaro in combat, and after a lengthy battle, was eventually defeated. However, Negi declined the chance to destroy him and allowed him to escape. His whereabouts are currently unknown, his final statement being he would return to the place from where he was summoned. However, it can be presumed that he will return someday to challenge the child teacher again.
    +
    +In his human form, he looks like an elderly gentleman wearing a suit and a hat. He is a very strong physical fighter, with a fighting style that seems rooting in boxing, who can use magic without chanting. However, his greatest power is when he opens his mouth, either in human or demon form, to create a ray of light which turns whatever/whoever it comes in contact with it into stone. His petrification skills are so strong that it is virtually impossible to reverse the effects. He stated that Konoka, with the proper training, could save those beyond saving, but that may take years.
    +
    +'''The Slime Sisters''' aka '''The Slime Trio'''
    +{{nihongo|Ameko|あめ子||literally "Rain Child"}}, {{nihongo|Suramui|すらむい||an anagram of スライム ''suraimu'', or slime}}, and {{nihongo|Pudding|ぷりん|Purin|in Japan プリン often refers specifically to the gelatinous desert also known as [[crème caramel]]}} were Wilhelm's helpers. Six years ago, they helped attack Negi's village and were sealed into a magic bottle along with Wilhelm. They were released years later to help Wilhelm in his plans. The sisters, when in their human forms, all have different personalities, Amme is polite, Slime is rude and talks too much, and Pudding is the silent type. Due to their peculiar bodies, which are goo-like and extremely resistant to physical blows, they are excellent fighters. They were eventually defeated and resealed inside the magic bottle by Yue and Nodoka.
    +
    +Trivia: The Slime Sisters are quite unlike the Slimes of the [[Dragon Quest]] series, as noted by Negi and Kotaro.
    +
    +'''Rubicante''' is the demon guardian summoned by Fate Averruncus. Rubicante has a personality that likens the summoned being to a trained pet dog.
    +
    +'''Tanaka''' is actually a robot, probably designed in part by Satomi. One of its primary weapons is a laser cannon mounted in its mouth, similar to the Boomers of [[Bubblegum Crisis]] that seems to be quite effective at blasting the clothes off its targets. Takane defeated him during the Legendary Mahora Martial Arts Tournament - First round, at the dear cost of a good portion of her dignity. A small army of mass-produced Tanakas exists in Mahora's underground sewage system, under the control of Chao, which she uses in her attempt to expose magic to the world. It was written as "Tank.a" in the manga a few times.
    +
    +{{Negima}}
    +
    +[[Category:Lists of Negima characters]]
    +
    +[[ja:魔法先生ネギま!の登場人物]]
    +[[th:ตัวละครจากเรื่อง คุณครูจอมเวทย์ เนกิมะ!]] 2013-03-19 16:06:06 90888338 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2984132]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,559 +1,88 @@\n
    -{{WikiProject Israel}}
    -{{WikiProject Jewish history}}
    -{| class="messagebox" style="background: {{{1|#D8E3FA}}};"
    +{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300"
    +|colspan="2"|[[Image:USSPerryDD340.jpg|300px|USS Perry (DD-340)]]
    |-
    -| [[Image:Peace dove.png|right|45px]]
    -|
    This article is a frequent source of heated debate. Please try to [[Wikipedia:Staying cool when the editing gets hot|keep a cool head]] when responding to comments on this talk page.
    +!style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Career
    +!style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[image:USN-Jack.png|48px|USN Jack]]
    +|-
    +|Ordered:
    +|
    +|-
    +|Laid down:
    +|[[15 September]] [[1920]]
    +|-
    +|Launched:
    +|[[29 October]] [[1921]]
    +|-
    +|Commissioned:
    +|[[7 August]] [[1922]]
    +|-
    +|Decommissioned:
    +|
    +|-
    +|Fate:
    +|sunk by enemy action, [[6 September]] [[1944]]
    +|-
    +|Struck:
    +|
    +|-
    +!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|General Characteristics
    +|-
    +|Displacement:
    +|1,190 tons
    +|-
    +|Length:
    +|314 feet 5 inches (95.83 m)
    +|-
    +|Beam:
    +|30 feet 8 inches (9.35 m)
    +|-
    +|Draught:
    +|13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m)
    +|-
    +|Propulsion:
    +|geared turbines
    +|-
    +|Speed:
    +|36 knots (67 km/h)
    +|-
    +|Complement:
    +|133 officers and enlisted
    +|-
    +|Armament:
    +|4 x 4" (102 mm), 1 x 3" (76 mm), 12 x 21" (533 mm) tt.
    |}
    -{{DelistedGA}}
    -{{WPCD}}
    -{{V0.5|class=B|category=Geography}}
    -{{Talkheader}}
    -{{FAOL|Hebrew|he:ישראל}}
    -{{Off topic warning}}

    -{| class="infobox" width="315px"
    -|-
    -! align="center" | [[Image:Vista-file-manager.png|50px|Archive]]
    [[Wikipedia:How to archive a talk page|Archives]]
    -----
    -|-
    -|
    -[[Talk:Israel/Israel and the Occupied Territories|Israel and the Occupied Territories]]
    -[[Talk:Jerusalem/capital|Jerusalem as capital]]
    +youwant soma dis shit... i don't want dat shit.. i don't gib a fuck, i will play dat shit nuthin bust a kap unda da gun!

    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 1|2002 – 2003]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 2|Aug 2003]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 3|Aug 2003 – Apr 2004]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 4|Apr 2004 – Sep 2004]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 5|Oct 2004 – Jan 2005]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 6|Jan 2005 – Aug 2005]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 7|Aug 2005 – Sep 2005]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 8|Sep 2005 – Oct 2005]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 9|Oct 2005 – Apr 2006]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 10|Apr 2006 – Jun 2006]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 11|Jun 2006 – Jul 2006]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 12|Jun 2006 – Jul 2006]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 13|Jul 2006 – Aug 2006]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 14|Aug 2006 – Aug 2006]]
    -# [[Talk:Israel/Archive 15|Aug 2006 – Sep 2006]]
    -|}
    +The third '''USS ''Perry'' (DD-340/DMS-17)''' was a [[Clemson class destroyer|''Clemson''-class]] [[destroyer]] in the [[United States Navy]] following [[World War I]]. She was named for [[Oliver Hazard Perry]].

    --------
    +''Perry'' was laid down [[15 September]] [[1920]] at the [[Mare Island Navy Yard]], [[Vallejo, California]]; launched [[29 October]] [[1921]]; sponsored by Miss Anne R. Scudder; and commissioned [[7 August]] [[1922]], Lt. Richard H. Booth in command.

    -== The Two Kingdoms ==
    -Why is Israel considered "Israel" when the Hebrew there are clearly the descendants of the Judah Kingdom? Should the nation be Judah since the Hebrew of the Kingdom of Israel were lost?--[[User:SecretAgentMan00|Secret Agent Man]] 21:12, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    +''Perry'' operated out of San Diego until [[17 January]] [[1923]]. Then decommissioned, she remained in reserve until recommissioned [[1 April]] [[1930]]. Operations off [[California]] were followed in late summer by a cruise to [[Alaska]] with members of the [[United States Senate|US Senate]] embarked for an inspection trip. Squadron, fleet and joint [[United States Army|Army]]–Navy–[[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] exercises in the eastern Pacific, the [[Caribbean]] and the western Atlantic filled her schedule for the next decade.

    -:Quite right, it was considered too. Several names were considered. For various reasons it was decided on Israel possibly also as a more universal term to fit non Jews as well or a more popular name. The tribes in existence also include Binyamin and Levi, so technically it's also accurate, moreover considering the differnet tribes from Africa, India and so on that are considered Dan, Menashe and others. One day the hope is all these lost sons (and daughters...) will be found and come back to their homeland. That's my view on the subject... ;) [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 21:25, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::What BS. We are ''Am Yisrael'', the people of Israel. We live in ''Eretz Yisrael'', the Land of Israel. Are you seriously telling me the Zionist leaders were considering ''other'' names for their state? That would be even more absurd than anything I could ever have imagined. 'Israel' is the only name that would ever make sense to anyone.
    +On [[2 April]] [[1940]], ''Perry'' departed [[San Diego, California]] for her new homeport, [[Pearl Harbor]] escorting the [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|Arizona]]. For the next five months she patrolled in [[Hawaii|Hawaiian]] waters, then in October, entered the naval shipyard at Pearl Harbor for conversion to a high speed [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]]. Redesignated '''DMS–17''', effective [[19 November]] [[1940]], she joined MinRon 2 at Pearl Harbor in January 1941. In late spring, she sailed back to San Diego, whence, on [[1 July]], she departed to escort USS Arizona to Pearl Harbor.

    -:::My friend, this is not BS. This appeared in books concerning the declaration and it's in hebrew wikipedia article from which I took it. It's not controversial. We are am Israel in Eretz Israel but naming the country Zion or Jehuda makes sense too. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 18:02, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    +On [[7 December]] [[1941]], ''Perry'' was moored at Pearl Harbor. Shortly after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor|attack]] she got underway and, having shot down a plane, took up patrol and minesweeping duties in the approaches to the harbor entrance. She continued offshore patrols until [[31 May]] [[1942]], then sailed east to California. Alterations at Mare Island followed and on [[31 July]], she departed, as convoy escort, for Pearl Harbor. From Hawaii, she steamed to [[Kodiak, Alaska|Kodiak]] to assist in the [[Aleutian Islands]] campaign. For the next year, until after the retaking of [[Kiska]], [[15 August]] [[1943]], ''Perry'' performed minesweeping and rescue missions and escorted troop and supply convoys in the foggy waters of the north Pacific.

    -::And Secret Agent Man... Please just write 'Jews', not 'Hebrews'. This is the same thing. People call the Jews of the Bible 'Hebrews' in order to make an artifical difference between the Jews of the Bible and the Jews of today. Usually with the aim of saying 'Yes, the hebrews lived there... but there are no more Hebrews, and Jews are not Hebrews.' A very subtile method of antisemitism hidden in a form of antizionism. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 17:35, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    +On [[8 September]], ''Perry'' departed Adak and sailed south. Stopping first in Hawaii, she continued on to San Francisco for repairs. Back at Pearl Harbor [[27 November]], she joined the 5th Fleet, then staging for the [[Marshall Islands]] campaign. On [[31 January]] [[1944]], she arrived off [[Kwajalein]] and took up antisubmarine station in the transport area. She departed that atoll five days later, escorted troopships to [[Noumea]], conducted sweeping operations in the [[Solomons]], and then, on [[3 April]], sailed with MinRon 2 for [[New Guinea]]. Three days later, she joined the [[7th Fleet]] at [[Milne Bay]]. In mid-month she got underway, with TG 77.3 and, acting as ocean escort and antisubmarine screen, arrived with that group off [[Aitape]] on the 22nd. Prior to the assault there, she swept between Tamara and Alli Islands, then took up antisubmarine patrol and shore bombardment duties.

    -There was also talk of forming the West Bank into a State of Judea after the six day war as a way of Israel unloading itself of it's Heradi population. The State of Israel to be the Zionist State. The State of Judea to be a Jewish Religious state. The idea was scrappped mostly because the Heradi political parties refuesed the offer. The politics of the place are bizarre to say the least. [[User:88.154.158.42|88.154.158.42]] 17:14, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    +''Perry'' remained in New Guinea waters until [[6 May]], when she steamed east to rejoin the [[5th Fleet]] in the Solomons and prepare for the invasion of the [[Marianas]]. Assigned to TG 51.17, ''Perry'' arrived off [[Saipan]] and commenced sweeping operations [[13 June]], under cover from the [[battleship]]s of TF 58. Completing sweeping operations the following day, she resumed screening duties in the forward area, maintaining as much protection as possible for the transports off the assault beaches through the landings and the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]]. On [[26 June]], she departed Saipan for [[Eniwetok]], from where she sailed, with TG 53.1, for [[Guam]]. Between the 14th and the 20th she screened vessels delivering the preinvasion bombardment; then, as troops were landed on the 21st, joined the screen of the fire support units.

    -:This I'm not aware of and it's unlikely it was serious. Sometimes people talk about the Judea country for those not agreeing to the policy of evacuating territories, but it never came to a discussion in parliament or government AFAIK or a serious forum, as of yet that is. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 23:03, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    +Prior to departing the Marianas, five days later, ''Perry'' participated in the shelling of [[Rota]], then returned to Guam, from where she sailed, the same day, for Eniwetok in the transport screen. Further exercises in the Solomons preceded her next, and last, assignment, the [[Palau]] invasion.

    -It was a discussion in the cabinet. How serious it was, I don't know. Whatever the case, you are correct, the discussion didn't go far. I'll try to dig out the book I saw it in. [[User:Shia1|Shia1]] 00:50, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    +On [[6 September]] MinRon 2 sortied from [[Florida Island]]. On the 12th they reached their objective and the units commenced sweeping operations off [[Pelelieu Island]]. At 0811, a mine explosion destroyed ''Perry's'' port sweep gear. By 1028 she had replaced the gear and was back in formation to continue operations until early afternoon. That night she carried out antisubmarine patrols and early the next morning, [[13 September]], resumed her sweeping mission. At 1418, off [[Anguar]], a violent [[underwater explosion]], starboard side amidships, shook the ship. All steam to her main engines was lost and the forward fireroom was demolished and flooded. Steam and oil sprayed in all directions and the ship took on a 30’ list to port. The list increased and, at 1420, the commanding officer ordered “abandon ship”. With the aid of [[USS Preble (DD-345)|''Preble'' (DD-345)]] final attempts to save the vessel were made, but, at 1515, all remaining personnel were ordered off. At 1605, ''Perry'' capsized. She broke in two at the point of damage and, at 1607, sank in 40 fathoms of water.

    -== Demographics ==
    +''Perry'' (DMS–17) earned 6 [[battle star]]s during [[World War II]].

    -Israel's Central Beauro for Statistics estimates Israel's Population at 7,057,600 as of July 31, 2006. This gives a pop. density of about 319/km^2
    -[[User:88.152.185.140|88.152.185.140]] 22:33, 11 September 2006 (UTC) EGT Sep 12 2006
    -:: If a section is created on this subject I suggest you also add a link here: [[Immigration#Immigration by countries and territories]].--[[User:Saintlink|Saintlink]] 08:13, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
    +The wreck of ''Perry'' was found on 1 May 2000. In December 2003, a diver, Michael Norwood, died while filming on the wreck for the show, [[Deep Sea Detectives]].

    -== 2006 Israeli-Lebanese conflict ==
    -The article mentions that the cease-fire was broken by both sides. I was not aware of any breaches of the cease-fire made by Lebanon. Unless you can cite such a statement with actual evidence or news reports I think it should be deleted.
    +See [[USS Perry|USS ''Perry'']] for other ships of this name.

    +==References==
    +* {{DANFS}}
    +* [http://starbulletin.com/2000/05/25/news/story2.html]
    +* [http://www.cdnn.info/safety/s031211/s031211.html]
    +{{Clemson class destroyer}}

    -There were and are violations of the cease fire-by the Hezbollah, which continues to receive arms shipments through the land borders with Syria. In addition, The UN resolution and international law clearly states that there can only be one armed force in Lebanon, the Lebanese army, and so, as long as the Hezbollah refuses to lay down their arms and turn in their rocket stockpiles (which they proudly announced to have been largely undamaged by the Israeli attacks) to Lebanese authorities, they are violating the cease fire.
    -
    -"[UN Cease Fire resolution 1701] Emphasises the importance of the extension of the control of the government of Lebanon over all Lebanese territory in accordance with the provisions of resolution 1559 (2004) and resolution 1680 (2006), and of the relevant provisions of the Taif Accords, for it to exercise its full sovereignty, so that there will be no weapons without the consent of the government of Lebanon and no authority other than that of the government of Lebanon; "
    -
    -http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/4785963.stm
    -http://www.easybourse.com/Website/dynamic/News.php?NewsID=48524&lang=fra&NewsRubrique=2
    -http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4§ion=0&article=86315&d=10&m=9&y=2006
    -
    -::The fact that Hezbollah has not yet complied with Resolution 1701 does not mean that Hezbollah has breached the cease-fire. Even if you think the two actions are the same, I find it quite hypocritical to say that Hezbollah is breaching the cease-fire when Israel executed commando missions in Lebanon and continually violated Lebanese air space (not to mention occupied Lebanese territory), and yet no one could say that Israel had breached the cease-fire. Need I also remind you that Israel didn't comply with Resolution 425 until 22 years later?
    -
    -::One other point is that you really can't prove that Syria has supplied Hezbollah with arms after the cease-fire came into effect. In fact, until very recently Lebanon has been under blockade, one meant to prevent arms from reaching Hezbollah. If arms were still being smuggled in, then what's the point of letting the country suffer the damaging effects of a futile blockade (after all, we have all seen how much Israel has been concerned with Lebanon's well-being as they so often stated). My point is, the claim that Hezbollah has been receiving arms from Syria after the cease-fire is unsupported, and therefore you can't just say that Hezbollah breached the cease-fire. Israel on the other hand openly admitted to every breach it had made. [[User:LestatdeLioncourt|LestatdeLioncourt]] 13:36, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::This guy's right. Israel should stop being so darn honest. It isn't working out very well for them. --[[User:Bladebot|bladebot]] 09:33, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -honest my A. If you just listen to what israel says, and then look at whats going on, youve got some controversy. Heres something for your sarcasm. israel should tell the truth more, then well see how the world likes them. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 23:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -regardless of who's being honest or not, there were violations of the ceasefire on both sides. there were small skirmishes days after the agreement. blame who you want, but it takes 2 to tango. [[User:Parsecboy|Parsecboy]] 23:53, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -It takes 2 to tango, but it only takes 1 for israel to attack lebanon. The problem is there isn't actually solid proof that Lebanon breached the ceasefire, while Israel, on the other hand, was caught doing it. When you're caught, it makes sense to admit it. [[User:Hobowu|Hobowu]] 10:24, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==adding lots of pics==
    -if you disagree with any, revert :) . [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 13:56, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Revert which Oiboy77 has twice done: [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&oldid=75778825 here reverted by me] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&oldid=76074382 here reverted by Ynhockey]. Oiboy's edits, which include deleting the entire 'Sports' section and 11 pictures, are plain vandalism. I request an administrator to look into this. Deleting 11 pictures and a whole section of text without any consensus and without any motivation, and doing it again when it is reverted, is plain vandalism. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 17:32, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Oiboy77 is a vandal with multiple bans on his record for exactly this kind of behaviour. When pressed on it he will claim a massive Zionist conspiracy, then vandalize again and get blocked again. Just keep reverting him. [[User:Schrodingers Mongoose|Schrodingers Mongoose]] 21:41, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Exactly. I request the first administrator who sees this to step in and block him again, preferably for a (much) longer time. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 22:19, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Geography, climate and [[Mount Hermon]] ==
    -
    -The recent edit by Amoruso adding "like [[Mount Hermon]]" may not make any statement that is literally in correct, but it tends to imply, to most readers, that Mount Hermon is in Israel and therefore I resisted it. Unfortunately I cannot continue to do this without provoking edit wars and violation [[WP:3RR]] so I guess that, at least for now, it will have to stay. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 15:39, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:The disputed status of the Golan heights is mentioned in the immediately preceding paragraphs, so in context I don't think it particularly bolsters the Israeli claim. Perhps rather than simply removing it, you could supply an alternative example, within the pre-1967 borders? [[User:David Underdown|David Underdown]] 15:47, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Anything would be preferable, as would nothing. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 16:22, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -The question is related to a hot discussion, see [[Talk:Mount Hermon]]; for now, I will not pre-empt this by editing [[Israel]]. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 18:18, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::[[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]], I really do think that wikipedia policy doesn't deal with [[WP:POV]] political edits. Golan is in Israel because Israel is there - whether it's illegal or not is not relevant for statin the fact. I showed you the western sahara example and others - it's the facts on the ground that are relevant, because wikipedia is an encyclopedia by regular users who want to know where everything is and who have enough article and section liberties to make the difference between U.N positions and geographical facts, and so on. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 19:11, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -The National Geographic map is very much in the minority among international maps. Every international map that I have, including the respected Times Atlas, shows the Golan Heights to be outside Israel, and on such a contentious issue, its authors would have considered this issue very carefully. You cannot occupy and unilaterally annex territory and then expect the international community and other authorities to endorse your claim that that terrirory is in your country. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 16:32, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:It seems the international community and Wikipedia is doing exactly that with regards to the occupation and unilaterl annexation of Tibet by China. Why should it be any different here? [[User:Isarig|Isarig]] 16:55, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -
    --- Well said, I for example would love to see the entries on the 21 Arab countries say that they all have democratically elected governments and opposition backbenchers that can shout at the leader of the nation "fascist" without getting jailed and/or hanged (as the Arab backbencher MP's in Israel do routinely to their good health), but an encyclopedia is a collection of facts and not an orgy of hallucinated narratives, so I have to put up with the current entries even if I don't like them. The objective reality is that mount hermon is partially in Israel and partially in Syria.
    -Even if I think that a dictatorship is an illegal entity, and so all Syrian, Iranian and Libyan borders are null and void, I dont go to these entries and put that in, do I? perhaps there should be a parallel "imagipedia.org" site for what we want to be true, that might relieve some of the pressure on this poor entry.
    -
    -
    -I would like to see a truthful article on Israel say you can say We Oppose the ZIonist State without men in black riot gear breaking into your synagogue during high holiday services anually and beating the elderly and anyone else who can't outrun them, or that a person can be a contientious objector without being permanently denied employment, or that a person of a minority ethnic group can become a citizen. [[User:88.153.87.107|88.153.87.107]] 01:46, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I really do not see what Israel's political system has to do with the countries in which Mount Hermon is placed. Maps published by sources regarded as [[WP:V|verifiable]] show that Israel's internationally recognised borders enclose no part of Mount Hermon, as shown on the map shown on [[Golan Heights]]. If country A occupies territory within country B, that territory remains in country B until international law, as interpreted by international institutions and shown on international maps, not country A's POV "scholars", decrees otherwise, despite the presence of country A. The fact that Israel occupies part of the mountain and imposed its own national POV by unilateral annexation does not alter that, nor is it altered by the fact that this article is watched by a team of nationalist POV editors who make its information impossible to correct. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 11:39, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I don't agree with this opinion like I've said before. international law can be used by both sides and one can't say that territory is not recognised by international law, but only by the U.N for example in non binding resolutions. Btw, Your last sentence is incivil and I ask you not to resort to such statements but stick to the point. Facts are what Wikipedia should try to attend to and the territory is in the hands of Israel therefore it should be considered in Israel as a matter of fact. The map assertion is wrong. For example, '''the National Geographic maps show the Golan to be in Israel.''' [http://ngmapstore.com/jump.jsp?itemID=375&itemType=PRODUCT&path=1%2C2%2C6%2C45] [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2000/06/0605_golan.html] (thank-you Shilonite for info). Perhaps maps should be changed to wikipedia for better accuracy without showing the armistice line simply. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 12:07, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -It is not for me to answer the above question comparing the China/Tibet situation, other than to point out that all international maps that I am aware of show [[Tibet]] to be within the borders of [[China]]. Also the existing maps, from the CIA - hardly an anti-Israeli source - are by far the most representative of worldwide mapping and should not be changed. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 17:02, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Well, that's certianly not true. Have a look at this [http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/east/01/08/tibet.lama.01/map.china.tibet.gif] - showing Tibet outside the borders of China, with different shading that's very similar to the way the Golan is shown on many maps. [[User:Isarig|Isarig]] 17:16, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -It is not for you to tell me what maps I was aware of at the time when I wrote the above. By the way the colors on the above linked map imply that Tibet is within China, were it otherwise, Tibet would have been shown in completely different color(s) only. The Golan maps show Golan in the same color as Syria, with Israel in different colors. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 18:39, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: I did not mean to say that you were lying, only to show that the statement "all international maps ... show [[Tibet]] to be within the borders of [[China]]." Is not true. You were not aware of the maps that do not show this, and I have remedied that. As to the color of the shading, you are reading way too much into it. The CNN map shows that Tibet is not of the same status as the rest of CHina. There are many maps that use the same shading for teh Golan, or indicate it in the same color as Israel. In addition to the map Amoruso has shown you, you can look at these : [http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_israel.html][http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/cf02d057b04d356385256ddb006dc02f/b08a2e4d1fde5cec85256b98006e752f!OpenDocument][http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/israel_land_1978.jpg][[User:Isarig|Isarig]] 19:34, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Well, well. Your 1st link shows West Bank also within Israel, which I do not think Israel officially claims. The second shows Israel's boundaries including the West Bank but not the Golan Heights. The third includes the Sinai from which Israel withdrew long ago. [[User:Viewfinder|Viewfinder]] 19:44, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, that's precisely my point: even though Israel does not claim the WB, and even though the internatioanl community certianly does not recognize such a claim, th eWB is shown in th eexcat same color as Israel - which proves my point that you are reading too much into the colors. Teh 2nd link shows the Golan hieghts shaded in the excat same way as the Tibet region is shaded - with diagonal lines - while the background color is the same as Israel's (or Syria). [[User:Isarig|Isarig]] 19:56, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -In Sept. 2005 there were news articles reporting that "Israel declared its frontier with the Gaza Strip an international border". the only one I can find now is [http://newsfromrussia.com/hotspots/2005/09/21/63383.html]. Has this declaration been rescinded? The article doesn't mention this border. [[User:Fourtildas|Fourtildas]] 04:04, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Universal Sufferage ==
    -
    -It can't be said Israel has universal sufferage since only Jews can become citizens. What would it take for a family of Thai workers to be able to vote after three generations in Israel? They can't. The kids would have Ger Toshav status, which gets translated resident foreignor, but really meens non-Jewish second class citizen with no power to vote. [[User:88.154.158.42|88.154.158.42]] 17:19, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Your claim is false for several reasons:
    -:1. Universal Suffrage only refers to the country's citizens, not outsiders.
    -:2. Every country has the right to choose who it lets immigrate into its territory. A country doesn't have to let anyone come and receive citizenship.
    -:3. Non-Jews can easily become Israeli citizens by marrying an Israeli citizen.
    -:4. These is no legal status called "Ger Toshav". There's are statuses called "Toshav Er'i" (Temporary Resident), "Toshav Keva" (Permanent Resident - like a green card), and "Ezrach" (Citizen).
    -:5. Also, Israel has a large Arab population, with full voting rights.
    -:6. Why should Thai workers receive citizenship? Israel does NOT encourage immigration; the workers came to work, under the explicit terms of leaving when their work permit expires. If they choose to remain illegaly, should they be rewarded for that?
    -:7. According to the new regulations, a legal foreign worker's child, born in Israel, who has been in Israel for at least a few years, may recieve legal status. If, when they turn 18, they join the army (like most Israelis must do), they receive full citizenship. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 19:45, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -YOur right. It is Ger Er'i status. But your answers are misleading in part. 1) It is not possible for a non-jew to marry a Jew in Israel. They must fly to Crete or somewhere. 2) No other country offers citizenship on ethnic grounds alone. 3) Those Arabs are descendants of Arabs who stayed in the area taken during the 1948 war, but the Arabs in the West Bank have no option to be citizens. 4) A son of a Thai worker who has never seen any other country with both parents who have never seen any other country - what else should he be? He literally has citizenship in no other country. 5) in answer to seven, that is not universal sufferege, that is sufferege for all Jews and any multi-generational non-Jew of non-Arab background who do Army service. Universal meens everyone. Perhaps the phrasing on suffrage should be changed to something like, "Israel has universal suffrage for all citizens, with citizenship being offered to all Jews and any non-Arab foreignor who was born in Israel and completed Army service." Universal is not accurate. [[User:Shia1|Shia1]] 02:49, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*Yes, it is. Perhaps you wish the definition of [[universal suffrage]] to change, but you'll have a hard battle. Universal suffrage means all adult citizens can vote; the phrase implies nothing about the ease or difficulty of becoming a citizen. Few places (and, to my knowledge, no nations) allow non-citizens to vote. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 06:06, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::See [[Elections in the United Kingdom]] plenty of non-citizens allowed to vote... [[User:David Underdown|David Underdown]] 15:37, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I am not completely sure that Jpgordon is inferring so, but military service is for the most part, not required in Israel for citizenship or voting rights, except perhaps in extremely rare circumstances for foreign non-Jewish immigrants (and those are few, Israel isn't Canada) who wish to naturalize, as proof of their genuine intent, which I don't think would be such a bad test if adopted by European and American countries as well. Thousands of Israeli Jews are excused from service due to being ultra orthodox, but they can still vote; all Israeli Arabs (20% of the population, nearly a million citizens) can vote though few do military service. The proof is that the Arab public's elected parliament members spend half their time shouting "fascist" and "murderer" at the prime minister and the minister of defence while in session (conveniently ignoring their fates were they to attempt such things in the parliament of any country of their Muslim betheren who they staunchly support), thus you can't imagine them participating in the "Zionist Oppressor" military service. What is true however, that those who do not serve in the army do suffer some prejudices, as army service is considered to be an important part of the normative Israeli identity. It is legal for some jobs to require military service, e.g. security guards, and lacking military service will count against getting security clearances for sensitive positions. In an attempt to counter balance this somewhat, there is a substitute "National Service" of 2 years spent in voluntary activities in one's local community which is intended for those exempted from military service. currently this is mainly taken advantage of by (army exempted) Orthodox Jewish women. In December 2004, the Ivri Committee on National Service recommended to the Government that Israeli-Arabs be afforded an opportunity to volunteer to this service as an alternative to military service. [[User:Counterboint|Counterboint]]
    -
    -:Again, there is no "Ger Er'i" status, the word "Ger" does not belong here! It's "Toshav Er'i".
    -:1) Israel doesn't have civilian marriage, so there's no alternative to some kind of religious marriage (even if you're an atheist), except to get married somewhere else (Cyprus is the usual choice). Then the marriage is recognized by Israel.
    -:2) Israel is a Jewish country, founded to give Jews a safe place to live, so naturally it gives citizenship to Jews. Again, every country is free to choose whatever criteria it wishes for immigration, be them ethnic, based of skill or wealth, or otherwise.
    -:3) Why should the arabs in the west bank become Israeli citizens? Do you think the west bank is an integral part of Israel?
    -:4) The children of foreign workers are indeed a problem. I strongly feel that a child born in Israel, or who immigrated at a very young age, grew up in Israel, speaks hebrew, and knows no other place, should be given citizenship. This is a relatively new problem, and talking about the third generation is absurd - there's barely a first one. The discussion of the topic is very active, and it seems the outcome will be close to my views.
    -:5) According to your (and it's only your) definition, no country has universal suffrage. Can I vote in the Danish general elections? No. So they don't have universal suffrage? [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 15:19, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -It's funny there are such strict immigration laws in Israel when Jews in the United States by-and-large are the strongest proponents of diversity and illegal immigration. Then again, the majority of Jews in the United States view themselves as Jews first (and by extensions Israelis) and Americans later. [[User:Volksgeist|Volksgeist]] 07:14, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Hello Volkgeist, I see you are back in the ranting and raving business.- [[User:Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg|Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg]] | [[User talk:Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg|Talk]] 07:56, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Again with the rants? [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 15:19, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -"Why should the arabs in the west bank become Israeli citizens" because it was originally there country and no one had the right to take it from them like this, so they should be allowed the same rights as any jewish israeli. "Israel is a Jewish country, founded to give Jews a safe place to live, so naturally it gives citizenship to Jews." escuse me for my ignorance, but i will never understand why the jews recieved palestine, (not that my opinion matters) but i think they should have given them a chunk of land from germany, doesnt that seem fair? [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 23:01, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:The Arabs living in Palestine never had a country. The territory was under the control of various empires, and the last time it was a free entity was with the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.
    -:The Jews bought many lands in Israel, and settled there. They did this legally. The Jews did not expel anyone to build their new cities and villages. After the Arabs refused to accept the 1947 partition plan (which called for 2 states - a Jewish one and an Arab one, in Palestine), they attacked the Jews.
    -:Did you know that many Jews were driven from their homes? The Jewish settlement of Kfar Darom in the Gaza strip, Gush Etzion near Jerusalem, the Jews living in the old city of Jerusalem. These people bought land there, lived there legitimately, and were expelled by the Arabs in 1948.
    -:Jews have had a continous presence in Israel since biblical times. It is their homeland, and thus was chosen. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 04:38, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Mac--are you aware that Jews have a quite significant history in the middle east? I'm not trying to be rude, but I don't know what your background is or where you live. Some people don't know about this. Jews consider the land Israel is on as their homeland and Jews go back further in the area than Arabs do. Jews have tried to get back to Jerusalem since their exile. I'm not saying Palestinians don't have a right to be there---of course they do---but this doesn't negate the Jewish right. It is undeniable that the Germans did really bad things to the Jews and if the Holocaust were the reason the only Jews wanted to go to Israel then it would maybe make sense to give them part of Germany instead. However, Jews are not FROM germany--they ended up there as a result of exile. And Holocaust or no Holocaust, Jews would want to live in the land of Israel to get back to their roots. [[User:Elizmr|Elizmr]] 23:46, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I am completely aware of jewish history, i know they have been there longer than arabs. My POV is that allot of people ''want'' things, but that does not mean you should recieve it. just because the jews would ''want'' to live there, it doesnt give them much of a right to kick out the palestinians. Many palestinians consider it their homeland, and they sure as heck arent getting it. Palestinians have been trying to get back into it since their exile as well. Jews have every right to live there as a palestinian, as you stated, but by the looks of it, thats not what is happening. It doesnt matter where you are from. You dont see native americans taking back america and making americans live like crap, or muslims taking spain and kicking out spaniards or anything of that manner. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 00:32, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::OK, I wasn't sure if you were aware of the jewish history because of your germany comment. As far as I know, the Jews didn't just "want" Israel and therefore get it, they gave up a lot and fought and died for it. And I'm not agreeing that the Jews kicked Muslims out of Israel, but are you aware that large pops of Jews have been kicked out of every Arab country (going back to the time of the Prophet Muhammed, actually)? And the blame for how Palestinians are living in the territories is not Israel's alone; the Palestinian and Arab leaderships have certainly played a big role in making the Palestinians "live like crap" to achieve their political ends. It is a horrible and complex situation and any attempt to see it in black and white won't ring true. [[User:Elizmr|Elizmr]] 01:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::That's exactly the thing. Leaving out whether Jews really tried to kick out any palestinians out - which is not true in itself - right now the situation is exactly reverse. You dont see native americans taking back america and making americans live like crap, or muslims taking spain and kicking out spaniards (though I suspect you WILL see that in the future) and you shouldn't see Arabs taking "back" Israel and kicking out Jews. What's happening is that Arab states and Muslim states like Iran and the fanatic arab organizations like HAMAS and Hizballah want to kick out the JEWS from the place. You're not looking at the reality. It's the state of israel with its population of 5 million Jews that Arabs want to kick out. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 00:36, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -"though I suspect you WILL see that in the future" that is not acceptable first of all. second, stop listening to western media and open your eyes. Arabs know that they cannot kick out all of the jews from israel. that is not their goal any longer. their goal is to create peace with them while at the same time helping the lebanese and the palestinians. yes there are still some that would like to see the jews removed, and while ill disagree with that, you still cannot look at JUST the arabs trying to kick out the jews. why is it that i am always attacked like this. think of what the jews did to the arabs that made want them out. you only look at the side you want to be with. you cant fully know your arguments when you dont know the argument of the other. so lets the arabs kick all of the jews out. what do you think will happen? the jews will fight back and create organizations such as hizballah(which does not want the complete destruction and removal of israel by the way) or HAMAS. i know why the jews wanted jerusalem because that is (as elizmr said) were their roots are, and i knew someone was going to say that when i wrote that first comment. so look at both sides not just one. the only way is peace between the jews and the arabs and nothing else. On both sides there are those who want peace and those who want war and there is no argument to that. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 00:45, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -My point is that it is rediculous to say there is universal sufferage in Israel when roughly 50% of the people under the control of the government do not have a right to chose who has control over them. That's far from universal. Barely half the population can vote. The fact that barely half the population are citizens is another issue which points to ethnocentrism, but universal sufferage is misleading, some sort of additional statement acknowledging the fact that a high percentage of the people living nder the control of the Israeli government cannot chose who controls them needs to be added. [[User:Shia1|Shia1]] 00:58, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -agreed [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 00:59, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:i think the defition refers to citizens or people under the rule of the country. arabs in [[yesha]] do not want to be part of Israel to begin with and are under control of a differnet rule - the palestinian authority which they vote for. That is why it's not relevant at all and there's no obligation for Israel to let them vote obviously, not will it be expected from them, nor does it make any sense whatsoever. Mac33c, Jews did not kick out Arabs, to begin with. Jews accepted the 1947 partition plan and then were attacked by 7 differnet arab states. This is something you seem to have forgotten. Jews just wanted a state of their own on their historic land which they guarded and kept for thousands of years even though the place went under occupation of dozens of differnet empires. Let's examine this notion of peace from the arab/moslem side - the idea of "the right of return" means bringing 4 million palestinians to israel proper - do you think Israel will still exist after this ? This view is supported by essentially all Arabs. Continue - the leader of Iran says he wants to wipe off Israel off the map and that Israel should move to Alaska - indeed that sounds like peace. 80% of the palestinians voted for HAMAS, an organization that has the destruction of Israel and the killing of all zionists in its charter and that has no motivation to discuss peace with Israel. Arab states do not inherehently accept the "zionist presence" in the middle east. This is why the Palestinian conflict was created to begin with, it's one of the means to kick out Jews from here. Peace is only achieved through detterence and safe borders - this is why Jordan and Egypt want their governments to be stable enough so they signed peace with Israel. If Israel will be strong enough, there will be peace - as in - no hostilities. Acceptance is not something you'll find in this part of the world. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 01:09, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Define Zionists...you will fine that not all jews are seen as zionists.
    -im just going to say it outright. that is load of crap. stop listening to Fox news. KNOW your opponents arguments better before you argue. Ive read plenty of books and that argue similar things to this, and im not going to sit here and explain to you the history of the middle east when israel came into power. they have both done some things that neither side should be proud of. Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, they are all have leashes around there necks. I knoq exactly what happend in the 6 days war. i know plenty of things that happend afterwards, which you seem to have forgotten. Israel has committed atrocities to the arabs and vice-versa. stop looking at this so freaking one sided. you have no REAL knowledge of what is going on so i advise you to stop typing blindly. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 01:27, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Zionists are those wanting a Jewish state in Palestina. I agree that Arabs will let jews live under an arabian country as dhimmni, that is true. I don't listen to FOX news, I have first hand experience. If you knew exactly what happened, you wouldn't talk the way you did and you'd realise Israel is not to blame. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 01:53, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I agree. Universal sufferage should be defined as everyone under the rule of the country having the right to vote. Under the rule of the country. I'm not sure if you've visited the West bank lately, but there is no real Palestinian authority there. It's Israel that decided who moves where and how far. For goodness sakes, they kidnap parliament and cabinet members from the Palestinian Authority. Those people have been under Israeli control for half a century almost, and they cannot chose who controls them. That is not universal sufferage. YOur comment on Denmark shows a great truth. YOu cannot vote in Dainish elections, but if you lived in Greenland for the last 50 years and were native, you could. There's no Dainsih tank outside your house, and it wasn't outside you grandfathers house. That's the difference.
    -Secondly, on another topic you just brought up, Jews did kick out Arabs. YOu can go up into the Kisalon area and see the villages they used to tell people were from Bar Khokhba's time but the court ordered them to tell the truth - They're old Arab villages. Also, Ben Gurion and Moshe Dayan spoke of kicking arabs out. It wasn't a secret before. People used to brag about it before the world started thinking it was a bad thing.
    -Also, "just wanted a state on their historical homeland," is a bit of a whitewash. Having had no signifigant presence in an area for 2000 years, and no sovereignty there for several hundred more than that, it is unprecedented for people to return there and found a country on top of another people. By the "historical homeland" arguement, you could more easily say the Pakistanis have a right to a State in European Russia since they are descendants of Moguls, who are descendants of Monguls, who originally came from that are of the world. That all happened half as long ago. These arguements only make sense to Zionists. To anyone else they sound goofy, and sinister. Kick backs to Nationalist ideas that fell out vogue after WW2. THese things are neither here nor there, and don't belong in the article, I'm just saying you should know how your ideas sound to people who don't share them. They sound like Musalini. - The Palestinian problem wasn't created because Arabs wouldn't accept ZIonist presence, it was started when people from Europe arrived with political ambitions and demanded the natives accept their authority. Accepting the partition plan isn't a sign of peacefulness, but of conquest. Arriving from Europe and being given half of a land is a great deal. Anyone would accept that. Having half your land given away to people from Europe is a different matter. Who would accept that? [[User:88.153.87.107|88.153.87.107]] 01:38, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Not interested in disucssing politics with you usigned member. This is not a discssion board. Arabs weren't kicked out, they fled at the request of the Arab states. "the Arab refugees were not driven from Palestine by anyone. The vast majority left, whether of their own free will or at the orders or exhortations of their leaders, always with the same reassurance-that their departure would help in the war against Israel. The Arabs are the only declared refugees who became refugees not by the action of their enemies or because of well-grounded fear of their enemies, but by the initiative of their own leaders." (Katz, 1973, pp. 72) The American journalist Kenneth Bilby, who had covered Palestine for years, claimed that the Arab leaders' rationale for the flight was:
    -
    - "Let the Arabs flee into neighboring countries. It would serve to arouse the other Arab countries to greater effort, and when the Arab
    - invasion struck the Palestinians could return to their homes and be compensated with the property of Jews driven into the sea."
    -(New Star In The Near East, New York, 1950).
    -
    -There was never a "Palestinian Arab" nation. To the Arab people as a whole, no such entity as Palestine existed. To those of them who lived in its neighbourhood, its lands were a suitable object for plunder and destruction. Those few who lived within its bounds may have had an affinity for their village (and made war on the next village), for their clan (which fought for the right of local tax-gathering), or even for their town. They were not conscious of any relationship to a land, and even the townsmen would have heard of its existence as a land, if they heard of it at all, only from such Jews as they might meet. (Palestine is mentioned only once in the Koran, as the "Holy Land"- holy, that is, to Jews and Christians.) (katz)
    -
    -As to the suffarage, Israel is under no obligation to let arabs in yesha vote, since they can vote for their own argument. Obviously Israel had to enter after they voted for a terrorist suicidal bombing government... but if they followed up on prior agreements, they'll have a full autonomy by now probably a state too. You live with the wrong choices you make. anyway, they can still vote for palestinian government - Israel simply arresteed terrorists - don't vote for terrorists next time. Also they might be released soon. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 01:53, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -SO you are saying the Palestinians have a right to vote for anyone they want so long as they want to vote for people Israel doesn't mind? In any case those people are not free to govern the Palestinians, rather the Israelis will, unless the people the Palestinians pick decide to run their new country the way Israel wants. I also like how everyone you quote as NPOV just so happens to have a Jewish last name. Here's a quote you didn't put in the article. David Ben-Gurion, the first and third Israeli prime minister and arguably the most influential figure in the creation of Israel, held that “We must expel Arabs and take their places … We must use terror, assassination, intimidation, land confiscation, and the cutting of all social services to rid the Galilee of its Arab population ... The wisdom of Israel is now the wisdom of war, nothing else.” [[User:88.153.87.107|88.153.87.107]] 16:57, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Its hard to argue with people who know nothing but lies. so to the unsigned member, let them live their life of lies because they will never know the truth unless they want to seek it. nothing you say on Wikipedia is going to make anyone change their mind(i tried it with complete failure). all it will do is have people who already agreed with you agree with you and those who dont oppose you. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 20:51, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It's funny you say that since lying has been the chief propaganda of palestinians and it surely has spreaded very widely even to usigned members and to you. I'm very sorry Israel was attacked by 7 countries and the 400,000 palestinians decided to flee (900,000 Jews fleed Arab states at the same time) and I'm very sorry that Palestinians voted for a government that wants to kill all Jews and promotes suicide bombing and Israel had to do ''something'' about it. But don't let the facts confuse you. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 03:02, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Lies like, "A land without a people for a people without a land?" Anyways, you are making wild assumptions like there are no Palestinian Jews. I am an AMerican Jew, my wife is an AMerican Jew, we live in Jerusalem, and my daughter is a Palestinian Jew. Nobody tried to kill any of us when we went to get her Palestinian birth certificate. But apart from that, can you explain what your racist slurs have to do with "universal sufferage" not being an accurate term in a country where half those under its control cannot vote for who controls them? Why are you so oppossed to simply puting an addition to the sentance that explains all citizens have the right to vote, but 40-50% of the people under Israeli control cannot become citizens. That's an accurate statement, and seems to be balanced. A sentance can even follow that says most of that 40%-50% are expected to become citizens of Palestine when that country is created. [[User:88.153.87.107|88.153.87.107]] 04:25, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:"A land without a people for a people without a land" is very accurate although Israel was of course always the land of the jews simply without soverignity. As to the rest of your comments, I've had enough of you. You're unsigned and now you're also using personal attacks. Call someone else racist etc. and tell someone else your fantasies. Israel has "universal sufferage" whether you like it or not. Deal with it and ta ta. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 04:32, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::The Israeli arabs vote in Israeli elections and the Palestinian Arabs vote in PA elections, don't they? Should PAr's be voting in both Israeli and PA elections? Seems kind of weird. [[User:Elizmr|Elizmr]] 11:30, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Not directed to anyone but get educated before you speak. look im not even going to argue with you, cuz like i said, it is impossible to have a decent conversation with someone who is so full of it.
    -Learn the truth, then come talk to me. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 20:42, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:For someone who has been consistently beligerent and aggressive about some rather ill-considered viewpoints, you certainly seem to think you have a monopoly on the truth. Here is the truth, factually: Israeli Arabs can vote in Israeli elections, just like all Israeli adults. Beyond that, do you have anything resembling a point, or any value to add to this article? [[User:Schrodingers Mongoose|Schrodingers Mongoose]] 21:56, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Universal sufferage, logically, is for all citizens that are prepared to bear not only its rights but also its duties, i.e. possibly dying for their country. The overwhelming majority of Israeli Arabs refuse this primary duty; whether this justifies the many prejudices against them or not is irrelevant to the facts concerning "universal sufferage". Most objective evidence is in support of it being "universal" in Israel because it does includes several non-Jewish minorities: Christian Arabs, Druze and Muslim Beduin soliders (several thousands, not a small percentage out of their population in Israel). The Druze are required to serve and the others volunteer. There is a Druze battalion in the infantry, a druze navigator in the Airforce and several Druze+Bedouin senior officers, with the highest rank attained by a non-Jew being brigadier-general. I realize this may pour some water on your gleeful Apartheid orgy, but I don't understand why I can coexist my distaste of fascist regimes like Iran with an objective method of analyzing them without lustful slogans (and believe me I have many), but yet you can't do the same for Israel. An Encyclopedia is not your own stage for slogans.
    -
    -:What you said has nothing to do with universal sufferage - all Israeli Arabs can, and do, vote in the elections, regardless of whether of not they served in the army. That's why there are muslim arab parties in the Knesset. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 21:06, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:You are right, for some reason I thought universal sufferage refers to military service and not voting rights. It is regrettable, though, that the Israel entry does not mention the fact that some non-Jewish minorities do serve in the army, which is not for Jews only, and that Arab citizens not serving in it (again, for the most part because a few do volunteer), is because of their identification with organizations and countries which Israel is at war with; this makes them both unwanting to serve and unwanted to serve.
    -
    -:: basically, it's mentioned. "Most Israelis (males and females) are drafted into the military at age 18. Exceptions are Israeli Arabs, those who cannot serve because of injury or disability, women who declare themselves married, or those who are religiously observant. Compulsory service is three years for men, and two years for women. Circassians and Bedouin also actively enlist in the IDF. Since 1956, Druze men have been conscripted in the same way as Jewish men, at the request of the Druze community. Men studying full-time in religious institutions can get a deferment from conscription. Most Haredi Jews extend these deferments until they are too old to be conscripted, a practice that has fueled much controversy in Israel." The reason for the non drafting of the Arab citizens should be expanded. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 12:29, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Done. --[[User:Eric1985|יהושועEric]] 02:44, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Human Rights Abuses Against Jews ==
    -This section is unbelievably biased. There's no mention of any human rights abuses against Jews. What about the Tehran youth? The radiaition experiments on Morroccan children? What about Ammona? (video) HOw about the raid on Toldos Aaron in 1981, the raid on Meah SHarim in 1983, the French Hill Massacre, the 2005 Passover Raid against Satmer (there's video), the beatings of Jews protesting graves being uprooted where they used tazers on the protestors faces while they sat.(also video) The article is so biased it belongs in a Hassborah site not in an encyclopedia. [[User:88.154.158.42|88.154.158.42]] 19:18, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:If you can provide information about these claims, from [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable sources]], it can be added to the article. Wikipedia is a work in progress, and is never complete or perfect. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 19:49, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -There should indeed be more about these things. The problem is with sources. I know what happens. I myself have participated in NK demonstrations and don't vote in the elections out of principle, FYI. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 21:20, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== US aid to Israel ==
    -i think this should be included in the article, strictly facts...and let others think for themselves on their POV. remember just facts no POV, so none of "Israel needs this" or "its not as much if you compare it to other countries" or even "this is to much to be giving a single country." but you guys already know this, heres some info, and you may be able to find better. http://www.washington-report.org/us_aid_to_israel/index.htm 1 problem with this, the articles at the bottom are pretty much POV, but i advise you read them because many of them are interesting. [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 22:48, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*It's mentioned in the Economy section of this article, and spelled out quite precisely in [[Israel-United States relations]]. That should suffice, I'd think. --[[User:Jpgordon|jpgordon]][[User talk:Jpgordon|∇∆∇∆]] 00:49, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -ooo ok thanks [[User:Mac33c|Mac33c]] 00:54, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== I Don't understand this sentence ==
    -
    -"Although this stele which referred to a people (the determinative for 'country' was absent) is dated to approximately 1211 BCE, [3] Jewish tradition holds that the Land of Israel has been a Jewish Holy Land and Promised land for 3,000 years".
    -
    -According to my calculation 1211+2006=3217 which is close to 3000 years, so why is the word "although" used?
    -
    -And also, according to Jewish tradition God promised Abraham the Land of Israel at around 1800 BCE which is closer to 4,000 years ago.
    -
    -== Migration ==
    -
    -Article currently says: "... Israel offered — in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel — to the Arab inhabitants of the State of Israel the full and equal citizenship and due representation in all its provisional and permanent institutions, but many refused." This should probably be moved to the section above ("Establishment of the State").
    -:This is ingenuous - "full and equal citizenship" does not mean equal rights to land use and water resources in Israel. We are misleading the reader if we do not say this. [[User:Fourtildas|Fourtildas]] 04:20, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Alternatively (although I prefer moving it to "Establishment of the State"), if we do want to mention this declaration in the "War of Independence and migration" section, two pertinent facts should be pointed out. 1. the declaration was made before the exodus, so it was not like Israel expelled as many as they could and then offered equal rights to the rest. 2. But, this part of the declaration would not have been high on the refugees' minds, as to some extent it had been disproved. The general thrust of [[Palestinian exodus]] is that many Arabs were forced out and consequently many more left out of fear.
    -:You can argue about why they left, but there is no doubt about what is preventing them from returning - armed force and the threat of violence. Does anyone dispute this? [[User:Fourtildas|Fourtildas]] 04:20, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Following on from that; although [[Palestinian exodus]] says that "several frontier villages" were evacuated by the ALA, it doesn't confirm any other cases of specific orders - just (at most, and disputed) that the migration was encouraged by some other Arabs. So it seems that if "many historians" suggest that the Palestinians "fled because of orders from Arab generals", then those historians are wrong and including that sentence is misleading. I suggest that a suitable summary of [[Palestinian exodus]] to replace it with would be "evidence shows that they fled for a variety of reasons, from experience or fear of Haganah violence to - in some cases - evacuation by the ALA. The bulk of the exodus happened during the war, particularly from December 1947 to November 1948, and against a backdrop of mixed messages from both the surrounding Arab states and the local Jewish populations."
    -
    -[[User:195.248.125.91|195.248.125.91]] 21:17, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -People normally flee war zones. I agree with [[User:Fourtildas|Fourtildas]] that the more relevant issue here is that they weren't allowed to return to their homes. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 07:29, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:I agree, but Israel is under no obligation to allow them to do so. More Jews fleed the Arab states and settled in Israel, and the mutual migration should have been finalised just like happened with similar conflicts. Anyway, many accounts show that the Palestinians were encouraged to stay by the Jews and encouraged to leave by the Arab states. It's not surprising considering the parties involved. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 08:25, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Television==
    -
    -"American and European popular television shows are commonly presented."
    -
    -There's something wrong with this sentence, particularly the placement of "popular." I think, given that it occurs after a statement about the languages spoken in Israel, it should read "in their original language with subtitles," but this is just a guess. Anyone wish to confirm? [[User:Blondlieut|Blondlieut]] 03:46, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:I think you're right, but I have no idea. (I don't watch television because of religious reasons.) In Holland it is like that, and I believe that it is a great tool for improving a whole nation's language skills - this is why so many Dutchmen speak English. Compare the Dutch to the French regarding their English language skills, and you'll see what I mean. Anyway, maybe Amoruso or okedem can clarify. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 17:47, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Indeed. Unlike several european countries (i.e. Germany or France), movies (in TV and cinema) and TV programs in Israel are never dubbed, except when they're intended for small children, who cannot yet read. The programs are just aired with subtitles. I'm not sure why it is, maybe because it's too expensive to dub everything for such a small market, but I'm glad that's the way it is... [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 17:52, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:It makes the quality very bad. It just sounds so horribly fake. Always. It ''always'' sounds extremely fake. The voices and the images just don't go together; the voices and the looks of the people don't combine. I think it's not so much a choice because of financial reasons. More probably because of 1) sound quality and 2) a conscious choice by the government regulatory organs of having your people learn English. Every country should switch to subtitles. But well, who am I. And this is off-topic. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 18:08, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Israel/Jerusalem==
    -Mongoose: I'm
    -Not sure why you removed the "(disputed)" tag, because it clearly is accuirate and relevant. The 'discussion' is tedious/confused/ever changing. The only thing that never changes is that it is 'disputed'.
    -
    -Could you please put it back?
    -Thanks --[[User:Johnbibby|Johnbibby]] 16:41, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:There is nothing disputed here. The capital of a country is the city of which the country calls it its capital, and where usually (with exception of for example The Netherlands) the government is located. Israel considers Jerusalem to be its capital and the government is located there. Thus, it is Israel's capital. Quit the whining and start making constructive edits. FYI, I don't care whether Jerusalem is Israel's capital or not. See [http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/rabbi_quotes/dushinskyjuly1947.cfm this], and also [http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/rabbi_quotes/dushinskyJerusalem.cfm this], by [http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/rabbi_quotes/dushinsky.cfm this person]. This is my view. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 17:44, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -That's fine if your view is that there is no dispute ... However, evidence indicates the opposite.
    -
    -Footnote (1) spells this out in detail. The only point at issue is whether this dispute should at the top of the article (which is as far as most people will get).
    -
    -My view was that the simple addition of "(disputed)" would be sufficient at the top. Otherwise, the footnote spells it out. (And there is also the separate article "Positions on Jerusalem", which is continually changing - thus reflecting teh fact that there is a dipute (or not, as the case may be!) --[[User:Johnbibby|Johnbibby]] 18:55, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Learn how to use Wiki formatting by not putting your signature like that. It is confusing. Next, you are simply vandalizing here. There is no dispute that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. No such dispute exists. It is similar to disputing whether London is the capital of the UK or that Moscow is the capital of Russia. The mere thought is ridiculous. I can say whatever I want, but as long as the White House, the Capitol, Pentagon etc are located in Washington and the Kremlin in Moscow, Washington and Moscow are the capitals of respectively the USA and Russia. Nothing changes that. --[[User:Daniel575|Daniel575]] | ''[[User talk:Daniel575|(talk)]]'' 20:51, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Agree. This topic has been discussed to death, and there's no point in returning to it unless some new arguements can be brought forth. The discussions can be found in the archives of this page. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 20:54, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::As I pointed out when I reverted this, there is no need to put "disputed" beside the name. The footnote suffices to make note of international concerns regarding Jerusalem's status, while leaving it clear that Jerusalem is, in fact, the capital of Israel, no matter who may dispute it. [[User:Schrodingers Mongoose|Schrodingers Mongoose]] 03:50, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Human Rights section==
    -When not only international organizations but also the [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]], the [[Knesset]], the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], and the interior minister of Israel in 2005, all recognize in no uncertain language that there is serious discrimination against Arab Israeli citizens then it's as NPOV as it can get. Incidentally, "the discrimination against Arab citizens of Israel constitutes one of the most severe infringements of equality in the State of Israel" is not my own wording but is directly copied from the references cited - so it can't be construed as my own POV. Please don't remove again this eminently relevant and well-referenced info.
    -
    -I am also including an item about claims of human rights violations in the Israeli-occupied territories. This too is clearly relevant in this section of the article. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 10:09, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:By stating "Isareli-occupied territories" you are clearly stating anti-Israel biases. The appropriate term is "Disputed Territories." Also, you might look into the political leanings of sources, and not copy text directly as that is illegal. --[[User:Eric1985|יהושועEric]] 17:24, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Judea and Samaria - the West Bank, is indeed "Israeli-occupied territory" - it is occupied by the Israeli military, under military law. The high authority is the West Bank is the military commander, not a civilian authority. The tern "disputed territory" is perhaps appropriate for east Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, as they are under civilian juristiction, and not military rule. But the West Bank is not officialy really in dispute - Israel doesn't, and never has claimed ownership of that territory. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 19:01, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Not all Judea and Samaria is under militay law - the settlements aren't. And Israel doesn't "occupy" the palestinian areas from the oslo accords. And the final status of the area hasn't been determined - therefore it's disputed. Israel did annouce it intends to annex some of the area. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 00:12, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::The settlements are under military law - the settlers themselves aren't, usually. Anyway, the whole area of Israel is "disputed". It's not a useful word here. Regardless of vague statements concerning future final agreements, Israel has not annexed areas in the West Bank, and thus is fully remains under military law - occupied. Palestinian controlled areas aren't "Israeli-occupied territory", and I don't think the section talks about those places (like Jericho). It's about what Israel does in the areas it does control militarily. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 01:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::The whole area of Israel is disputed ? Well so is the whole area of the United States. This is the most useful NPOV term actually. "occupied" hints something not legitimate. The fact that Israel has not annexed territories is because of a various of its own interests. It doesn't mean the area is not lawfully belonging to Israel, and so it isn't occupation. It's true that occupation in itself can have a variety of meanings. But it is for exactly this reason why this term can't be used. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 02:20, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Yes, the whole area of Israel is disputed by many parties - should we write it? The word "disputed" has no specific meaning, it's useless. Everything can be said to be disputed, and that's why it's a bad idea to use it - it doesn't actually add any information, and is very ambiguous. The word "Occupied" is accurate, and means military control of an area - and that's the exact situation with the West Bank. Israeli law doesn't hold there, and the military commander is the sovereign.
    -::::::"It doesn't mean the area is not lawfully belonging to Israel" - Actually, it does. The West Bank is legally (and I'm talking Israeli law here) NOT a part of Israel, and known, according to the government, as "HASHTACHIM HAMUCHZAKIM" - "the held territories". Whatever Israel's aspirations may be, it doesn't change the fact of the military occupation. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 09:46, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I have reverted this section despite your request. I apologize, but the section as you presented it was blatantly POV (perhaps not yours, but certainly not neutral). The current version recognizes the problems within Israel in this regard without implicity condemning the actions or intentions of any of the parties involved. It also provides context that the old section lacked, making it appear that Israel's relations with its Arab citizens are far worse than they are when one considers the treatment of minorities in even the most progressive countries.[[User:Schrodingers Mongoose|Schrodingers Mongoose]] 22:16, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:A serious discussion on the subject should mention the claim of many that the Arab citizens are acutally favoured in the society. Per person, each citizen receives more from his local council in the Arab cities, non observance of building-law violations in the arab towns (where Jews can't close balconies in their houses), non military service which allows the enrollment in the university 3 years before Jews, the affirmative action taken in public service jobs, the larger social security being used and so on. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 11:24, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -, as per [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (common names)]] the most common name should be used in the encyclopedia. "Occupied territories" is what all relevant international organizations use (the [[UNSC]], the [[ICJ]], the [[Red Cross]], the [[EU council]], the [[US department of state]] you name it - I can produce references if you wish), the international press (for example in the [[Time magazine]] site if you search "occupied territories" and Israel you get 857 hits, if you search "disputed territories" and Israel you get 80), the Israeli press (for example if you google "occupied territories" in [[Haaretz]] you get 983 hits, if you google "disputed territories" you get 41), up to and including the [[Supreme Court of Israel]]. So, respectfully, not to use "occupied territories" in Wikipedia would be wrong and indeed would display bias.
    -
    -[[User:Schrodingers Mongoose|Schrodingers Mongoose]], maybe you are under the impression that POVs is the opposite of neutrality. They aren't; see [[Wikipedia:POV]]. So major POVs *should* be in the article as long as they are well-referenced. In this case though, when not only international human rights organizations such as [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] and the affected people themselves but also the referenced prize-winning [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]], the [[Knesset]] and the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] in their project for a constitution, and the Israeli interior minister all agree that Arab citizens of Israel do suffer discrimination, then it's hardly a POV and as close to a fact as it can get, don't you think? In any case if the consensus is that we should express this like "According to X, Y, and Z there is discrimination" I don't mind. - Incidentally you just reverted [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&diff=78759184&oldid=78742981 this] explaining "Cited source did not support statement". But the cited source says: "On September 7, then interior minister Ophir Pines-Paz termed the country's policy toward its Arab citizens 'institutional discrimination'" Maybe you didn't read it? In any case, until you explain yourself I am putting this bit back in.
    -
    -[[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]], if you can source the claim "by many" that Arab citizens of Israel are being favored over the Jewish citizens then feel free to include this point in the article, and leave it to the reader decide about their seriousness. My opinion is that these arguments are not serious. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 19:40, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Speaking as someone who has been to the West Bank (recently), stood in the Golan, and walked through East Jerusalem, I have seen no military law over what is being done in the rest of the state. The entire nation is one blanketed in metal detectors and soldiers. The undesputed Gaza Strip is under military law, and they cannot even decide which army as Hamas and Fatah are killing each other regularly. Israel officially annexed the Golan Heights and all of the city of Jerusalem captured in the 1967 war. As far as "instituational descrimination," the Israeli Defense Forces are charged with keeping the entire Israeli population safe. Since the State of Israel was declared in 1948, (with the support of the UN), terrorism came from the Arab populations. While it makes me sad to say, descrimination is necessary for safety. There is no illegal occupation over territories siezed in a war, legally. Your trusted United Nations did not live up to their end with UNIFIL. If Lebanon and the PA don't have to follow human rights laws. Israel does the best they can to keep Israelis safe and not harm the Palestinian population, of which the elected party's will not even acknowledge Israel exists. --[[User:Eric1985|יהושועEric]] 07:37, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Well, speaking as an Israeli, The fact is that the West Bank is under military law, and Israel (including East Jerusalem and the Golan, as they have been annexed) isn't. What you think you have or haven't seen is irrelevant.
    -:::"The entire nation is one blanketed in metal detectors and soldiers" - Soldiers? Where? You may have seen many soldiers, but not on duty, as they have no authority within Israel proper. You probably just saw soldiers going to or returning from their bases. And what do metal detectors have to do with this? They're used by malls and other businesses against terrorists.
    -:::The Gaza Strip is under Palestinian control, and thus is irrelevant to this discussion.
    -:::"There is no illegal occupation over territories siezed in a war, legally." - I didn't see anyone mention "illegal occupation", just the fact that it is a military occupation. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 08:55, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::The terms are used interchangably by many opponents of Israel. East Jerusalem and the Golan are treated similarly to other regions in the country. Gaza, as it was left for the PA, is not relevant. However, living in a state where I go for months at a time without seeing armed soldiers, the semester in Israel shed quite a bit of light on an unknown truth, Israelis are constantly fighting to be there. I lived in the Old City for a period of time, and constantly saw patrols. Living on Har Hatsofim, I regularly saw the boarder patrol vehicles pass by. Passing through a metal detector on the way into a mall, coffee shop, restaurant, or school is a necessary way of life, and can easily been seen as living under a military rule.
    -::As far as illegal occupation, I apologize for my lack of clarity. I hear the term illegal occupation far more than the word occupation on its own. --[[User:Eric1985|יהושועEric]] 09:12, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Yes, the Golan and East Jerusalem are treated the same as the rest of the country, being under Israeli civilian law. The Old City is under heavy guard, due to its explosive nature.
    -:::Well, I can't see metal detectors as having anything to do with military rule. Metal detectors are used in many places around the world - they're just more prevalent in Israel, due to the terrorist threat.
    -:::The fact that opponents of Israel use the term "occupation" doesn't make it false. It does correctly describe the legal situation in the West Bank. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 09:46, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::no it doesn't. And btw, the old city is not under heavy guard at all. In fact, it's one of the less visually guarded places in Jerusalem, if compared with the central bus station in Jerusalem and so on. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 10:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[Israel#Jewish_Underground_groups|Jewish Underground groups]] ==
    -The [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] "even attempted to work with the Nazis to secure European Jewry's emigration to ''Israel''"? Since these contacts tooks place in 1940/41, presumably this should read "European Jewry's emigration to ''Palestine''" --[[User:Rrburke|Rrburke]] 14:47, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Yes, either ''Palestine'', or ''Eretz Israel'', but definately not ''Israel''. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 15:51, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Music ==
    -
    -"The National/folk songs are very canonical and often deal with Zionist hopes and dreams and glorify the life of idealistic Jewish youth who intend on building a home and defending their homeland."
    -
    -So reads the article. I'm confused by the use of the slash here, the capitalized "National," the almost poetic "hopes and dreams," followed in short order by the repetition of home and homeland. But what confuses me most of all is "very canonical," but the placement of the word "very" in front of canonical (something is either canonical, or it's not), and the use of the word canonical in this context. A canon is a series of books that have been declared sacred by some authority-- sometimes used methaphorically to describe the "classics" of, say, Western literature. To say that folks songs are "canonical" does make any sense; it's as if one were to say "Western literature is [very] canonical," which doesn't make any sense. Parts of the Western literature might be considered canonical, but as a description of the whole, it's not helpful to say "Western literature's canonical works are akin the rest it." That' how I interpret the phrase-- it's circular, and thus it says nothing in its current form. What did the writer here actually wish to say, because I sure cannot tell?[[User:Blondlieut|Blondlieut]] 22:50, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I rephrased to: "The canonical folk songs often deal with Zionist hopes and dreams and glorify the life of idealistic Jewish youth who intend on building a home and defending their homeland. These are usually known as שירי ארץ ישראל ("songs of the land of Israel").".
    -:I removed "National" - it doesn't seem to mean anything, and it's not used in Hebrew to describe these songs. I added their name in Hebrew.
    -:changed to "canonical folk songs" - that seems to make more sense, don't you think?
    -:"hopes and dreams" seems quite nice, I don't see a reason to change it.
    -:"home" and "homeland" are dissimilar - "home" is for the individual himself, while homeland is a joint venture, the whole country. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 09:06, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I write to complain about the non-controversial stuff on this page, as a secular/Christian North American, because I note that no one else does. :) Thank you, Okedem, for your changes.
    -
    -I take it that there is a such a body of work as "canonicial folk songs." Rather than the sentence being "The canonical folk songs," I would suggest "Israel's canonical folk songs," or simply "The country's canonical folks songs ... "
    -
    -At the risk of sound stupid, are there folk songs which are non-canonical?
    -
    -I'm going to change "very versatile" here to "diverse," by the by. [[User:Blondlieut|Blondlieut]] 18:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:There are non-canonical folk songs - the songs that were just forgotten, as opposed to those we keep hearing on the radio. Some songs make it into history, and some don't. The "canonical" part, I guess, means mainly the older songs. No one writes songs about Zionist bravery or the courage under fire anymore...
    -:Feel free to change it to "Israel's..." or "The country's...", as you see fit. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 18:56, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== indigenous = dab ==
    -
    -''Indigenous'' is now a dab page. If an admin or someone can fix the link, that would be great. [[User:Xtifr|Xtifr]] [[User talk:Xtifr|tälk]] 02:43, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==restored previous intro==
    -Lebanon is not a democracy per western standards because of syrian and hizballah influence obviously - it's hardly even soverign.
    -
    -As for population and area stats, this stat was chosen specifically as an estimate - it used golan heights but not west bank or gaza. there's no room to enter to these intricacies in the intro. It was used per other articles and accepted as such in consencus long time ago. Please note that starting this again in intro is disruptive. These issues are covered in the info box footnotes and in the geographical, demographics sections etc. Saying that Israel has a population of X over Y doesn't suggest the nature of Y btw. So it's a very neutral figure considering.
    -
    -Same goes for the other changes in intro - there's no place for them : for example, the strange talk about the declaration of indepedence addition. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 10:59, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I fully disagree. First of all, Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy of a confessional nature and is a totally sovereign state. See: [[Politics of Lebanon]] and [[List of Democratic States]] on Wikipedia itself (internal consistency is important, no?) and external sources such as the US State Department [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35833.htm], and this FOCUS Magazine special on Lebanon[http://www.focusmm.com/lebanon/lb_giamn.htm].
    -
    -As for the population estimates, I think we should use the Israeli CBS stats as another editor introduced because they are the most recent and the distnction between populations residing inside Israel itself in the in the occupied territories is important. Having not been aware of the previous debate on this matter, I was not intending to be disruptive, merely accurate. I would also appreciate it if you could direct me to the previous discussion so that I can be nrought up to date.
    -
    -Third off, the "strange talk" about the declaration of independence was a direct quote from the document itself that I put in, in lieu of the claim that present-day Jews are indigenous to Israel. This is a speculatory claim that is debunked by DNA research into the lineage of Ashkenazi Jews and unless you have a citation for it from a respected journal, it remains a claim.
    -
    -I would appreciate it if you would consider the points I have raised and we could come to some sort of consensus rather than me just jumping in a restoring the previous changes I have made. I would also like to say thanks for your taking this up in dialogue after not addressing me directly when I attempted to join the Wikiproject:Israel and was so unceremoniously chucked out. Thanks. [[User:Tiamut|Tiamut]] 12:59, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:As you can see above and in the archives, issues like you raised have been discussesd and disgested forever and ever and again. It finally reached peace with the last version.
    -:Stats: This figure uses the CBS number. As you can see, it was linked to it. And in the infobox, there are just above 7 million people. You do realise that we start to say 20,000 here, 28,000 there it will make the introduction UGLY. I'm not aware of any such debates in any other leads. This issue is exactly discussed like you wish in the geography location and I think that's enough and fair and balanced and informative. We should try to maintain a regular type of lead for countries. this is also the reason the introduction doesn't mention Jerusalem anymore, because it brought up discussions that are not related to leads of other countries' articles in wikipedia. Israel is just like any other country and is deserving of a normal lead. This current lead is non provocative. It uses an approximate stat of an even lower region than the one which includes the golan heights, but lists that there are 7 million peopole residing in Israel. It's all true. It follows up on both stats from the infobox which is the only legitimate ref in the article.
    -:"DNA research" issue: The fact that Jews are indigenous to Israel is not disputed by any serious scholar. It's a ground basic fact that goes to the heart of the Israel article. If it's disputed by Arabs for instance this is not the place for it. You can see how Israeli supporters do not go around and disrupt the articles of Syria, Iran and so on.
    -:Lebanon issue: Lebanon is simply not a democracy like Israel. It may have a parliament, but does it have a supreme court that's regarded highly in the western world ? It doesn't even have a unified army which responds to a government branch - which is a basic requirement for seperation of powers in a democracy. It's a known fact Israel is currently the only democracy in the middle east, which is the reason for the historic u.s support too. Israel too might have troubles with human right issues, but as you can see in that section, Israel is the only country with free press for instance. Saying that Israel is a democracy like Lebaon is both misleading and false. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 13:11, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:"This is a speculatory claim that is debunked by DNA research into the lineage of Ashkenazi Jews" - Where? I try to stay up to date on all current research in this field, and have never heard of such "debunking". Please explain what you mean.
    -:I don't think the "indigenous" claim should be in the intro, simply because of the difficulty of saying who is indigenous - even the bible says the Hebrew came to Canaan (Israel) and conquered it from the people living there (at about 12th century BC I believe). It's just not a very useful word, I think, and should be avoided.
    -:Lebanon is hardly a democracy. First of all, Syria has been meddling in its affairs for years, and still is. It's better now, that the Syrian military pulled out (under heavy international pressure), but still. Its democracy is also questionable due to the special allocation of positions between the sects - the president has to be a christian, the PM a sunni and the speaker of the house a Shi'a.
    -:According to the [[Politics of Lebanon]] article, up until 1992 "civil war precluded the exercise of political rights". Also, "The last presidential election was in 1998.", despite the fact that "The Parliament, in turn, elects a President every 6 years to a single term". It's been 8 years since 1998 - why hasn't there been another election?
    -:Thus, saying that Lebanon has had trouble maintaining its democracy is accurate. Perhaps we should forgo the "had trouble maintaining..." sentence, and just call Israel "the only '''stable''' parliamentary democracy".
    -:Lastly, please indent your comments using ":". [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 13:29, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Stable will be misleading. Israle has elections every two years ;) . Indigenous is ok I think. All humans came from Africa. There were people before the Jews in the land obviously, but that goes for any indigenous population in the world. It's still indigneous (ancient enough...) [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 13:33, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I find the previous lead more [[WP:NPOV]]. According to [[WP:Lead]] we should put in the lead the main points of what is discussed in the article; and the claim that Israel is the *only* democracy in the region does not fulfill this requirement. Also, the entire world considers Lebanon to be a democracy, and an individual poster's arguments why Lebanon should not be considered a democracy are really irrelevant as per [[WP:No original research]]. What should be in the lead is that Israel is indeed a democracy, but maybe also that its respect for human rights is questionable. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 15:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::There you go - mentioning NPOV in the first sentence, and breaching it in the last. No, Israel's respect for human rights is not "questionable", and that should definately not be written in the lead. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 16:08, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Dianelos - Why are you making changes even when there is an objection here?
    -::I've removed these sentences:
    -::# "It was [[1947 UN Partition Plan|established]] by the [[United Nations]] in 1947, and had to fight five major wars to maintain its existence." - It was not established by the UN, rather by the Jews living in Palestine in 1948. The UN said a Jewish state ''should'' be established, it didn't do anything to establish it. The wars bit is irrelevant, and questionable - were all the wars neccessary? Many Israelis would disagree. Were all five wars major?
    -::# "Israel is a mature [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[democracy]], but its respect for human rights has been criticized especially in the [[Israeli-occupied territories]]." - The word "mature" seems out of place here, and the criticism part is totally irrelevant, and inappropriate for the lead.
    -::# "It boasts one of the strongest military forces in the world." - That's not even true, and once again, irrelevant.
    -::I added ", and is a [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[democracy]]." after the description of it's geographical location. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 17:10, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::As per your first comments above: Actually Israel's respect for human rights is questionalbe according to international and Israeli human rights organizations - especially in the occupied territories. Even inside of Israel Arab Israeli citizens are not allowed to buy land the way Jewish citizens are. I don't know of any Western democracy where its minorities are thus discriminated against. This [http://www.huka.gov.il/wiki/index.php/Human_Rights source] states that "the discrimination against Arab citizens of Israel constitutes one of the most severe infringements of equality in the State of Israel. The repeated instances of discrimination cover all aspects of life..." As for Israel's policies in the occupied territories the list of human rights abuses is long (targeted assassinations, bulldozing of homes, expropriation of land without compensation, administrative detentions, use of torture, etc). Some serious people argue that Israel’s policies in the West Bank amount to an apartheid, see [http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1703245,00.html here] and [http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200205_Land_Grab.asp here]. I do understand that Israel has been on war footing throughout its history and therefore to compare Israel's human rights situation to other Western democracies is not quite fair, but still I think that to mention that Israel's respect for human rights has been questioned is quite factual and neutral. Anyway if you disagree feel free to remove this bit from the lead while we discuss it here. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 17:37, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::[[User:Okedem|okedem]], as per your second set of comments:
    -
    -:::# My understanding is that the international community via the UN played a fundamental part in the establishment of Israel. After all it defined the maps and gave international legitimacy to the Zionist movement. There wasn't a country there before and after UN's resolution there was. I think this is certainly something that belongs to the lead. - Also, how do you mean that that Israel's wars are "irrelevant"? They were necessary for the survival of the state. The 1948 war defined the green line which is the currently internationally recognized border of Israel.
    -:::# I placed the word "mature" to distinguish Israel from other fledging Middle East democracies such as Lebanon's. I think it's certainly fair and significant to state that Israel's democracy is mature.
    -:::# Israel does boast one of the strongest military forces in the world, both in conventional and nuclear capability - and this too is one of the main points of information about Israel. Let me find some references for you. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 17:52, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::"Arab Israeli citizens are not allowed to buy land the way Jewish citizens are." - This claim is false, completely false. There used to be a small bit of truth in it - new towns built by the [[JNF]] were intended for Jews only, as that is the purpose for which the JNF recieves donations. That was the only limitation (new towns, buying the property from the JNF). However this is no longer the case, after a Supreme Court ruling on the subject, several years ago.
    -:::::The Apartheid comparisons aren't even worth mentioning, as the allegations are usually only as deep as "it's apartheid", without any actual evidence or truthful claims. Israel is an occupier of the West Bank, and there are human rights violations there, but they have nothing to do with apartheid, and having no place in the lead, especially as some sort of reservation of Israel's democracy.
    -:::::The discrimination against Arabs in Israel may be the most severe human rights violation in Israel, but that just speaks for Israel's good human rights record - the discrimination is minor, and is mainly about less governmental investment in Arab towns. Arabs go to the same schools, hospitals, universities, jobs, public transportations etc. as the rest of the citizens. They vote, have political parties and rallies, have members in parliament, and publish newspapers. They pay the same taxes, and recieve the same social benefits.
    -::::# The UN resolution is relevant, but the UN didn't establish it. You can say something like "it was established in May 14, 1948, in keeping with the UN resolution...".
    -::::# I just don't really think the word mature is necessary here - does it say that in any other article, about any other country?
    -::::# Israel has a strong military, compared with its neighbors, and per capita, but definitely not one of the strongest in the world, according to size, or military expenditure (see [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/spending.htm here]). Israel's alleged nuclear capability does place it in a special category, but that is not military strength in the usual sense of the word. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 18:01, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Lebanon is not recognised as a democracy at all. Actually, it's a very well known fact and the official position of many , including the united states, that Israel is the only democracy in the middle east. The human rights have nothing to do with leads with any country, not even syria, let alone should it be here. The existing lead follows on the leads of others country articles. No provocative changes should be made unless consensus is agreed. Please respect this article and do not push any POV sentences into it. Quoting the declaration of indepedence in the lead is also very non lead and I didn't find it anywhere in other countries' articles. There's no problem in saying that it's the only Jewish state - obviously this is what Israel has said. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 17:44, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -As to your question about arab purchasing, that's not true. Anybody is allowed to purchase land the same way but some land belong to the keret hakayemet, an organizaiton which bought land at the time of the establishment of Israel. It had a policy to sell land only to Jews and the question remains whether that's constituionally legal or not , a serious question. The supreme court actually ruled that it isn't, but many scholars dispute that since it's in the realm of private law. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 17:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -btw, the lebanon article itself says lebanon isn't a democracy (yet). [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 17:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -let's check lead of iran :
    -
    -Iran (help·info) (Persian: ايران‎ ​, Īrān, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ايران‎ ​ transliteration: Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān), is a country located in west Asia, known also as Persia. Iran borders Armenia, Azerbaijan (including its Nakhichevan exclave), and Turkmenistan to the north, Pakistan and Afghanistan to the east, and Turkey and Iraq to the west. In addition, it borders the Persian Gulf, across which lie Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. Shi'a Islam is the official state religion and Persian is its official language.
    -
    -Throughout history, Iran has been of great geostrategic importance because of its central location in Eurasia. Iran is a member and co-founder of the United Nations, NAM, the OIC, and OPEC. Iran is also significant in international politics on account of its large supply of petroleum. The name Iran is a cognate of Aryan and literally means "Land of the Aryans."
    -
    -:It says it's a country, says its borders, says it's islamic, doesn't mention any disputes (for example with the U.A.E over islands), says language and religion, saying it's a member of un..., says it has petroleum, and mentions aryans. no menion of human rights, no mention of controvesies over wanting to commit genocide in other peoples, no mention of anything else.
    -
    -We'll keep Israel article much the same clean way then. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 17:54, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:: none of your additions belong in the lead Dainelos. Not the U.N resolution which doesn't appear in other mandate countries, not the military power of course which doesn't appear in any country whatsoever (in fact, the army is smaller than Egypt and Iran of course), and not the mature comment, since it is in fact the only democracy per above comments. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 18:11, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -[[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]], as per Lebanon's democracy: Lebanon is a democracy by any measure, albeit a fledging one. The European Union considers it so [http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/human_rights/eu_election_ass_observ/lebanon/final_report.pdf see here], the United Nations too [http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/db942872b9eae454852560f6005a76fb/d358b3b8e3404b74852571db00673c7f!OpenDocument see here], apparently George W Bush as of September 19, 2006 thinks so too: "We Worked To Enforce A UN Resolution That Required Syria To End Its Occupation Of Lebanon – Then Our Enemies Set Out To Destabilize '''The Young Democracy'''. When Hezbollah Launched An Unprovoked Attack On Israel That Undermined The Democratic Government In Beirut, The World United To Support '''Lebanon's Democracy'''.", see [http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/mideast/ here]. And indeed August 14 he said "We certainly hope the cease-fire holds because it is step one of making sure that '''Lebanon's democracy''' is strengthened." Actually I think that those who deny Lebanon's democracy because they don't approve of the way the Lebanese people voted on the may 2005 elections display a strongly undemocratic attitude.
    -
    -As per the issue of "Arab purchasing": The picture you describe above does not agree [http://www.acri.org.il/english-acri/engine/story.asp?id=100 with this article] by [[The Association for Civil Rights in Israel]], and I quote: "...a turning point after almost fifty years of discriminatory land-use policy on behalf of the Jewish Agency and the Israeli government, which still owns 85% of Israel’s land. According to the court, government resources cannot be allocated to a group or an agency that discriminates against non-Jewish citizens of Israel." The agency in question is "Israel's Land Authority" which in fact does not buy the land it administers. As you can see in the article this agency did not obey the decision by the Supreme Court of Israel, which casts some doubt as to the rule of law in Israel. - There are too many neutral and serious sources that document the discrimination against Israel's Arab citizens; I mean even the Israeli interior minister agrees calling this "institutional discrimination"(see the "Human Rights" section in the article for a reference) - I don't really see the point in debating this issue.
    -
    -As per the leads of Wikipedia articles of other countries, what we are here trying to do is to write a good article about Israel. Israel is in many ways a unique country. To my knowledge is the only country in the world that is an occupying power for some 40 years now (or is considered an occupying power by the international community at large). It's the only Jewish country. It has one of the strongest military forces in the world. It's a mature democracy. However, its respect of human rights is questionable. These are all factual and main points about Israel and should as per [[WP:Lead]] be in the lead - I think.
    -
    -Incidentally, I would like to ask the other editors to present some references when making claims in the talk page, as per [[WP:Verifiability]]. In contentious subject matters such as Israel or the Israel Arab conflict this is especially important because there is clearly much propaganda around and it is our task to cut through the noise. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 19:12, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Lebanon is indeed on its way to become a democracy hopefully , but it's still not so. your partial diffs are already depicted in the lebanon article. Obviously it can't be a democracy as long as Hizballah is an occupying force controlled by Iran and syria has the influence it does. As for the arab citizens, your refs are interesting and you can add them in in articles dealing with this subject. What I told you is the factual representation in Israel as I've dealt with the issue directly. It is not relevant to the lead anyway so I will not indulge in the matter further - although I will repeat that you actually referred to the keret hakayemet in your ref. And no , Israel is not a unique country - this is exactly the point. An attempt to say it's a unique country is an attempt to make it illegetimate and that can not be allowed. It doesn't have one of the strongest armies in the world. It has a medium strong army, simply because of its limited size. It does have one of the best airforces, that's true. But far than the strongest army, it is not even close to the standards of many. It's not an occupying power, firstly, it has a territorial dispute iwth other countries. There are many occupying powers starting with the UK of course, Russia, Arab states like Syria (with turkey, lebanon), ,Iran (iraq, u.a.e), France (colonies still in their control), sudan, morocoo (western sahara), indonseia and malaysia, china (being largest occupier probably) and many others. Also many in Europe Including denmark for example. Israel holding areas which are essentially its own after defensive wars is definitlly not an "occupying state" and of course far from being the only one. And your last sentence proves the jist of it - please take propaganda elsewhere. The intro shall remain "clean" per other country articles. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 19:23, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:"The agency in question is "Israel's Land Authority" which in fact does not buy the land it administers." - No, the agency in question is the JNF, not the land authority. And why would it buy land? That doesn't make sense. Most of Israel's land is owned by the government, and leased (formally for 99 years at a time) to the citizens. Another part of the land is owned by the JNF - this agency collected donations from Jews worldwide to purchase land in Palestine for the use of Jews, to build a Jewish state. The JNF's charter prohibits it from selling land to non-Jews, since that's not what the donations were for. I'll say this again - the JNF land is privately owned land, not state-property.
    -:As I said before, Arabs enjoy equal rights, and the only discrimination is in some resource allocation. This is minor, though still very wrong. The "institutional" remark was made in the context of Israel's society, and using it here, without proper context, makes it appear as though Arabs are treated like blacks in early 20th century USA or in South Africa's apartheid society.
    -:Anyway, you can point to many valid points - doesn't mean they should all be in the lead, or the lead will grow exponentially. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 19:38, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::[[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]], can you provide any references that would satisfy [[WP:Verifiability]] for your claim that Israel is not an occupying power, and that on the contrary the UK, Russia, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, and Denmark are occupying powers? Frankly it seems to me that your views tend to be both biased and unreferenced - very far from Wikipedia's standards for neutrality.
    -
    -::[[User:Okedem|okedem]], I agree that not all valid points should go in the lead - but the main points should be as per [[WP:Lead]]. Israel's great military power is one of these points I think. I see now that my wording in the sense that the UN established Israel in 1947 is not quite appropriate, even though I still feel that the role of the international community and of the UN must be pointed at somehow.
    -
    -::Here are some references about Israel having one of the strongest military forces in the world. M.J.Rosenberg director of policy analysis for Israel Policy Forum says Israel is the 4th strongest military power on earth [http://web.israelinsider.com/Views/7833.htm here]. M.J.Rosenberg certainly appears to by knowledgeable, see [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/rosnerGuest.jhtml?itemNo=706334 here]. [[ Stanley Aronowitz]] also claims that Israel is the 4th strongest military on earth [http://www.logosjournal.com/aronowitz_zionism.htm here]. Israel is ranked as the third strongest military force by combat power by [http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/2004617.asp this site] which specializes in military matters. If there are no good reasons against I intend to add this information to the article and its lead.
    -
    -::Also my understanding reading the [http://www.acri.org.il/english-acri/engine/story.asp?id=100 referenced article] above is that Arab Israelis were discriminated against from buying/leasing land from Israel's Land Authority. After all it states "Israel Lands Authority still inhibits the Ka’adan’s right to live in Katzir." Do you have any references in the sense that Arab citizens of Israel are not discriminated against by the Israel Lands Authority (which administers about 80% of all the land in Israel)?
    -
    -::As for the "institutional" remark making it appear as throuh Arabs are treated like blacks in the early 20th century USA or in South Africa's apartheid society, a) that quote is referenced so that the interested reader can find the context, and b) many people do criticize Israel's government's policies towards the Arabs, especially in the occupied territories, as reminiscent of Apartheid, see for example [http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1703245,00.html this article] by the award-winning Middle East correspondent [[Chris McGreal]] published in [[Guardian]], or [http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200205_Land_Grab.asp this article] by [[Btselem]], or [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/objects/pages/PrintArticleEn.jhtml?itemNo=344378 this rather frank one] published in [[Haaretz]] from which I quote: "Chief Supreme Court Justice Aharon Barak used the phrase 'long-term occupation' to justify the Israel government's permanent, massive investments in the territories. To describe a situation where two populations, in this case one Jewish and the other Arab, share the same territory but are governed by two separate legal systems, the international community customarily uses the term 'apartheid.' Prof. Amnon Rubinstein has coined an alternative phrase, 'enclave-based justice.'"
    -
    -Currently the lead includes this statement: "It [Israel] is ... the nation state of the indigenous people of Eretz Yisrael" I think this statement is grossly inaccurate. At the end of the 19th century only about 15,000 Jews lived in Palestine, which represented a small fraction of the people who lived there (See: Justin McCarthy, "The Population of Palestine: Population History and Statistics of the Late Ottoman Period and the Mandate", Columbia University Press, 1990). And [[Stephen R. Shalom]] has this to say in [http://www.zmag.org/shalom-meqa.htm this article]: "Who were the indigenous people of Palestine? Pro-Israel propaganda has argued that most Palestinians actually entered Palestine after 1917, drawn to the economic dynamism of the growing Jewish community, and thus have no rights to Palestine. This argument has been elaborated in Joan Peters' widely promoted book, From Time Immemorial. However, the book has been shown to be fraudulent and its claim false. The indigenous population was mostly Muslim, with a Christian and a smaller Jewish minority." If no good references are presented I intend to remove this statement from the lead - in any case it's not one of the main points of the article as per [WP:lead].
    -
    -I have already demonstrated above that Lebanon too is considered a democracy by the international community including the US government, so the statement in the lead in the sense that Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East is erroneous. I intend to delete this bit also. By the way does anybody object to the mention of Israel being a '''mature''' democracy? I think this is certainly factual, neutral, and also honors Israel. Outside of Europe there are really few countries in the world that can be called mature democracies (The US, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Costa Rica, and Israel I would think). [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 06:28, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:#Military strength - is there mention of the nation's military strength in any other article, about any other country? I wasn't able to find it. It has no place in the article in it's current form ("one of the strongest..."). Maybe when it's more factual ("one of the largest per capita...") it could be somewhere in the article, but not in the lead.
    -:#I can't bring references that say that Arabs are ''not'' discriminated against by the land authority, same as I can't bring references that say that the moon ''isn't'' made of green cheese. It just isn't, and they just aren't.
    -:#The Kaadan/Katzir case is a bit more complicated than this - Katzir is a town built by the JNF, and is considered a "community settlement". That means it has a admissions board (formed by the residents), and they can choose to accept whoever they wish, unlike a regular town. They chose not to accept Mr. Kaadan. He does supposedly have the option of appealing to the Land Authority, which does have authority over the matter. However, the land authority, though it can, never intervens with the decisions of these boards, in behest of Jews or Arabs (and many Jews don't get accepted to settlements like that).
    -:#"Institutional discrimination" - The reader can read the context of the article, but not the context of the whole thing. He can't get the information that arabs ARE treated as equal almost in all aspects, and that the discrimination is minor. Just giving that quote, without the proper background, would give a false picture.
    -:#You have to seperate the two issues - Israeli-Arabs, and the Palestinians. The "Institutional" remark had nothing to do witht the Palestinians. The West Bank is territory taken by Israel in 1967, which no one wanted back. Jordan relinqueshed all claims of it, even though it was theirs. Israel wanted to return the Gaza Strip to Egypt during the peace talks, but they declined. So the people there are still under military rule, with small areas of self rule. Israel is in the process of leaving these areas, but has encountered massive resistance from the Palestinians themselves, who can't seem to control their urge to kill - Israel completely withdrew from the Gaza Strip, and instead of just living, building up their economy, and trying to give a good example for Israel to leave more territories, the Palestinians there continue to bombard Israel with missiles, and attack and take a soldier hostage (Gilad Shalit). Do you know why the terminals from Gaza to Israel are closed for a long time now? Because every time they're opened, to allow for transport of goods or people, the terminal is attacked by terrorists, or they try to sneak a suicide bomber past the check up point. Most Israelis want a Palestinian state - but the Palestinians aren't making it easy.
    -:Israel does deserve criticism for the building of the settlements in the west bank, and all the problem that has caused, but it's a lot more complicated than a sentence or two.
    -:#I have already said the word "indigenous" doesn't belong there, so I see no point in arguing over it.
    -:#The word "mature" isn't used any other articles, and is way too vague for usage here. What's mature, anyway? [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 09:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -[[Dianelos]], you make some compelling points, backed by research. I support your proposal to remove the indigenous claim, something I tried to substitute with a quotation from the Israeli Declaration of Independence so as to point to the State's belief that it is operating in this capacity. It was dismissed as "strange talk" by others, even though it was a direct quotation. Perhaps you can find a better way to paraphrase it. The strength of Israel's military should also be mentioned in the lead, in my opinion, because of its relevancy in a high conflict zone. Also, the institutionalized discrimination is something that we should defenitely consider including the lead. I would object, however, to calling Israel's democracy a "mature democracy". The democratic system there is hardly 60 years old and making a value judgement of that kind constitutes original research. I stand by the idea that if Israel is going to be described as the only parliamentary democracy, that this be changed to one of two and that Lebanon be mentioned as well. There is no need to mention Lebanon if we do not quantify how many parliamentary democracies there are in the Middle East. Israel as the "only democracy" in the Middle East comes right out of Zionist propaganda handbooks and is often used as a justification for its less than stellar human rights record, invoking the same kind of tired hyperbole of the "war on terrorism" whereby "they hate us for our freedoms". It has no place in an encyclopedia. [[User:Tiamut|Tiamut]] 09:24, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I already demonstrated that Lebanon is not even a democracy according to the lebanon article. So that statement is correct. And the number of people in Palestine during the 19000's is irrelevant of course. It is the historical connection which is depicted and defined. Therefore the lead is perfectly fine. I demonstrated per Iran article that any contentious/political opinion of rival groups are irrelevant for leads. The lead of Iran doesn't mention Israel's position over the country, and the lead of Israel won't mention the PLO opinion over who's indigenous or not either. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 09:42, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -btw, you keep making false claims. Firstly about the army being one of the strongest, when in fact, it's not even close to being one of the strongest. Then now you claim Peters' book is fraudlent and false which is actually libel. Like Daniel Pipes said :
    -
    -"The fact remains that the book presents a thesis that neither Professor Porath nor any other reviewer has so far succeeded in refuting. Miss Peters's central thesis is that a substantial immigration of Arabs to Palestine took place during the first half of the twentieth century. She supports this argument with an array of demographic statistics and contemporary accounts, the bulk of which have not been questioned by any reviewer, including Professor Porath."
    -
    -There's no doubt the stats of arab immigration are correct. The problem was with the scholary level of the book, which is irrelevant because many actual scholars (Not jouranlits) expressed the same facts, so even mentioning joan peters as the apparent source here is fraudelent and untrue. Moving on, starting the political debate of whether Israel is correct about its historical connection or not, and whether they have adequate human rights is not relevant to the lead. Leave the lead as it is and respect this country's article. I demonstrated that none of these issues appear in countries which occupy other lands and regularly violate human rights even to the point of making people disappear and conflicting genocide against their own people : China, Cuba, Syria, Iran, not even the Palestinian articles which are heavily biased and create a history that never existed. The lead is not biased and it should stay as it is. Take political debates elsewhere or even attempt to insert then in the appropriate sections, but do not ruin the lead. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 09:49, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:changed indigenous line : clarifying that the Jewish people are indigenous to Eretz Israel. There's no doubt about that, simply because Judea was the cradle of the Jewish nation. Therefore, Jews are indigenous to Eretz Israel which is the historical term of the land. I think that settles it. It's also very important in the article (the history section) and therefore important in the lead per the argument that the lead is supposed to represent the article, which is certainly does. I object to this reasoning though - other countries' leads don't deal with many of the issues in the article but deal mostly with basic borders, population, short history, something about economy etc. Current lead deals with both issues in the articles and the usual matters dealt in leads. The other proposed changes have no consensus and are not relevant for the lead. As demonstrated , Lebanon is not yet a democracy and this is depicted in the leanon article, primarly because of the syrian influence and the current president. If changes are made, this bit can be updated. Btw, I read the link of Stephen R. Shalom and it's very one sided and not serious. For example quoting finkelstein but not pipes, quoting ben gurion in one instance as evidence for palestinian exodus, and so on. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 18:41, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::: Because there is no consensus on whether or not Lebanon constitutes a democracy, I have removed the reference to ISrael being the "only democracy" in the Middle east. I do not accept that it be described as such when there is clear evidence, cited above, that Lebanon is considered to be a parliamentary democracy as well. I believe the current formulation is the most neutral, factual and least POV. Additionally, as regards the issue of Jews being indigenous to Eretz Israel, I have added that the Israeli state defines this to be the case. There are many others who do not share this view. While some Jews are indigenous to the Middle East, like Sephardim and Mizharim, Ashkenazi Jews have arguably different origins as outlined by Arthur Koestler in his book on "The Thirteenth Tribe" which covers the Khazar Empire and the mass conversion of Tukic-Slavs to Judaism in the 10th century. Simply reverting to the old version after the provision of evidence that belies the claims made is unacceptable. This current edit is the simplest and most NPOV and I hope it meets everyone's liking. [[User:Tiamut|Tiamut]] 10:51, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::no, I disagree to these changes per my comments above about how leads are phrased and per lebanon article with regard to democracy. There's no doubt about Jews and Land of Israel. Discredited opinions like you mention have no place to influence lead of this article. There is a consensus of cultural, linguistic, and genetic evidence that the Ashkenazi Jewish population originated in the Middle East. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 11:08, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I am sorry Amoruso, but just because you believe something to be true, doesn't it make it so. I have asked you for a citation for this and placed such a notation in the article itself. You have not provided one either here or there. I therefore attributed this claim to the state of Israel itself, and before that quoted a similar sentiment as contained in the declaration of Independence. None of these compromise positions has satisfied you.
    -:::The following information and arguments seriously debunk your as yet totally uncited and unsupported claim that Jews immigrating to Israel are "indigenous" to Eretz Israel:
    -:::1) "The indigenous Jews of Palestine also reacted negatively to Zionism. They did not see the need for a Jewish state in Palestine and did not want to exacerbate relations with the Arabs." John Quigley, "Palestine and Israel: A Challenge to Justice." [http://www.cactus48.com/earlyhistory.html] i.e., There is a distinction made in this historian's mind between indigenous Jews who lived in Palestine before Zionist settlers arrived and those who immigrated as part of the Zionist project to create a political entity called Israel. To call all Jews who immigrated thereafter is to mislead the reader and succumb to Zionist propaganda on the origins of Israel. This is clearly POV and unacceptable.
    -:::2) To insist that Jews are indigenous to Eretz Israel is to denude them of indigenous status in other countries and regions. It is highly offensive to many Jews whose national identity resides with their coutry of citizenship and origin. For example, consider this quote: "To these problems came traditional “ethnic” tensions between indigenous German Jews and Eastern European Jews (Ostjuden). Ironically, the former were the smallest part of the Jewish community whose constituents were primarily Eastern European displaced persons (DPs) who found themselves in Germany at the end of the war." [http://www.goethe.de/ges/rel/dos/jul/en1418155.htm] Note that the author distinguishes between Jews indigenous to Germany and those displaced by the war into Germany. This use of "indigenous" here directly contradicts your unqualified, uncited usage of the word indigenous in this article.
    -:::3) Since there are many Jews who oppose the notion of Zionism and reject citizenship there, the view of Jews being indigenous to Eretz Israel is clearly one that is put forward by the Israeli state, and shared by some of its citizens, but not necessarily all Jews worldwide. See: [http://www.jewsagainstzionism.com/], [http://www.jewsnotzionists.org/]. These Jews would be offended by the notion that they are "indigenous" to a state whose very existence they view as morally, religiously, or otherwise offensive.
    -:::I am going to insist that you remove the word "indigenous" as suggested by Okedem below or change the wording to reflect that it is a view of the government or selected sectors of the Israeli population (obviously, Arab citizens of Israel who constitute almost 20% of the population of Israel do not share this view). If you don't do it, I will, and if you revert my edits again I will have to report your incivil behaviour to the admin. Thank you for your time. [[User:Tiamut|Tiamut]] 12:09, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Incivility ? Haven't seen any incivility. Your points here I'm afraid are irrlevant. There's no dispute among scholars that Jews are indigenous to Eretz Israel. It really doesn't matter if you're zionist or not, it's an undisputed fact. Citing websites of neutrei karta in your post makes little sense. This is an article about Israel and according to all wikipedia conventions. What's you're doing is simply disruptive behaviour. See jews article : Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים, Yehudim; Yiddish: ייִדן, Yidn) are followers of Judaism or, more generally, members of the Jewish people (also known as the Jewish nation, or the Children of Israel), '''an ethno-religious group descended from the ancient Israelites and from converts who joined their religion'''. The term also includes those who have undergone an officially recognized formal process of religious conversion to Judaism. The current Jewish population is over 14.5 million, the majority of whom live in the United States and Israel. Nowhere did we say that Jews are indigenous only to Eretz Israel but there's no doubt and I already quoted you above that Jews are historically indigenous to the region. End of story. Try writing more to the point and not derailing to talks about neturei and largely discredited writers like you did before please. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 12:21, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::If it's an undisputed fact, provide me with a definitive source. To me, it's a claim that needs to be attributed. It is a controversial point that is rejected by many other people around the world, including Jews themselves as I pointed out above. You cannot merely claim it is undispouted and let it rest. Also, to keep insisting that Israel is the "only democracy" in the Middle east when Lebanon is also democracy and to refuse any suggested reformulations out of many that I have made to accomodate the differences of opinion on this matter is simply being intrasigent and POV pushing, as is the way you keep reverting my edits. Could you please give some ground here? I am trying very hard to see your point of view. I don't feel that you are at all trying to see mine. [[User:Tiamut|Tiamut]] 12:40, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::The current version is terrible. It really was better a while ago, before the whole "indigenous" thing. After your edit, it looks like this - "defines itself as the nation state of the Jewish people, indigenous to Eretz Yisrael " - Israel doesn't just "define itself" as the nation-state of the Jewish people, it is. I take it you mean the self-definition is for the indigenous part, but that's not what a reader sees now.
    -::::First off, I remember reading about finding genetic links between most population of Jews, Ashkenazi, Sephardic, and most Mizrahim, with the exception of Yemenis (who originated from a whole tribe converting to Judaism in Yemen), and Ethiopian Jews (the same). But it doesn't actually matter - the Jewish people has its traditions, language, religion - culture. Even if someone wasn't genetically from the first Jews in Eretz Israel, he's still Jewish, and still belongs to that nation, which IS indigenous to Eretz Israel.
    -::::The book you mentioned is just plain wrong - you can read about that right here: [[The Thirteenth Tribe]].
    -::::Anyway, I really think we should just delete the "indigenous" bit and end it. It was only recently added, and really doesn't help. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 11:16, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Check [[Khazars]]. (And keep in mind that the Y-Chromosome is inherited through the males, while mitochondrial DNA is inherited through the female (the eggs)) Regards, [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] 11:45, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::have you read the article you refer to ? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars#Khazar_ancestry_of_Ashkenazim] It's discredited there too. And everywhere. Version fine now. Btw, that proposal of khazars is so non factual here because that theory bases itself on the premise that the Jews are indigenous to Israel and certain elements of ashkensazi jews are khazar origin, most will say if true then a very minor minority (and then ashkenazi not even a majority of jews in Israel...) so it's simply not relevant. [[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] 11:53, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::yes, I certainly have read it -I never voiced an opinion for or against the theory; I recommended the article because it seemed like a good summary of the arguments. Does that suprise you? [[User:Huldra|Huldra]] 12:08, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -
    -All of the indents got confused, so I'm writing my reply here.
    -
    -First off, the '''Jewish People''' are indigenous to Eretz Israel. There's no real dispute of that fact. There's historical record of the Jewish kingdoms, records of the mass expulsions, and the Jews who remained in Israel/Palestine (the Romans changed its name to Syria Palestina to try and erase the Jews' connection to it, after the Jewish rebellions). There are records of the Jewish lineage throughout the ages, and genetic proof of the connection between different Jewish populations. It can be said, with a high level of certainty, that most Jews living today, are descended from the Jews of Eretz Israel, from the time of the Kingdom of Judea. The Jewish People did arise in the land of Israel, that's where their customs, religions, and language arose. So Israel is the birthplace of the Jews, as a people.
    -
    -Several tribes or peoples have joined the Jewish People thoughout the years, like the Kuzari, a Yemeni tribe, and an Ethiopian tribe. Of course, individuals joined all the time, mainly through marriage.
    -
    -To say that an individual person is indigenous to a region, is, of course, nonsense. A species, or a genus, is indigenous, not an individual. A jewish man, born in the US, is just a US citizen, an American. But he's also (whether he likes it or not), a member of the ''Jewish People'', and his roots lie in Eretz Israel. It doesn't matter if he supports the actions of the State of Israel. Even Neturei Karta don't dispute the fact that Eretz Israel is the birthplace of the Jewish People. They just don't support the State of Israel (some of the ultra-orthodox jews believe that the kingdom of Israel should only be re-established after the coming of the Messiah).
    -
    -I'd agree to remove that word, because it's not used in other articles, about other nation-states, and isn't very well defined. I do think it's true, though.
    -
    -I also think that we could do without the "the only democracy" part - Lebanon is a sort of fledging democracy. I think its sectorial allocation of positions is anti-democratic (it's like saying the president of the US has to be an evangelist, the vice president methodist, and the speaker of the house a catholic), but still - they're trying, and most of the world seems to agree they're at least close to being a real democracy. Israel's democracy isn't dependent on its backwards neighbors, and there's no need for the comparison.
    -[[User:Okedem|okedem]] 14:01, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Of course it's a fact that the Jewish people originated in [[Eretz Israel]]. Also that there is historical connection between the Jews and this corner of the world; and that Jews at all times considered this corner of the world to be their spiritual home; and that they dreamed of one day returning there. But it's also a fact that Muslims dominated Palestine for some 1,400 years, and that at the end of the 19th century (just before the Zionist movement) there were only 15,000 Jews actually living there. So to put the word "indigenous" in the lead looks really terrible. Consider: Greeks originated in Asia Minor (i.e. modern Turkey). Turks have lived there for "only" a 1,000 years. At the end of the 19th century about one million Greeks still lived there. Does any editor think it's therefore good and proper to add in the lead of the Wikipedia article about [[Turkey]] that Greeks are indigenous to Turkey? :-)
    -
    -[[User:Amoruso|Amoruso]] I understand you are person with convictions. And that's just as well; I am too. Everybody has a personal philosophy, for example I am a strong pacifist. But here we are editing an encyclopedia as part of a community, and we are bound to respect the objectives and rules of the community. One such objective is to work towards a neutral and balanced content. Another is to base our contributions on reliable references and not personal opinion. For example you do not consider Lebanon to be a democracy; fine. I suppose many other people may agree with you. But the international community at large including the [[UN]] the [[EU]] and the [[US]] does consider Lebanon a democracy (see references above). So the often made claim that Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East is not anymore true, and to include such statement in the encyclopedia would display bias (which is the opposite of neutral).
    -
    -In any case I agree with the other editors above that neither the "indigenous" nor the "only democracy" claims should be made in the lead. I also object to the mention of "[[Eretz Israel]]"; that's a historical territorial concept that does not belong in the lead of the article about modern State of Israel in the same way that Alexander's empire does not belong in the lead of the article about modern [[Greece]]. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 17:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:For the "only democracy" issue, it is true that the northern part of Lebanon, the part not run by Hizbollah, is a democracy. However, (I think this is what Amoruso was trying to say), it is not a working democracy. Lebanon is as much of a democracy as the Gaza Strip. A terrorist organization, which has some government seats, is in open warfare with a majority. Fatah-Hamas is a similar situation. I propose that the wording is "the only free, working democracy in the Middle East." Possibly mentioning Lebanon by name as the other. Israel has many Muslim and Christian voters, whereas Lebanon's elections are not exactly "free."
    -
    -:As per the "Eretz Yisrael" issue, it is extremely valid in Medinat Yisrael. Many Israelis wish for the structure of Eretz to be brought back. The vast majority of anti-Zionist religious Jews are in favor of bringing back Eretz. It should be metioned that modern Israel and Eretz Yisrael share some of the same territory, and that Israel is a modern Jewish homeland set in the location of the first Jewish state, Eretz Yisrael. It is important to note that they are different, but to leave Eretz out would be inappropriate, as there is a connection between the two. Why do you think Israel is in the Middle East and not in Africa? --[[User:Eric1985|יהושועEric]] 18:58, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::"Eretz Israel" is a geographical term (though not extremely well defined). The orthodox jews want revival of the old jewish kingdom, which was situated in Eretz Israel. It's not the name of the kingdom. The kingdom of david and solomon is known as the Joint Kingdom of Israel, andthe latter kingdoms as the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judea. Eretz Israel is just the area. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 20:55, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::If you visit the [[Eretz Israel]] article you'll see a map describing an area far beyond Israel's borders. There is enough paranoia surrounding the creation of the Israeli state already; do you think it's a good idea to feed that paranoia at the very beginning of the article? In any case as per [[WP:Lead]] the lead is supposed to include the *main* points of the article; and "Eretz Israel" is not one of the main points of the article. In fact it's mentioned only once as a name for the new state that was rejected. [[User:Dianelos|Dianelos]] 07:45, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::I agree, it belongs in the history part (because that is why the modern state of Israel was established in that particular location). [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 08:31, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Two recent additions ==
    -
    -Tiamut - you added two things to the article:
    -# "Lebanon is also a parliamentary democracy, though confessional in nature." - What does confesisonal mean here? The [[Confessional]] article doesn't help.
    -# "Organized Jewish militias like the Lehi, and Irgun stepped up their attacks on Palestinian civilians and British officers." - you added that sentence, first with a cite notice, and then removed the notice. Do you have a cite for it? If not, what are you basing it on? [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 14:22, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Hi Okedem. Thanks for pointing out that the wikilink to [[confessional]] is not the correct one. I will change it to [[confessionalism (politics)]]. If you go there, it explains what confessionalism is. As to your question about why I removed the citation needed notice on the sentence I added, if you read the information about the [[Lehi]] and the [[Irgun]] in Wikipedia itself, those articles upport the claim made in the sentence and describe in detail the attacks perpetrated against Palestinian civilians and British officers. If you still think I should find an external link that supports the argument, I will do so, but I thought the internal wikilink references were adequate. [[User:Tiamut|Tiamut]] 09:10, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I looked through the Lehi and Irgun articles, and couldn't find support for that particular statement.
    -:# I didn't see anywhere that the frequency of attacks grew.
    -:# The Irgun article only mentions one incident involving Arab civilians during that period (1947-8) - the Dier Yassin massacre.
    -:# The Lehi article does mention the train bombing of 1948, centainly an attack against officers and civilian, but I'm not sure it was worse than previous Lehi attacks.
    -:# The Lehi and Irgun articles both mention mostly attacks against British officers, not arab civilians.
    -:I can certainly believe it they attacked civilian in other incidents (especially when it comes to the Lehi), I'm just not sure the statement is accurate. [[User:Okedem|okedem]] 09:31, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
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    -{{dablink|For other uses, see [[Bigfoot (disambiguation)]]}}
    -
    -[[Image:Big Foot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Big Foot (''Si Tanka'')]]
    -
    -[[Image:Big Foot, dead at Wounded Knee (1890).gif|thumb|200px|right |The corpse of Big Foot at Wounded Knee (1890)]]
    -
    -'''Big Foot''' ('''Si Tanka''') ([[1824]]? - [[December 29]], [[1890]]), also known as '''Spotted Elk''', was the name of a chief of a sub-group of the [[Lakota Sioux]]. He was son of [[Lone Horn]], and became a chief upon the death of his father. He was a highly renowned chief, with skills in war and negotiations. He was killed in 1890 in [[South Dakota]], along with almost 300 other members of his tribe, by the [[U.S. Army]] in what came to known as the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]].
    -
    -==Early life==
    -Si Tanka was born the son of a Lakota Sioux Chief between [[1820]] and [[1825]] into the Minneconjou — "Planters by the River" — subgroup of the Teton Lakota (Sioux). He later became the Chief of his tribe at his father's death in [[1874]].
    -
    -==Chief Big Foot==
    -===Skillful diplomat===
    -As Chief, Big Foot (Si Tanka) was considered a great man of peace and was best known among his people for his political and [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] successes. He was skilled at settling quarrels between rival parties, and was often in great demand among other Teton bands.
    -
    -===Alliance with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse===
    -During the [[1870s]], he allied himself with [[Sitting Bull]] and Chief [[Crazy Horse]] against the U.S. Army, but saw no major action during the war in 1876-77. The Miniconjou Lakota suffered during the [[Black Hills War|Sioux War for the Black Hills]], after which they surrendered. Following the defeat of the Sioux, Big Foot urged his followers to adapt to the white men’s ways while retaining their Lakota language and cultural traditions.
    -
    -===Reservation placement===
    -Following the Sioux Wars, the government placed the Minneconjou on the [[Cheyenne River Indian Reservation]] in South Dakota. Big Foot encouraged his people to adapt to life on the reservation by developing sustainable [[agriculture]] and building [[school]]s for Lakota children. Big Foot was among the first [[American Indian]]s to raise [[corn]] in accordance with government standards. Big Foot also advocated that his people take a peaceful attitude toward white settlers.
    -
    -==Participation in "the Ghost Dance" movement==
    -===New religious movement===
    -Due to poor living conditions on the reservations (made worse by fraud and corruption on the part of Indian agents charged, by law, with supplying the tribe with basic necessities), the Lakota were in a state of great dispair; by 1889, they began to look to a radical solution to their on-going problems.
    -
    -The radical solution came in the form of "the [[Ghost Dance]]" movement; it was a new religion initiated by a Paiute prophet named Wovoka. Big Foot and the Lakota were among the most enthusiastic believers in the Ghost Dance ceremony when it arrived among them in the spring of 1890.
    -
    -Although government-imposed reservation rules outlawed the practice of the religion, the movement swept like a wild fire through their camps, causing local Indian agents to react with alarm. Some agents successfully suppressed the dancers; others called for federal troops to restore order.
    -
    -===The invitation of Chief Red Cloud===
    -After Sitting Bull was killed on the Standing Rock reservation in 1890, his followers fled to seek refuge with his half-brother, Chief Big Foot. In December 1890, fearing arrest and government reprisals against his band, Big Foot headed south to the Pine Ridge Reservation at the invitation of Chief Red Cloud. Red Cloud hoped that his fellow chief could help make peace. Hoping to find safety there, having no intention of fighting, and flying a white flag, Big Foot contracted pneumonia on the journey to Pine Ridge.
    -
    -==Death at Wounded Knee==
    -===Peaceful surrender===
    -On December 28, the 7th Cavalry intercepted them. Ill with pneumonia, Big Foot surrendered peacefully. The cavalry took him and his band into custody and escorted them to a site near Wounded Knee Creek, where they were to set up camp. The campsite was already established with a store and several log houses.
    -
    -===290 Lakota tribal members dead===
    -That night, Big Foot and his people camped while being surrounded on all sides by well-armed soldiers. Some time during the evening, Colonel James Forsyth arrived, and took command of the troops and Big Foot's camp. The following morning, while the Army was trying to disarm Big Foot's band, tempers were hot on both sides. Someone's rifle discharged and the Army opened fire with four rapid-fire Hotchkiss Mountain cannons,* rifles, and pistols, slaughtering 290 men, women, and children. Big Foot was among them.
    -
    -The incident came to be known as the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]].
    -
    -==See also==
    -* [[Lakota Sioux]]
    -* [[Lone Horn]]
    -* [[Ghost Dance]]
    -* [[Sitting Bull]]
    -* [[Crazy Horse]]
    -* [[Red Cloud]]
    -* [[Wounded Knee Massacre]]
    -
    -==External links==
    -* [http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h3793.html Lakota Chief Big Foot from u-s-history.com]
    -* [http://www.indigenouspeople.net/bigfoot.htm Lakota Chief Big Foot at Indigenouspeople.net]
    -* [http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm Lakota Chief Big Foot and the Ghost Dance]
    -
    -
    -
    -[[Category:1820s births|Big Foot (chief)]]
    -[[Category:1890 deaths|Big Foot (chief)]]
    -[[Category:Native American leaders|Big Foot (chief)]]
    -[[Category:Murdered Native Americans|Big Foot (chief)]]
    -[[Category:Lakota tribe|Big Foot (chief)]]
    -[[Category:Pine Ridge Campaign|Big Foot (chief)]]
    -
    -
    -[[de:Si Tanka]][[es:Si Tanka]]
    -[[fr:Big Foot]][[lt:Si Tanka]][[pl:Wielka Stopa (człowiek)]]
    +#[[angle-capital]]
    +#[[angle-leaf]]
    +#[[angle-modillion]]
    +#[[angle-post]]
    +#[[angle-roll]]
    +#[[angle-round]]
    +#[[angle-shaft]]
    +#[[angle-stone]]
    +#[[angle-tie]]
    +#[[anglo-chinois]]
    +#[[angular capital]]
    +#[[animaliers]]
    +#[[Animaliers]]
    +#[[David Annesley]]
    +#[[Anton Anreith]]
    +#[[anse de panier]]
    +#[[Thomas Anshutz]]
    +#[[Thomas Pollock Anshutz]]
    +#[[Frederick Antal]]
    +#[[Frigyes Antal]]
    +#[[ante-church]]
    +#[[ante-court]]
    +#[[ante-mural(e)]]
    +#[[ante-nave]]
    +#[[antependium]]
    +#[[antepodium]]
    +#[[anteris]]
    +#[[George David Anthon]]
    +#[[Cornelis Anthonisz]]
    +#[[Cornelis Anthonisz.]]
    +#[[antic]]
    +#[[anticlastic]]
    +#[[L' Antico]]
    +#[[Anti-Design]]
    +#[[anti-form]]
    +#[[anti-macassar]]
    +#[[Anti-Minimalism]]
    +#[[Anti-Object art]]
    +#[[the Antique]]
    +#[[the antique]]
    +#[[in. antis]]
    +#[[Antistates]]
    +#[[Jacques-Denis Antoine]]
    +#[[José Antolínez]]
    +#[[Giovanni Antonio Antolini]]
    +#[[Alessandro Antonelli]]
    +#[[Antonine column]]
    +#[[Antropofagismo]]
    +#[[Nemesio Antúnez]]
    +#[[guild of S. Luke Antwerp]]
    +#[[Antwerp: patronage and collecting]]
    +#[[Apocalypse manuscript]]
    +#[[Apolline]]
    +#[[Apollonio di Giovanni]]
    +#[[Apoxyomenus]]
    +#[[Apple Macintosh Computer]]
    +#[[apsidiole]]
    +#[[Ulrich the Elder Apt]]
    +#[[ARAU]]
    +#[[arbalestina]]
    +#[[Bruno d' Arcevia]]
    +#[[Arch of …]]
    +#[[arch Order]]
    +#[[Archaic art]]
    +#[[Archaic Greek art]]
    +#[[arch-band]]
    +#[[arch-bar]]
    +#[[arch-beam]]
    +#[[arch-brace]]
    +#[[arch-brick]]
    +#[[arch-buttant]]
    +#[[arch-buttress]]
    +#[[John Lee Archer]]
    +#[[arch-façade]]
    +#[[Architects' Co-Partnership]]
    +#[[Architecture Machine]]
    +#[[Architecture Studio]]
    +#[[architrave cornice]]
    +#[[arch-rib]]
    +#[[arch-ring]]
    +#[[arch-stone]]
    +#[[arch-truss]]
    +#[[Claudio de Arciniega]]
    +#[[arcuated]]
    +#[[arcus choralis]]
    +#[[arcus toralis]]
    +#[[arcus triumphalis]]
    +#[[Juan de Arellano]]
    +#[[Luis Arenal]]
    +#[[Johann August Arens]]
    +#[[Arent Arentsz.]]
    +#[[Argentine art]]
    +#[[Eupolemos of Argos]]
    +#[[John Ariss]]
    +#[[Arkady]]
    +#[[Armenian art]]
    +#[[Giovanni Battista Armenini]]
    +#[[Maxwell Armfield]]
    +#[[Kenneth Armitage]]
    +#[[Elizabeth Armstrong]]
    +#[[H. Harvard Arnason]]
    +#[[Robert Arneson]]
    +#[[aronade]]
    +#[[Ivar Arosenius]]
    +#[[Arras tapestries]]
    +#[[Arriccio]]
    +#[[arrow-loop]]
    +#[[Eduardo Arroyo]]
    +#[[Diogo Arruda]]
    +#[[Art abstrait]]
    +#[[Art and Letters]]
    +#[[Art Autre]]
    +#[[Art Concret]]
    +#[[L' Art Contemporain]]
    +#[[Art d'aujourd'hui]]
    +#[[Art et Décoration]]
    +#[[Art for the Masses]]
    +#[[Art Front]]
    +#[[art history and its methods]]
    +#[[Art Informel]]
    +#[[ancient art market]]
    +#[[art mobilier]]
    +#[[L' Art moderne]]
    +#[[Art News]]
    +#[[Art of the Real]]
    +#[[Art of This Century gallery]]
    +#[[Art unions]]
    +#[[Art Workers' Coalition]]
    +#[[Art Workers' Guild]]
    +#[[Art Workers United]]
    +#[[Arte Programmata]]
    +#[[Artel Cooperative]]
    +#[[Arteluce]]
    +#[[Jacques d' Arthois]]
    +#[[Josep Llorens Artigas]]
    +#[[Artinatural]]
    +#[[Artisan Mannerism]]
    +#[[Artists' Congress]]
    +#[[Artists International Association]]
    +#[[artists, ancient, social status of]]
    +#[[Art-Language]]
    +#[[Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society]]
    +#[[Arts Ménagers]]
    +#[[classification of arts]]
    +#[[Richard Artschwager]]
    +#[[Art-Workers' Guild]]
    +#[[Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of]]
    +#[[Asam Brothers]]
    +#[[Asam family]]
    +#[[ash-chest]]
    +#[[Ashington Group]]
    +#[[ashlar-piece]]
    +#[[ashlering]]
    +#[[Asiatic base]]
    +#[[Charles Herbert Aslin]]
    +#[[Dieter Asmus]]
    +#[[Aspen Design Conference]]
    +#[[Tiziano Aspetti]]
    +#[[Antonio Asprucci]]
    +#[[Simon van Assche]]
    +#[[assemblage of Orders]]
    +#[[asses' ears]]
    +#[[basilica of S. Francesco Assisi]]
    +#[[Association of American Painters and Sculptors]]
    +#[[Assyrian architecture]]
    +#[[Assyrian Revival]]
    +#[[Balthasar van der Ast]]
    +#[[astragulum Lesbium]]
    +#[[astreated]]
    +#[[Atelier 17]]
    +#[[Atelier 5]]
    +#[[Atelier Martine]]
    +#[[Athenadorus]]
    +#[[National Archaeological Museum Athens]]
    +#[[Atika]]
    +#[[Robert Frank Atkinson]]
    +#[[Attavante degli Attavanti]]
    +#[[Attic door-case]]
    +#[[Attic Order]]
    +#[[Attic storey]]
    +#[[Atticurges]]
    +#[[attributed to]]
    +#[[Charles Bowler Atwood]]
    +#[[Clare Atwood]]
    +#[[William Atwood]]
    +#[[Aubusson tapestries]]
    +#[[AUDAC]]
    +#[[Claude Audran]]
    +#[[Claude III Audran]]
    +#[[Jean Aujame]]
    +#[[aulaeum]]
    +#[[Gae Aulenti]]
    +#[[George Ault]] - stub
    +#[[aumbry]]
    +#[[auricular]]
    +#[[Auricular]]
    +#[[Albert Aurier]]
    +#[[Henry Austin]] – our article is on the tennis player
    +#[[Hubert James Austin]]
    +#[[Australian Design Award]]
    +#[[Austrian art]]
    +#[[Auto-Destructive Art]] – needs attention
    +#[[Salon d' Automne]]
    +#[[Giles Auty]]
    +#[[avant-corps]]
    +#[[Jacopo Avanzi]]
    +#[[Avanzo]]
    +#[[Jacques Aved]]
    +#[[Jacques-André-Joseph-Camelot Aved]]
    +#[[Antonio Averlino]] - stub
    +#[[Musée Calvet Avignon]]
    +#[[Musée du Petit Palais Avignon]]
    +#[[School of Avignon]]
    +#[[axial]] – DAB page, ‘art’ content unclear
    +#[[axis]] – DAB page, ‘art’ content unclear
    +#[[Axminster carpets]]
    +#[[Alice Aycock]] - stub
    +#[[John Aylmer]] – Article (actually two, to be merged) on an English Bishop, not sure if there is another John Aylmer to be added.
    +#[[Carlo Aymonino]]
    +#[[Michael Ayrton]] - stub
    +#[[Paul Ayshford]]
    +#[[Léon Azéma]]
    +#[[Aztec architecture]]
    +#[[azulejo]] – redirects to [[Tile]] but is not defined there
    +#[[Takamitsu Azuma]]
    +#[[azurite]] – use as a pigment 2013-03-16 11:30:33 90445217 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1211366]] NaN 2013-03-13 16:18:32 89998731 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3009409]] NaN 2013-04-14 21:43:43 92090703 Addbot Mentibot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1023539]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,131 +1,179 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_School | name = Triton Regional High School
    -| image = [[Image:Triton_Mustang.png|none|]]
    -| motto =
    -| established = 1957
    -| type = [[Public school|Public]]
    -| principal = Edward Stahl
    -| faculty =
    -| enrollment = 1,523
    -| free_label = Classroom Teachers
    Student/Teacher Ratio
    Colors
    Mascot
    -| free_text = 98.2
    15.5
    Red and Blue
    Mustang
    -| location = 250 Schubert Avenue
    [[Runnemede, New Jersey|Runnemede]], NJ 08078
    -| information = (609) 939-4500
    -}}
    +{{current sport}}
    +[[Image:Flag-of-Iraq.png|right|thumb|Iraq (IRQ)]]

    -'''Triton Regional High School''' ("Tri-High") is a four-year [[public high school]] serving 1,523 students in grades 9-12 from three communities in [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]], as part of the [[Black Horse Pike Regional School District]]. Students in the school come from [[Bellmawr, New Jersey|Bellmawr]] ("B-town"), [[Gloucester Township, New Jersey|Gloucester Township]] ("GT") and [[Runnemede, New Jersey|Runnemede]] ("the 'Mede"). The high school is located in Runnemede.
    +Despite going through a [[Iraq civil war|civil war]], '''Iraq is currently participating in the [[2006 Asian Games]]''' held in [[Doha]],[[Qatar]].

    -==History==
    -Triton Regional High School first opened its doors for students in 1957 and is celebrating its 50th anniversary during the 2006-07 school year.[http://www.bhprsd.org/Triton/PDF/50th.pdf Triton Alumni Hall Of Fame], accessed [[October 18]], [[2006]]
    +The country is represented by 85 athletes participating in 17 sports, including [[football at the 2006 Asian Games|football]], [[Cue sports at the 2006 Asian Games|cue sports]], and
    +[[Weightlifting at the 2006 Asian Games|weightlifting]].
    +==Medal Tally==
    +{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
    +|- bgcolor="#efefef"
    +!
    +! bgcolor="gold" |''' Gold '''
    +! bgcolor="silver" |'''Silver'''
    +! bgcolor="CC9966" |'''Bronze'''
    +! '''Total '''
    +|- align="center"
    +||[[Image:Flag-of-Iraq.png|20px|]] [[Iraq]]
    +||-||-||1||1
    +|}

    -==Athletics==
    -Triton Regional High School participates in the nineteen-member [[Olympic Conference]], which consists of public and private high schools located in [[Burlington County, New Jersey|Burlington County]] and [[Camden County, New Jersey|Camden County]].

    -'''Seasonal Sports'''[http://www.bhprsd.org/Triton/Athletics/AthleticCoachingStaff-T.html Triton Coaching Staff]
    -{| border="1" width="70%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:4px; border:4px solid #cccccc; "
    -|- align="center" bgcolor="cccccc"
    -!Fall
    -!Coach
    -!Winter
    -!Coach
    -!Spring
    -!Coach
    -|- align="center"
    -|Boys' Cross Country
    -|Kevin Pumphrey
    -|Boys' Basketball
    -|"Dr." Brian Rowan"zinki"
    -|Boys' Baseball
    -|Bill Reilley
    -|- align="center"
    -|Girls' Cross Country
    -|Jack Damico
    -|Girls' Basketball
    -|Pat Murphy
    -|Golf
    -|Alex Ferrante
    -|- align="center"
    -|Boys' Soccer
    -|Tim Fornes
    -|Cheerleading
    -|Sharon Jowett
    -|Boys' Tennis
    -|Brian Ekstrom
    -|- align="center"
    -|Football
    -|Pete Goetz
    -|Indoor Track
    -|Charles "Action" Jackson
    -|Boys' Track
    -|Kevin Pumphrey
    -|- align="center"
    -|Cheerleading
    -|Sharon Jowett
    -|Swimming
    -|Erin Sheehan
    -|Girls' Track
    -|Mike Maduzia
    -|- align="center"
    -|Field Hockey
    -|Megan "Cubby" Cubbage
    -|Wrestling
    -|Joe Robinson
    -|Softball
    -|Glenn Smith
    -|- align="center"
    -|Girls' Soccer
    -|Bob Maninno
    -| -
    -| -
    -| -
    -| -
    -|- align="center"
    -|Girls' Tennis
    -|Randi Lynch
    -| -
    -| -
    -| -
    -| -
    +==Boxing==
    +{{main|Boxing at the 2006 Asian Games}}
    +*'''[[Featherweight]] 57Kg division'''
    +:'''Qualification'''
    +:'''Start time''': [[December_2]] 16:45 (UTC+3)

    +:'''Venue''': ASPIRE Hall 5
    +:{| border="1"
    +! Corner !! Name !! NOC !! Winner !! Points !! Time/Decision
    +|-
    +! RED
    +| MAHDI Suraka ||{{IRQ}}
    +| RED||27||Points
    +|-
    +! BLUE
    +| SAJID Muhammad ||{{PAK}}
    +|||27||
    |-
    |}
    -
    Triton Regional High School students also have the opportunity to participate in the Triton Ice Hockey team during the winter months, but, for insurance and liability reasons, it is neither offficially associated nor funded by the school.
    -'''Varsity Football'''


    -With a 19-7 win over Winslow Township, Triton Mustangs Varsity Football has clinched at least a tie of the Liberty Division of the Olympic Conference. With a 5-1 record and a 5-0 division record, Triton is ranked 10th among the large schools for the week of October 23rd by [[The Courier Post]][http://courierpostonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061023/VARSITY/610230378/1021 Courier Post Large Schools Top 10], and 8th in South Jersey by [[The Philadelphia Inquirer]][http://www.philly.com/mld/philly/sports/high_school/15841918.htm Philadelphia Inquirer Top 10 Varsity Football]. A win against rival Timber Creek on Thanksgiving, or a loss by both Winslow and Moorestown, will clinch the division for the Mustangs for the first time since 1974.
    +:''Match ended in tie with points, but Sukara wins because he won the last round''

    -==Administration==
    -Core members of the school's administration are[http://www.bhprsd.org/Triton/Administration/admin-T.html Triton Regional High School Administration], accessed [[September 19]], [[2006]]:
    -*'''Mr. Edward Stahl''' - Principal
    -*'''Mr. Tom Ambrose''' - Vice-Principal, 9th Grade
    -*'''Mrs. Catherine Kelleher''' - Vice-Principal, 10th Grade
    -*'''Mrs. Jernee Kollock''' - Vice-Principal, 11th Grade
    -*'''Mr. Anthony Tarsatana''' - Vice-Principal, 12th Grade

    -==Other District High Schools==
    -Including Triton, there are three high schools within the jurisdiction of the [[Black Horse Pike Regional School District]]. Students attend one of the three based upon their area of residence. The other two schools are:

    -*[[Highland Regional High School]]: Located in Blackwood, Highland serves 1,152 students from the Gloucester Township area.
    -*[[Timber Creek Regional High School]]: Located in Erial, Timber Creek, established in 2001, is the newest of the three high schools within the BHPRSD. Timber Creek serves 1,383 students from the Gloucester Township area.
    +:'''Preliminary'''
    +:'''Start time''': [[December_3]] 16:30 (UTC+3)

    +:'''Venue''': ASPIRE Hall 5
    +:{| border="1"
    +! Corner !! Name !! NOC !! Winner !! Points !! Time/Decision
    +|-
    +! RED
    +| MARCIAL Anthony ||{{PHI}}
    +| RED||24||RSCOS-R2
    +|-
    +! BLUE
    +| MAHDI Suraka ||{{IRQ}}
    +|||4||
    +|-
    +|}

    -== Notable alumni ==
    -Notable [[alumn]]i of Triton Regional High School include:
    -* [[Rob Andrews]], Representative, [[New Jersey's 1st congressional district]]
    -* [[Michael Iaconelli]], Bassmaster
    -* [[David R. Mayer]], [[New Jersey General Assembly]] member representing the [[New Jersey Legislature#District 4|4th Legislative District]]

    -==References==
    -

    -
    -


    -== External links ==
    -*[http://www.bhprsd.org/Triton Triton Regional High School website]
    -*[http://www.bhprsd.org/ Black Horse Pike Regional School District]
    -*{{NJReportCard|07|0390|0|Black Horse Pike Regional School District}}
    -*[http://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_list.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3401770 National Center for Education Statistics data for the Black Horse Pike Regional School District]
    -*[http://mysite.verizon.net/vzesah4z/ Triton Boys' Soccer]
    -*[http://www.tritonfootball.net/ Triton Football]
    +*'''[[Light flyweight]] division'''
    +:'''Preliminary'''
    +:'''Start time''': [[December_4]] 14:45 (UTC+3)

    +:'''Venue''': ASPIRE Hall 5
    +:{| border="1"
    +! Corner !! Name !! NOC !! Winner !! Points !! Time/Decision
    +|-
    +! RED
    +| NAJAH Ali ||{{IRQ}}
    +| RED||33||POINTS
    +|-
    +! BLUE
    +| JIGJID Otgonbayar ||{{MGL}}
    +|||8||
    +|-
    +|}

    -[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1957]]
    -[[Category:Camden County, New Jersey]]
    -[[Category:High schools in New Jersey]]

    -{{NewJersey-school-stub}}
    +
    +:'''Quarterfinal'''
    +:'''Start time''': [[December_8]] 14:15 (UTC+3)

    +:'''Venue''': ASPIRE Hall 5
    +:{| border="1"
    +! Corner !! Name !! NOC !! Winner !! Points !! Time/Decision
    +|-
    +! RED
    +| NAJAH Ali ||{{IRQ}}
    +|||||
    +|-
    +! BLUE
    +| PANNON Suban ||{{THA}}
    +|||||
    +|-
    +|}
    +
    +==Football==
    +{{main|football at the 2006 Asian Games}}
    +===First Round===
    +====Group B====
    +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
    +|-
    +!width=200|Team
    +!width=20|Pts
    +!width=20|Pld
    +!width=20|W
    +!width=20|D
    +!width=20|L
    +!width=20|GF
    +!width=20|GA
    +!width=20|GD
    +|- style=background:#ccffcc
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{IRQf}}
    +|'''7'''||3||2||1||0||8||0||+8
    +|- style=background:#ccffcc
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{SYRf}}
    +|'''5'''||3||1||2||0||4||1||+3
    +|-
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{SINf}}
    +|'''2'''||3||0||2||1||1||3||−2
    +|-
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{INAf}}
    +|'''1'''||3||0||1||2||2||11||−9
    +|}
    +{{footballbox|date=[[November 18]], [[2006]]
    18:00 |team1={{INAf2}} |score=0–6 |team2={{IRQf}} |goals1= |goals2=[[Karrar Muhamed|Muhamed]] 18'
    [[Ahmed Mohammed|Mohammed]] 24'
    [[Mostafa Abd Alla|Abd Alla]] 36', 63'
    [[Ali Alwan|Alwan]] 82'
    [[Ali Rehema|Rehema]] 89' |stadium=[[Al-Ahly Stadium]]
    '''Attendance:''' 1300
    '''Referee:''' [[Yang Zhiqiang]] (China)}}
    +----
    +{{footballbox|date=[[November 21]], [[2006]]
    18:00 |team1={{IRQf2}} |score=2–0 |team2={{SINf}} |goals1=[[Mostafa Abd Alla|Abd Alla]] 5'
    [[Younis Mahmoud|Mahmoud]] 7' |goals2= |stadium=[[Al-Ahly Stadium]]
    '''Attendance:''' 300
    '''Referee:''' [[Abdullah Balideh]] (Qatar)}}
    +----
    +{{footballbox|date=[[November 24]], [[2006]]
    18:00 |team1={{IRQf2}} |score=0–0 |team2={{SYRf}} |goals1= |goals2= |stadium=[[Al-Ahly Stadium]]
    '''Attendance:''' 2200
    '''Referee:''' [[Krishnan Ramachandran]] (Malaysia)}}
    +
    +===Round Two===
    +====Group E====
    +{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
    +|-
    +!width=200|Team
    +!width=20|Pts
    +!width=20|Pld
    +!width=20|W
    +!width=20|D
    +!width=20|L
    +!width=20|GF
    +!width=20|GA
    +!width=20|GD
    +|-
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{CHNf}}
    +|'''6'''||2||2||0||0||4||1||+3
    +|-
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{IRQf}}
    +|'''3'''||2||1||0||1||2||1||+1
    +|-
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{OMAf}}
    +|'''3'''||2||1||0||1||3||3||0
    +|-
    +|style="text-align:left;"|{{MASf}}
    +|'''0'''||2||0||0||2||2||6||−4
    +|}
    +
    +{{footballbox|date=[[November 29]], [[2006]]
    19:45 |team1={{CHNf2}} |score=1–0 |team2={{IRQf}} |goals1=[[Zhou Haibin]] 7' |goals2= | |stadium=[[Grand Hamad Stadium]]
    '''Attendance:''' 615
    '''Referee:''' [[Abdulrahman Abdou]] (Qatar)}}
    +----
    +{{footballbox|date=[[December 3]], [[2006]]
    19:45 |team1={{OMAf2}} |score=0–2 |team2={{IRQf}} |goals1= |goals2=[[Ali Rehema|Rehema]] 30'
    [[Alaa Khashen|Khashen]] 47'+ |stadium=[[Grand Hamad Stadium]]
    '''Referee:''' [[Ajja Gowder]] (India)}}
    +----
    +[[December 6]], [[2006]]
    +{|
    +!width=200|
    +!width=100|
    +!width=200|
    +|-
    +|align=right|{{MASf2}}
    +|align=center|19:45
    +|{{IRQf}}
    +|-
    +|align=right|{{CHNf2}}
    +|align=center|19:45
    +|{{OMAf}}
    +|}
    +
    +==Weightlifting==
    +:''Main article; [[Weightlifting at the 2006 Asian Games]]''
    +The 21-year old [[Harem Ali]] earned Iraq its first medal in the 2006 Asian games, as he captured bronze in the Men's 77kg. 2013-03-20 06:52:02 90984094 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2934374]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,948 +1,122 @@\n
    -{{cent}}
    +[[Image:Massif_belledonne.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The three main peaks of the Belledonne Range, seen from the north-west]]
    +The '''Belledonne''' ([[French language|French]]: ''La chaine de Belledonne'') is a [[mountain range]] in the [[Dauphiné Alps]] (part of the [[French Alps]]) in south-east [[France]]. The southern end of the range forms the eastern wall of the mountains that surround the city of [[Grenoble]].

    -
    -

    -
    [[Image:Vista-file-manager.png|50px|Archive]]

    -[[Wikipedia:How to archive a talk page|'''Archives''']]
    -

    -----
    -# [[Wikipedia talk:Protecting children's privacy/Archive 1|Archive 1]]
    -#
    -#
    -

    +The range is noted for the spectacular scenery it provides the inhabitants of Grenoble, numerous ski areas, interesting geology, and a diverse range of alpine land types and uses.

    -== Where we stand, a summary to date ==
    +==Geography==
    +The range is approximately 60 km long by between 10 km wide and runs from roughly {{coor dm |45|03|N|5|48|E}}, 16 km south-south-east of the city of [[Grenoble]], in a north-easterly direction (actually 35 degrees) for 65 km to roughly {{coor dm|45|33|N|6|17|E}}, near the town of [[Aiguebelle]]. The highest point is the [[Grand Pic de Belledonne]], 2,977 m (9,767 feet).

    -I was curious to find out if this proposal really ''could'' be fairly described as "rejected", so I tediously combed through every post and categorized (as well as I could) the editors who have made posts into one of three categories: those who, analyzing their comments overall, generally seem to support this article (obviously, with some quibbles over details); those who, analyzing their comments overall, generally seem to oppose this article; and those who's comments cannot, in my judgement, be allocated to either group -- they may have just had a question or comment, they may themselve be equivocal, or their comments may just not clearly show what their stance is, if any.
    +The range is delineated by several valleys which lie at relatively low altitude, including the [[Grèsivaudan Valley|Grèsivaudan]] (which carries the [[Isère River]]) on the west, [[Arc River (Savoie)|Arc]] to the north and the [[Romanche]] to the south.
    +
    +The range contains at least 16 peaks over 2,500 metres, 10 [[glaciers]], and 26 alpine lakes, the highest of which is over 2,400 metres above sea level.

    -I tried to peform this task as a disinterested Fair Witness, as far as I am humanly able. Obviously this is not always easy. For one example of my methodology: if, for a hypothetical example, an editor's only comment were to be (say) "I think it should be 14", I'd consider that that editor may be inferred to have accepted the premise of the article generally. I cases of reasonable doubt I placed editors in the Unclear category. Several of these editors I think quite probably support the article generally, and some probably oppose, but if I couldn't prove it (to a reasonable degree) I put them in this third category.
    +Geologically, the range is effectively a concatenation of ranges which are not physically separated. These ranges ([[French language|French]]: ''massifs'') are, from north to south: the Grand Arc, the Lauzière, the Sept-Laux, Belledonne proper, and the Taillefer {{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= | date= | url=http://www.geol-alp.com/belledonne/index_belledonne.html |title=Chaîne de Belledonne (au sens large) Structure hercynienne et constitution du socle |format= |work=Géologie et paysages dans les Alpes françaises |pages= |publisher=Maurice Gidon, professeur de géologie à l'Université scientifique et médicale de Grenoble | language= French|accessdate=2006-08-07 }}

    -The categories into which I placed the editors are shown below (sorry, they're not links, and some may be misspelled). They are listed, within each category, in chronological of their first post. Anyone who wished to repeat the process to check my results is of course most welcome to do so. Obviously if any editor feels he has been miscategorized, my apologies, and go ahead and move yourself if you want to. If anyone wants to ''argue'' the categorization of an editor other than themselves, sigh, let's do it on my talk page please, it'd not be good to get sidetracked into that here.
    +A significant feature is the [[Belledonne Balcony]] ([[French language|French]]: ''Le Balcon de Belledonne''), which is a terrace or plateau some 30 km long on the western side of the range that provides a relatively level area intersected by narrow ravines eroded by rivers taking runoff from the snow levels higher up. The Balcony has supported diverse livestock-raising and other agricultural activity for a considerable period of time.

    -'''Supporting''', as a general thing, this article as policy: 23
    -*Firsfron of Ronchester
    -*Captainktainer
    -*No September
    -*JackyR
    -*Thatcher131
    -*Zscout370
    -*kingboyk
    -*Doc
    -*Coredesat
    -*6SJ7
    -*Srose
    -*Ed
    -*The Land
    -*Elliskev
    -*Herostrastus
    -*Jeff Q
    -*Dragons flight
    -*CameoAppearance
    -*Chris Griswold
    -*John254
    -*Xyzzyplugh
    -*CFIF
    -*Blue Tie
    +==Principal summits==
    +*Le [[Grand Pic de Belledonne]], 2977 m. (highest point in the range)
    +*Le Rocher Blanc, 2927 m.
    +*La Croix de Belledonne, 2926 m.
    +*Les Aiguilles de l'Argentière, 2915 m.
    +*Le Rocher Badon, 2912 m.
    +*La Pyramide, 2912 m.
    +*Le Puy Gris, 2908 m.
    +*Le Bec d'Arguille, 2891 m.
    +*L'Aiguille d'Olle, 2885 m.
    +*Le Rocher d'Arguille, 2885 m.
    +*La Pointe de Comberousse, 2866 m.
    +*La Grande Lance d'Allemond, 2842 m.
    +*Le Charmet de l'Aiguille, 2826 m.
    +*La Pointe de la Porte d'Eglise, 2812 m.
    +*Le Pic du Frêne, 2807 m.
    +*Le Pic du Grand Doménon, 2802 m.
    +*Le Grand Morétan, 2800 m.
    +*La Grande Lance de Domène, 2790 m.
    +*Le Grand Charnier d'Allemont, 2777 m.
    +*Le Pic Couttet, 2764 m.
    +*Le Grand Crozet, 2762 m.
    +*Le Pic de la Grande Valloire, 2758 m.
    +*La Selle du Puy Gris, 2758 m.
    +*Le Rocher de l'Homme, 2755 m.
    +*Roche Rousse, 2753 m.
    +*Le Pic Lamartine, 2752 m.
    +*La Grande Lauzière, 2741 m.

    -'''Opposing''', as a general thing, this article as policy: 14
    -*Longhair
    -*JayW
    -*Thryduulf
    -*Radiant
    -*Christhebull
    -*BigNate37
    -*Batmanand
    -*Ineffable3000
    -*Powers
    -*CharonX
    -*Dan T.
    -*Kaldari
    -*Anchoress
    -*Crum375
    -*There were two others: 86.133.33.235. He has three edits, one to this talk page and two to the article (they were "HOLY FUCK THE PAEDOPHILES ARE COMING. RUN FOR THE FUCKING HILLS" with a summary of "copyedit", followed by a cover edit), and 216.78.95.224. He has four edits, his first to being to this talk page (and consisting an image of a black helicopter and related material) I didn't count these in the totals.
    +==Principal glaciers==
    +*Glacier de la Sitre
    +*Glacier de Freydane (seul véritable glacier crevassé)
    +*Glacier de l'Amiante
    +*Glacier du Rocher Blanc
    +*Glacier de la Combe Madame
    +*Glacier de l'Argentière
    +*Glacier d'Arguille
    +*Glacier du Puy Gris
    +*Glacier du Gleyzin
    +*Glacier de Claran

    -'''Unclear''' to me what the editor's position is, if he has one: 9
    -*AndreniW
    -*JoshuaZ
    -*Carnildo
    -*padawer
    -*Mask
    -*EngineerScotty
    -*Scott3
    -*PseudoSudo
    -*Auroranorth
    +==Principal passes==
    +*Col de la Pra, 2171 m.
    +*Col de Belledonne, 2785 m.
    +*Col de Freydanne, 2645 m.
    +*Col de la Mine de Fer, 2400 m.
    +*Brèche de Roche Fendue, 2482 m.
    +*Pas de la Coche, 1989 m.
    +*Col des Sept Laux, 2184 m.
    +*Col de la Croix, 2529 m.
    +*Col du Tepey, 2716 m.
    +*Col de la Valloire, 2751 m.
    +*Col du Merlet, 2286 m.
    +*Col de la Bourbière, 2352 m.
    +*Col de la Frèche, 2183 m.
    +*Col de la Perrière, 2003 m.
    +*Col de la Perche, 1984 m.
    +*Col de Roche Noire, 2629 m.
    +*Col de la Balmette, 2667 m.

    +==Principal lakes==
    +*Lac Achard, 1917 m.
    +*Lac Robert, 1998 m.
    +*Lac Longet, 2027 m.
    +*Lac Merlat, 2044 m.
    +*Lac du Crozet, 1974 m.
    +*Lac du Petit Doménon, 2380 m.
    +*Lac du Grand Doménon, 2385 m.
    +*Lac de la Sitre, 1952 m.
    +*Lac de Belledonne, 2163 m.
    +*Lac Blanc, 2161 m.
    +*Lac de Crop, 1906 m.
    +*Sept Laux
    +*Lac de la Sagne, 2065 m.
    +*Lac de la Corne, 2083 m.
    +*Lac Jeplan, 2144 m.
    +*Lac de l'Agnelin, 2327 m.
    +*Lac du Cos, 2182 m.
    +*Lac Blanc, 2248 m.
    +*Lac Cottepens, 2128 m.
    +*Lac Carré, 2128 m.
    +*Lac de la Motte, 2128 m.
    +*Lac Noir, 2091 m.
    +*Lac de la Croix, 2415 m.
    +*Lac de la Folle, 2142 m.
    +*Lac Blanc, 2124 m.
    +*Lac Noir, 2268 m.
    +*Lac des Balmettes, 2196 m.

    -Remember, this is not the result of poll or vote, but just, for the purposes of clarification, a distillation. After all, its not possible to hold everything in one's head at once, so this is just an aid for for a rough idea of numbers to date.
    +==Origin of the name==
    +The origin of the name is not clear. The phrase ''belle donne'' means ''beautiful women'' in [[Italian language|Italian]]. It does not appear to mean that in [[Occitan]], and since Occitan is the ancient regional language, would have been a more likely source of ancient names than Italian. Nevertheless, from one angle the highest peak, the ''Grand Pic du Belledonne'' allegedly looks like a woman holding a baby. Other suggested derivations are from the celtic ''donne'' meaning ''valley'', hence ''beautiful valleys'', or indo-european ''bal'', meaning ''elevated rock'', which evolved into ''bel'', then ''belle''. It is difficult without evidence to determine the validity of these derivations.

    -I was quite surprised at this result, actually. I guess I Radiant's claim that this had obviously been rejected, advanced quite forcefully, had led me to believe that the numbers would be about opposite of what they are.
    +==Fauna==
    +The mountains are home to [[marmot]]s, [[chamois]] and [[ibex]] mountain goats and [[grouse]]. Reportedly, [[wolf|wolves]] have returned since 1998.

    -Of editors opposed to this article, the great bulk of commenting, in terms of wordage, was from three editors: Radiant, Big Nate, and Jay W. Most of the comments from editors supporting the article were spread over about five or so main editors.
    +==References==
    +The Alps Geology site is an excellent source for geological information on the Belledonne Range and on all of the [[French Alps]].
    +

    -I'll leave it as an exercise for the reader to decide for himself which group of editors was the most erudite, polite, and cogent.
    +==External links==
    +*[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belledonne French Wikipedia: La chaine de Belledonne]

    -Now moving on to strength of argument, it's probably not possible for me to fairly decide. I would call on any new editors coming to this page who are disinterested to help sort that out. I don't think that we need a lot of new arguments; we need to let new editors coming here, if any, to sort through the existing arguments and decide which they find most convincing.
    +[[Category:Mountains of France]]
    +[[Category:Mountains of the Alps]]

    -So... where from here? I think that first of all, it's quite clear that the "Rejected" tag now on the article is not correct. I don't think anyone reading the above comments could, if being honest and fair, dispute that. So the question then is, is the proposal ''accepted''? What does it take for a proposal to be accepted? I honestly don't know. Shall it be considered accepted if few or no new editors wish to contribute? What is a quorum for these purposes? Anyone? [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 06:35, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*Dragons flight has noted that I incorrectly placed him in the "opposed" category when he is actually in the "support" category. I hope that shows that I was not biased in my categorizations, in fact leaned over backwards to be fair to the "opposed" group. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 16:37, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Responses==
    -*I think the idea is good but hard to implement, there is no way of knowing if the child is under 13 unless he/she says and then that would mean ever admin/mod going through each post looking for someone to say 'I had my 10th birthday today' Is it worth there time seeing as we are not required to do it by law... I think very obvious warnings to the WHOLE community about the dangers of posting personnel info. would be a good idea.--[[User:Mcgrath50|Rob]] 14:59, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Thanks, Hero. I think it's clear from your tally that this proposal is far from being rejected. I'm certainly willing to let new folks come in and opine, and felt the reject tag was added much too soon, especially considering your careful tally of (albeit informal) supports vs opposes. [[User:Firsfron|Firsfron of Ronchester]] 07:44, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::[[WP:NOT]] a democracy and as such we do not vote on proposals, even ignoring the actual posistions 19-10 is far from consensus. Taking into account the arguments above, it is even clearer there is no consensus. As explained several times above, the discussion on this page has degenerated into circular arguments that are going nowhere. Short of a major change in opinion by either side, which given the state of the discussion seems less likely to happen than a volcano erupting in New York. This means that there is no chance of a consensus being reached. [[WP:POL]] states:
    -:::"A rejected page is ''any proposal for which consensus support is not present, regardless of whether there's active discussion or not. Making small changes will not change this fact, nor will repetitive arguments''. Generally it is wiser to rewrite a rejected proposal from scratch and start in a different direction." [my emphasis]
    -::As I have just explained, and others have before me, there is no chance of consensus being reached on this - it has therefore been rejected by the community and I have re-added the {{tl|rejected}} template accordingly. If you still feel strongly that Wikipedia needs a ''policy'' (i.e. distinct from the proposed guideline) about this, and believe that you can formulate one that can gain a consensus, then start again from scratch and link to it from this discussion page, otherwise just accept that your proposal failed and move on. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 08:10, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*The problem is that an issue like "child privacy" quickly becomes emotionally laden. In the words of Helen Lovejoy, won't somebody ''pleeaase'' think of the ''children''!! Of course we all mean the best for the kids, but what we should be asking ourselves is (1) what issues there are, (2) whether this proposal actually protects against them, and (3) whether the proposal has any adverse side effects.
    -*As such, there are several problems with the proposal that haven't really been addressed. First and foremost, the community should never make a policy on legal grounds. We aren't lawyers, and the Wikimedia board employs a lawyer who will inform us if and when legal issues are important. Second, it then follows that the age limit of 13 is arbitrary, since it was picked to conform to U.S. law. Also, a strict age limit simply encourages people to lie about it.
    -*Third, the way this proposal is worded, it's about blocking people to protect them from themselves. That is a very negative direction to head towards. Instead, we should write a guideline that explains why it's a bad idea, and advices people not to. Fourth and finally, it hasn't been established yet whether the problem we're talking about is real or hypothetical.
    -*My suggestion: draw up a guideline with the following points: (1) if you post e.g. your phone number, people can use that for nasty business -- it's your own responsibility but it may be a bad idea; (2) if you did and you want it gone, get an admin to delete it; (3) if someone else posts personal info about you, get an admin to tell them to stop.
    -*HTH. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 16:27, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Wikipedia may not be a democracy, but it is not a bully-ocracy either. One or two editors insisting on placing a rejected tag at this point is uncalled for and has the effect of choking off further debate. This is premature. Many editors have expressed support for this idea, considerably more than have rejected it. Further, the support arguments have made several cogent points; it's not at all as if a Fair Witness would likely conclude that that opposed to the article have scored higher in debate points - quite the opposite, in my personal opinion.
    -
    -Thrydulf stated that even considering that numbers may not matter, 19-10 is far from consensus. If that is so, it is certainly even that much further from a consensus to ''reject''. The statement that there is no chance that this article will achieve consensus? That is a personal opinion which cannot be proven and with which I respectfully disagree.
    -
    -So I'll ask that in good faith, in light of this, that the the rejected tag stay removed. There is also no need for the page to protected, but whatever, if you want. However, page protection requests are not supposed to freeze a page in a particular state conforming to the POV of the person making the request, as was done in this cases.
    -
    -As for the rest, I don't see a that much to be gained by editors restating their material to the content of the article unless they have new points to make or are responding to posts from newcomers to the page. Let's leave it up and see if will attract new editors who may bring fresh ideas to the page. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 18:01, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*It would help if you would address the points mentioned above by me and Thryduulf; calling people names is uncalled for. By the way if a page is protected against edit warring over tags, you ''really'' shouldn't be modifying the tag while protection lasts. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 20:08, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*There is no such thing as a "consensus to reject". A policy is rejected once it stops evolving and it becomes clear that there will not be a consensus to accept it. Aside from the ill-fated CHILD2, this proposal has changed little since its creation. I don't expect to see people suddenly getting behind this and building a consensus for it, so in my judgment, the current version is already rejected. The question then becomes, how does one move forward? I suggested above that rewriting this as a guideline is one way. Inviting other outside opinions is another idea, though I think every pool of strong opinions on this issue has already been tapped. If people have other ideas, please share, but a sterile fight over whether or not this is rejected is not going to get us anywhere. [[User:Dragons flight|Dragons flight]] 20:11, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*I probably should not have done, but I have reverted to the protected version - (regarding which version this is see [[m:The wrong version]]). If you (or anyone else) objects to this please do not revert it but take it to [[WP:RfC]] or other apropriate avenue (and let me know on my talk page please).
    -*Where there is no consensus on any issue the status quo previals, in the case of a proposed policy the status quo is that the policy is not adopted. The policy has stopped evolving and debate about it has stopped, nobody new has commented in quite a while, so it is unlikely that there will be significant numbers of people commenting in the future - i.e. it has stalled and is wasting everybody's time.
    -*Pedantically I suppose you could say that the policy proposal has failed rather than being rejected, but as net outcome is exactly the same (i.e. the policy is not adopted) the distinction is not made (or rather, I am not aware that it has been made anywhere previously).
    -*Several people on both sides of the argument, including myself, have suggested that a guideline is more apropriate and would be more likely to gain consensus. I honestly do not understand what you see as the benefit in your actions regarding this policy? I hope I am not making an 'ass' out of anybody by assuming that you must see some benefit for you to continue in acting this way? [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 21:15, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Where we stand II: arguments ==
    -
    -One other aspect of consensus is strength of argument. If you had 30 editors saying "yeah whatever, go ahead" and five editors with cogent and telling arguments against, I don't think that would constitute consensus for adoption. So lets look at that.
    -
    -I thought it would be useful, especially to new editors coming here, to summarize the arguments to date. I doing so, I again donned my Fair Witness robes and tried to summarize as fairly as I could, recognizing that this might not be possible. But I tried.
    -
    -I'd encourage anyone to edit this to make it better reflect the actual arguments. I'd make the following requests for edits to this list: (1) "pro" editors can edit (or add to) the "pro" arguments and reubttals , to make them stronger or clearer or whatever "Anti" editors can edit (or add to) to the "anti" arguments and rebuttals to make them stronger or clearer or whatever. But puhleeze don't edit the arguments of the "other side". (2) Try reallllly hard please to not to ''greatly'' increase the amount of text in an argument or rebuttal, the whole point of this is to to be as succinct as possible and not necessarily to address every nuance. (3) if editing the list directly it probably would not be a good idea to sign your posts.
    -
    -'''Arguments in favor:'''
    -*Protect preeteens from harmful situation. Practical reasons aside, we have a moral obligation to protect children to the extent reasonably possible
    -**Rebuttal: No preteens could be harmed here, it is a myth that predators work that way, no one would ever use the Wikipedia for that.
    -**Rebuttal: It is not our job to protect people.
    -*Protect the Wikipedia from civil harm (lawsuit or bad publicity). Let us be proactive and not ''wait'' for a lawsuit or scandal.
    -**Rebuttal: As far a legal aspects go, we are not qualified to judge. The Foundation has lawyers, let them impose this policy if they deem it necessary.
    -**Rebuttal: As far as publicity aspects go, it is not our job here to worry about that.
    -*Protect the Wikipedia from criminal penalties per COPPA.
    -**Rebuttal: We allow but do not ''solicit'' personal info, therefore are not liable under COPPA.
    -**Rebuttal: We are not a commercial organisation, and therefore COPPA does not apply.
    -*User pages are supposed to be for info that impacts editing. We are not MySpace, we don't need to know your age.
    -**Rebuttal: It is useful to know if an editor is a child (we might give that person more leeway etc.).
    -'''Arguments opposing:'''
    -*Just implementing the age part in [[WP:USER]] would be sufficient.
    -**Rebuttal: That is not sufficient, and [[WP:USER]] is just a guideline.
    -*[[WP:BEANS]].
    -**Rebuttal: arguable, implementation may vary.
    -*Cannot be enforced as people could just lie about their age.
    -**Rebuttal: Fine. If they do, it protects them and us from most harmful repercussions.
    -*Children are valued contributors not to be discouraged.
    -**Rebuttal: This in no way discourages children from editing.
    -*Not effective as kids can do workarounds, e.g. post links to on their userpage to their MySpace page which could contain identifying information.
    -**Rebuttal: At least we would be doing our best, and also probably absolving ourselves from legal repurcussions at least. No reason to believe many users would do this. Anyway this also could be circumscribed if necessary.
    -*[[w:instruction creep]], absent some indication that this is actually a problem.
    -**Rebuttal: Per [[User:Cute 1 4 u]] incident, recent incident where an editor (an admin) was banned for sending mash notes via email to an underage editor, and (outside of Wikipedia) stuff like [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/07/AR2006090701393.html "Xanga to Pay $1 Million in Children's Privacy Case"] indicate that it is already beginning to be a problem.
    -**Rebuttal: As stated above, better to be proactive and not wait for damaging lawsuit etc.
    -**Rebuttal: [[w:instruction creep]] does not apply here, this is not adding layers to existing policy but forging a new policy in a new area, [[w:instruction creep]] cannot be cited to prevent ''all'' new policies and guidlines as circumstances change.
    -*Any legal issues should be dealt with by the Board, not non-lawyers such as ourselves .
    -**Rebuttal: We are not lawyers but not idiots either. A legal education is no benefit for broad policy decisions, intelligent layman can and do decide these things everyday.
    -*It is not our duty to protect people from themselves.
    -**Yeah it is if they are children.
    -**There is also a lot of times where parents do not watch their children's online activities, or just not able to, so it almost feels like it is our job to pick up where the parents left off.
    -*Just telling people that it might not be wise to post contact information is just being nice and doesn't need any rules (and blocking people for posting other people's personal details is already covered by harassment policy).
    -**Need policy to make it clear up-front and to back up recalcitrant cases.
    -
    -I will leave it to others to decide for themselves which are the stronger arguments. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 22:55, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Responses (2)==
    -Doffing my robes now, I personally would say that protecting the Wikipedia from harm is, in my view, a very ''very'' strong argument. I would think it would be on editors opposing this policy to prove quite firmly that rejection of this policy could not expose the Wikipedia to significant harm. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 21:24, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*In contrast, I beleive it is for those supporting the policy to "prove quite firmly" that there is a problem that (a) exists (b) is actually solved by this proposed policy and (c) that ''not'' adopting the policy ''will'' expose Wikipedia to significant harm. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 21:50, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -**I second that. You can make a counterargument to any argument, and vice versa (beans / not beans) but we make policy only if there's concrete evidence that this policy will improve the wiki. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 22:07, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***Thryduulf, I believe that the cited current event (Xanga, above), demonstrates what could happen to Wikipedia if a minor posts sensitive information here and is killed or raped. I think this is a perfectly sensible ''guideline''. I don't want to see people getting blocked for it or anything like that. I do, however, strongly believe that the admins and b-crats have an obligation to try to keep children safe. If Wikipedia is sued because a little girl posts her age and a link to her Myspace here and is raped or killed or molested by an editor and the connection is made (which it probably will be), there will be no "free information source." A nonprofit organization cannot pay the usual $100k (very low, optimistic estimate) or more in reparations during a case like that. [[User:Srose|Srose]] [[User talk:Srose|(talk)]] 22:37, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -****[[IANAL|I Am Not A Lawyer]]. And neither are you. And therefore we shouldn't conjecture what legal ramifications might be. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 22:46, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****We can and should conjecture on what the ethical ramifications would be. I sure as hell wouldn't want to have tossed this aside as some much instruction creep if any of that came to pass. Sure, it's a hypothetical. But, that's the whole point. We should be trying to come up with a sensible way (little as it may be) to ''keep'' it a hypothetical. [[User_talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 23:05, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -******No, we should not. The Wikipedia foundation employs a real life lawyer to do the conjecturing for us. If you think this is an issue, talk to him (Brad Patrick), Jimbo, or the Board. Any legal issues are for them to decide, not for us to guesstimate. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 23:09, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*******I said '''ethical''' implications. I'm not one to leave questions of ethics to lawyers. No offense to lawyers, but... --[[User_talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 23:16, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***If we really "[made] policy only if... [there was] concrete evidence that... [the] policy... [would] improve the wiki", then we would never make any policy. We do not have the resources to conduct controlled studies on the efficacy of this or any other policy. Furthermore, in the case of this policy, such studies would be highly unethical. Necessarily, in making policy, we employ arguments, educated guesses, and common sense in determining the effects of the policy, since "firm proof" simply cannot be obtained. Furthermore, a purely reactive approach to this particular problem might be a bad idea. [[User:John254|John254]] 22:49, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -****That's rather close to the mark - we very rarely make policy. By "concrete evidence" I mean precisely what Thryduulf said: (a) that there is an actual problem, (b) that the proposal will solve that problem, and (c) that not adopting the proposal is harmful (and I'll add (d) that the proposal has little undesirable side effects). Proponents of this proposal have made no serious attempt to address A, B or C except by [[FUD]], and D is pretty darn obvious. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 23:00, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****I'll address A. As I said above, I'd rather have the policy in place '''''before''''' there is an actual problem. There is nothing wrong with being proactive. [[User_talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 23:07, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****To address the others...
    -******'''B - that the proposal will solve that problem''': Policy is supposed to be preventative. Enforcement of policy is where the soultion lies.
    -******'''C - that not adopting the proposal is harmful''': Not adopting the policy wouldn't be automtically ''harmful'', but it's certainly not helpful (assuming you accept my addressing of ''A'')
    -******'''D - that the proposal has little undesirable side effects''': I've seen nothing that would lead me to believe that there would be any harmful side effects. has anyone even offered a possibly undesirable side effect? --[[User_talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 23:23, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*De-indent, edit conflict Radiant, you may not be a lawyer (maybe I'm not, but maybe I am: but you don't know and I haven't told anyone here so I don't see how you could), but it doesn't take a lawyer to know that if Wikipedia is found responsible for allowing a pedophile to find a child and something happens, ''Wikipedia'' will be found responsible. Additionally, just because we do not frequently create policies/guidelines does not mean that we should shoot most of them down. What, pray tell, are the "undesirable side effects"? That users under 13 cannot put their ages on their userpage? I don't understand how that's undesirable. [[User:Srose|Srose]] [[User talk:Srose|(talk)]] 23:24, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -**You're not a lawyer, because the arguments you use are indicative of an incomplete understanding of how law works. Also I used my l33t ninj4 skillz to find out. Legal issues? Talk to the board. Undesirable side effect? This policy talks about blocking good editors. Solving the problem? Nobody has explained yet how blocking people who claim to be 13 makes Wikipedia safe for children (who e.g. may be 14). [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 23:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***Radiant/Srose, have you read the proposal carefully? As presently constructed there is no problem with claiming to be <=13. The only offense would be claiming to be <= 13 and posting one of a limited number of personally identifiable pieces of information. Hence, the current proposal is not about preventing children from being recognized as children, but rather about preventing other people from having the means to contact such children off-wiki. [[User:Dragons flight|Dragons flight]] 23:45, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -**There is no proposal to block anyone who claims to be 13. The proposal is to block people who ''continue'' to claim to be 13 ''and'' post personal information after it has been removed and after they have been warned. Basically, they have to completely disregard the policy after it has been explained by an admin. ''Those'' are the people who'd be blocked. [[User_talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 23:37, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***Dragons flight, I have read the proposal very carefully, each time it's changed. I was involved in the Cute 1 4 u incident and have had this watchlisted ever since, observing. I'm not happy with what I see so I'm jumping in. Radiant: I don't know if you intend or realize it, but your comments are beginning to sound a bit incivil. Additionally, to provide an example to back my above opinions up, we have a policy on copyvios and deal with them on a daily basis even though copyright is a legal issue. [[User:Srose|Srose]] [[User talk:Srose|(talk)]] 01:57, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -****Yes, and our policy for handling copyvios was created with the advice of a lawyer. --[[User:Carnildo|Carnildo]] 02:19, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****Do we need to ask the lawyers about every policy? What about [[WP:3RR]]? Why does this keep getting thrown to the lawyers? I don't support this because for any fear of litigation. I support it because it's a good idea to make sure kids aren't giving out personally indentifying information. If it ends up being a good idea from a legal standpoint - all the better! --[[User_talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 02:33, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -******Carnildo, if need be, we can certainly ask for a review from the Foundation's lawyer. [[User:Srose|Srose]] [[User talk:Srose|(talk)]] 14:45, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -Just my two cents, which may or may not be helpful to anyone: I don't see any way that posting personal information (whether one is a child or an adult) of the type that allows one to be tracked down in real life (phone number, address, etc) is useful to or improves Wikipedia; furthermore, there's kind of a hazard there ''anyways'', regardless of age, if that kind of information is posted (adults can be raped too). However, as far as I know there isn't exactly an overabundance of editors who post that kind of information, let alone underage editors, so I'm not sure there's an actual problem here. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 03:30, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:For the record, my [[User:Dragons flight|user page]] contains my real name, some personal information, and a contact email address. I seriously get an average of about one out-of-wiki professional request related to my [[User:Dragons flight/Images|image work]] each week. I realize that my circumstances are exceptional, but never say never. [[User:Dragons flight|Dragons flight]] 03:39, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::That certainly hampers your ability to do anti-vandal work, which maybe you're not interested in anyway. I certainly have received what I genuinely believe to be highly credible threats against myself and my family. Other editors have been severely damaged in meatspace and/or have had to leave the project. But they won't find me easily, I reveal nothing. But anyway that brings up another thing. Adult Wikipedians have had their employers called etc. but at least they're grownups. How is an 11 or 12 year old going to handle that kind of meatspace harrasment? [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 05:24, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I deal with vandals who show up on my watchlist, but I don't RC patrol and I don't go hunting for them. Frankly I've never really understood the kind of person who likes vandal whacking; that's just not my thing. All these years with the project and I've yet to get a death threat. I know the horror stories, though (and miss [[User:Katefan0|Katefan0]]). Incidentally, you put me in the wrong category above. I'd support CHILD as policy (though not CHILD2), but I don't expect to see it be accepted. BTW, you might notice others like [[User:Phil Sandifer]], [[User:Angela Beesley]], [[User:William M. Connolley]], [[User:Tony Sidaway]], etc. who are not only public but use their real name for a username. [[User:Dragons flight|Dragons flight]] 05:38, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I think they're all playing a dangerous game. Believe me, I wasn't going looking for trouble... long story. Anyway, point is, forget sexual stalking, a kid could be very traumatized by getting caught up in one of these "horror stories". [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 08:11, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::This proposal will not help with that at all, because anyone of any age might be targeted and anyone of any age could be very traumatised. Whether or not they claim to be under 13 is irrelevant. If a user puts their email address and real name on their user page, but does not put their age on the page then this proposal explicity does not apply. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 09:23, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Regarding the four criteria used by Radiant! above:
    -*'''A - There is a problem that exists and needs to be solved''':
    -**There first "problem" identified is a legal problem that may or may not exist in future. This is not our concern, the Wikimedia Foundation employs a lawyer to advise on legal issues.
    -**If there is a legal problem they will advise us, if there isn't then we don't need to make policies about it. We don't refer to the lawyers for every policy because most policies do not deal with legal issues, the 3RR used as an example above is a very good example - there are no laws anywhere about reverting edits to a wiki, so the lawyers do not need to be involved. I don't know for certain, but where policies do deal with legal issues, e.g. copyright violations, but I would be very suprised if a lawyer or lawyers have given their legal opinion about the policies we have. Our policies must be compatible with copyright laws in the United States, and given the Foundation has a lawyer (and copyright is probably the most obvious legal area to affect the Foundation) I am sure they are compatible, otherwise they would have been changed.
    -**The second problem identified is a moral one - i.e. we should be protecting children from themselves and others. I agree that children need protecting, but disagree that it is our job to do so. We can reccommend what information people post about themselves, but ultimately it is their choice whether to post it. As [[WP:NOT|Wikipedia is not censored for the protection of minors]] children should not be using Wikipedia without adult supervision - we have no way of knowing whether this is happening or not.
    -*'''B - The proposed policy will solve the problem''':
    -**This is where the proposal falls down big time. Taking the legal problem, assuming for the purpose of this argument it exists (see above for why I beleive it doesn't), blocking people who persistently post identifying information about themselves will just lead to them rejoining under another username and doing the same again. All the activity will generate much noise and attention, which would be like a red flag to any theoretical predator who was actually trawling Wikipedia for victims (see arguments futher up the page for reasoning why this is not likely).
    -**It falls down even further on the moral question:
    -***13 is an arbitrary limit and does nothing to protect children (or anyone else) who are 14 or older.
    -***It does nothing to protect people who are 13 or younger and who don't explicitly self-identify as being so.
    -***It does nothing to protect people who previously self-identified as younger than 13, but no longer do so.
    -***It does nothing to protect people who do not self-identify as younger than 13 on Wikipedia but link to somewhere else where they do, either directly or indirectly.
    -**For example, [[User:XYZfromAlberta]] does not post an age on their user page, but says "I am a myspace user", without a link. It is no great leap of intution to suspect that this is the same person as Myspace user XYZfromAlberta whose user page there includes the fact they are under 13.
    -***This situation is not covered under the proposed policy.
    -***If this person is abused, it is just as likely that any publicity will mention Wikipedia as if the person were contacted directly from here. The type of journalists who would most likely want to mention this are exactly the sort that do not care about sticking rigidly to the facts.
    -***The only way to stop this would be to prohibit all users from posting links to other sites they have user pages or other identifying information on, or which link to places where they do. This would have massive, harmful side effects for a tiny theoretical gain.
    -*'''C - not enacting the policy would harm Wikipedia''':
    -**''Iff'' there is a legal issue that could harm Wikipedia if we do not enact a policy about it, the lawyers will tell us.
    -***The Xanga issue cited above, a legal issue, was caused by them "allegedly collecting, using and disclosing personal information collected from children [they knew were] under age 13." Asside from the fact that we are not covered by COPPA (we are not a commerical site), it is (in my non-legal opinion) likely that a lawyer would argue that we are not collecting the information. We would be using the information is to stop them doing it, and to block them if they continue to. If we include the age in a block log, or other record then it might be arguable that this counts as disclosing it. These are questions for lawyers - but the potential exists that this policy could bring harm to Wikipedia in this regard.
    -**It has been suggested that Wikipedia will come to harm if a user here is abused. While this might or might not be the case (asside from muckrackers and those out to discredit Wikipedia in any way possible, who will try do just that regardless of what we do or don't do), because this proposal would not actually solve the problem it attempts to, it would be irrelevant to this question. The media (who would be the ones harming us here) will not care whether the victim was 12, 13, 14, etc, nor will they care whether or not they disclosed their age on Wikipedia, or whether they were contacted through an email address or MSN or IRC or Myspace or wherever and gave their age that way.
    -*'''D - the proposal has little undesirable side effects''':
    -**It is useful to know which users are children (see further up the page).
    -**Blocking people because of their age will lead to just as much negative publicity as the proposal seeks to avoid.
    -In summary, the proposal almost certainly fails A and C, spectacularly fails B, and although the arguments related to D are more closely balanced, it still fails.[[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 09:23, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===Plea for discussion==
    -Herostratus, please actually respond to the points raised by people who disagree with you, rather than constantly summarising to try and present your opinion as a consensus when none exists (for my view or for yours). There will never be any consensus, and nobody will benefit, until you actually engage in dialogue over the ''issues'', rather than bemoaning the fact that there are people who disagree with you and just continue to make this page harder to follow (hence why I am making this here). Radiant!, myself and others have explained in great detail why we believe this policy proposal is not a good idea, responding to points made by other commenters, but you have not. Please explain ''why'' you feel that the proposed policy is a good thing, ''why'' you beleive that it does meet the four tests, and ''why'' you think that our objections are not valid. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 19:10, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== FYI mediation ==
    -
    -Just a note that what tag this article should have, Proposed or Rejected, is in mediation. This doesn't affect any other aspect of the article, just the tag. For now, it has ''no'' tag, which is probably the best compromise I guess. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 22:52, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*According to [[WP:AN|the admin noticeboard]], RFM is not presently active. FYI. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 23:11, 19 September 2006 (UTC)
    -**It's at the Mediation Cabal. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 05:06, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Moving on ==
    -
    -From [[WP:CON]]:
    -
    -:''"In fact WP's standard way of operating is a rather good illustration of what [consensus] does mean: a mixture across the community of those who are largely agreed, some who disagree but 'agree to disagree' without disaffection, those who don't agree but give low priority to the given issue, those who disagree strongly but concede that there is a community view and respect it on that level, some vocal and unreconciled folk, some who operate 'outside the law'. You find out whether you have consensus, if not unanimity, when you try to build on it."''
    -
    -We have had by my count 43 separate editors contribute to this talk page. Of these, four may be classified as "vocal and unreconciled folk": [[User:BigNate37]], [[User:Radiant!]], [[User:Thryduulf]], and [[User:JayW]]. Their stance may basically be characterized as just flat against the proposal. That of course is their privilege. These editors, or at least the first three, have sought to choke off discussion and end the consensus-building process. That is ''not'' their privilege.
    -
    -There will probably ''never'' be a proposal which does not have some "vocal and unreconciled folk" opposed to it. That does not mean that no new policy, procedure, or guideline may ever be put in place. ''Consensus does not require unanimity.''
    -
    -The attempt to choke off further discussion has been at least partially successful. The "Proposed" tag has been removed, and there's no way to restore it without edit warring. There currently is 'no' tag, as a "compromise", but a compromise that favors the vocal and unreconciled folk, since this article is thus no longer listed in the list of current proposals. Therefore new editors will not find it, and those that do will probably assume it's a essay rather than a proposal. So we basically need to go with who we have. This is not what I wish, but since we unable to prevent the vocal and unreconciled folk from preventing, or at least discouraging, any further input from more people, it is what we have.
    -
    -The vocal and unreconciled folk have made their point: they are dead set against the proposal, period. We understand. Noted. They are, however, in a distinct minority, less than 10% of commentors. Of the remaining 90% plus, let's see what what we need to do to finish this up. Here's what I'll do to try to move the process along to a a conclusion:
    -
    -Archive the talk page sections above "Where we stand, a summary to date" and append them to the archive ([[Wikipedia talk:Protecting children's privacy/Archive 1)]] so that the discussion up to that point may be searched more easily. I'll try to distill each editors comments, for the first section below. Then I'll contact all the editors who have already contributed (only) to ask them to contribute once again, to the second section below. Then I'll put an RfC for any new editors want to come in and comment, in the fourth section below.
    -
    -Then I'll add four new sections to this talk page:
    -#One for a short (about one or two sentence) distillation of that editor's previously stated concerns and so forth, from the archive, when this is possible, and made as fairly as I humanly can.
    -#One for editors ''who have already commented'' to make a short (about one or two sentence) declaration of support, support if change(s) XYZ are made, or opposition.
    -#One for editors ''who have already commented to make longer comments''. (I don't see much point in this, as they mostly have made their positions clear, but if they want.)
    -#One for ''new'' editors coming in from the RfC, if any, to comment. Editors who have already commented, '''''please'''' don't post in this section, except to make a very brief answer to a question. This will just muddy the waters and cause confusion. Especially the vocal and unreconciled folk, '''please'' have some courtesy and restraint, thank you.
    -
    -I hope and trust that this seems reasonable and fair. For clarity, please post suggestions and objections to the process I have just described to the subsection immediatly below. Finally: bullying and disruption won't be tolerated, period. Attempts to disrupt or destroy the process outlined here without discussion will be redacted out . ''I'm prepared to go all the way down the line on this.'' [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 17:40, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===Comments and objections to the process outlined immediately above===
    -
    -== 1: SUMMARY OF PREVIOUSLY EXISTING COMMENTS ==
    -I tried to pick a section of user comments that best summarizes that editors posts. Any cherry-picking is accidental. If I made a mistake you should fix it (but only for your own comments please).
    -
    -*[[User:6SJ7]] "Some policy to make it somewhat more difficult to use Wikipedia to contact children is better than no policy"
    -:'''Please note:''' My comment quoted above was not in response to the version of the policy that now appears on the project page, but to an alternative policy that would have prohibited users from disclosing that they are under the age of 13. Therefore, it probably is not the best indicator of my opinion on this topic; see further comment in next section. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 20:12, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:AndreniW]] "I'm not convinced that we need to block email addresses" "I do whole-heartedly support blocking IM screen names"
    -*[[User:Auroranorth]] only post was "If you take all information that you are under 13 off talk pages and any other user page or article page in Wikipedia, can you then become a person with an unidentified page again (giving the freedom to add email addresses, etc. to pages)?"
    -*[[User:Batmanand]] "This is a solution seeking a problem, so in my opinion should not become policy"
    -*[[User:BigNate37]] "This is hurting the project."
    -*[[User:CameoAppearance]] "I agree with almost this entire policy proposal"
    -*[[User:Captainktainer]] "How in the world would the lowering of the profile of a group that has the potential of being targeted in any way be... not helpful?"
    -*[[User:Carnildo]] (two comments, not addressing the policy)
    -*[[User:CFIF]] "COPPA is not applicable to Wikipedia, as Wikipedia is a not-for-profit site"
    -*[[User:CharonX]] only post was "Template:User Child is up for deletion at WP:TfD, the lister cites WP:CHILD as deletion reason. Your input (should children be allowed to self-identify as children, if so, with an userbox?) would be welcome, since this is closely related."
    -*[[User:ChrisGriswold]] only comment was "It is up to you whether Wikipedia is not for your children. For other parents, their children may be allowed to read Wikipedia or be editing Wikipedia without their parents' permission. These are the children this is aiming to protect."
    -*[[User:Christhebull]] "this is going nowhere, because Wikipedia is non-commercial"
    -*[[User:Coredesat]] only comment was "I added it {real name, to nutshell] in"
    -*[[User:Dtobias|Dan T.]] "Since Wikipedia registration does not require providing any personal info, and is not being promoted specifically to kids, we're probably OK"
    -*[[User:Doc_glasgow]] "I think we should discourage/forbid people from putting their school name on their page...Let's avoid as much personal information as we can"
    -*[[User:Dragons flight]] "Knowing that an editor is a child is helpful to working with them... In contrast, knowing a child's real name, address, phone number, etc... serves very little useful purpose on Wikipedia and hence can be reasonably removed" "I don't see any protection policy as likely to gain consensus. As a result, I would like to encourage people to rewrite this a guideline discouraging children from revealing personal information. I think everyone agrees that children posting personal details online is usually not a good idea, and that we can plainly say so, even in the absence of a policy for deleting all such details"
    -*[[User:Ed]] "I recommend that we change the age limit for complying with this policy be 17"
    -*[[User:Elliskev]] "I think this is a great idea"
    -*[[User:EngineerScotty]] (two comments, not related to the policy)
    -*[[User:Firsfron of Ronchester]] "It looks good to me"
    -*[[User:Herostratus]] "I agree with this policy"
    -*[[User:Ineffable3000]] "the proposed policy would be impossible to enforce"
    -*[[User:JackyR]] "Is there any good reason not to block all accounts identified as under-13?" "Re choice of age limit: info [here] suggests 13-17 year olds might need consideration"
    -*[[User:JayW]] "A ridiculous policy which won't solve shit, cuz it's based on a myth"
    -*[[User:Jeff Q]] "Having a policy that keeps us within legal boundaries is not incompatible with Wikipedia's purposes"
    -*[[User:John254]] "it appears to be widely accepted that personally identifying information from children under thirteen serves no legitimate purpose, and is potentially dangerous to the children providing it" "if we leave this proposal as "rejected", administrators who speedily delete pages containing personally identifying information about children under the age of 13 will be open to the criticism that they are somehow acting against the wishes of the community."
    -*[[User:JoshuaZ]]
    -*[[User:kingboyk]] "It's quite shocking that they're [the Foundation ] not proactive on this issue" "I'd like to propose that as part of this solution we delete all age-related templates and Wikipedia categories"
    -*[[User:Longhair]] "That's [user age, if we asked for it] easily faked
    -*[[User:Mask]] "But is the children themselves posting the info illegal? I aggree it's a Bad Idea, but if that is in itself legal, the title should be something other then COPPA"
    -*[[User:NoSeptember]] "Should we have any sort of policy on the uploading of personally identifying photographs?"
    -*[[User:padawer]] "As this new century unfolds it seems we increasingly respond to imagined threats in the most reactive ways possible, and this discussion is one such example"
    -*[[User:LtPowers|Powers]] "it is extremely helpful to know when a wiki editor is a pre-teen or early teen"
    -*[[User:PseudoSudo]] only post was "Anyone have objections to a straw poll..."
    -*[[User:Radiant]] "I object to this proposal"
    -*[[User:Scott3]] only post was "How would we know if a user is under 13. When signing up should users be asked to enter in there date of birth?"
    -*[[User:Srose]] "The policy looks great"
    -*[[User:Thatcher131]] (wrote proposal) "I think we need to confront this issue for moral and ethical reasons even if it is not a strict liability issue." "Even if the Foundation is not strictly liable per COPPA, we do not want some tearful mom going on Greta and saying "She met him on wikipedia. I thought it was an encyclopedia." "maybe we should implement it as a modification of WP:USER rather than a separate policy"
    -*[[User:The Land]] instinctively think there should be some sort of policy on young/very yong users but we need to be very clear why one would be introduced." "I am happier with this [change] idea than I was with the original version."
    -*[[User:Thryduulf]] "the single sentence "Don't say you're a preteen" added as a guideline to WP:USER would be at least as effective, if not more so... This realy is a solution in search of a problem.
    -*[[User:Xyzzyplugh]] only post was "The article doesn't define the term "real name". Does this just mean full name, or does it also prohibit a child's first name? I would think the policy should state this"
    -*[[User:Zscout370]] "Probably a good idea [disallowing all contact info] for now, IMHO"
    -*[[User:Flameviper]] "I think that it should be just a guideline not to reveal personal information. After all, people would just leave out the blurb about their age. But then again, it's not a good idea to reveal personal information. Wikipedia is not MySpace."
    -
    -== 2: BRIEF STATEMENTS FROM EDITORS WHO HAVE PREVIOUSLY COMMENTED ==
    -Please enter a ''brief'' comment next to your user ID. It would be '''''very''''' useful if your comment is such that it could be easily fit into one of these categories:
    -#Statement of support as the proposal stands.
    -#Statment of support with suggestions, but still supporting if your suggested changes are not adopted.
    -#Statment of support ''if and only if'' change(s) XYZ are made, othewise opposed.
    -#Statement of opposition to the proposal. At this point, if you are opposed unless ''major and significant'' changes are made, you should probably just record yourself as in oppositon.
    -
    -
    -*[[User:6SJ7]] I guess I would be in category "2." I had rewritten a portion of this policy (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AProtecting_children%27s_privacy&diff=72747573&oldid=72711049 here]), and most of what I wrote is still there, but upon reading it now I believe further work is needed. I think COPPA should not be in the first sentence and should be mentioned in passing, only as the source of the cutoff age. Maybe the legal discussion at the beginning of this policy is what turned some people off.
    -*[[User:AndreniW]] Hard to say. Between Category 3 and '''Category 4'''. I agree with Dan T.'s points. Unless there is actually a problem, we don't need all these policies. I'll post more in the following sections.
    -*[[User:Auroranorth]]
    -*[[User:Batmanand]] '''Category 4'''. The very idea seems fatally flawed; it is a solution chasing a problem; it will simply lead to under-13 year olds pretending not to be under 13; paedophilia on Wikipedia? It sounds ridiculous because it ''is'' ridiculous. [[User:Batmanand|Batmanand]] | [[User talk:Batmanand|Talk]] 22:13, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:BigNate37]]
    -*[[User:CameoAppearance]] Category 1 regarding the new draft, but Category 2 regarding the old one (I don't see how email addresses or IM screen names are personally identifiable, so long as they don't ''contain'' other identifying information, and I think first name and city are acceptable divulgences). I think it's been given the wrong purpose, though (having originally been proposed to prevent predators from tracking down children through Wikipedia, although the impracticality of doing so suggests that's a myth); it seems like it'd be better put to use as a solution to the problem of users ''in general'' being harrassed in real life due to activity on Wikipedia. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 23:22, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:Captainktainer]] -> Category 2. I would support the policy as it stands or the other proposed policy - simply prohibiting anyone from self-identifying as under 13. I prefer the policy as it stands, though. And I have absolutely no idea how any reasonable person can suggest that this policy can facilitate the rape of children. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 21:44, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:Carnildo]] I am opposed to the policy as currently written. It's a solution to a problem that hasn't been shown to exist. --[[User:Carnildo|Carnildo]] 00:17, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:CFIF]] Support, children who '''self-identify''' the age of 13 should not post '''detailed''' (first name and possibly city [because some sicko is not going to find a 12 year old girl named Jane in New York City, Chicago, etc.] is OK, IMO) personal info. This is in everyone's best interests, though COPPA is still not applicable to Wikipedia and will probably never be. --[[User:CFIF|CFIF]] [[User talk:CFIF|☎]] [[Special:Contributions/CFIF|⋐]] 20:17, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:CharonX]] - I have had a difficult time putting my abivalent feelings regarding this proposal into words - at one one hand protecting children is a noble goal, on the other hand I ask myself "is there a problem that needs to be solved? is this a viable solution? what are the dangers or benifits of making (or not making) this policy?" I would not have given my support to the early versions of this proposal, which would have made deletion of contanct and age information (of underage wikipedians) compulsory, but I see no harm and much benefit in permitting the removal of personal information upon request of the user involved. As we are back to the old draft I cannot help but reject it if removal of personal information is madatory. '''Category 4''' [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 11:46, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:ChrisGriswold]]
    -*[[User:Christhebull]]
    -*[[User:Coredesat]] - Support, though with the rewording mentioned by The Land. As for JayW, this policy doesn't facilitate the rape of children. It aims to prevent it, by not allowing young children (or predators pretending to be young children) to identify themselves as such on Wikipedia, and there are [[Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents#Possible sockpuppet of Cute 1 4 u|some cases]] where such a policy would be effective. --'''[[User:Coredesat|Core]][[User:Coredesat/Esperanza|des]][[User:Coredesat|at]]''' [[User talk:Coredesat|talk!]] 21:19, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:Dtobias|Dan T.]] - '''Category 4''', unless Wikimedia legal counsel actually says that such a policy is necessary or desirable for legal reasons, which it probably isn't. I'm not big on imposing arbitrary restrictions on people based on speculative reasons.
    -*[[User:Doc_glasgow|Doc glasgow]]
    -*[[User:Dragons flight]]
    -*[[User:Ed]] Support ''if and only if'' 1) Editors under the approved age limit is prohibited from posting personal info; 2) Editors under the age limit can still freely edit among Wikipedia; 3)There is a special page in which sexually harrased editors may report to, that way these editors can receive special treatment; 4) this policy still encourages editors to use Wikipedia, regardless of the policy
    -*[[User:Elliskev]] I support this proposal with a few minor changes to its wording. I'd like to see references re: ''children'' self-identifying to ''users'' self-identifying. I'd like to see the list of personal identifying information as ''including, but not limited to''. However, I'd still support without the changes.
    -*[[User:EngineerScotty]]
    -*[[User:Firsfron of Ronchester]] Support, category 1 or 2. [[User:Firsfron|Firsfron of Ronchester]] 22:44, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:Herostratus]] Support.
    -*[[User:Ineffable3000]] (Comments in previous section are sufficient.)
    -*[[User:JackyR]]
    -*[[User:JayW ]] - I oppose this policy on ethical grounds: Wikipedia should not facilitate the rape of children.
    -*[[User:Jeff Q]]
    -*[[User:John254]]
    -*[[User:JoshuaZ]]
    -*[[User:kingboyk]]
    -*[[User:Longhair]]
    -*[[User:Mask]]
    -*[[User:NoSeptember]]
    -*[[User:padawer]] - I have not had time to keep up with the policy proposal as it has evolved, but, speaking generally, I support any proposal which: 1) prohibits underage editors from revealing personally identifying data (i.e., name, street address, email address, instant message screen names); 2) allows them to post ages on personal user pages; 3) allows them to edit articles under the same behavioral constraints expected of all editors.
    -*[[User:LtPowers|Powers]] - I have no idea. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Protecting_children%27s_privacy&oldid=77061446 proposal as of right now] appears to have nothing to do with protecting children's privacy and is merely a restatement of existing oversight policies. If someone would care to restore this to the previous version that had been discussed, then I can comment further. 00:25, 22 September 2006 (UTC) The restored version -- prohibiting users who identify themselves as under 13 from revealing personal information -- is clear, consise, and highly appropriate. It has my full support. 15:36, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:PseudoSudo]]
    -*[[User:Radiant]]
    -*[[User:Scott3]]
    -*[[User:Srose]] '''Category 2''' per The Land. I really don't see what's wrong with a preventative measure.
    -*[[User:Thatcher131]]
    -*[[User:The Land]] - Support, with recommendations that we a) de-emphasise the reference to COPPA; and B) that we reword 'self-identify' to 'identify themselves as' (self-identify implies a choice of social identity (eg sexuality), rather than simple revelation of information). [[User:The Land|The Land]] 20:29, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:Thryduulf]] - I am opposed to this policy for reasons explained in detail in the responses, responses (2) and other sections above. To summarise, the problem this tries to fix has not been shown to exist, even if the problem does/did exist this proposal would not fix it but would have harmful side effects.
    -*[[User:Xyzzyplugh]] - I support this proposal as it stands, some rewording might be appropriate but I support it whether reworded or not. My possibly nitpicking concern: I believe the policy should specify whether or not the "real name" which is not allowed includes the child's first name. The policy as written could be interpreted to mean that a child posting "my name is John" violates this policy, or it could be interepreted to mean that first name is acceptable. (and yeah, I know in some countries the surname comes first) --[[User:Xyzzyplugh|Xyzzyplugh]] 21:52, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*[[User:Zscout370]] It looks good so far, but the main problem that pretty much brought up this discussion, COPPA, is not seen anywhere on this page. Another concern brought up to me in IRC is "does COPPA apply if the minor lives outside of the USA" after I had someone from New Zealand's information oversighted. I would support, even if my suggestions are ignored, but I just want whoever is going to create the final draft to consider these points. [[User:Zscout370]] [[User_talk:Zscout370|(Return Fire)]] 00:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== 3: LONGER COMMENTS FROM EDITORS WHO HAVE PREVIOUSLY COMMENTED ==
    -'''Thatcher131''' I am unclear on what I am meant to be expressing an opinion about. The policy seems to have undergone a drastic rewrite in the last few hours from an enforceable policy to a wishy-washy piece of gentle advice. As advice, its pointless, plus possibly harmful since it indicates Wikipedia officially recognizes the possibility of harm but takes no action to stop it. As policy, I would prefer to simply prevent editors from identifying themseles as children, rather than allow them to self-identify and then try to prevent a series of problematic actions. However, either policy is better than doing nothing; and I am thoroughly opposed to Radiant!'s version. [[User talk:Thatcher131|Thatcher131]] 22:40, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Perhaps the new draft should become a ''guideline'' rather than a policy, then. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 23:24, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::I'm sure there is some place on Wikipedia for a guideline saying. "some people on the internet aren't very nice, and you should think carefully before revealing personal information," but there's no point in putting the word "protection" in the title unless we're actually protecting someone from something. The difference between ''warning'' and ''protecting'' is that protection eventually may involve some level of compulsion or force that is absent from a mere warning. Think of the difference between a "Beware of the dog" sign and an actual guard dog, for example. [[User talk:Thatcher131|Thatcher131]] 23:39, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Thatcher131, "unclear on what I am meant to be expressing an opinion about" is precisely the state that [[User:Radiant]] wants you to be in, as he unprotected the page and then immediately trashed the painfully and lengthily discussed and crafted text and put up some other stuff in the middle of all this... users who are implacably hostile to the central premise of a proposal should not be editing it in this way... the purpose is presumably to "win" a Rejection by default, by sowing confusion. I beg you to not let yourself be bullied in this manner... '''''I ask all editors regardless of their position on this matter to not allow this to stand''''' as a matter of principle. Let the proposal stand or fall on its own merits, for pity's sake. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 03:00, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Herostratus, [[WP:AGF| assume good faith]]. I'm also quite unhappy with your edit summary of "restore previous version -- '''another attempt to make discussion impossible''' -- if no consensus, so be it -- see talk for more" Just because they have a different opinion than you it does not mean they want to "make discussion impossible". Anyway, I'm out of here - I was here because you invited my to comment on this proposal on my talk page, but if different opinions are not wanted here I won't stay. [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 11:55, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''JayW''' - Predators do not scrutinize the internet in the hopes of tracking some kid who foolishly posted their name to Wikipedia. It simply doesn't happen. It doesn't happy here, nor does it happen anywhere else; and I would be happy to concede to anyone who proves otherwise, though I ''very'' much doubt that will happen. I whole-heartedly believe the situation this policy is designed to protect against is a terrible myth which, by distracting money, time and effort from actual issues, facilitates the sexual abuse of children.
    -
    -:On the other hand, some predators ''do'' use the chat services to anonymously groom children. ''This'' situation, while I doubt it would happen in such an incovenient environment, might deserve a policy.
    -
    -:..so, does ''this'' policy solve anything, as it stands? No - it doesn't prevent children from stating their age. Instead, it focuses on irrelevant information, like their street address and real name, which the predator can acquire privately once he has located the child's online contact information. Since many people use the same username across all the interwebs, this probably wouldn't be difficult.
    -
    -:The only solution, so far as I can see, is to police kids who mention their age. Any other policy is, to say the least, completely useless. Out, [[User:JayW|JayW]] 23:51, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I do not see how you can make these broad, general statements (the ones in your first paragraph) with such certainty. How do you know what "simply doesn't happen", "here" "or anywhere else"? And if your response is, "prove it '''does''' happen," my reply would be: No, I don't need to prove anything. I know that there are people who stalk children. I know there are people who use "the Internet" to do it. I also know that there are people on Wikipedia who advocate sexual relations between children and adults. If you believe that all of those people make a distinction between an Internet encyclopedia and an Internet chat room as a place to locate those children they are going to try to victimize, and therefore the encyclopedia does not need to take precautions, '''you''' prove it. I do not need to disprove it. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 18:40, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::"'''I do not see how you can make these broad, general statements (the ones in your first paragraph) with such certainty.'''" Assertions should be assumed false until proven otherwise. This claim, in particular, is both ridiculous in its basic premise and completely unevidenced. There does not appear to be any record or account of this ever actually happening, ''anywhere''; as such, I feel ''my'' statement is _perfectly_ justifiable. Those who propound this false reality have the burden of proof. "'''No, I don't need to prove anything.'''" Did you know that every year, 84.3 Wikipedians are murdered by lions as a '''''direct result''''' of their criticism of Jesus? That's a scientific fact. There's not actual evidence for it, but it's a scientific fact. [[User:JayW|JayW]] 18:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''AndreniW''' Okay, problems I see with this policy:
    -**We don't have this problem on Wikipedia.
    -**We had a situation where a mother revealed her son's identity. '''''This was not self-identification but he was still banned.''''' This is WRONG.
    -**I think that if we '''have''' to ban them, it should be a time-limited ban; when they turn 13 years old, the ban should be lifted.
    -**I'm especially unhappy with the 'regardless of parental consent'. We don't decide what's right for these kids, their ''parents'' do.
    -:--[[User:AndreniW|AndreniW]] 23:22, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== 4: --> *NEW* EDITORS COMING FROM THE RFC, PLEASE COMMENT HERE ==
    -* I support the aims of this proposal. The opposition seems to mainly that good editors could be blocked. I would suggest removing all of the blocking language here. The aims are still met if the information is simply removed and email disabled. This proposal should simply authourize editors to repeatedly remove personal information. Authourize admins to delete indentifying photos. And authourize b'crats to make forced name changes if a surmname is used. There is no need to ban anyone. There is no need to ''require'' these actions are taken. The information can be repeatly removed with gentle reminders that do not WP:BITE. Those that are concerned about this issue can take the neccessary steps to protect young children. Those that are concerned young children will be blocked from contributing can be assured it will not come to that. This is a real ethical issue, regardless of the fact we do not know of anyone being harmed by the lack of such a policy to date.--[[User:BirgitteSB|Birgitte§β]] ʈ [[User talk:BirgitteSB|Talk]] 20:56, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -* '''Support'''. This seems simple enough. Yes, they can get around it if they really try, but it's better than nothing. "You can't make it foolproof, because fools are so ingenious." [[User:AnonEMouse|AnonEMouse]] [[User_talk:AnonEMouse|(squeak)]] 22:07, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -* I also support this policy. It is a beneficial policy, and it is well written, simple to understand and to follow. [[User:Johntex|'''Johntex''']]\[[User_talk:Johntex|talk]] 03:08, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*I must oppose this proposal. You must never make a policy against a group of people. This proposal have the effect to be in violation of [[WP:NPOV]], as it's disscouraging a usergroup to participate in the work. On a personal level I feel that if a person is able to participate to write articles, then that person is capable to know what he/she writes on it's userpage. Creating a policy just for the sake of easing your guilt I feel is plain wrong, that kind of hypocrisy dont belong to Wikipedia. →[[User:AzaToth|A]][[WP:EA|z]][[User:AzaToth|a]][[User_talk:AzaToth|Toth]] 22:06, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*I'm not from RFC, but I '''oppose''' this proposal for a number of reasons, including pretty much all the reasons stated thus far, but also because I disagree with a lot of the wording, particularly the emphasis on COPPA and the use of phrases like 'Wikipedia has adopted the policy' (this may be a paraphrase, I'm quoting from memory). I also feel that having a strict policy of removal/blocking could leave us ''more'' open to criticism/blame if/when the policy is ''not'' enforced, even if it is due to ignorance. I am in favour of either ''nothing'', or a policy/guideline that a) does NOT fetishise COPPA, b) reminds ''all'' editors of the hazards of revealing personal info, c) specifically ''discourages'' underage editors from revealing personal info, and d) states that such info ''may'' be removed at an admin's discretion. I am against blocking for usernames that use full names, I am against blocking for persistent revelation of personal details, and I do not think there is any good reason (v/v the project, building an encyclopedia) where it is actually useful to know that an editor is underage. Therefore, I would '''weakly support''' a proposal that mandated under-13s not revealing their ages. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 04:09, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*My child, who edits Wikipedia more often than I do, chooses not to reveal his name or age, but is in the approximate range of ages this proposal is intended to assist. As such, I '''support''' this proposal ('''except for the mention of COPPA''', which makes little sense from an ethical standpoint, and makes no sense from a legal standpoint as far as my non-lawyer self can figure). The negative side effects mentioned seem very minimal compared to the potential benefits. Of course it is the obligation of the parents to monitor our children, but the proposal seems basic civil mindfulness; if a child pulled a knife on another in one's presence, one would not wait for parental contact to intervene. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 04:56, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Strongly oppose''' to this policy as age discrimination. Persons of different age/IQ/philosophy/religion should not be put under different sets of rules based on anyone's moral ideas, which are completely POV. This is a ridiculous and dangerous policy suggestion that may have nasty side effects and harm Wikipedia. [[User:Prolog|Prolog]] 11:19, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -* '''oppose'''. This is out of the bounds of Wikipedia. I don't see this site as a great facilitator of harm towards children. Furthermore, in almost all cases, the only people who get hurt are those who ask for it. This is their stupidity and problem. I have given away my age on the internet forever - I even have a website, http://www.ntung.com (although I am no longer near 13 but still legally a minor). I have given away my address, hosted a server with my own ip, posted my email in public all the time, and numerous other identifying non-crimes, some by mistake. The people who are abused on sites as bad as myspace are people who actively chat with obviously perverted adults.
    -: These are the comments I despise the most
    -:: "Yeah it is [our duty to protect people from themselves] if they are children."
    -:: "it almost feels like it is our job to pick up where the parents left off"
    -: I simply cannot disagree more. Even those who support the proposal don't think this is a valid rebuttal.
    -:: "if a child pulled a knife on another in one's presence, one would not wait for parental contact to intervene"
    -: This isn't the same thing, see my comments above. A '''better supporting argument''' would be that some children don't know what "perverted" is. Another responsibility that has nothing to do with Wikipedia. A scene matching this would be - "if a child handed someone a knife, one would not wait for parental contact to intervene". --[[User:Gatoatigrado|gatoatigrado]] 06:10, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Oppose in principle'''. Solution in search of a problem. We can discourage people from posting something we think is inappropriate, but this is instruction creep. Until the Foundation lawyers tell us we need to do something like this, let's leave it to a combination of gentle guidance from the community and oversight by parents to make younger contributors' presence on Wikipedia be educational and risk-free. [[User:Martinp|Martinp]] 17:58, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Support''' - but don't think its a big deal if we don't have this policy in place --[[User:T-rex|T]]-[[User talk:T-rex|rex]] 20:50, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Oppose this version''', but support 3rd version (advise against revealing personal information). Seems to be unneccessarily discriminatory, and possibly offensive, to a set of editors. Also, "stranger danger" is considered by many to be a myth, and statistics on sexual crimes seems to back this up. According to the "2005 National Crime Victimization Survey" of the US, which included both minor and non-minor victims, 28% of perpetrators had an "intimate" relationship with the victim, 6% or 7% were otherwise related, and 38% were a friend or aquaintance. (So a total of 73% were non-strangers.) Only 26% were strangers. (The remaining 2% were classified as "unknown".)[http://www.rainn.org/statistics/index.html] According to a Canadian survey focusing on sexual abuse and exploitation of minors, "About half (51%) of sexual assaults against children and youth reported to a sub-set of police departments in 2002 involved friends or acquaintances, while a quarter of these assaults (25%) involved family members. About 18% involved assaults by strangers. [...] According to the CIS, most alleged perpetrators of sexual abuse were either "other" (non-parental) relatives (44% of cases) or non-relatives (29%), and '''only very few (2%) of substantiated cases of sexual abuse involved a stranger.'''" (empashis added) [http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/fm/sexual_abuse_fs.html] [[User:Armedblowfish |Armedblowfish]] ([[User_talk:Armedblowfish |talk]]|[[Special:Emailuser/Armedblowfish |mail]]) 03:39, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Oppose''' on principle as well as various legal and practical reasons already covered. [[User:Kaldari|Kaldari]] 19:23, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== New draft ==
    -
    -It is kind of difficult to create consensus through debating the same issues over and over again; at a certain point, it becomes useful to amend the proposal to address perceived problems. I have just done that; in particular, I've removed all references to the law (since we're building a guideline on moral grounds, not legal ones) and most references to blocking (since we should be educating people who expose themselves, not blocking them in their innocence).
    -
    -Please comment and/or edit. Please do not revert this for a day or two so that other people can take a look at it. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 21:57, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:I won't endorse it, though it would make a good essay. There's only one thing that is remotely policy-ish, and that's the bit at the bottom allowing editors to request that their information be removed from the database, which could be and should be added to another policy document. I am firmly convinced that we need something stronger to prevent a public relations or legal disaster. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 22:02, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -* I don't like it. It's a policy entitled "Protecting children's privacy" that is targeted at all editors and has no special provisions for children? And it has no teeth - it leaves the burden of privacy on the user, including a child user. The entire point of separating children in such a policy is that they are assumed to be less capable of protecting themselves. There certainly are some who can protect themselves fine, but the way it was before allowed that, by having more competent children simply not post their age. Put back the teeth - the ability and the encouragement of other editors to remove private info of underage editors.[[User:AnonEMouse|AnonEMouse]] [[User_talk:AnonEMouse|(squeak)]] 22:12, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -* The previous one was better, this one is watered and dumbed down. --[[User:CFIF|CFIF]] [[User talk:CFIF|☎]] [[Special:Contributions/CFIF|⋐]] 22:19, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -**Guys, this is '''not''' a vote. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 22:25, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***You're right, it isn't. However, registering our displeasure and reasons for that displeasure is not only acceptable but should be expected. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 22:40, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -****Certainly. Are you of the opinion that we must block children for their own protection if they (repeatedly) reveal information about themselves? [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 22:50, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****Yes, I am. I don't think a 9-year-old can be expected to have full comprehension of the possible ramifications of posting their personal information on a public page on a top-25 Web site. [[User:FCYTravis|FCYTravis]] 23:44, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****'''Absolutely and unequivocally, with no reservations whatsoever.''' Let us assume that I were to be fortunate enough to be blessed with children. If I were to find that, against my wishes, a child of mine were to be editing Wikipedia, and if I were to then find that administrators had allowed my (hypothetical and much wished-for) child to post personally identifying information and allowed him/her to continue to do so repeatedly, I would raise all hell. I certainly do not take the position that the administrators of Wikipedia are or should be responsible for parenting. I do take the position that there are several easily-implemented measures - the old draft - that improve the safety of Wikipedians and demonstrate a good-faith effort to recognize the unique position children are in. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 01:01, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****Absolutely. If they repeatedly break this policy (assuming it does become policy) then they should be blocked. [[User:Johntex|'''Johntex''']]\[[User_talk:Johntex|talk]] 03:07, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -I think the new version is good, but very different; its writing sounds like it'd be better as a guideline, and (as mentioned above) it seems like it'd be better implemented to prevent offline harrassment (including rape, although the chance of that seems negligible) of users of all ages. Unlike predators using ''Wikipedia'', of all places, to track down their victims, meatspace harrassment is a problem that already exists. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 23:31, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****Yes, of course. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 04:56, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:I wouldn't have given the old draft my support, but I'll gladly endorse this new draft. Changing the removal of personal information from compulsory to voluntary we overcome the biggest obstacle for me - allowing Wikipedians to decide what to post and what not to post about themselves. Allowing the permanent deletion of the information allows them to change their mind even after they have posted information. Addendum: As Radiant said if there is a legal need to have some COPA like policy on Wikipedia (our lawyers should be able to tell us if so) then there is no way around it, if not I don't see why we should cry "think of the children" and place a gag-order on our younger users. [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 23:38, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*This is much better than the previous version, but as it (correctly, imho) does not focus on children it is wrongly titled. I suggest merging it with the existing policy on harrasment as a "guidelines to help prevent harrasment" (or something similar) section. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 23:47, 21 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*This new version is completely devoid of any merit. It it no way resembles the original proposal. I'm gonna hold my tongue due to [[WP:AGF]], but if these are the kinds of games that are going to be played, I'm done with this. I will get back to editing articles. [[User:Elliskev|Ell]][[User talk:Elliskev|iskev]] 00:46, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -**I've reverted back to the previous version. The new draft is too radically different. If there need to be changes, they should be incremental and made with consensus, not the wholesale scrapping and rewriting by one editor opposed to the old version. --[[User:Elliskev|Ell]][[User talk:Elliskev|iskev]] 01:09, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***I've reverted back to the new draft - the old draft had definite consensus difficulties and just going back to it won't improve the situation. Still, as I said in my summary, this will be my only revert - I won't war over it if it is reverted again. (though I'll of course have to update my stance towards it from support to oppose) [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 01:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -****May I suggest, instead, creating a subpage with the new draft? The wholesale rewrite-and-replace in the middle of a straw poll is the most objectionable bit - moving the new draft to a subpage would have been the appropriate action in the first place. The reason I say this is that I would very much like to revert to the version that is being discussed above at the straw poll. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 01:31, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*I support this proposed policy as it is currently written. [[User:Johntex|'''Johntex''']]\[[User_talk:Johntex|talk]] 03:05, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Two pages ==
    -
    -I have temporarily created a [[Wikipedia:Protecting_children%27s_privacy/Version 3|subpage]]
    -dedicated to Radiant's proposal. I do think it is very confusing to switch back and forth between the two quite different suggestions while there are apparently people interested in discussing both. For the moment, I think it is better to let them coexist while the dust settles a little more. [[User:Dragons flight|Dragons flight]] 03:13, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Thank you, that's very helpful. An excellent example of the virtue of subpages. Now, I think, we can have a more complete and more accessible debate as to the merits of both proposals. A hybrid of both may even be a good idea, depending on how the discussion here turns out. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 03:31, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:: Am I right that the main opposition to the current one (the one advocated by Hero) comes from people who believe that under-13s should not be restricted from posting personal info? [[User:AnonEMouse|AnonEMouse]] [[User_talk:AnonEMouse|(squeak)]] 14:18, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::That is correct. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 16:34, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Yes, we should not censor or discriminate against any contributors, including because of their age. The only exception is if we are required to by law, if that is the case we will be advised by the foundation's lawyers.
    -:::In more detail my objections to the proprosal advocated by Herostratus are:
    -:::*(1) the problem that it attempts to fix has not been shown to exist
    -:::*(2) Even if the problem it attempts to fix does exist, it won't actually fix it
    -:::*(3) No proponent of this policy has shown to my satisfaction that it would harm Wikipedia ''not'' to enact it. Several objectors have raised concerns that it would harm Wikipedia ''to'' enact it.
    -:::*(4) Enacting this proposed policy would have harmful side effects for Wikipedia.
    -:::I have given detailed arguments to back up these opinions in the responses (2) section above, I have also given other detailed opinions and reasoning in other sections. Not one proponent of the policy has responded to any of these. Herostratus appears to have gone out of his way to obfuscate this talk page and make it difficult for others to gain an balanced view of the discussions. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 16:37, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::1) The problem does exist. There are self-admitted pedophiles editing Wikipedia; any number of others probably edit without admitting to their proclivities. So long as pedophiles are permitted to edit Wikipedia and interact with other users (which will happen as long as detailed background checks are not performed on editors, which would be silly and beyond the Foundation's resources), children who are editors are at risk. Has there been a case that a child has been molested or harassed as a result of editing Wikipedia? Not that we know of, yet. However, it is important that we not allow a public relations and legal disaster to develop because we have been fortunate so far. For that matter, it helps forestall even the ''possibility'' of a COPPA challenge to Wikipedia, if somebody in the Justice Department gets the boneheaded idea that Wikipedia is a for-profit institution.
    -::::2) Will it serve as a 100% cureall? No. Despite child labor laws, children are still forced to work in some instances. Despite Megan's law, released child molesters still molest. Nevertheless, both of those laws have helped mitigate the problem, as this policy would mitigate the risk to children. Nobody, so far as I know, has claimed that any policy is a cure-all.
    -::::3) To your satisfaction, perhaps. Your personal threshold for satisfaction is, by definition, personal.
    -::::4) Highly doubtful. At worst it means slightly more work for admins, which is a side-effect of all proposed policy. At best it cuts the legs out from under the "Wikipedophile" critics who claim that we're not protecting children. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 16:58, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::I've only got time for a very quick response atm, but re (1) - just because somebody is a paedophile does not mean they are a risk to children. Just because someone is attracted to redheaded women, does not mean that they are a risk to redheaded women. Some child abusers/kidnappers/murders/ are paedophiles, most are not. Some paedophiles will abuse/kidnap/murder children, most will not. Replace "paedophile" with "men" and exactly the same is true. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 17:57, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::And yet pedophiles are, with regard to abuse of children, the only major class that engages in stalking behavior, which is what this policy is meant to defend against. Furthermore, pedophilia is one of the only paraphilias where real-world satisfaction is only achievable by means of illegal and abusive activity. Equating it with a preference for red-headed women is a false analogy in many respects. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 18:03, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::First of all, I agree with every single word of Captainktainer's four-part post above. I couldn't have stated my own position any better. There is a saying, "Never let the perfect be the enemy of the good", and I think it applies here. There is no perfect solution to this issue, but there are things that can be done to make the situation better, and I think this policy would accomplish that. Second of all, I think that in Captainktainer's most recent post above, the "Furthermore..." is the real issue. An adult may have a '''consensual''' relationship with another adult, but an adult may '''not''' have a '''consensual''' relationship with a child below a certain age. The age may vary from state to state, but there is such an age designated by every state, to my knowledge. Comparing '''non'''-consensual adult-adult relationships to consensual adult-child relationships is completely irrelevant. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 19:07, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::: '''STOP''' we are not here to discuss paedophiles, age of consent or starting what age it is right or wrong for a person to have (possibly sexual) relationships with other people. What we discuss here is whether we 1) have a problem that needs to be adressed 2) if this proposal adresses this problem 3) would enacting/not enacting this policy negatively affekt Wikipedia, and if so, how. [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 19:23, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::Well, if you deny that pedophiles pose a threat to children, and if you deny that they engage in stalking behavior, then you will say that there is no problem. If you believe that they do pose a threat to children and that they do engage in stalking behavior, then you will agree that there is a problem. It's fairly relevant, though I doubt that any minds will be changed. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 19:37, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::: Can we all agree that merely due to the fact that the Wikipedia has ''thousands'' of anonymous editors, and ''millions'' of anonymous readers, at least some of them, by sheer volume, may well pose a threat to children? This is whether they are more likely to call themselves pedophiles or not. If we can agree to that, we can get off the side topic argument, which, I suspect is CharonX's goal. [[User:AnonEMouse|AnonEMouse]] [[User_talk:AnonEMouse|(squeak)]] 20:09, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::Sounds like a plan, then. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 20:18, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::::::::I agree. I only mentioned these issues because some of the people who oppose the policy were raising these issues as objections to the policy. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 20:34, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::::::::I strongly agree with Version 3. We shouldn't ''prevent'' children from posting personal information, but we should ''strongly advise against it''. --[[User:Gray Porpoise|Gray Porpoise]] 01:04, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Foundation Issue ==
    -
    -As someone who has not opined before on this issue, here is my take. I think this policy, if it is to be enacted, is very fundamental. It is not equivalent to [[WP:CIVIL]], [[WP:VANDAL]], or [[WP:3RR]]. It is closer to [[WP:NPOV]] and [[WP:RS]], which are Foundation level policies as they pertain to the core founding principles as well as liabilities of WP. As such, I think that as a minimum the Foundation should review it and voice an opinion. Ideally, they should produce a position statement or core policy on this issue, which the editors can further dress up as a standard WP policy. I don't think that this type of policy should be created and agreed to without the Foundation's input. Thanks, [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 21:26, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:So far, the Foundation has ignored every attempt to get input; there have been several such attempts. Given that absolute (and somewhat annoying) lack of input, we should continue forging on until told otherwise. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 21:33, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::I choose to assume (regardless of whether it is actually correct or not) that the Wikimedia board has become aware of this discussion and that if they choose to exercise their ultimate authority for the Foundation, they (or their appointee(s)) will do so. (As they may do on any subject.) As I said some days (or weeks) ago, I wish the board would indeed simply adopt a policy on this subject, after consulting with their counsel. Until then, however, as Captainktainer says, there is no reason for the "community" not to proceed with trying to establish a reasonable policy. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 21:46, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Crum is basically correct; legal policy should only be created by the Board or Foundation. Personally I would interpret their lack of response as a good indication that they do not think this has any particular legal urgency, so they put their priority to other tasks. Might I ask, whom did you contact, and how? (talkpage, e-mail, mailing list, IRC, all of the above?) [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 21:47, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I haven't contacted, but in the archive several people mention emailing Brad Patrick et al. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 22:24, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I assume the Foundation will adopt policy on legal grounds if they feel it is necessary. However, we can still argue whether it is morally appropriate to take steps such as these to shield young people. Though it is couched (somewhat awkwardly) is COPPA terms, I do not consider this to be a legal question. [[User:Dragons flight|Dragons flight]] 22:00, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::I think this is clearly a legal issue, as it pertains to first amendment, age discrimination, and I am sure many others (IANAL). The mandate we have here is to write good articles and generally improve WP. I think it is up to the Foundation to provide us with the foundation of core policies within which we need to operate. And I personally would prohibit ''all'' editors from posting ''any'' personal data, but that's my own opinion and doesn't count at all. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 22:08, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::First amendment doesn't apply ''at all'', unless Wikipedia became an organ of the United States or a local government overnight (in which case I won't contribute to the project). Even the 14th Amendment only extended Bill of Rights protections to those facing the power of the state, not private individuals. Age discrimination is an issue that can be addressed once the policy has reached consensus, at which point Jimbo et al. will provide a final yes/no. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 22:24, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Perhaps their concern is that by producing ''any'' official legal stance on this issue they will be held liable to it in some way. Whatever their concern, since this issue is specifically liability related and goes to the core of the project (and not just the one specific project we are discussing here but all Foundation related and supported projects), I think that the effort requires their guidance. I am sure there are people reading this with access to the Foundation members; the recent elections come to mind. I think it is incumbent on them to provide us this guidance. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 21:51, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::I agree with Captaintainer. If the Foundation chooses to act on any subject, they may do so. Until or unless they do, then there is no reason to halt a user-led initiative to address a perceived problem. [[User:Johntex|'''Johntex''']]\[[User_talk:Johntex|talk]] 22:12, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*Wait a second - it's said that "several people mention[ed] emailing Brad Patrick et al", but did anyone actually ''do'' that? If so, who? If not, then it's not really surprising that we didn't get an answer. I found no mention of this debate on Brad's, Jimbo's or the OFFICE's talk page. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 22:45, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -**[[Wikipedia_talk:Protecting_children's privacy/Archive_1#Foundations_lawyers.3F|From the archives, like I said]]. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 22:53, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -***Yes, exactly. Thatcher said he would mail Brad; he never said that he actually did that, or got an answer. And nobody else seems to have said or tried anything about the subject. I'd say you should try a little harder in actually contacting the Board. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 23:17, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -****I do not think anyone is obligated to contact the board. As I said, if they want to step in, they will. It should not affect what anyone else is doing before that happens, if it happens. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 23:33, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*****I did e-mail Brad, on Aug 30 as a matter of fact, to the e-mail address indicated on his talk page for Foundation business. I haven't heard back. I don't know what that is supposed to signify. [[User talk:Thatcher131|Thatcher131]] 23:37, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -******In that case I'd say it means that there is no pressing legal need to implement anything COPPA like on Wikipedia. That leaves us only at the basic questions Radiant formulated - is there a problem to be solved, if so would this be a good solution? What are the possible negative impacts of implementing/not implementing it? [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 23:43, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*******In that case, this section should probably not be edited further unless something is heard from the foundation, and further discussion should go in sections above or below, to avoid confusion. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 23:56, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
    -[[User:Crum375]] is entirely correct, by the way. This is a catch-22 for the Foundation. The Foundation ''cannot'' prescribe this policy ''unless they can effectively enforce it''. Since the Foundation doesn't really have the resources to officially police every user page, they cannot enforce it. ''In a liability situation their failure to enforce would put them in a considerably worse position than if they had prescribed no policy''. For one thing, they will be unable to claim that they didn't consider themselves bound to have such a policy. They will be unable to claim that they believed that existing structures in place would, to a reasonable person, have seemed sufficient. And so forth. Even taking note of the existance of this debate could place them in a difficult position. Therefore I would urge that the foundation not be contacted. If contacted, they must take a stand (even ignoring an email is a "stand"). If, however, the policy is enacted and enforced by the community, the Foundation can take the position that (1) the policy is just one of the various community policies of which they are only vaguely aware, or (2) they ''were'' aware of it, and considered it sufficent fo provide protection, but that as a community policy enforcement falls to the community and any failure may be ascribed to the community over which the Foundation has limited oversight and little control. All this and many other nuances can come into play, and of course much depends on the judge's reading of case law, the glibness of your lawyer, the atmospheric pressure, and whatnot. It's ''always'' a crapshoot. True we not lawyers but that doesn't mean we can't consider aspect like this as intelligent laymen. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 03:40, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*All of these arguments simply point to one thing: this proposal should drop every legal angle and reference to COPPA and such, and work strictly from a moral and practical angle. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 09:57, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Welcoming and tracking kids ==
    -
    -If you see a young child posting their address and phone number on their user page, it would be prudent to remove it and leave a message for them asking if they really want to do that and whether or not they have asked their parents if it is OK. Wikipedia doesn't actually ask ''anyone'' for personally identifying information. Very few people actually post such information, though there are some links to offsite home pages which might. Many people do say what their hometown is. I'm not sure that common practice would really set a precedent for posting enough information to allow a stalker to track one down. Has any child in fact, ever posted such detailed information? I think this is likely to be a rather rare event.
    -
    -It's useful for encyclopedic purposes to know that a particular user is very young. Such account bear extra watching for factually or grammatically incorrect (if well-meaning) edits.
    -
    -As such, I think it would be useful to allow editors to self-identify as children of whatever age. I think the best solution would be to have a babysitting task force. I'm sure there are plenty of people that would get a kick out of helping kids use and improve the encyclopedia, and clean up their messes and keep an eye out in case they start doing something stupid (which, as I mentioned, seems unlikely). This idea about personal information can be part of the advice given by that project to its members.
    -
    -Reading and editing Wikipedia is a great educational exercise, and I think kids should be given the same freedom to do so as anyone else. If parents want to keep their kids from reading chemistry articles and poisoning their family with household chemicals, or monitor the private e-mails that come in through the site, or keep them from being confused by vandalism or factual errors, or prevent them from knowing where babies really come from until they're already old enough to get pregnant, that is really morally and logistically the parents' responsibility.
    -
    -Interested parties may want to leave special welcome messages encouraging younger children to let their parents know that they are using Wikipedia, for their own protection, and for help using and understanding it. Or they may want to leave lists of articles marked "everything you should know your parents wouldn't want you to see" such as statistics on the national debt. -- [[User:Beland|Beland]] 01:27, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: As a parent of children under 13 living outside of the United States, and therefore not covered by COPPA, I would be perfectly happy for this to be policy. What legitimate reason would a child have for posting personally identifying detaisl on Wikipedia, what with us not being Myspace and all? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:JzG|JzG]] ([[User talk:JzG|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/JzG|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.}
    -
    -:All of this sounds very wise and sensible until the final paragraph, when you talk about "interested parties." At that point, we start to come close to that very counterproductive zone of "let's protect children from predators by putting them in the hands of volunteers who want to protect children from predators!" Um, no. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 21:11, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Yes, look at [[Mark Foley]]. Co-chairperson of the United States Missing and Exploited Children [[caucus]], and he ends up sending explicit messages to minors. And what's this about the national debt? Why wouldn't parents want their kids to see the national debt? Just turn on CNN and you'll see that. I'm not getting it. --[[User:AndreniW|AndreniW]] 23:33, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I'm guessing the "national debt" comment was tongue-in-cheek, but the point may have been that the national debt is a frightening threat of future harm done to children. Pedophiles will cause problems for a tiny percentage of children, while the debt will cause a problem for every child who lives long enough to pay federal taxes. [[User:Barno|Barno]] 13:20, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==The second proposal==
    -Even if the stalking-nonsense this policy allegedly combats existed, I'm ''sure'' we can all still agree that [[PeeJ]]-style grooming is ''much'' more common and ''much'' more of a threat.
    -Since this policy blocks neither the email function nor "Googling someone's username," it would be completely ineffective against the only (or, if you prefer, most prevelant) predator tactic. The only way to counteract ''that'' is to forbid the mention of age.
    -
    -kk? [[User:JayW|JayW]] 19:19, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:I feel that if it ''has to be something'', then the second proposal is miles ahead of the first. But IMO a lot more damage could be done by slavishly adhering to the sweeping rule(s) of either proposal than can be done by trusting administrators to use their common sense and discretion. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 19:29, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -So, can I change this to the second proposal? Speak now or forever hold your peace, objectors. [[User:JayW|JayW]] 18:17, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I am not even sure what the second proposal is and who you mean by "objectors." There have been at least three different major proposals. I do not think you should change anything. Herostratus started a process and I think it should continue. This whole subject has been disrupted and confused enough as it is. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 18:23, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::'''"I am not even sure what the second proposal is"''' See [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Protecting_children%27s_privacy_2&oldid=75032623 this]. As you might guess from my post, it ''forbids mention of age.'' [[User:JayW|JayW]] 23:42, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I said I would go along with that one, but then it was changed back to the original one, which I would also go along with. Then someone introduced a version that was really just a request, not a policy. Maybe the best versions of the three of them should be placed side by side and see if any of them can achieve a consensus. This process of lurching back and forth between the three of them, leaving people unsure of what they are commenting on, almost guarantees that '''none''' of them will achieve sufficient support. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 00:10, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Please don't. I'd be happy to read statistics (perhaps on my talk page) on the "threat" that PeeJ represents, but I consider it irrelevant to this policy. I don't know much about how these things work, but I don't understand why you'd think that the discussion on the policy's current draft is closed. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 21:01, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::"''' I'd be happy to read statistics (perhaps on my talk page) on the "threat" that PeeJ represents'''..." That's not what I said. This policy allegedly protects against offline stalking. A useful policy would combat against grooming - ''such as that exhibited at PeeJ.'' Understand? "''' but I don't understand why you'd think that the discussion on the policy's current draft is closed.'''" Funny, I don't recall saying it was. I was proposing a reasonable policy edit. Since no one objected, I asked if I could make the change. I'm fishing for some actual criticism, by the by - not "don't do that just because I said so." [[User:JayW|JayW]] 23:42, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::To make such a radical change to a proposal still under discussion would have the result of confusing the discussion. If this draft of the policy really is rejected due to lack of consensus, it would make sense to suggest the new one at that time. I'm not sure how much time is normally given for these things, but I hardly think people have had the opportunity just yet. Thank you. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 23:59, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -The difference between Wikipedia and a chatroom is very vast, and the only thing they really share is their host medium. I can't imagine any child molestor (or would-be molestor) with a spark of sanity coming ''here'' - a well-policed online encyclopedia - so they could comb through thousands if not ''millions'' of users just to find a child, any child. (If all they wanted was a victim under 12, I'm sure it'd take a lot less time and effort to just grab some poor kid off the street.) And furthermore, knowing that a user ''is'' a child can be useful (e.g. being more forgiving of ungrammatical edits, perhaps watching one's language if one has a tendency to swear), but the posting of users' personal information (even if they're adults, although adults are at least ''expected'' to know better and thus not need protection) does not in any way improve the wiki. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 07:28, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Oversight ==
    -
    -Regardless of anything else on this page, if a user (of any age) posts private personal information about someone else (e.g. phone numbers, real-world identity, home address), then we have a procedure to remove and hide the information called [[Wikipedia:Oversight]]. Where we know a user is a child it ''might'' be apropriate for private personal information they post relating to themselves to be handled this way as well.
    -
    -I am not an Oversight-enabled admin, indeed I only discovered it existed about 5 minutes ago. Read the policy page at [[Wikipedia:Oversight]], any questions about it might be better (and even answered) on that talk page rather than here. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 00:34, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:It seems to me that this policy would fit right in with the "oversight" procedure. This policy would provide one of the standards that determine which information would be removed, and "oversight" provides one of the mechanisms for removing it. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 02:46, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:It's the #1 criterion for when Oversight may be used, so it shouldn't be problematic. The only question is whether we can oversight without the user's permission in that case. There are tricky issues with the GFDL, and if someone decided to raise a stink it could be problematic. Deleting revisions normally shouldn't be a problem, but expanding the use of Oversight to unrequested removal of personal information is something we'd need to hear from Brad/the Foundation about. Wikipedia already is skating on thin ice with some GFDL issues; Mindspillage had her Oversight powers revoked very quickly for stepping outside the narrowly-prescribed bounds. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 03:07, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Oversight is [[Wikipedia:Protecting_children%27s_privacy#Proposed_processes|currently]] in the proposed policy. Are you saying it shouldn't be there, or needs rephrasing? [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 19:10, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::In my opinion, it should be there; however, in terms of our obligations under the GFDL it may be legally questionable, especially if the diff is not recent. It may even be technologically infeasible, depending on how many subsequent diffs there have been. The more I think about it, the more I think we need input from both the Foundation ''and'' developers. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 16:41, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::While you are at it, please re-read the [[WP:5P]] (as I have carefully done after seeing this suggested policy), and see where and how a policy such as this proposed one would, in your opinion, fit into WP's general policy 'structural tree'. (Note especially: "Be open, welcoming, and inclusive. Wikipedia does not have firm rules besides the five general principles elucidated here") [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 16:59, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::It fits in very well with "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" and is not any number of things, and "Wikipedia has a code of conduct." The code of conduct is there to preserve the integrity of the community, and preserving Wikipedia from accusations that it puts minors at risk, as well as preserving said minors from said risk, preserves the integrity of the encyclopedia. For that matter, the Five Pillars are an oversimplification of how things work on Wikipedia; [[WP:OFFICE]], for example, fits imperfectly into that scheme. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 21:54, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Well, it's a slippery slope, as I am sure you can appreciate. The 'code of conduct', if it is overriding, could be extended in some countries (where WP is accessible and English is spoken) to 'protect' females from hearing about liberation, to 'protect' the devout from heresy, to 'protect' the masses from hearing about democracy, etc. I am as concerned about safety as you, and care about our children no less than you, but I think you are climbing up the wrong tree. You have to ''start'' with showing how this proposed policy fits within WP's general liberal legal framework, i.e. the [[WP:5P]], ''then'' hash out the language, not the other way around. [[WP:OFFICE]] is designed for ''exceptional'' cases, not routine, and I am convinced that Jimbo et al cringe each time they need to use it. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 22:12, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::There is a real legal and moral difference between restricting a user's ability to access information to suppress their knowledge and restricting a user's ability to give detailed personal information that could put them and the good name (and, potentially, legal status, though that hasn't been confirmed by the Foundation) of the project at risk. We censor speech all the time on Wikipedia in user and talk space to preserve the integrity of the community, which general policy #4 is all about. [[User:Captainktainer|Captainktainer]] * [[User talk:Captainktainer|Talk]] 05:04, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::If it were a ''legal'' issue, we wouldn't be discussing it here, as it would be a no-brainer. So it boils down to ''moral''. And morality, and its priorities, vary across the globe. Some would consider letting oppressed people learn about an important massacre in their history, or corruption of their venerable leaders, or openly describing some of their 'forbidden' literature or history, just as important as restricting freedom of users' personal information. And if we start policing users for safety, why not forbid a 16 year old girl from publishing her picture, address and other personal info? Or any innocent person for that matter? Where do we stop? (I mentioned earlier my ''own'' preference for a ''no personal info whatsoever by anyone'' rule).

    -::::::::Now as to WP 'pillar' number 4 that you cite, I just re-read it carefully; its core message seems to me to be [[WP:CIVIL|civility]], [[WP:AGF|good faith]] and in general how to interact constructively with others to build an encylopedia. Nothing there that I can see about enforced censorship to protect users' safety. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 11:56, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Deleting the 'born in 1993' category ==
    -
    -I'm over 12, yet I can't have a category for the year I was born in. If you're going to enforce this on people who are 13, you might as well change it from "under 13" to "13 and younger". If you want me to, I can say "born before {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, 1993"... :-P [[User:1ne|1ne]] 16:13, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== please rewrite ==
    -
    -please rewrite this page soon. Providing instructions for newcomers would also be nice. I do not have time to read all of this repetitive talk, no offense to anyone. There are a lot of valid points but they are repeated, and subject to repeating even more if they cannot be concisely summed up. If you don't archive discussion, place the already discussed tags around that section so newcomers can know whether it has been covered in the summary above or not. Thank you very much. --[[User:Gatoatigrado|gatoatigrado]] 06:32, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: Sorry to not read everyone else's and put in my own opinion - giving people a warning on their talk page should be the only way. This would approach children '''as if they were people''', not anything lesser and thus not encourage [[WP:BEANS]]. It is so easy (3 seconds +/- internet lag) to get a new account, or even to edit without an account. --[[User:Gatoatigrado|gatoatigrado]] 06:32, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Three cheers for people that realize children are '''''real people''''' too! And Gatoatigrado has a good point, they could just get a new account. --23:28, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Reversion of my [[WP:BOLD|bold]] edit==
    -I have no problem with the reversion of my tagging this as a guideline. The reversion is as validly [[WP:BOLD|bold]] as my edit. However, I want to move this discussion along.
    -I chose [[WP:BOLD]] as a reason on purpose. [[WP:BOLD]] itself is a guideline. Guidelines are actionable. We need to move this proposal on to an actionable state. Just read some of the edits in this discussion. 11 year-olds are testifying for action (though they don't realize it). Moving this to guideline status will give those of us that ant this some cover to do what we think is right. [[User talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 00:34, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Bullshit ==
    -
    -I'm logged out right now, but I'm 11 and have posted:
    -#My real name
    -#My birth date
    -#My email address
    -#Location (well, only to town level)
    -I know the risks, I feel I am mature enough to decide which information to be released. I believe in freedom of speech, and I believe age means nothing, and maturity is the real indicator. Since we cannot measure maturity, this policy is worthless. [[User:80.41.202.89|80.41.202.89]] 08:09, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, I am one that agrees that this should probably not be made into a ''policy''. OTOH, if you are so mature as you say, you'd realize the risks involved. There are a lot of predators out there, a new one is discovered every day (look at the news from Florida). Some may be relatively harmless, some can ''kill'' or ''rape'' or both. There is no reason to expose yourself to such risks just to make a point. If you are just an old editor trying to make the same point, then this is not intended for you, but for the real kids out there who need to ''maturely'' weigh the benefits of exposure and compare them to the risks. You can be a very successful contributor here without revealing ''any'' of your personal details. If someone needs to contact you, they can do it through the email address you provide in your preferences. Make sure it is a dedicated one for WP, not your normal one, that only has your WP name (gmail is good as it seems to block your origin's IP). Do weigh carefully before you respond to any email (if your parents or other people you trust can help you decide, that would be great). Be safe and enjoy helping WP! Thanks, [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 12:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::See, this is why the proposal should be implemented (whether it ends up as policy or a guideline) to combat offline harrassment of editors of ''all'' ages rather than being used to protect children from themselves. Those under 12, or 13 or 15 or whatever age gets chosen, aren't the only ones who can be targeted for stalking - and ''anyone'', regardless of age, who posts extensive personal information without the slightest prompt for it is rather dangerously naïve. As I've said before, it seems grossly inefficient for ''actual'' predators to comb through Wikipedia just to find their next victim (and it seems they'd have to be pretty stupid to expect children who spend their spare time ''improving an online encyclopedia'' to let themselves be groomed, if the predator used it as a point of contact rather than a way to find new victims), but (correct me if I'm wrong, but I think it ''has'' happened at least once) there ''have'' been editors who released enough information to be located in real life and ended up getting harassed. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 14:50, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Comment, I agree with your comment about children letting themselves be groomed. It's true, us Wikipedia editors are a touch above the rest :D ~ '''[[User:Flameviper|Flame]][[User talk:Flameviper|vip]][[User:Flameviper/Esperanza|e]][[User talk:Flameviper|r]]''' 16:32, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I think the concept of a ''guideline'' is actually pretty good. It could explain that we ''highly recommend'' to ''not'' include any personal info, in user pages or elsewhere, and emphasize that this is even more important for our younger contributors. We could highlight some of the risks involved (while staying away from [[WP:BEANS]] of course), and that a predator or other malicious person could easily track someone down after getting just a few bits of personal data. A guideline like that would not need to get Foundation blessing - only simple community consensus, and could easily be added or linked to the existing [[WP:USER]] guideline. Any thoughts? [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 15:06, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::The proposed policy wouldn't need to get "Foundation blessing" either. It would be subject to veto or revision by the Foundation -- but the same is true of all policies and guidelines. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 03:20, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Except as discussed above, I personally feel that a policy to prohibit some users, based on proclaimed age, from posting certain information, vs. others, would not be easy to fit into the current [[WP:5P]] scheme and may run into various legal obstacles. OTOH, a guideline that will strongly discourage ''everyone'' from posting personal details, with emphasis (but not exclusive focus) on our younger editors, could be much easier to phrase and get approved by both the community and the Foundation. Once approved, such a guideline may actually make a difference, for all age groups, by ''encouraging'' and ''explaining'', vs. a hard policy that may be easy to circumvent. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 03:32, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::But such a policy would tie our hands when it came to removing the personal information of youngsters. [[User:LtPowers|Powers]] [[User talk:LtPowers|T]] 16:12, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::I distinguish between policy and guideline. I propose a ''guideline'' here to ''strongly encourage'' everyone ''not'' to post any personal details. If we see a child (by posted age or other details) who posts what we would consider improper content on his/her page or elsewhere, we could then link to this policy and make a strong argument for its removal. We would let the user do it from his/her own user or talk page, after strong encouragement. We would do it ourselves from other spaces, using the rationale that we are protecting someone's personal safety and linking to the guideline as support. This would apply to everyone, but especially the younger contributors. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 16:23, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: Actually, posting your real name, 11 year old birthdate, and town location ''demonstrates'' immaturity.
    -:# First, as so many have written above, there are real predators out there,
    -:# second, real name plus age plus town gives full address to anyone who has access to a school enrollment listing and a phonebook,
    -:# and finally, (most importantly, if you really don't care about yourself) you would be exposing Wikipedia to the risk of extremely bad publicity just to demonstrate your feelings towards freedom of speech, which amounts to [[Wikipedia:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point|disrupting Wikipedia to illustrate a point]]. [[User:AnonEMouse|AnonEMouse]] [[User_talk:AnonEMouse|(squeak)]] 21:07, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I don't disagree with your argument as a whole, but who outside of that town would have access to a phonebook and a school enrollment listing for it? [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 23:01, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::There are lots of ways to do it, from any town. But IMO describing them would be [[WP:BEANS]]. This is why I gently steered away from it in my original response to him. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 23:22, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Not Just Children==
    -The privacy of all non-notable people should be protected, not just children. '''[[User:People Powered/Esperanza|P]][[User:People Powered|eople]]''' [[User talk:People Powered|'''Powered''']] 13:08, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Part of the issue is that [[WP:USER]] includes the following about what you can, or should, put on your user page:
    -:
    Some people add a little information about themselves as well, possibly including contact information (email, instant messaging, etc), a photograph, their real name, their location, information about their areas of expertise and interest, likes and dislikes, homepages, and so forth. If you are concerned with privacy, you may not want to emulate this.

    -:So, the applicable WP guideline says you '''can''' put identification/location information on your user page, but that some people choose not to for privacy reasons. There have been suggestions that we do not need a whole new policy, just some changes to WP:USER. I think that changing it to discourage posting personal information, especially by adults, would be too big a change for a lot of people. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 17:31, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I think it is ok as it is. If you are worried about privacy, there is no obligation to put private information on your userpage, not even your real name if you don't want. I think changing the policy would be too troublesome but maybe changing the wording discouraging identifiable information on the user page, as [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] suggested, would be ok.
    -:::I think it isn't OK as it is, as it uses very vague language and also some words you can't expect a 10 year old to necessarily understand, "emulate" anyone? I would have thought that a simple paragraph saying:
    -
    -::::Adding contact information or any other information that makes you easy to identify or locate, may allow complete strangers to do so online or in real life, and so may not be a good idea."
    -
    -:::My grammar may be off, but I think it's a suitable warning without being too condescending, and at least we can say the warning is there. TerriG [[User:149.155.96.6|149.155.96.6]] 18:21, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== a modest proposal ==
    -
    -I've suggested this before on other Wikipedia venues, and was usually shouted down, but I thought I'd give it a shot here nonetheless. '''I am very strongly of the opinion that children shouldn't be allowed to edit Wikipedia at all.''' I realize this is unenforceable, but that's not really the point. Since [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_censored Wikipedia is not censored], I don't know how much longer we can expect to allow minors - not just in actual practice but as a matter of open policy - to communicate with adults on adult discussion forums like [[Talk:Anal sex]], [[Talk:Ass to pussy]], [[Talk:Coprophilia]], [[Talk:Urolagnia]], [[Talk:Blood fetish]], [[Talk:Zoosadism]], [[Talk:Paraphilic infantilism]], [[Talk:Necrophilia]], etc., etc. It goes without saying that any other chat room or message board on the internet devoted to those subjects would have, at least for appearance of propriety's sake, a warning that underage persons were not welcome. It's only a matter of time until some anti-Wikipedia zealot uses this against Wikipedia, and we really really really don't need some big media exposé about middle schoolers chatting with grownups on Wikipedia talk pages like [[Talk:BDSM]]. It's not a matter of "if", it's a matter of "when". It is a ticking time bomb. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 20:26, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Your proposal is so modest I can't figure out what it is? [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 21:10, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:: That children be forbidden from editing Wikipedia, as a matter of official policy, even if it's not enforceable. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 21:15, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Oh, ok, thanks. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 21:20, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Please could you define, in an international, NPOV and objective way, what you mean by the terms
    -:*"children",
    -:*"minors",
    -:*"propriety's sake",
    -:*"underage",
    -:*"middleschoolers"
    -:*"grownups"
    -:Please could you explain what is wrong with chlidren conversing with adults about encyclopaedic topics (if they are not encyclopaedic, they would not be on Wikipedia).
    -:Where do you draw the line between articles that can and cannot be discussed - [[Homosexuality]]? [[AIDS]]? [[Bill Clinton]]? [[Lewinsky scandal]]? [[Sexual intercourse]]? [[Virginity]]? [[Contraception]]? [[Sexism]]? [[Fuck]]? [[Corset]]? [[Chastity]]? [[Playboy]]? [[Vagina]]? [[Harem]]? [[Rape]]?
    -:Making unenforceable policy is worse than useless - it leaves us open to acusations and possible action on claims that we failed to uphold our policies. It is infinately better to have a guideline to complement [[WP:NOT|Wikipedia is not censored for the protection of minors]], encouraging parents/guardians to take the responsibility they should be taking and supervising their child's use of the internet. Life is not censored for the protection of anybody. There is a reason that you've not had success with this elsewhere. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 21:29, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::: Speaking from a legal standpoint, you couldn't be more wrong. There's a ''very'' good reason that virtually every sexually-oriented interactive forum on the internet asks that users be 18. It doesn't matter that there's no real way of verifying their ages online. The warning is there to make it clear that if kids do surf the sites, they do so against the terms and conditions of said site, so the site has a basis for claiming no liability if it goes to court. As for the above definitions, most English-speaking porn sites use an American-centric standard, and I would recommend the same for various reasons that shouldn't be too hard to figure out. As for articles that can and can't be discussed, I made it clear already that I'm talking about ''all of Wikipedia'', not just certain articles. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 13:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Wow, I didn't know we were a sexually-oriented interactive forum! What have I been writing all these encyclopedia articles for? [[User:Kaldari|Kaldari]] 22:55, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Are you a lawyer, are you giving legal advice, do you have jurisdiction? In my case the answers are no, no and not relevant by reason of the first two answers. Depending on where you are in the world, it is arguable whether website Ts&Cs are enforceable. If they are meant to be a contractual arrangement between the website provider (<--note hazy definition) and the end-user, there's also a problem in some cases that minors cannot enter into contracts. As I understand it, those who run Wikipedia do have access to paid for legal advice, and so far seem happy to run it the way we see it now. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 13:26, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::: I don't think I have to be a lawyer to note that it's only a matter of time until Wikipedia's "not censored for minors" policy collides with the fact that minors are welcomed here. Wikipedia is going to have to enact some sort of ''something'' to at least not make it look so blatantly ''like it doesn't care'' if toddlers might be chatting with old men on [[Talk:BDSM]]. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 13:36, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::The [[Wikimedia Foundation]] does have the services of a lawyer, whose name I beleive is Brad Patrick. His job is to advise the Wikimedia Foundation regarding legal matters, and has been for at least a year and probably longer.
    -::::::Given what a hot topic children are, if he hadn't considered the issues regarding children contributing to Wikipedia then imho he would be guilty of not doing his job.
    -::::::Nowhere have I seen evidence of, nor do I recall seeing any accusations of, him not doing his job. I must therefore assume that he ''is'' doing his job.
    -::::::The fact is that children currently are allowed to (and do) contribute, it follows therefore that in the qualified legal opinion of the Wikimedia Foundation's lawyers this is not a legal problem.
    -::::::Assuming this is true, and as I have explained I have no evidence to show otherwise, then the only argument left for your proposition is a moral one.
    -::::::Please read the extensive discussions above regarding moral arguments and how they can never be compatible with the core policy of [[WP:NPOV]].
    -::::::I also note that you have chosen not to answer the questions I asked in my previous response. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 13:44, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::: I didn't answer them because they're irrelevant to me. I'm only saying what I came here to say: '''Kids don't belong on uncensored sites. Period.''' Anything else is someone's else's problem. The argument "Wikipedia has a lawyer and I assume he knows his job" may be good enough for you, but it isn't for me. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 15:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -
    -Of ''course'' children shouldn't be using let alone editing Wikipedia. Wikipedia is specifically and publicly (and proudly, actually) proclaimed as being [[WP:NOT]] censored for minors. You can't have it both ways - develop a site that is not appropriate for minors, and then invite minors. I'd say that's about as close to being incontrivertable as you can get. And also of course you won't get anywhere with this. The problem is that ''many'' Wikipedia editors are in early-stage adult development (if not actually children) so they: (1) see things in black-and-white terms (2) don't have children, and don't hang around with people who do, (3) are close enough to their own childhood that they identify more with children than with adults, and (4) simply lack real-world experience. So don't let it get you down; most of them, when and if they have children, will probably be be reasonably not-terrible parents. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 04:17, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Thank you for your (depressingly low) opinion of a significant portion, if not the ''majority'', of Wikipedia editors. It could not be more relevant to this discussion. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 15:17, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:There's no ''of course'' about it. As far as I can tell, Wikipedia does not specifically welcome minors. It welcomes [[WP:NPOV|neutral point of view]] contributors of any type. If something looks like a plain and obvious truth to you, but others disagree, it is good practice to give clear arguments supporting your position, most usefully developing those arguments from agreed principles and common ground with those who disagree. It is sometimes useful to note that not everyone who reads or contributes agrees with a Judeo-Christian point of view, so arguments based on morality tend to produce flame-wars rather than enlightenment. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 15:23, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:: Not sure who you're referring to there, but I am certainly NOT expressing a "morality-based argument" nor a "Judeo-Christian point of view". I'm speaking strictly from concern that Wikipedia will get bad publicity and/or legal trouble arising from kids and adults comingling improperly here, just as has happened to MySpace.com recently. This whole "protecting children's privacy" discussion, by its very nature, acknowledges that children do edit Wikipedia. I'm not interesting in converting you to my way of thinking. You think however you want. I only made this post here in hopes that some sensible soul who is in a position to DO something about it might agree. (I'm not holding my breath, mind you) [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 19:32, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Given the title of this comment "[[A Modest Proposal]]", are we sure it's not a wind-up/troll? [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 09:22, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:: Right. Literary references are a sure sign of trolling. Right. So much for subtlety and irony. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 13:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Sarcasm ill-becomes you, madam. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 13:29, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: I don't react well to suggestions that my opinion might be trolling. '''Kids don't belong on uncensored sites. Period.''' I won't speculate on why anyone could conceivably disagree with that. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 15:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::If you read wheat WLD wrote you will see that he is not saying this is a "sure sign of trolling". You will see that he is giving his opinion that it might be trolling, and asking if ofther contributors are sure that this is not a troll. At this moment in time I am not certain whether this is or is not trolling, so I will [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]] and treat it as if it is not. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 13:44, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::: I'm not sure whether you're trolling or not either. So what? I said what I came here to say, you can take it or leave it:'''Kids don't belong on uncensored sites. Period.''' Given all the loonies out there accusing Wikipedia of being a haven for pedophiles, what I have warned about here ''is'' real, and it will give me no pleasure to say "I told you so" when some irate parent or nutcase-with-an-agenda eventually uses it to damage Wikipedia's reputation. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 15:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Sorry. You are quite right Thryduulf. I should [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]] more. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 15:03, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::As will I; I am of the impression that children who both can and ''want to'' competently edit an encyclopedia will probably be quite different than the majority of children, and if they wish to edit Wikipedia they should be free to do so. Furthermore, keep in mind that just because Wikipedia ''has'' articles on things like [[zoosadism]] doesn't mean child editors will be drawn to them; although I can't speak for every kid, I know that if I was a child and I somehow managed to stumble across something like that I'd immediately get disgusted and leave.
    -
    -:::::But, getting back to the point, I'll try to avoid assuming that people who express a differing opinion are trolling. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 15:11, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:A couple points that seem to be getting missed. First, just how do we tell who the children really are? As you all surely know, it's very easy to deceive people about who you really are on the Internet, especially on a site with as open a registration as here on Wikipedia. Are we going to start using some adult check verification, like some porn site? You'll lose a heck of a lot more than just the children with a move like that. Then, after that's done, we'd need to eliminate unregistered logins - children can click that 'edit this page' link just as easily without an account as with one. All that is merely academic; the main fact of the matter is that it's not Wikipedia's job to parent children. That is rightfully the job of the child's parents. If a parent doesn't want his/her child to visit such a den of iniquity as the Wikipedia, then s/he should take measures to prohibit his/her child from visiting the Wikipedia, to protect against that young person's morals being irretrievably corrupted. Abdicating parental responsibility doesn't automatically transfer it to the rest of the world, the Wikipedia included. — [[User:Wwagner|Wwagner]] 16:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:: If you've read my posts, you'll see I've already said such a rule would be unenforceable. So, obviously, we DON'T figure out who the children really are. That's not the point. All I'm really suggesting is that one little sentence be added somewhere prominently to page headers, that says words to the effect of '''"Because Wikipedia is not censored and contains adult text and images, you must be of legal age in your country of origin to view such material."''' This simple disclaimer just MIGHT come in handy when someone like [http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:UVWw-2EX05MJ:www.wikipedophilia.com/wikipedia-infested-with-pedophiles/+wikipedia+pedophiles&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=3 this] or [http://www.perverted-justice.com/opinions/?article=14 this] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Jimbo_Wales#The_End_is_Nigh this] make their tinfoil-hatted complaints, so we'll at least have a modicum of defense. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 19:32, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::IANAL, but let's say I had a swimming pool with no gate on it, just a sign saying: "kids prohibited", and the law said that I should have it gated and locked, and some kid got in and drowned. I would think the jury would pay little attention to the fact the sign was there - probably of little value in their deliberations. I think that pretending to lock out kids to make a point with someone would be of negligible, if any, value. It may just make the site appear more titillating to kids, who will then search out the kinkiest or ugliest items, instead of looking for articles related to their school work, essentially having the reverse effect that we want. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 19:44, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: Dunno. Maybe. Maybe not. But it seems to me that legal disclaimers (seen on most adult-oriented forums) exist on this Earth for a reason, and probably a good reason. Wikipedia already has one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_disclaimer], but it doesn't specifically address the matter of children opening accounts, and it's so hard to find that it might as well be "publicly displayed in the bottom of a locked filing cabinet stuck in a disused lavatory with a sign on the door saying Beware of the Leopard". [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 19:58, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::: The problem is that a policy that is completely unenforced may be of ''negative'' value in the event of a lawsuit. If Wikipedia has a policy of "no children permitted" but it isn't enforced, then if someone sues Wikipedia because little Johnny was scarred for life after seeing [[sex]], then Wikipedia's liability would be increased: Wikipedia has announced they are taking up the burden of keeping kids from seeing inappropriate material, but has neglected to actually do so. On the other hand, not having a policy at all, but only a warning that "Wikipedia is not censored for the protection of minors", places the burden on the parents of those minors. --[[User:Carnildo|Carnildo]] 20:23, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: No, no, no, no. I haven't suggested any language to the effect of having "announced they are taking up the burden of keeping kids from seeing inappropriate material", quite the opposite! Tens of thousands of websites have language that states "our Terms of Service prohibit minors from viewing materials prohibited in their country, and we cannot be held responsible for users who violate our TOS". The absence of any appearance of caring about the issue at all does NOT confer lessened liability. [[User:Wikipediatrix|wikipediatrix]] 20:41, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Banning minors from Wikipedia will do more than just keep little kids from reading about [[BDSM]] or [[coprophilia]] or [[handballing]] or whatever other nastiness lurks within the bowels of an uncensored, nearly-all-inclusive encyclopedia. Wikipedia is presently seen, for the most part, as being respectable, legitimate, and informative, and if we start proclaiming that minors aren't allowed to use it, the public will jump to the conclusion that ''all'' of Wikipedia is unsuitable for minors even though the majority of articles are perfectly innocuous. "Not for those under 18" is near-synonymous, in many if not most people's minds, with "focused on sex and/or distasteful practices of some sort", the equivalent of a NC-17 rating on a movie. We'll lose far more editors and potential editors than the small number of children (and large number of teenagers, if it extends to everyone under 18) we presently have.
    -
    -And, furthermore, as has been said already, we make it known that Wikipedia is not censored for minors; after they have been made aware of this, it is the ''parents''' responsibility to decide whether or not they want to let their children use our encyclopedia. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 02:00, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I, for one, have no desire to see Wikipedia enact an admittedly unenforceable policy. The outside world is already too full of stupid, unenforceable rules, policies, and laws passed so that somebody can cover their own butt, or flex their power, or pander to a moral panic of some sort, rather than because they actually do more good than harm in any way. I'd just as soon not see this site emulate that. [[User:Dtobias|*Dan T.*]] 02:09, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:''it is the ''parents'' responsibility to decide whether or not they want to let their children use our encyclopedia.'' Cool! Thanks! [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 04:50, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Snowball clause ==
    -
    -Seeing as how this proposal doesn't have a snowball's chance in hell (at least not without a nod from Brad or Jimbo), I would like to propose that we wrap up the discussion and move on. Otherwise I believe we're all just wasting hard drive space. It's pretty obvious we're not moving towards any kind of concensus. [[User:Kaldari|Kaldari]] 23:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I agree with that, the {{tl|rejected}} tag was actually added some while ago but that led to an edit war when one used refused to accept the debate was going nowhere. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 23:51, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I agree, per lots of discussion above on this point exactly. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 23:53, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I agree. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 00:13, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:As do I. It's pretty clear that there's no way we can get the various factions to agree on even the fundamental issues here. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 02:11, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I agree as well. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 15:45, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Concur. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 16:21, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I disagree. There is no reason not to leave this here. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 18:31, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Comment: what this proposal proposes is not to delete this page, but to mark the proposed policy as {{tl|rejected}}. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 20:24, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I understood that. My point is, what's the big hurry? [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 20:47, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I don't see this as any big hurry at all, quite the opposite in fact. The first edit to the policy was on [[26 August]], on the same day the first comments were made. The first major objections were raised on about the [[29 August]], and the discussion has barely progressed anywhere since then, with one group of people saying "we absolutely must have a ''policy'' now for these reasons", another group saying "No we don't - the status quo is fine, for these other reasons" and a third group saying "Why can't we just add a guidline to somewhere like [[WP:USER]]". We're not going to get any further with this if we debate it for a day, a week or a year.
    -::::The only new thing thats happened in the past month is the "modest proposal", which is self-admitedly completely unenforcable and has apparently been shot down in flames everywhere its been proposed. Given this, and that the only debate that is happening about it is rehashing what has been said above already, I honestly don't see that it has a snowball in hells chance of going any further. This is exactly the situation {{tl|rejected}} was created for (well, one of two anyway) - to stop wasting everybody's time on it. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 21:36, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Agree. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 01:46, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::See above comment. The only things that will be accomplished are more hand-waving about protecting children, more hand-waving about how Wikipedia isn't censored, more hand-waving about not enforcing it not being censorship, and more hand-waving about how everyone else involved in the debate is acting stupid. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 02:14, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Ah; I thought by un-indenting I was saying that I agree that we will not achieve consensus. That was my intent; to agree that consensus cannot be achieved. Sorry if I did that wrong. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 03:51, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::No, I agree that we won't ever reach consensus, too. Sorry if I wasn't clear on that. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 03:58, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I agree this proposal has been rejected. I believe the Rejected tag was added far too early originally, but it seems clear now the various editors involved will not see eye to eye on this discussion, and further debate at this point will probably not help. [[User:Firsfron|Firsfron of Ronchester]] 08:33, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*I have flagged it as rejected. One of the main proponents of the proposal has reverted with the comment ''"What the heck???? See talk."'' but hasn't made further comments on it on this talk page. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 08:46, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Accepted? ==
    -
    -I'm trying to figure out... how to put this... what reality the editors who think this was ''rejected'' are living in. Let's take a look at the facts on the ground. and see if we can sort this out.
    -===Numbers===
    -Granting that of course numbers aren't everything, they're not nothing either. So for raw totals, I counted numbers three times.
    -
    -Analyzing the discussion through about the earlier part (which the most active and fruitful discussions), I find the numbers to be:
    -*'''22 in favor, 12 opposed (65% support)''', 9 unclear.
    -By the way the only editor who argued with my analysis noted that I had incorrectly placed him as opposed when he was actually in favor. Anyone who wants to expose their character by claiming that my analysis is biased is free to do so.
    -
    -Next, looking at the quotes I pulled out and trying to summarize them -- which is really difficult, and probably as a summary of an excerpt likely not too accurate. My attempt at analysis, which probably contains errors, came in at
    -*'''19 supporting, 12 opposed (61% support)''', 9 impossible to categorize. There's a discrepency of 3 from the previous count, which I can't explain.
    -This is hard because after all many editors were discussing details and ramifications of the article rather than weighing in with a straight-up opinion. How do you categorize an editor whose listed comment is "Should we have any sort of policy on the uploading of personally identifying photographs?" (In this case and a couple of other similar cases I marked that as impossible to categorize - even though, really... does a comment like that sound like someone who is opposed to the overall thrust of the policy? Not to me - but I want to bend over backwards to be fair.) On the other hand, I ''did'' count as opposed one editor whose listed comment is "That's [user age, if we asked for it] easily faked" and one whose listed comment is "How would we know if a user is under 13". I think that editors who have studied the proposal would agree, regardless of their position, that these are altogether missing the point of the proposal are basically non sequiturs. Were I to discount these the numbers would be 19-9, 68% support.
    -
    -Finally, I personally asked each previous editor to once again give a brief summary comment, and also put up an RfC, the result being
    -*'''19 supporting, 11 opposed (63% support)'''. This breaks down to 15-7 of editors who had previously commented (with 20 not returning to comment), and 4-4 of new editors coming from the RfC. I could have gotten a couple of these wrong, but I don't think so. There's a discrepency of 1 from the first group counted. People coming in from the RfC (as well as those returning to comment) arrived during the page-blanking follies, so this muddies things quite a bit, but let's go with what we have.
    -
    -The numbers arrived in in these three cases - 65%, 61% (or 68%), 63% - are remarkably consistant, and this tends to support their likely validity, albeit not proving it.
    -
    -===Tactics===
    -A meta-issue here is the ''tactics'' employed by the anti faction. Now, not everyone will agree with me, but I think that when one side in a discussion employs bully-boy tactics such as trying to cut off discussion by fiat, page blanking, accusing good-faith editors of trollery, and so forth, that that is relevant to an analysis of the discussion as a whole. It doesn't ''prove'' that that faction is in the wrong, but it means ''something''. I think that it shows that the faction employing such tactics believes on some level that it has the weaker hand in terms of logic and persuasiveness. I think that a statistical analysis of discussions where one side employed such tactics, analyzed by a fair witness, would find that the faction employing such tactics does indeed have the weaker position in the great majority of cases. (I mean this is just common sense - why employ such tactics if you have the stronger hand anyway?)
    -
    -I don't think I need to state the obvious by pointing out which faction I am referring to. Diffs can be provided if necessary.
    -
    -So that's another piece of information that's germane.
    -
    -===Arguments===
    -Not for me to say who has the stronger hand here, but a few points. Just dealing with raw numbers again, several editors based their oppostion mainly or entirely on one of these two points:
    -#That it's impossible to verify the age of a person. However, this is not germane to the discussion, as I think everyone sufficiently involved in the discussion, regardless of their stance, would agree. This opposition is based on a simple misunderstanding of what we're about here.
    -#That as a non-commercial site and one which doesn't collect user information itself, COPPA is not applicable. I just... this is a very weak argument, and not really germane to the proposal. I think for ''any'' proposal the argument that we are not necessarily required by law to have the policy is not particularly strong. I mean, we don't say "Well, NPOV is not a legal requirement, if we don't have NPOV as a policy we're not going to be incarcerated or shut down, so we don't really need NPOV."
    -
    -Of the remaining opposition, a lot is based on what is really objectively a misunderstanding of human development. I do understand that given the way the Wikipedia demographic is skewed this is not surprising. I don't want to pull the expert card here, but it is just simply is so that children really ''are'' different in truly significant ways from adults, and in many areas a lot weaker, even if they don't like to think so and find if ''very annoying'' to have this pointed out.
    -
    -''However'', this is not to say that editors opposed to the proposal haven't made other arguments that are cogent and telling. They have. The problem is, those arguments just weren't ''accepted'' by very many people. Much of the opposition comes from editors who cited the much weaker points shown above.
    -
    -Those supporting the proposal also have the ''moral'' high ground, obviously, for whatever that's worth.
    -
    -Finally, "better safe than sorry" is a stronger point, in my view, than any amount of quibbling over details over what is or is not instruction creep and so forth and than any single point made by the opposition.
    -
    -===Summary===
    -So let's see.
    -*We've a consistent majority in favor of the proposal.
    -**Which is a a larger majority if we discount people who didn't really understand what we're discussing here.
    -**And which is an even larger majority if we discount people who (understandably, given the demographic) don't really know what they're talking about.
    -*We've got tactics from those opposed to the proposal which:
    -*#Muddied the waters in such a way that probably prevented the support majority from being even larger, and
    -*#Indicated that some of those opposed did not really feel secure in their position.
    -*We've got the logic of arguments about even (to be charitable), but really no opposition argument stronger than the argument that protecting the 'pedia from possible harm is a paramount concern, even if the harm seems very unlikely.
    -
    -So help me out here. In what way is this proposal ''rejected''?
    -
    -There were really two discussion here. One among the majority who are sympathetic to the basic core of the proposal, working out changes to the text and implementing them. This went fairly smoothly and was functional, fruitful, and successful.
    -
    -The second discussion was not among but ''between'' two groups of editors: the minority altogether opposed to the proposal and determined to kill it by fair means or foul, whose opposition was for a hodepodge of reasons but including as an important component ''ideological'' reasons, e.g. the Great Crusade To End The [[Moral Panic]] About Online Predators etc., and the majority. Policy is supposed implemented to aid and protect ''the encyclopedia'' and not ''use'' it to score points in the wider world, though.
    -
    -Do we say "Well, we don't have ''unanimity'' or even close to it, therefore we must surrender to the vocal minority"? I don't think so. So we have to turn to [[Wikipedia:Consensus#Consensus vs. supermajority]]. Here are some excerpts: ''"...it is often difficult for all members in a discussion to come to a single conclusion... consensus-building becomes unwieldy due to the sheer number of contributors/discussions involved. While consensus-building is still the preferred method, some contributors have also come to use a supermajority as one of the determinations... Precise numbers for "supermajority" are hard to establish... simple vote-counting should never be the key part of the interpretation of a debate. However, when supermajority voting is used, it should be seen as a process of 'testing' for consensus, rather than reaching consensus... Nevertheless, some mediators of often-used Wikipedia-space processes have placed importance on the proportion of concurring editors reaching a particular level... the numbers mentioned as being sufficient to reach supermajority vary from about 60% to over 80% depending upon the decision, '''with the more critical processes tending to have higher thresholds.'''
    -
    -The bolded passage above is the ''one single thing'' that keeps me from marking this proposal as Accepted. If this was an AfD or RfA, I would close this as a ''clear'' Accept and I think most people would, if they were being fair. Only because it's a policy proposal should we set the threshold higher - maybe, although its not necessarily a given that this is more critical than an RfA. Anyway, that's my opinion, and others may argue that the proposal should be closed as Accepted given all the facts stated above. But the idea that it's been ''rejected''... that's just nuts. It's just not supported by the facts on the ground.
    -
    -I think that the only real argument is between those who would tag the proposal as Accepted and those would like to keep it open. "Rejected" just seems out of the question. [[User:Herostratus|Herostratus]] 16:51, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -
    -* Agree with Herostratus. Well counted. [[User:AnonEMouse|AnonEMouse]] [[User_talk:AnonEMouse|(squeak)]] 17:19, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*What we have here is a clear misunderstanding of how Wikipedia works. [[WP:NOT]] a democracy, and [[WP:POL|proposals]] are not decided upon by majority rule. I'm not going to argue whether 65% is majority or supermajority, but neither equates to [[WP:CON|consensensus]]. There are substantial objections to the proposal that have never been addressed, just repeatedly ignored. Consensus is in many cases reached by compromising; this page is not consensual because there is no such compromise, as pointed out in the previous section. And 'rejected' does not mean 'consensus is opposed', it means 'consensus is not in support' (as plainly stated on the template).
    -*I think by this point we can repeat the debate once more but we're not going to resolve it. Since I'm quite sure RFM and RFC wouldn't help, Jimbo is usually too busy to comment, and Brad has so far declined to respond, I am asking the Arbitration Committee to determine whether or not this proposal has consensus. '''I request that everybody leave personal issues OUT of there'''. There have been various personal attacks from both sides, but those are pretty much irrelevant to the larger issue. Since the community cannot seem to agree as to whether there is consensus, the ArbCom is asked to determine whether consensus exists - nothing more, nothing less.
    -*[[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 18:07, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*I think that the ''idea'' of this proposal is sound, but there's far too much debate regarding what form it should take (not to mention arguing about whether children should be allowed to edit or even ''read'' Wikipedia in the first place, which, although ''related'', isn't directly relevant to the proposal) for it to achieve consensus, and I'm pretty sure a policy needs to have things like its scope and how it should be implemented (not to mention fundamental issues, such as whether it should be a policy or a guideline) agreed upon before it can be considered to be accepted. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 18:40, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*The reason I am personally convinced this will never gain consensus is that there are people, including me although I am not the only one, who are not convinced of such fundamentals as that the problems this tries to fix exist. I am also not convinced that if they do exist, that this policy would actually be able to solve them. While I support the ''idea'' that protecting children's privay is good, I strongly believe that the way to do this is not by censoring them or by wikipedia trying to take parental responsability. On principle I strongly oppose any policy that will not improve Wikipedia, and I believe the policy as it stands will actually ''harm'' Wikipedia. I will not go into detail here, because I have done so several times above and I have been ingnored on all such occasions. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 19:39, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*I can't easily add more to Radiant and Thryduulf's positions, other than to say I agree with them. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 20:06, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*I agree with Herostratus. I think part of the problem with this whole sequence of events has been that several different policies, or versions of policies, or essays that are completely at odds with the original idea of the proposed policy, have been on the project page or sub-pages at different times, and sometimes it has been difficult to tell who is talking about what. The biggest problem occurred shortly after Herostratus opened up the discussion to clarify who thought what about the policy, and suddenly one of the editors substituted a whole different thing -- not even a policy -- for what Herostratus was asking people for opinions on. I think that this interfered with the process, and now that arbitration has been requested, I think the arbitrators will have to be presented with the circumstances that have interfered with the development of a consensus. At worst (for this policy), I think a whole new process of determining opinions will have be started. One answer may be to put the "best" versions of all of the different ideas side by side and do an "approval vote" so people can support as many different ideas as they agree with. However, to call this "rejected" is simply wrong. There certainly is no consensus to do nothing. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 20:34, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -**If you read the rejected tag it doesn't say there is consensus to do nothing, it says there is no consensus to do what has been proposed, and it is very unlikely there will be any. Although the difference is subtle it is important.
    -**Approval voting is also a bad way to go, because first Wikipedia is not a democracy, we don't vote, we discuss and attempt to arrive at consensus (if we can't then the status quo prevails). Secondly, approval voting (AIUI) is designed to ensure that at least one thing is approved, I not don't don't approve of any versions of this policy I've seen I oppose them.
    -**For anything to happen, I think what needs to happen is for a completely new proposal to be written elsewhere than this page. It then needs to be discussed, and the points of view from all sides taken into account, with questions answered and objections addressed not ignored. The policy will need to be modified in an attempt to reach consensus. None of this happened here. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 21:08, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Well, as I said earlier, now that someone has thrown this into arbitration, maybe the ArbComm will have to be asked to decide what really "happened here," and why. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 21:13, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*It is not true that there were ''"several different policies, or versions of policies, or essays"'', and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AProtecting_children%27s_privacy&diff=81037948&oldid=75467889 this diff] indicates there has been no substantial change here since the last month. The single alternative version was my rewrite, which was reverted after four hours, has been moved to a different page. Everybody has been talking about the same ideas here. [[User_talk:Radiant!|>Radiant<]] 21:15, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*I agree - this is an issue that either needs mediation or arbitration. Despite the correctness Herostratus numbers I read another thing from that numbers - that there is no real consensus here. Any attempt to mark it either rejected or accepted would only draw strong oppostion. [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 23:26, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:: I have been out of the country and otherwise limited in editing in the last month, but I would like to add a vote of support to the policy as written. I haven't posted to this page before this. I have scanned or read most of the talk page material and see nothing in the countervailing arguments I find convincing. Even with the low numbers I understand that my opinion only raises the support by a percent or so, but I wanted to register support. [[User:Mike Christie|Mike Christie]] [[User_talk:Mike Christie|(talk)]] 02:48, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Quorum? ==
    -
    -According to Herostratus' numbers as I interpret them (which could be incorrectly), 34 editors have entered into the debate. In the context of the English Wikipedia having getting on for 2.5 million registered accounts, that is a vanishingly small number of accounts (or people, assuming no sockpuppets). I don't know how many of the 2.5 million are currently 'active' (whatever that means), so it's possibly not so dire, but I am extremely uncomfortable with Wikipedia policy apparently being decided by such a small self-selected sample from the userbase. It's also pretty small compared to the number of admins (just over 1,000). Some aspects of policy do have to be decided by a small number of people - for example by lawyers advising the administration on non-negotiable legal aspects, but I think that even though Wikipedia is not a democracy, there perhaps should be a quorum of contributors to a debate, or some evidence of widespread interest. I'm very reluctant to propose a hard and fast rule for a quorum, as such a requirement would be gamed almost immediately. I don't think the current debaters (including me) are representative of the userbase as a whole or qualified to speak sensibly on this topic. Even if 50 editors agreed on a policy, I'd argue whether such a policy could be valid in the context of such numbers. Jimbo and the Arbcomm probably have a view, and under their benevolent dictatorship things aren't too bad. I think Radiant has bounced this up to Arbcomm. We'll see what happens, but if they agree with this proposed policy, I'll be very suprised, as, in my opinion, no suffcient consensus has been reached. [[User:West London Dweller|WLD]] 22:34, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:A quorum really isn't needed. Even if a policy is passed by a small number of people, [[Wikipedia:Consensus can change|consensus can change]], so if it's truly bad, there will be enough of a consensus to remove it, bolstered by people who will be disgusted that a policy was passed with only 50 people discussing it. It doesn't really matter here, because there's no chance of this passing for a long time, if ever. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 02:51, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== How can Wikipedia prosper without everyone's viewpoint? ==
    -
    -I think that it is ridiculous banning children 12 or under - firstly, because it would be so hard to enforce and secondly because we need the viewpoint of everybody regardless of race, creed, gender and '''age'''.
    -
    -Wikipedia will never become the most reliable information source in the world if we reject young people from our ranks.
    -
    -Please post comments! Cheers,
    -
    ---[[User:Anthony_cfc|Anthony]][[User:Anthony_cfc|cfc]] ([[User_talk:Anthony_cfc|Talk to Me]]) [[User:Anthony_cfc/sandbox|(sandbox)]] [[Special:Contributions/Anthony_cfc|(E-Count)]] {{CURRENTTIME}} {{CURRENTDAY2}} {{CURRENTMONTHABBREV}} {{CURRENTYEAR}} '''(UTC)'''
    -:Well, some editors are of the opinion that, since Wikipedia includes articles on sexual subjects and profanity (and possibly other 'unsuitable for children' things that I missed), children should not be allowed to use it, either because the articles in question will somehow affect them negatively or because a scandal regarding the presence of such articles on an encyclopedia children are allowed to use is likely and/or inevitable. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 02:12, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Yeah. That "some editors" includes me. Maybe I'm just an old-fashioned fuddy-dud, but somehow the convergence of explicit sexual material and preteens doesn't sit well with me. I realize, however, that it's completelty unreasonable to expect the greater "Wikipedia" to prevent preteens from viewing articles describing sexually explicit reality. That's why this proposal does not address anything along those lines. This proposal has absolutely nothing to do with the use of Wikipedia by anyone, regardless of age. This proposal is very simple. It prohibits a declaration of preteenhood. That's it. The question of the propriety of the uncensored articles is left unchanged. [[User talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 02:38, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::But what exactly does prohibiting declaration of preteenhood accomplish? I'm not passing judgement at this point, I honestly want to know what you think it will do, since I haven't been able to understand. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 04:10, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I'd be more worried about the convergence of explicit sexual material and teenagers -- they're more likely to go out and try it, not that ''lack'' of such material has ever stopped them. Preteens are just going to ask embarassing questions, probably at inappropriate times. --[[User:Carnildo|Carnildo]] 04:37, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Hi Anthony and Elliskev, I'm afraid you misunderstand the proposal. It doesn't prevent children from editing, or self-identifying as children. It prevents self-identified children from disclosing personal information. If you'll read the proposal, you'll find it quite specific and quite tame. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 04:50, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Believe me, I ''KNOW'' what this proposal proposes. In ''practice'' it prohibits a self-declaration of pre-teenhood.
    -::::''Prohibition of preteenhood declaration'' would eliminate a sales-tag. This proposal is about the protection of preteens from a class of ''people''. Everything else (the realities of fun) are within the realm and jurisdiction of parenthood (let's just assume we can rely on ''that'').
    -::::There ''are'' predatory monsters. I think we can all agree on that. There are stinkin' preverts that will not stop at anything to victimize the innocent.
    -::::My understandding of this prooposal, from the beginning, was that a '''''prohibition of age declaration''''' by preteens would eliminate a distinct categorization of a potential victim class of Wikipedians.
    -::::The question seems to be: Does ''Wikipedia'' provide a '''''categorization''''' of potential victims ''to'' a predatory class? If so, what is ''our'' obligation?
    -::::My instinct is that a smashing of categories is in order. I realize that this is probably more emotional than logical. Venn diagrams probably prove that there is a small subset of Wikipedians in any danger. However, it's that snmall subset that matters to me. [[User talk:Elliskev|Elliskev]] 05:11, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Please rest assured that I am as concerned for that small subset as you. This proposal does not prohibit ''anonymous'' editors from declaring their age, and since I want it to pass, I want those interested to understand it. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 05:33, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*Well, plenty of great things get done without any direct help from people under 12. The US Constitution did not have any authors under the age of 12. I don't know of any modern novelests who are younger than 12 (though there may be a few). Virtually all modern scientific discoveries are made by people over 12. Quite simply, having persons under the age of 12 is not a requirement for the success of most projects. We are not a neighborhood lemonade stand. But its a moot point since the policy proposal does not prevent childred from editting. It just prevents them from disclosing personal identification. [[User:Johntex|'''Johntex''']]\[[User_talk:Johntex|talk]] 04:53, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Okay, I'll ask the question to you. What is it that you expect this to accomplish? -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 04:55, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Two things, Amarkov. First, while there are many parents who allow their children to edit Wikipedia, and doubtless some who allow their children to self-identify as children, I would think there would be very, very few parents who would want their children giving out personally identifying information on any Internet forum. (The parents of child celebrities and child royalty would be obvious exceptions, but constitute a pretty small percentage of the populace.) This policy would encourage Wikipedia editors to inform children that such behavior is inappropriate. Second, law enforcement officials often identify themselves as children, and give out personal information, in order to entrap potential pederasts over the Internet. Since that's not the sort of press Wikipedia wants (I assume), this policy might discourage such behavior here. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 05:10, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Jonathan, Wikipedia does ''not'' have a moral function. We're a project aiming to build an encyclopedia, not a project that seeks to teach children about how they should use the internet. You claim that "this policy would encourage Wikipedia editors to inform children that such behavior is inappropriate". Well, ''it is not the point of Wikipedia'' to decide what behaviour is appropriate or inappropriate. Wikipedia has prospered so far because it has offered a neutral and uncensored source of information. As soon as we start making decisions about what is "appropriate" or not, we compromise one of the core values of the project. Remember that Wikipedia does not have any social obligation - its only "obligation", if you want to call it that, is to provide a high-quality, comprehensive, neutral encyclopedia. [[Image:European flag.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] '''[[User:Ronline|Ronline]]''' [[User talk:Ronline|✉]] 06:20, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Morality is tied to methodology. If Wikipedia's sole and exclusive goal was to provide a high-quality, neutral, comprehensive encyclopedia, it would not have this issue because it would not be edited by children. But as Cameo says, it doesn't have a snowball's chance; I only hoped to clarify. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 08:43, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::I don't see how providing a high-quality, neutral, comprehensive encyclopedia precludes having child editors involved in the project. As a ''general'' rule, yes, children as an age group can be assumed to be less competent in this area, but it's really something that should be judged on a case-by-case basis (as I've said before, children who seriously want to edit Wikipedia in the first place are probably going to be rather different from the average child to begin with); not all children are on the same level of maturity. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 09:33, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::My point exactly. The beauty of Wikipedia is the fact that ''nothing'' else counts except your ability to contribute, and perhaps your ability to get along with other contributors. [[Image:European flag.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] '''[[User:Ronline|Ronline]]''' [[User talk:Ronline|✉]] 10:10, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Wikipedia does not have a role to protect children's privacy ==
    -
    -In the same way that Wikipedia is not censored, I don't believe that Wikipedia has a mandate to protect children's privacy, and hence that this policy will affect the freedom to edit within Wikipedia, and will potentially rid the encyclopedia of a number of valuable contributors (even if they are under 13 years of age). One of the beautiful things about Wikipedia is its meritocratic, non-discriminatory nature - ''anyone'' regardless of age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, occupation or credentials has the same right to edit and contribute, and people are judged on the merit of their contributions rather than any other factors. Considering that Wikipedia's primary aim is to produce an encyclopedia, I don't see how implementing this policy will lead to that aim being met better. Additionally, the current course of action regarding children's privacy is not against the law, so I don't see why Wikipedia would implement a policy that goes against the freedom of the user to disclose their information regardless of age, in the interests of "child privacy". This proposed policy is against Wikipedian values in the same way that the abolition of [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored|the censorship policy]] would be. [[Image:European flag.svg|20px]][[Image:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] '''[[User:Ronline|Ronline]]''' [[User talk:Ronline|✉]] 06:17, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Well, as has been pointed out, there's no way we can get everyone involved in discussing it to agree what (if anything) should be done in this area, so it has a snowball's chance in hell of being passed now and it's unlikely to be passed at a later date. You can rest easy. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 08:29, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== The exact scope of this proposal ==
    -
    -This proposal stands to prevent children from revealing certain pieces of information that could allow them to be tracked down in real life and have no real value to the project: things like street address and phone number. If it was made policy, children (or at least those who claim to be children) would '''not''' be prohibited from identifying themselves as being under 13, they would '''not''' be barred from editing Wikipedia, and they would certainly still be able to read it. This is really not the place to argue the pros and cons of children having access to Wikipedia. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 08:38, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:What you say is true. However, it is not Wikipedia's responsibility to enforce internet safety. This proposal by itself isn't all that terrible, as nobody needs to be giving out personal information. But it establishes the policies as a way to protect children. When someone then complains that offensive material has no disclaimer at the top, or that children can see it at all, what can you do? You can't honestly say that Wikipedia policy is not there to enforce protection of children, because this one is. And a bunch of Wikipedia editors saying that children should not have protection from offensive material will get '''loads''' of the bad press everyone seems to be so scared of. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 13:37, 14 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::That's a consequence of using conflationary language. Consider this alternative formulation: this policy is designed to prohibit Wikipedia from publishing children's identifying information, and [[WP:NOT|Wikipedia is not censored]]. Put that way, there's no conflict at all. — [[User:Saxifrage|Saxifrage]] [[User talk:Saxifrage|✎]] 02:35, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== not for us to decide ==
    -
    -A great deal of guidelines and policy are done by us users, but this just seems like something the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] would have to be involved with. We're talking about a ''legal matter'' that would exclude or include certain users based on a law that doesn't actually apply to us. They would have to adopt it, it's not something we can decide on our own. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 05:43, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Just like to point out that wikipedia is a terrible place to meet children because everything you say to them is public record, and there are not alot of them here. It seems like a solution looking for a problem. [[User:HighInBC|HighInBC]] 13:59, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Aye, like [[WP:BEANS]] ;) -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 20:44, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I agree. IMO it's tantamount to 50 editors trying to agree on changes to the GDFL license. I also agree that it's a solution in search of a problem. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 21:22, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I do not know that this is appropriate for us to decide but if it is left to us to decide I would vote that this is a reasonable policy. (After reviewing the discussion, I have added myself to the votes at the top of the discussion page, but I do not think this is a very critical issue as NedScott and HighinBC described, so I will not participate in the discussion.)--[[User:Blue Tie|Blue Tie]] 21:42, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::There is no reason why the "community" cannot decide this. If the Foundation wishes to adopt a policy or override a policy adopted by the community, they can do so. But unless and until they do, there is no reason to refrain from adopting a policy. It is not a "legal matter," although the first paragraph of the proposal makes it sound like it is. And it is not a solution in terms of a problem. It is a potential problem in search of... well, it's not a complete solution, it is something to make the problem not be as bad. And that's good. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 03:01, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:The stated basis for this policy proposal is COPPA. That is a legal concern and thus I agree entirely with Ned... it isn't our business. If the foundation's lawyer says that we need to do something like this to comply with COPPA then it should be policy. Otherwise, I don't see the need for it. Protecting children on our own initiative is a noble goal, but there is no evidence that such a practice would accomplish it. If anything I would think it would lead to children hiding their age, but not more sensitive information... such as where they live. As it isn't usually difficult to spot a young person by their writing style that could then leave them ''more'' vulnerable. --[[User talk:CBDunkerson|CBD]] 12:39, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Well then maybe I should just substitute my rewritten version (see section below this one, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:6SJ7/Proposed_Child_information_policy here]) for the current one. My version removes COPPA as the basis for the policy and makes clear that this is '''not''' being done for legal reasons. I was hoping for some comments before making the substitution, and I really do not want to confuse things, especially with the arbitration going on. That has already happened at least once with this policy, where versions were switched in the middle of a straw poll and it became very confusing. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 14:41, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I responded to 'non-COPPA based' arguments for this in my comments above as well. Basically, I don't think blocking kids for posting personal info would really 'protect' them at all. They'll just sign up again and not specify their age. Which leaves them every bit as vulnerable to a determined predator. At least if we know they are kids we can keep an eye out. --[[User talk:CBDunkerson|CBD]] 13:27, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Rewrite==
    -For whatever it is worth, I have completely rewritten this policy to address some of the objections that were stated during the recent effort to gague community opinion, and elsewhere on this talk page. References to COPPA have been virtually eliminated. If I do say so myself, it is also better written, clearer, more coherent and eliminates some repetition and Wikipedia jargon. It also addresses the issue of "content" on Wikipedia, that has been discussed extensively on this page. For now I have kept this rewrite in my user space, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:6SJ7/Proposed_Child_information_policy here]. I know that people who disagree with the concept will still disagree, but I would be interested in seeing the reaction of people who agree with the concept. It probably would be better to post the reaction here, although I suppose people could also write on the talk page where the proposed policy is (in my user space.) [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 17:31, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I fail to see any major differences compared to the original policy. What of the objections have you adressed? Sorry, but I can't support this version either. And saying "please, if you don't like the concept, don't comment" is counter-productive as you block out a major part of the community that discusses this thing. [[User:CharonX|Charon]][[User:CharonX/Userboxes|X'']]/[[User talk:CharonX|talk'']] 10:20, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Obviously there is nothing that I can change that is going to satisfy people who object to the concept of the policy in the first place. I did not say "don't comment." I acknowledged that "people who disagree with the concept will still disagree" (that would include you, and obviously I was correct in your case), but that I am interested in seeing the comments of others. I probably could have worded that more diplomatically, but the fact is that I already know your comment, which is that we don't need this policy or anything that looks like this policy. I have that information. I am looking for information that I '''don't''' have, which is, if anyone was generally supportive of the concept, does this version make you more or less likely to support an actual policy, and what can still be improved about this version. The main objection that I have addressed in my version is what several people (including me) saw as an over-emphasis on legal issues and COPPA in the previous version. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 11:23, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Sorry, it's still a pile of shit. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 14:09, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Well, obviously you are an eminent authority on what is appropriate behavior on Wikipedia. Anyway, as I said before, I really didn't write it for people who are opposed to the whole concept. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 14:40, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Sorry, but I just find it funny that trying to hide the COPPA connection is somehow an acceptable solution. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 14:54, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I, too, don't see how this is particularly different save for the fact that it makes fewer references to COPPA than the original proposal and (briefly) brings up the issue of Wikipedia's appropriateness for children. I do think that the addressing of [[WP:NOT]] censored for the protection of minors is something that should be brought to the attention of parents whose children want to edit Wikipedia, but I'm not sure if it merits inclusion in ''this'' proposal solely because of that; at least as it currently stands, WP:CHILD is really more concerned with keeping children from compromising their real-world identities than bringing issues parents should be aware of to said parents' notice. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 00:48, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== I still don't get why email and IM are personally identifiable ==
    -
    -I keep seeing 'e-mail address or IM screen name' on the list of personally identifiable information, and I'm kinda scratching my head as to why. I do realise that both allow there to be further '''contact''' with a child, but an email address or IM screen name can't '''in itself''' reveal the real-world identity or location of its user (it ''is'' possible for grooming to take place there, but I'm not sure if we should be held responsible in a situation like that simply because this, a well-reputed and widely-used online encyclopedia, was the place where the predator found their victim's IM name or email), at least not unless I'm seriously behind on my knowledge of Internet security. "Because COPPA includes it there" isn't really a sufficient explanation; we're neither required to adopt it nor modelling the policy after COPPA. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 20:26, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:That's a reasonable point. I think we '''should''' be concerned about adults contacting young editors. It is not a question of WP being "held responsible" for anything. As I have said in my proposed rewrite of the policy (see above), this is '''not''' a legal issue and it does not necessarily have to be modeled after COPPA. What I think it has turned into is an effort to make it more difficult to use information obtained on Wikipedia to identify '''or contact''' someone under the age of 13. (By the way, to take this even further away from COPPA, I would be happy to make the cutoff age 16 or even 18, but I do not know whether that would make it more or less likely that this proposal ultimately achieves the necessary level of support to become policy.) That being the case, contact information should be included. Since the current draft (including my version) refers only to "personal identifying information", the term "or contact information" could be added everywhere (or almost everywhere; it may not "fit" every time) that the existing phrase appears. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 20:47, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::However, in order to be effective editors, child Wikipedians (or any Wikipedians, really) are going to have to communicate with adults, and teenagers, and perhaps even another child on rare occasion, because discussion is something that's pretty much ''required'' for Wikipedia to function. The vast majority of this discussion can, does, and probably should take place on talk pages, but sometimes it's preferable for two editors to communicate via email or IMs. Prohibiting young editors from giving other Wikipedians an off-wiki way to communicate with them, as well as seeming unnecessarily harsh, could easily do far more harm than good.
    -
    -::In addition to this issue, most if not all of the rest of the proposal is focused on keeping children from compromising their offline identity - i.e. by revealing excessive personal information, which allows them to be stalked and serves no useful purpose to the encyclopedia or its community - rather than shielding them from any chance, no matter how slight, of contact by a predator. I don't think it's worth it to block off an avenue of useful contact just to prevent an already-improbable negative type of contact from occuring. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 07:28, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I completely agree with CameoAppearance on this. Besides, the wiki e-mail feature already was created to hide e-mail addresses unless you respond to the e-mail. And the idea of raising the age cut off makes this proposal WROSE, not better. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 08:18, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Personally, I think that the potential risk involved in facilitating direct contact between adults and young children outweighs the drawbacks of only being able to communicate through talk pages. (I think this is a pretty minor drawback anyway.) However, I do not think the "contact" issue should be the focus of this debate. I notice from above discussions that you (Cameo) appear to support the concept of this policy otherwise, and that you (Ned) do not seem to support it anyway. Cameo, if enough other people feel as you do, and would support the policy only if the "contact" limitations are removed, I think this can be worked out. Maybe there should be a poll (I can see certain people snapping to red alert status from here) with different options (one of them being "no policy.") [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 11:03, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::And I think that banning any means of initiating off-wiki contact between a child Wikipedian and another editor (''any'' other editor, of any age, not just people who present any kind ofactual or potential danger to them) is being unnecessarily draconian. A poll sounds like a good idea, but it'll take more than that before enough people come to a compromise on this for it to actually have a shot at being made policy. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 00:39, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::And more to the point, Cameo, what do you think of my new draft? (See section above.) I don't see much point in people continuing to edit what is on the policy page now because there are enough objections based on the over-emphasis on legal issues and COPPA to sink the whole thing. Maybe I should just "be bold" and substitute mine for the current one, and then maybe we can have a talk page poll on contact information vs. no contact information. However, I first wanted to see some comments on my draft, and specifically on whether this is an appropriate time to substitute it for the current version. [[User:6SJ7|6SJ7]] 11:33, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::I'll comment on that in its own section. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 00:39, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== ArbCom ==
    -
    -Noticed there wasn't a link in the discussion yet about the ArbCom case, [[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Protecting children's privacy]]. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 14:06, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Let the lawyers who work for the corporation handle this. ==
    -
    -Three reasons: 1) it's a legal minefield, and we risk screwing it up very badly. 2) that's what they're paid to do. 3) it is a legal issue that, if there is an issue, might affect the corporation that runs Wikipedia (and its officers, singly or collectively). --[[User:Badger151|Badger151]] 06:48, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Agreed. See also [[Wikipedia_talk:Protecting_children%27s_privacy#Foundation_Issue|this section above]]. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 14:01, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Unworkable ==
    -
    -This proposal is unworkable and may be counter productive, because critics might say that Wikipedia had acted but not taken the matter seriously. The alternative proposal, an advisory guideline, is sensible. [[User:Alan Pascoe|Alan Pascoe]] 19:15, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Agreed. And the alternative guideline should address online security in general, and be applicable to all ages, with possible emphasis on our younger contributors. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 19:19, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Herostratus' numbers ==
    -
    -According to Herostratus there are either 12 or 11 editors opposed, but no indication as to who these 11 or 12 are (I count at least 15 myself). Am I one of the 11/12? I have no idea. If I'm not one of the 11/12 I would like to make sure I am added to that total. I am firmly opposed to this proposition for numerous reason, both legal and practical, most of which have already been covered by other editors. [[User:Kaldari|Kaldari]] 19:17, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:As one of the most vocal critics, I suspect I am in the 11 or 12, but I don't know for certain. I haven't counted. This is beside the point though as we should be discussing ''why'' people are objecting (explained in great detail many times above) and reworking/rephrasing/better explaining the policy to try and gain consensus. In the absence of this it is increasingly clear that there will never be a consensus to support. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 21:01, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== An actual vote ==
    -
    -As much as I hate votes, it seems there is enough contention about whether or not there is potential for consensus on this proposed policy that an organized vote would be useful (with a deadline). Perhaps then we can finally lay to rest whether or not there is consensus for this policy (and whether or not it should be tagged "rejected"). What are people's feelings about conducting a vote? Maybe someone would like to be bold and initiate one. [[User:Kaldari|Kaldari]] 20:04, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:There have been numerous votes, reorganisations, summarisations, discussions, straw polls, etc. and all have come out as no consensus. There is currently an ongoing arbitration case ([[Wikipedia:Requests for arbitration/Protecting children's privacy]]) about this, so a vote now will, imho, both be inapropriate and pointless. [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 20:55, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I don't see evidence that an organized vote has ever been held on this policy. [[User:Kaldari|Kaldari]] 01:09, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== A fatherly consideration ==
    -
    -Let me start by saying that, as a father of kids in the target age range, there is no way I would ever permit them to edit here, though I have had my son's help on a couple of fancruft-ish copyedits. The arena is too anarchic and the denial of ''[[in loco parentis]]'' forces me to assume that the community is irresponsible when it comes to minor participation.
    -
    -It seems pretty clear that this proposal is going to fail as policy. And therefore, in its place we need a disclaimer to the effect that the community ''isn't'' going to do anything towards the protection of minors, so they edit at their own risk. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] 13:06, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:No, we do not. If parents can't be bothered to check whether we are protecting minors, that's their problem. And we deny ''in loco parentis'' because children's privacy is simply not our concern. If Wikipedia forced you to provide personal information, you could make a good argument for that. But as it is, nobody is obligated to provide personal information, so nobody is obligated to protect minors from doing so. Parents have a responsibility to take care of their child. They can't expect that every site they visit will spell out what they need to do to protect their children. Sometimes they have to do it themselves. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 13:49, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Um, an object example of that irresponsibility? I mean, I obviously cannot force you to be responsible, but I personally hold you obligated to responsible behavior even though I'm not going to get it (the parents's lot in life, if there was one). [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] 14:37, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It's not irresponsibility. There is no reason at all why it is our problem to protect your children. If Wikipedia required personal information, you could make a good argument for that. But it doesn't, and we aren't responsible for making your children not post it. It goes against the idea of a free exchange of information to prevent children from putting certain things that an adult could, even if it is "protecting" them. First off, that takes discretion away from parents who may think that it is okay, and second, it sets a bad precedent. Because if we are protecting children from giving out personal information, someone's going to think that we should protect them from obscene material, too. And really, if we are protecting them from one thing, why not the other? -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 14:45, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::And if we're protecting them from "obscene" material, we really ought to be protecting them against other "offensive" material. Who defines these terms? Are [[Evolution]], [[Penis]], [[Menstruation]], [[Holocaust]], [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[Masturbation]], [[AIDS]], [[Homosexuality]], [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]], [[Blasphemy]], [[Democracy]], [[Nestlé boycott]], [[Eminem]], [[Iraq War]], [[Protests against the Iraq War]], [[Communism]], [[Armenian Genocide]], [[Status of religious freedom in the United States]], [[Slave trade]], [[Birth control]], [[Scientology]], [[Freedom of speech]], [[Abortion]], etc, "offensive" or "obscene"? [[User:Thryduulf|Thryduulf]] 01:31, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::What any of this has to do with anything I said, I have not the slightest idea. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] 02:00, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::It means we don't protect them ''at all''. Not from content, not from sharing information. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 02:15, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Correct. If you want to protect kids (or anyone) by censorship, it's a slippery slope. [[User:Crum375|Crum375]] 02:17, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::The bottom line is that it is the ''parent's'' job to decide what, if anything, their child(ren) should be editing and/or reading on Wikipedia. The encyclopedia ''itself'' is not and should not be responsible for making that decision, no matter where the line is drawn. All this proposal does is prevent children from endangering themselves '''in a specific way that has no benefit to the encyclopedia or the child'''. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 07:05, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::This has degenerated further into a boilerplate discussion about censorship, having nothing at all to do with the proposal at hand. That degeneration pretty much proves my point about irresponsibility: that the community is largely tone-deaf to the problems of raising children.
    -
    -::::::Except for the fancruft, I tend to doubt the value of underage contribution anyway. I remember the term papers I wrote in 7th and 8th grade, and I wouldn't now consider them sufficiently good for public reference. And no offense to the ''hoi polloi'', but I always got good grades in English.
    -
    -::::::I'm not that concerned about what my kids may read in the encyclopedia, assuming that it is accurate and encyclopedic. I'm not going to let them edit it, not necessarily for the reasons behind this proposal either. But I do consider the attitudes here to be enabling of predatory contact with with minor editors. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] 11:19, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::Well, yes. One is rather forced to conclude that the reactions to your new proposal are being presented by minor editors. Certainly, based on this talk page, I'd say that no one should let their child edit Wikipedia, but I don't really think that this talk page is representative of the average child's experience editing the areas in which they are interested, and Wiki logs are permanent in a way that IM logs aren't. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 15:37, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Yes, you are right there. Our attitutes towards censorship of minors no doubt do make predatory contact possible. So does not having a law against talking to children you don't know. Either way, protecting your children is entirely your responsibility. If you don't want your children to edit, that's fine. You don't have to let them. We can't tell EVERY child (including me, by the way) that they may not edit because some parents don't want them to, because then you're hurting the children whose parents are fine with them using this site. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 14:18, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:And even if you only want to prevent kids from sharing personal information, you have a problem. Because now you've established a precedent that children may be restricted from things that are irrelevant to an encyclopedia. So what happens when someone comes along and says that children do not need to be able to view obscene articles, as they aren't legally allowed to know anything about obscene things? That's a perfectly valid argument. Then we have people looking at that, saying "Wikipedia is finally censored for minors, yay!", and then promptly try to block minors from anything THEY deem too adult. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 14:23, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Just as a note, I believe it's already accepted practice to remove potentially-harmful-and-useless-to-the-encyclopedia personal information (such as street addresses or phone numbers) on the rare occasions when self-identified children post it (I don't know if there's been an occasion when someone who either didn't give their age or claimed to be over 13 posted such potentially-dangerous information and someone else removed it). I don't have the time right now to go find specific incidents that prove this, though. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 15:28, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:That fits ''exactly'' with ''my'' suggestion, which is that we just put a disclaimer somewhere saying that we discourage the revelation of personal info on user pages, and that such info ''may'' be removed ''at the discretion of an admin''. It's legal I think under the licensing agreement (since user pages are also released), and it covers us both ways; if we remove the info, and if we ''don't''. Personally, I feel more comfortable trusting the discretion of administrators rather than putting my trust in a huge blanket policy. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 15:33, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I can support this approach. [[User:Mangoe|Mangoe]] 15:57, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::It seems a little backwards; we are now asking experts to avoid revealing information about themselves and their education in order to make minors feel more equal in the editing of an encyclopedia. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 16:05, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Some types of personal information are useful, others don't serve much purpose but are harmless, and some don't serve a purpose ''and'' can expose users (of any age) to danger; the last category includes things like addresses, phone numbers and the name of a child's school (I'm not sure if colleges/universities fit into that category or not). Only the last type should really have measures taken against its revelation. [[User:CameoAppearance|CameoAppearance]] [[User talk:CameoAppearance|orate]] 16:22, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::With a redefinition of what sorts of personal information are invoked, then, yes, it makes more sense. Instruction creep could be a factor; I would think you'd have to ban self-identifying user names outright, rather than leave them perpetually at admin discretion, which is fine for me, but it seems questionably wise for encyclopedia-building, even assuming Wikimedia personnel are exempt. I would say that asking a graduate student to keep a secret what University (s)he works for is very different from asking a minor to keep secret his/her school. I'm not sure how well this will work, globally. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 16:34, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::I'm perfectly fine with people being discouraged from posting information. The problem I have is making it a policy, which means that it must be followed. If this were a guideline proposal, I might agree with it, but as a policy, it would be too restrictive. And with a guideline, you don't have the problem of making exceptions, because nobody is obligated to follow it if they don't want to. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 21:40, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Reply to Jonathan - You're misunderstanding my suggestion. I'm not 'asking' 'experts' to avoid revealing personal info, that's not in any way a part of my proposal. The reason I worded it the way I did is because it's ''not'' going to be a policy to remove personal information. The reason why it's at the discretion of admins is so that personal info that does not threaten a user need not be removed. And my suggestion has nothing to do with self-identifying usernames, actually I feel strongly they should not be restricted. My proposal is extremely simple; we just let users know that personal info ''may'' be removed, not that it is ''forbidden'', and not that it ''will'' be removed. The threat of individual pieces of information to individual editors will be evaluated on a case by case basis the way so many other things are (fairly successfully, I might add) already on WP. It ''won't'' mean extra work for admins, it won't be a huge policy that must be enforced, it will just mean that when someone comes across a piece of damning personal info, it can be removed, no fuss, no muss. And if the editor feels it's unfair, they can contact an admin and it can be reviewed. Which will probably never happen because admins will not take the trouble to remove the name of the university where a graduate student is studying, they will only remove the name of the middle school a where user who edits the Britney Spears articles is studying. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 01:30, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::But admins should not have the power to remove it in the first place, whether or not it can be reviewed. If you want to have a guideline against it, good. It should be discouraged, because many children do not understand the reasons why it is generally a bad idea to reveal personal information. But don't give admins the power to overrule our decisions on whether or not we should post personal information here. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 01:39, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Well actually they already have the power. We wouldn't be ''giving'' them anything. All we'd be doing is preparing people by ''warning'' them that it might be removed. We don't own our userpages, the Wikimedia foundation does, and we release the contents under the Gnu license. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 01:46, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::What do you mean, they have the power? I hadn't heard that admins could remove personal information from user pages without consent. Could you link to the policy that lets them do that? -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 01:48, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::It's not ''policy'' per se, it's part of the foundation of Wikipedia. ''Anyone'' can remove or add ''anything'' to ''any'' page on Wikipedia if there is community consensus to do so. Userpages are no different. The reason why it's not widespread right now (but it ''does'' happen, if you read the Admin boards much) is because of community ''conventions'', not ''policy''. What I'm proposing would not change anyone's rights, powers or responsibilities, it would just foster a small ''shift'' in our perceptions of the purpose of our userpages, similar to the change v/v userboxes. A year ago, anyone could have pretty much any userbox on their pages, not because of a ''rule'' regarding it, but just because it was unregulated. Now, it's accepted that certain userboxes are discouraged and may be removed. Not because a new ''rule'' was implemented, but because the purpose of userpages was more clearly defined.
    -
    -::::This is what I propose: ''Wikipedia reminds users that personal identifying information on userpages and talk pages is discouraged, particularly for underage editors. Furthermore, if information revealed by an editor is deemed to put that editor at risk, it '''may''' be subject to removal.''
    -
    -::::Admins will ''not'' be given any rights they don't already have. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 02:39, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Reply to Anchoress: You're right, I conflated your proposal with similar ones, sorry. Yours sounds like a potential compromise. [[User:JonathanPenton|JonathanPenton]] 02:27, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Cool, thanks Jonathan. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 02:39, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Very sorry, I misunderstood. The impression I got was that admins would be able to delete personal info whenever they pleased, and there would be a deletion review-style discussion (consensus needed to restore it). If that's not the case, then it could hardly hurt to spell out that it's possible instead of having people complain about it. -[[User:Amarkov|Amarkov]] [[User_talk:Amarkov|babble]] 02:44, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Cheers, no harm no foul. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 03:20, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Test case ==
    -
    -Hey, if anybody actually thinks a child needs protecting, check out [[User:DJ BatWave]], who has phone numbers and a location included in his profile and states his age as 13. [[User:Night Gyr|Night Gyr]] ([[User talk:Night Gyr|talk]]/[[User:Night Gyr/Over|Oy]]) 03:10, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
    +[[fr:Belledonne]] 2013-03-14 23:27:52 90210554 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1346477]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,7 +1,87 @@\n
    -#REDIRECT [[Palpatine]]
    -Darth Sidous is the main villain in Star wars.
    +{{FAC-instructions}}
    +__TOC__

    +==Nominations==
    +

    +{{Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Preston North End F.C.}}
    +{{Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Minnesota}}
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    +{{Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/2005 United States Grand Prix}}
    +{{Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Kroger Babb}}
    +{{Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Anthony Michael Hall}}

    -[[it:Darth Sidious]]
    -[[sr:Дарт Сидијус]]
    +
    +[[Category:Wikipedia featured content|{{PAGENAME}}]]
    +
    +[[ar:ويكيبيديا:صفحات مرشحة كمقالة مختارة]]
    +[[be:Вікіпэдыя:Кандыдатуры ў выбраныя артыкулы]]
    +[[ca:Viquipèdia:Proposta de distinció d'alta qualitat d'un article]]
    +[[cs:Wikipedie:Nejlepší články]]
    +[[de:Wikipedia:Kandidaten für exzellente Artikel]]
    +[[el:Βικιπαίδεια:Επιλεγμένα άρθρα]]
    +[[eo:Vikipedio:Artikolo de la semajno]]
    +[[es:Wikipedia:Candidatos a artículos destacados]]
    +[[fi:Wikipedia:Suositellut sivut]]
    +[[fr:Wikipédia:Proposition articles de qualité]]
    +[[he:ויקיפדיה:מאמרים מומלצים]]
    +[[hu:Wikipédia:Javaslatok kiemelt szócikkekre]]
    +[[is:Wikipedia:Úrvalsgreinar]]
    +[[it:Wikipedia:Articoli in vetrina/Segnalazioni]]
    +[[ja:Wikipedia:秀逸な記事の選考]]
    +[[lv:Wikipedia:Nedēļas rakstu kandidāti]]
    +[[nl:Wikipedia:Etalage/Aanmelding kandidaten]]
    +[[no:Wikipedia:Kandidatsider]]
    +[[pl:Wikipedia:Propozycje do Artykułów na medal]]
    +[[pt:Wikipedia:Escolha do artigo em destaque]]
    +[[ro:Wikipedia:Propuneri pentru articole fructuoase]]
    +[[ru:Википедия:Кандидаты в избранные статьи]]
    +[[simple:Wikipedia:Brilliant prose candidates]]
    +[[sl:Wikipedija:Izbrani članki]]
    +[[sq:Wikipedia:Artikuj Perfekte - kandidatura]]
    +[[sv:Wikipedia:Nomineringar till Utvalda artiklar]]
    +[[ta:Wikipedia:சிறப்புக் கட்டுரைகள் நியமனம்]]
    +[[tr:Vikipedi:Günün makalesi]]
    +[[zh:Wikipedia:特色条目候选]]
    +[[zh-min-nan:Wikipedia:Thê-miâ Chin-chán ê bûn-chiuⁿ]] 2013-03-15 08:57:24 90269582 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3270493]] NaN 2013-03-17 01:52:28 90556136 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2887546]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,454 +1,187 @@\n
    -[[Image:Central Asia world region2.png|thumb|425px|'''Central Asia''' located as a region of the world]]
    +==Profile==
    +[[Image:SuperSilver.PNG|thumb|right|Sonic ain't got nuthin on Super Silver!]]

    -Welcome to '''WikiProject Central Asia'''. This [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] aims to expand, cleanup and wikify, better organize, and neutralize the point of view on articles related to [[Central Asia]], a vast [[landlocked]] region of [[Asia]] with both a rich culture and history. For centuries Central Asia has been home to various classifications of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranian peoples]] as well as [[Mongols]] and [[Tibetans]]. Small but significant minorites such as [[Russians]] and [[Han Chinese]] also live in the region. [[Islam]] is the predominant religion (mostly of the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] sect), closely followed by [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. There are also small pockets of [[Christianity|Christians]], [[Bukharan Jews]], and [[Hinduism|Hindus]] as well. The usual definition of the region encompasses [[Afghanistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], western [[Pakistan]] ([[North West Frontier Province]] and [[Baluchistan]]), [[Xinjiang]], [[Tibet]], [[Central Asia]]n portions of [[Russia]], and [[Khorasan]], [[Iran]]. It is hoped that topics regarding these areas will be enhanced through this project as well as the knowledge of fellow Wikipedians and outside readers. If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]].
    -__TOC__
    -==Goals==
    -# To create a body of articles that accurately depicts the history and cultures of Central Asia and Central Asian peoples.
    -# To standardize articles on Central Asia and Central Asian subjects with similar layouts and formatting.
    -# To standardize the use of local-language terms, names, and translations into English across the series.
    +Birthdate: 9/9/1992

    -==Participants==
    -*[[User:aelfthrytha|aelfthrytha]]
    -*[[User:Zakksez|Zak]]
    -*{{user|deeptrivia}} {{flagicon|Tibet}} {{flagicon|India}} {{flagicon|Iran}} {{flagicon|Afghanistan}}
    -*[[User:Kintetsubuffalo|Chris]] {{flagicon|Japan}} {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}}
    -*[[User:Amir85|Amir85]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
    -*[[User:Tombseye|Tombseye]]
    -*[[User:Zaparojdik|Zaparojdik]] {{flagicon|Turkey}}
    -*{{user|FrancisTyers}}
    -*{{User|Straughn|Straughn}}
    -*{{user|RamBow}}
    -*[[User:hux|hux]]
    -*{{user|Rayana fazli}} {{flagicon|Afghanistan}}
    -*[[User:Jameswilson|Jameswilson]]
    -*[[User:Konchevnik81|Konchevnik81]] {{flagicon|USA}}{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}
    -*[[User:Khosrow II|Khosrow II]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
    -*[[User:Haider|Haider]]
    -*[[User:69.196.164.190|Proud Iranian]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
    -*[[User:Clevelander|Clevelander]] {{flagicon|USA}}
    -*[[User:Briangotts|Briangotts]] all the wway bro
    -*{{user|siddiqui}}
    -*[[User:Guss2|Guss2]] {{flagicon|Netherlands}}
    -*[[User:Bektour|Bektour İskender]] {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}}
    -*[[User:Sikandarji|Sikandarji]] {{flagicon|UK}}
    -*[[User:Mabuse|Mabuse]]
    -*{{user|MarsRover}} {{flagicon|USA}}
    -*[[User:FOA|FOA]]
    -*[[User:Casimiri|Casimiri]] {{flagicon|Afghanistan}}
    -*[[User:KASchmidt|KASchmidt]]
    -*[[User:The Way|The Way]]
    -*[[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]]
    -*[[User:OpenToppedBus|OpenToppedBus]]
    -*[[User:Le Anh-Huy|Le Anh-Huy]] {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|Vietnam}} {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}
    -*[[User:David Straub|David Straub]] {{flagicon|USA}}
    -*[[User:Absar|Absar]] {{flagicon|Turkey}}
    -*{{user|MChew}}
    -*[[User:B_cubed|b_cubed]] {{flagicon|USA}} {{flagicon|Latvia}}
    -*[[user:jsx|jsx]] {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}
    -*[[User:otebig|otebig]]
    -*[[User:KazakhPol|KazakhPol]] {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}
    -*[[User:ManiF|ManiF]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
    -*[[User:Jahangard|Jahangard]]
    -*[[User:Nathanhamm|Nathanhamm]] {{flagicon|USA}}
    -*[[User:Sborsody|Sborsody]] {{flagicon|USA}}
    -*[[User:ZeroFC|ZeroFC]]
    -*[[User:Joey AFG|Joey AFG]] {{flagicon|Afghanistan}}
    -*[[User:Mehrdadd|Mehrdad]]
    -*[[User:Abdulnr|Abdulnr]]
    -*{{user|Danohuiginn}}
    -*{{user|Clonyara}} {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} {{flagicon|Israel}}
    +Birthplace: Baltimore, MD

    -[[Image:Turkmen man with camel.jpg|thumb|300px|A native [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] man in traditional dress with his [[dromedary|dromedary camel]] in [[Turkmenistan]].]]
    +Hobbies: photography and playing video games

    -==Requested articles==
    -''Articles requested to be created.''
    +Personality: usually laid-back and mellow, but when angered can be sarcastic; good sense of humor; isn't afraid to speak his mind

    -Please remove articles that have been created.
    -===Afghanistan===
    -#[[:Wikipedia:Requested articles/Afghanistan|Requested articles: Afghanistan]]
    +Occupation: Student

    -===Geography===
    -#[[:Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Geographical_regions#Kazakhstan|Requested articles: Provinces of Kazakhstan]]
    -#[[:Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Geographical_regions# Tajikistan|Requested articles: Provinces of Tajikistan]]
    -===Miscellaneous===
    -#[[Lhasa dialect]]
    +Interested in Fields of: engineering/architecture and media

    -===Missing encyclopedic articles (from list of Asia-related topics)===
    -This is an inclusive list of related articles from the Asia-related topics list. Some of them might need redirects to existing articles. Where relevant, links to some information are included. More articles which aren't obvious can be found at: [[List of Asia-related topics]]
    +Age When First Introduced to Video Games: 7-8

    -==== General ====
    -[[Image:Donkeys in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Afghan men ride on donkeys in [[Afghanistan]].]]
    -#[[Agriculture in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Architectural Decoration in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Architecture in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Buddhism in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Carpets in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Central Asian Languages]] → [[Altaic languages]]
    -#[[Central Asian Literature]]
    -#[[Central Asian Media]]
    -#[[Central Asian Regionalism]]
    -#[[Central Asian tribes and tribal federations]]
    -#[[Chinese in Central Asia]] → [[Dungan]]
    -#[[Christianity in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Communism in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Dance in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Energy in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Felting in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Fine arts in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Folklore in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Germans in Central Asia]]
    -#[[History of Central Asia/Early Medieval Period]]
    -#[[History of Central Asia/Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods]]
    -#[[History of Central Asia/Modern Period]]
    -#[[Human Rights in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Islam in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Ismaili Sects in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Kalym]] - brideprice [http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/kalym-ema-03/]
    -#[[Koreans in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Marriage and family in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Muslim Religious Board of Central Asia]]
    -#[[Nomadic Pastoralism in Central Asia]] → [[Eurasian nomads]]
    -#[[Oil and mineral industries in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Paleoanthropology of Central Asia]]
    -#[[Radioactive waste and contamination in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Relations between China and Central Asia]]
    -#[[Relations between Russia and Central Asia]]
    -#[[Russians in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Russification and Sovietization of Central Asia]]
    -#[[Sports in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Tile work in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Timeline of Modern Central Asia]]
    -#[[Traditional Central Asian Medicine]]
    -#[[Westernization in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Women in Central Asia]]
    -#[[Woodworking in Central Asia]]
    +Favorite Game(s): Sonic 3 & Knuckles (Genesis), Marvel Vs Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes (PS2), The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (N64), Sonic the Hedgehog (PS3)

    -==== Afghanistan ====
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Afghanistan]]
    -#[[Cuisine - Afghanistan]]
    -#[[Ethnic Conflict - Afghanistan]]
    +Games That I Wish Came Stateside: Namco X Capcom, Super Robot Wars

    -==== Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Uyghuristan/East Turkestan) ====
    -#[[Uyghur]] People
    -#[[Uyghur]] History
    -#[[Uyghur Clothing, Traditional ]]
    -#[[Uyghur Cuisine ]]
    -#[[Uyghur Popular Music ]]
    -#[[Famous Uyghurs]]
    -#[[Uyghur Politics ]]
    +Consoles/Portables Currently Owned: PS2, Gamecube, GBA SP, DS

    -==== Kazakhstan ====
    +Consoles/Portables Formerly Owned: PS1, GBA, GBC

    -#[[Dauylpaz]] - Kazakh drum used in falconry
    -#[[Kazakh Uplands]]
    -#[[Kazakhstan - Education System]]
    -#[[Kazakhstan - History - Timeline]]
    -#[[Leninshil Zhas]] - Kazakh newspaper - [http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/leninshil-zhas-ema-03/]
    -#[[Literature of Kazakhstan]] / [[Kazakh literature]]
    -#[[Popular Music of Kazakhstan]] - [[SuperStar KZ]]
    -#[[Saryshaghan]] - city in Kazakhstan
    -#[[List of cities in Kazakhstan]] - missing entries
    +Favorite Anime: Ronin Warriors, Naruto, Samurai Champloo, Gundam Wing, G Gundam, Bleach

    -[[Image:Syr Darya river (Qyzylorda province) winter fishing 2006 00.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Kazakhs]] winter fishing in [[Qyzylorda]], [[Kazakhstan]].]]
    +Catchphrases: "BOOYAKA!"; "Can you feel the wind?"; "Chillax!"

    -==== Kazakh people ====
    -#[[Beiimbet Mailin]] / [[Mailin, Beiimbet]] - Kazakh, ??, [http://www.bookfinder.com/dir/i/Beiimbet_Mailin/5625002657/] , Beiisqulov, T., , Daryn daralygy [[book about life and creative work of Beiimbet Mailin]], in Kazakh, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 1994, 136 pp., P, SUBJECT(S)/KEYWORD(S): Literature; History US$18.05
    -#[[Aliya Moldagulova/Molagulova, Aliya]] - Kazakh war hero, World War II female sniper
    -#[[Makhambet Utemisov]] - Kazakh poet, [http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/makhambet-utemisov-ema-03/]
    -#[[Mukhammedzan Seralin]] / [[Seralin, Mukhammedzhan]] - Kazakh, editor of Ai Qap
    -#[[Olzhas Suleimenov]] / [[Suleimenov, Olzhas]] - Kazakh poet, writer, [http://www.cdi.org/adm/Transcripts/503/]
    -#[[Isatai Taimanov]] / [[Taimanov, Isatai]] - Kazakh rebel leader [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-taimanov-isatai-ema-05/index.html]
    -#[[Chokan Valikhanov]] / [[Valikhanov, Chokan]] - Kazakh explorer & scholar, [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-valikhanov-chokan-ema-06/index.html]
    -#[[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan]] - missing entries
    -#[[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]] - missing entries
    -#[[List of Kazakh historical figures]] - missing entries
    +==What I've Done on Wikipedia==
    +For the most part, I've been going around any Sonic the Hedgehog-related board, doing what I can to help out. Also, I've been on other video game-related articles. Expect to see more of me in the future.

    -==== Kyrgyzstan ====
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Kyrgyzstan]]
    -#[[Kyrgyzstan - Education System]]
    -#[[Literature of Kyrgyzstan]] / [[Kyrgyz literature]]
    -#[[Turdakun Usubalievich Usubaliev]] / [[Usubaliev, Turdakun Usubalievich]], Kyrgyz politician, [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-usubaliev-turdakun-usubalievich-ema-06/index.html]
    -#[[List of political parties in Kyrgyzstan]] - missing entries
    -#[[List of cities in Kyrgyzstan]] - missing entries
    -#[[kylkyak]]
    -#[[Bishkek Philharmonic Orchestra]]
    -#[[Bubusara Beishenalieva]]
    -#[[Kyrgyz National Opera]]
    -#[[Kasym Tynystanov]]
    -#[[Sayakbai Karalaev]]
    -#[[Takhti Sulaiman]]
    -#[[National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic]]
    -
    -==== Mongolia ====
    -[[Image:Desert - Inner Mongolia edit.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Gobi Desert]] in [[Inner Mongolia]].]]
    -#[[Buddhism - Mongolia - Timeline]]
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Mongolia]]
    -#[[Forest Industry - Mongolia]]
    -#[[Gandan monastery]] - Lamasery in Ulaanbaatar, [http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/gandan-lamasery-ema-02/]
    -#[[Hangai Mountains]]
    -#[[Hentii Mountains]]
    -#[[Islam - Mongolia]]
    -#[[Mongolia - Education System]]
    -#[[Mongolia-China-Russia Relations]]
    -#[[Mongolia-Soviet Union Relations]]
    -#[[Russians in Mongolia]]
    -#Shamanism - Mongolia -> [[Tengrism]]
    -#[[United Party of Mongolia]]
    -#[[Tsendiyn Damdinsuren]] - Mongolian writer, [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-damdinsuren-tsendiyn-ema-02/index.html]
    -#[[Prime Minister of Mongolia]] - missing entries
    -#*Janlavyn Narantsatsralt [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-narantsatsralt-janlavyn-ema-04/index.html]
    -#[[President of Mongolia]] - missing entries
    -#[[List of universities in Mongolia]] - missing entries
    -#[[List_of_newspapers_in_Mongolia]] - missing entries
    -#[[List of cities in Mongolia]] - missing entries
    -
    -==== Tajikistan ====
    -Acting Secretaries and First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Tajikistan
    -# [[Chinor Emomov]] ([[1924]]-[[1927]]); Acting secretary.
    -# [[Mumin Khojaev]] ([[1927]]-[[1928]]); Acting secretary.
    -# [[Ali Shervoni]] ([[1928]]-[[1929]]); Acting secretary.
    -# [[Shirinsho Shotemur]] ([[1929]]-[[1930]]); Acting secretary.
    -# [[Mirzo Dovud Guseinov]] ([[1930]]-[[1933]]); First secretary.
    -# [[Grigory Broydo]] ([[1933]]-[[1934]]); First secretary.
    -# [[Suren Shadunz]] ([[1934]]-[[1936]]); First secretary.
    -# [[Urunboi Ushturov]] ([[1936]]-[[1937]]); First secretary.
    -# [[Dmitry Protopopov]] ([[1937]]-[[1946]]); First secretary.
    -# [[Tursun Uljabaev]] ([[1956]]-[[1961]]); First secretary.
    -# [[Jabor Rasulov]] ([[1961]]-[[1982]]); First secretary.
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Tajikistan]]
    -#[[Kayrakkum]]
    -#[[Chkalovsk]]
    -#[[Kanibadam]]
    -#[[Istaravshan]]
    -#[[Jirgital]] - district
    -#[[Ragoun]]
    -#[[Tavildara]] - district
    -#[[Tajikabad]] - district
    -#[[Nurabad]] - links to disambig page with missing city in Tajikistan
    -#[[Kafirnigan River]] [http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/kafirnigan-river-ema-03/]
    -#[[Literature of Tajikistan]] / [[Tajik literature]]
    -#[[Tajikistan - Education System]] / [[Education in Tajikistan]]
    -#[[Tajikistan - History - Timeline]] / [[History of Tajikistan]]
    -#[[Fuzail Maksum]] - Bashmachi leader who fought against Bolsheviks in the 1920s-30s
    -#[[Muhammad Sharif Himmatzoda]] - opposition leader during civil war in Tajikistan.
    -#[[Davlat Khudonazarov]] - acclaimed film director and opposition canidate in 1991 presidential elections. Fled country when war began in 1992.
    -#[[Lali Badakhshan]]- also spelt La'l-i Badakhshan - Early 1990s political group that represented separatist ambitions of [[Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province]]
    -#[[Rastokhez]] - Opposition political group during early 1990s.
    -#[[Hajji Akbar Turajonzoda]] - Islamic leader and politician
    -#[[Kamoludin Abdullaev]] - historian
    -#[[Rahim Masov]] - historian
    -#[[Muhammad Osimov]] - also spelt Asimov - Historian, writer, philosopher
    -
    -[[Image:Young monks of Drepung.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Young Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]].]]
    -
    -==== Tibet ====
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Tibet]]
    -#[[Tibet - Image in the Modern West]]
    -#[[Tibetan Uprising]] - Which uprising? There has been quite a few.
    -
    -==== Turkmenistan ====
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Turkmenistan]]
    -#[[Garabil Plateau]] - [http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/garabil-plateau-ema-02/]
    -#[[Literature of Turkmenistan]] / [[Turkmen literature]]
    -#[[Turkmenistan - Education System]]
    -#[[Turkmenistan - History - Timeline]]
    -#[[List of cities in Turkmenistan]] - missing entries
    -
    -==== Uzbekistan ====
    -#[[Alisher Navoiy Samarkand State University]]
    -#[[Clothing, Traditional - Uzbekistan]]
    -#[[Literature of Uzbekistan]] / [[Uzbek literature]]
    -#[[Mamadali Mahmudov]] - Uzbek writer, currently imprisoned within Uzbekistan [http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/433] , [http://archive.muslimuzbekistan.com/eng/ennews/2003/05/ennews07052003_g.html]
    -#[[Uzbekistan - Education System]]
    -#[[Uzbekistan - History - Timeline]]
    -#[[List of cities in Uzbekistan]] - missing entries
    -#[[Mustafa Chokayev]] - Central Asian Turkic nationalist who fought against Bolsheviks
    -
    -===Central Asian Studies===
    -#[[Alexandre Bennigsen]] - author
    -#[[Ole Olufsen]] - explorer, author
    -#[[Louis Dupree]] - author
    -#[[Seymour Becker]] - author
    -#[[Teresa Rakowska-Harmstone]] -author
    -#[[Michael Rywkin]] - author
    -#[[Martha Brill Olcott]] - author
    -#[[Yutaka Akino]] - Noted Japanese scholar of Central Asian history. Murdered in 1998 in Tajikistan working for [[United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan]]. See [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/akino/akino-e.html] for a great deal of infomation about Akino. It would help if someone who can read Japanese wrote article about Akino.
    -
    -==== Miscellaneous ====
    -
    -[[Image:GBA8.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Buddhas of Bamyan]] once stood proudly in [[Afghanistan]] until their destruction under [[Taliban Movement|Taliban]] rule.]]
    -
    -===World Heritage Sites===
    -#"Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly" in Kazakhstan need their own site
    -
    -==Requested Photographs==
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Afghanistan|Requested photographs of Afghanistan]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Kazakhstan|Requested photographs of Kazakhstan]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Kyrgyzstan|Requested photographs of Kyrgyzstan]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Mongolia|Requested photographs of Mongolia]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Tajikistan|Requested photographs of Tajikistan]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Turkmenistan|Requested photographs of Turkmenistan]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Uzbekistan|Requested photographs of Uzbekistan]]
    -#[[:Category:Wikipedia requested photographs in Khorasan |Requested photographs of Khorasan]]
    -
    -==Requested Maps==
    -#[[Afghan Turkestan]]
    -#[[Kamboja-Dvaravati Route]]
    -# Map of where the [[Tanggula Mountain Pass]] is located in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].
    -
    -==Articles to improve==
    -===Articles to expand===
    -''These are articles that are stubs or in need of [[Wikipedia:Requests for expansion|expansion]]''
    -====General====
    -#[[:Category:Central Asia stubs|Central Asia stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Afghanistan stubs|Afghanistan stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Kazakhstan stubs|Kazakhstan stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Kyrgyzstan stubs|Kyrgyzstan stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Mongolia stubs|Mongolia stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Tajikistan stubs|Tajikistan stubs]]
    -
    -#[[:Category:Uzbekistan stubs|Uzbekistan stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Tibet stubs|Tibet stubs]]
    -====Geography====
    -#[[:Category:Central Asia geography stubs|Central Asia geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Afghanistan geography stubs|Afghanistan geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Kazakhstan geography stubs|Kazakhstan geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Kyrgyzstan geography stubs|Kyrgyzstan geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Mongolia geography stubs|Mongolia geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Tajikistan geography stubs|Tajikistan geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Turkmenistan geography stubs|Turkmenistan geography stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Uzbekistan geography stubs|Uzbekistan geography stubs]]
    -#[[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasavi]]
    -#[[Kafiristan]]
    -
    -[[Image:Lenin statue Osh.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A statue of Soviet revolutionary leader [[Vladimir Lenin]] still stands in [[Osh]], [[Kyrgyzstan]].]]
    -
    -====History====
    -#[[:Category:Central Asian history stubs|Central Asian history stubs]]
    -#[[Tajikistan Civil War]]
    -
    -====Languages====
    -=====[[Sino-Tibetan language]] stubs=====
    -::#[[Dungan language]]
    -::#[[Groma language]]
    -::#[[Khams Tibetan language]]
    -::#[[Ladakhi language]]
    -::#[[Lisu language]]
    -::#[[Monpa language]]
    -::#[[Qiangic languages]]
    -::#[[Tani languages]]
    -
    -=====[[Turkic language]] stubs=====
    -::#[[Afshar language]]
    -::#[[Altay language]]
    -::#[[Chagatai language]]
    -::#[[Karakalpak language]]
    -::#[[Kazakh language]]
    -::#[[Khorasani Turkish language]]
    -::#[[Kyrgyz language]]
    -::#[[Old Turkic language]]
    -::#[[Nogai language]]
    -::#[[Shor language]]
    -::#[[Tuvan language]]
    -::#[[Turkmen language]]
    -::#[[Uyghur language]]
    -::#[[Uzbek language]]
    -
    -=====[[Iranian language]] stubs=====
    -::#[[Balochi language]]
    -::#[[Bukhori language]]
    -::#[[Ingush language]]
    -::#[[Ishkashimi language]]
    -::#[[Munji language]]
    -::#[[Sarikoli language]]
    -::#[[Shughni language]]
    -::#[[Vanji language]]
    -::#[[Wakhi language]]
    -::#[[Yaghnobi language]]
    -::#[[Yazgulyam language]]
    -::#[[Yidgha language]]
    -
    -=====Language stubs most relevant to [[Afghanistan]]=====
    -::#[[Askunu language]]
    -::#[[Brahui language]]
    -::#[[Dardic languages]]
    -::#[[Domari language]]
    -::#[[Hazaragi language]]
    -::#[[Kalasha-ala language]]
    -::#[[Kamkata-viri language]]
    -::#[[Kamviri]]
    -::#[[Kata-vari]]
    -::#[[Khalaj language]]
    -::#[[Moghol language]]
    -::#[[Pashayi language]]
    -::#[[Shumashti language]]
    -::#[[Tregami language]]
    -::#[[Vasi-vari language]]
    -::#[[Waziri language]]
    -
    -[[Image:YurtIssykFamily.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A Kyrgyz family in front of a [[yurt]] near the [[Issyk Kul]] lake in [[Kyrgyzstan]].]]
    -
    -=====Other language stubs relevant to the region=====
    -::#[[Buryat language]]
    -::#[[Evenk language]]
    -::#[[Kangjia language]]
    -::#[[Khitan language]]
    -::#[[Kurmanji]]
    -::#[[Lezgi language]]
    -::#[[Parnian]]
    -::#[[Tu language]]
    -::#[[Wutunhua]]
    -
    -====Miscellaneous====
    -
    -#[[Komuz]] - Stringed instrument used in Kyrgyz music
    -#[[Kyl kyyak]] - Stringed instrument used in Kyrgyz music
    -
    -====People====
    -#[[Mirzo Tursunzade]] – Poet from Tajikistan
    -#[[Bobojan Gafurovich Gafurov]] - Tajik politician and scholar, [http://www.bookrags.com/biography-gafurov-bobojan-gafurovich-ema-02/index.html]
    -#[[:Category:Afghan people stubs|Afghan people stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Kazakhstani people stubs|Kazakhstani people stubs]]
    -#[[:Category:Uzbekistani people stubs|Uzbekistani people stubs]]
    -
    -===Articles in dispute===
    -''These are articles are tagged as having either their [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|neutrality]] or [[Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute|accuracy]] in dispute.''
    -*[[Culture of Tajikistan]]
    -*[[History of Tajikistan]]
    -*[[Miyeegombo Enkhbold]]
    -*[[Tush kyiz]]
    -*[[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]]
    -
    -===Articles to [[Wikipedia:Cleanup|clean-up]]===
    -''These articles are tagged as needing to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality.''
    -#[[Karateghin]] - based on 1911 encyclopedia, out of date
    -
    -==Administrative Work==
    -*Pick the better mainpage and merge [[Assembly of Representatives of Tajikistan]] and [[Supreme Assembly of Tajikistan]].
    -
    -==Other suggested work==
    -*Looking at "What links here" for Central Asian-related articles can often turn up uncategorised Central Asian articles. Categorizing them will put them somewhere where they can be accessed for improvement.
    -*Attaching our newly created WikiProject Template to Central Asia-related articles.
    -*Making contact with people currently in Central Asian countries to request use of their photographs or to request that they take photographs for us. Sites such as these [www.flickr.com] [www.photobucket.com] might be places to look for people.
    -
    -==Templates==
    -
    -{| class="wikitable"
    +==Game Related Userboxes==
    +{|
    +|{{User Sonic}}
    +|{{User Star Fox}}
    +|{{User:Llama man/Userboxes/Zelda}}
    |-
    -|{{tl|WikiProject Central Asia}}
    ''Placed on article talk page''
    -|{{WikiProject Central Asia}}
    +|{{User:Casmith 789/Userboxes/Mario}}
    +|{{User SSB}}
    +|{{User:Holek/Userboxes/tekken}}
    |-
    -|{{tl|User wpca}}
    ''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|Userbox]], placed on user page''
    -| style="text-align: left; " | {{User wpca}}
    +|{{User mmxhunter}}
    +|{{User Metroid}}
    +|{{User Phantasy Star}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:Bisco/Userboxes/Final Fantasy series}}
    +|{{User Dragon Quest series}}
    +|{{User KH}}
    +|-
    +|{{User Sly Cooper}}
    +|{{User Jak}}
    +|{{User game character-3|Sonic the Hedgehog}}
    +|-
    +|{{User game character-3|Zero (Mega Man)}}
    +|{{User game character-2|Bomberman}}
    +|{{User Nintendo character-3|Link (The Legend of Zelda)}}
    +|-
    +|{{User Nintendo character-2|Mario}}
    +|{{User video game music}}
    +|{{User AnyConsole}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:Llama man/Userboxes/User DS}}
    +|{{User BeefJeaunt/Ninty WiFi}}
    +|{{User mk-ds|317888154639}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:Llama man/Userboxes/Nintendo}}
    +|{{User PlayStation}}
    +|{{user cvg-3}}
    |}

    -==Related Wikipedias==
    +==Anime Related User Boxes==
    +{|
    +|{{User Jonin}}
    +|{{User ANBU}}
    +|{{User RurouniKenshin}}
    +|-
    +|{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga/Userbox/User Bleach}}
    +|{{Wikipedia:wikiProject Anime and manga/Userbox/User Samurai Champloo}}
    +|{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga/Userbox/User Gundam}}
    +|-
    +|{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga/Userbox/User Cowboy Bebop}}
    +|{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga/Userbox/User Inuyasha}}
    +|}

    -{{InterWiki|Tajik|code=tg}}
    -{{InterWiki|Uzbek|code=uz}}
    -{{InterWiki|Kyrgyz|code=ky}}
    -{{InterWiki|Tibetan|code=bo}}
    -{{InterWiki|Persian|code=fa}}
    +==Web Media Related Userboxes==
    +{|
    +|{{User:Everchanging02/UBX/8bit swords}}
    +|{{user Antihero for hire}}
    +|}

    -[[Category:Regional WikiProjects|Central Asia]]
    -[[Category:Wikiproject Countering systemic bias|Central Asia]]
    +==Music Related Userboxes==
    +{|
    +|{{User rock music}}
    +|{{User Rap}}
    +|{{User jazz}}
    +|-
    +|{{User band-3|Crush 40}}
    +|{{User band-3|Uverworld}}
    +|{{User band-3|Linkin Park}}
    +|-
    +|{{User band-2|Zebrahead}}
    +|{{User band-2|Bad Religion}}
    +|{{User band-2|Remix Factory}}
    +|-
    +|{{User artist-3|Skatman John}}
    +|}
    +
    +==TV/Film Related Userboxes==
    +{|
    +|{{user Family Guy}}
    +|{{user Boondocks}}
    +|{{User:Feureau/UserBox/SimpsonsExcellent}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:DarknessLord/Userboxes/Pineapple}}
    +|{{User Amazing Race}}
    +|{{User:DarknessLord/Userboxes/WhoseLine}}
    +|-
    +|{{User Heroes}}
    +|{{user matrix}}
    +|}
    +
    +==About Me Userboxes==
    +{|
    +|{{User male}}
    +|{{User Christianity}}
    +|{{User:Xaosflux/UBX/User alignment|LG}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:MiraLuka/Userboxes/User genderequality}}
    +|{{User:MiraLuka/Userboxes/User straight}}
    +|{{User:MiraLuka/Userboxes/User girlfriendwish|he}}
    +|-
    +|{{user friend}}
    +|{{User polite2}}
    +|{{user Jokester}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:Aeon1006/Userboxes/User Humour2}}
    +|{{user procrastinate2}}
    +|{{User:Aeon1006/Userboxes/User stories}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:Aeon1006/Userboxes/User Person}}
    +|{{user Skeptic}}
    +|{{user teen2}}
    +|-
    +|{{User en}}
    +|{{user Earthling3}}
    +|{{User:Rfrisbie/Userbox/Whatever earth}}
    +|-
    +|{{User United States}}
    +|{{User:Ginkgo100/Userboxes/User left-handed}}
    +|{{User:Richard0612/Userbox Archive/blue}}
    +|-
    +|{{User:ZeroOne/Userboxes/Chess}}
    +|{{user photography}}
    +|{{user architecture}}
    +|-
    +|{{user piano}}
    +|{{User:Mkdw/Read}}
    +|{{User Cross Country}}
    +|-
    +|{{User Track Runner}}
    +|{{User:Gary Kirk/User want ipod}}
    +|{{User bored reasons}}
    +|-
    +|{{User overuse}}
    +|{{user Recently Discovered Userboxes}}
    +|{{user Too many userboxes}}
    +|-
    +|{{user toomuchtime}}
    +|{{User filler}}
    +|}
    +
    +==Friends List==
    +These are people who I get along with pretty well. I usually share similar interests/opinions with them. I'm sure that if I ever needed help, they'd come to my aid, just as I'd do the same for them. If anyone hurts these people (in any way, shape, or form), ''I WILL COME AFTER YOU'' !!!:

    +

    +[[User:Hyper Sonic]]

    +
    +==Other Websites==
    +If you visit one of these websites you might see me under one of these aliases:

    +[[Gamespot]]: (coming soon)

    +[[Youtube]]: (coming soon)

    +
    +==E-Mail==
    +
    +[[MSN]] and [[MSN Messenger]]: fenrir_the_dark_one@msn.com

    +[[Yahoo]]: antihero_4_hire@yahoo.com

    +[[AIM]]: (coming soon)
    2013-03-20 07:37:56 90989578 Addbot MerlIwBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3336037]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1 +1,5 @@\n
    +{{reqphotoin|London}}

    +== Photo added ==
    +
    +I have removed the "Photo required" tag - not that my photographic effort shown here is very inspiring, unfortunately. The road was being dug up in several places on the day of my visit, and in an effort to get the street name sign in, I appear to have included rather a lot of that ugly building on the right. Please feel free to replace this with something a bit better! [[User:Hassocks5489|Hassocks5489]] 21:08, 29 November 2006 (UTC) 2013-03-17 20:17:00 90677635 Addbot PixelBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q880694]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,103 +1,3 @@\n
    -[[Image:WWE_Women's_Championship.jpg|right|thumb|275px|WWE Women's Championship belt.]]
    +Romulus High School

    -The '''WWE Women's Championship''' is a [[diva (professional wrestling)|diva]]-exclusive [[professional wrestling]] [[championship (professional wrestling)|title]]. It is currently defended on [[World Wrestling Entertainment]]'s ''[[WWE RAW|RAW]]'' brand.
    -
    -Compared to the men's belts, the Women's championship is traditionally considered to be one of the minor belts, due to the various roles women have had in modern wrestling storylines.
    -
    -Because of the relative depth of the women's roster compared to the men's roster, little attention is paid to championship responsibilities compared to the men's titles: whereas virtually all of WWE's men's titles are to be defended once every 30 days or vacated in case of an injury, neither has been strictly enforced for the Women's championship. An example of this would be when [[Trish Stratus]] took a 4 month leave to recover from a [[herniated disc]] in her lower back and returned still wearing the Women's Title.
    -
    -== History ==
    -The Women's Championship was first won by [[The Fabulous Moolah]] on [[September 15]], [[1956]] after she defeated [[Judy Grable]] in a tournament final. At the time, it was recognized as the [[NWA Women's Championship]]. In [[1983]], Moolah, who at the time owned the rights to the Women's Championship and the Women's Tag Team Championship, sold the rights to [[Vince McMahon]] when the then-WWWF withdrew from the NWA. It was thus recognized exculsively as the '''WWF Women's Championship'''. Because of this, WWE holds the viewpoint that The Fabulous Moolah held her title for almost 30 years, despite evidence that the Women's Championship changed hands during this span.
    -
    -The belt was at the center of some controversy in 1995, when the then-champion, [[Alundra Blayze]] jumped ship to rival promotion [[World Championship Wrestling]] making a surprise appearance on ''[[WCW Monday Nitro]]'' and dropping the championship belt into a trash can on live television. It is believed that this incident was one of the motives that led Vince McMahon to perform the [[Montreal Screwjob]]. The title wouldn't be seen again until mid [[1998]] when it was re-activated. In the spirit of the Attitude Era, the title was often defended in trashy and highly criticised matches and angles. Many believe that this was a low-point for womens wrestling in general as WWF divas would fight over the title in mud baths, evening gown matches and in one such incident, [[List of authority figures in professional wrestling|WWF Commissioner]] [[Shawn Michaels]] simply reversed the rules after the match, declaring the loser [[Debra Williams|Debra]] the winner and awarded her the title.
    -
    -During 2001, Chyna and at the time "Right to Censor" member Ivory found themselves feuding, after RTC nearly ended Chyna's career with a spike-pile driver. During a match at the 2001 Royal Rumble, Chyna seemed as though she re-injuried her neck while performing a handspring elbow. The events of that night led Ivory to successfully defend her Women's Championship. However, Chyna would later return at Wrestlemania X-Seven to defeat Ivory and win the title. Up until' November of 2001 Chyna would be undefeated, successfully pinning each and every opponent in what would be a considered a series of "squash matches." It wasn't until' contract negotiations fell through between Chyna and the WWE, that the title would be vacated upon her depature; thus making Chyna the only female to be undefeated in the Women's division.
    -
    -In early to mid-2002, as part of the WWE's [[WWE Brand Extension|brand extension]], the Women's Championship, along with the [[WWE Undisputed Championship]] (its male counterpart), was to be defended on both shows. However, because of the relatively little attention given to the women's title compared to the various men's belts, it was quietly made into a ''[[WWE RAW|RAW]]''-exclusive title so that there would be four championship belts per brand. However, the title remained ''de jure'' open to both ''RAW'' and ''SmackDown!'' challengers, a point which would not be exploited until [[November 2005]], when Women's Champion [[Trish Stratus]] accepted a challenge from ''[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]]'' challenger [[Melina Perez|Melina]], as a side-story to the main "show versus show" storyline. At the time, it was the first time a challenger fought for a belt - men's or women's - from the opposite brand. As a result, in [[December 2005]] WWE quietly announced that more attention would be made to the women's title on ''SmackDown!'' to reinforce the fact that the title remained open to competition on both brands.
    -
    -Although the title can be contested by both brands, it is not known whether the belt or the wrestler is forced to change shows should a challenger from the opposite brand win the championship - an issue that was avoided in [[2005]] when Stratus retained the title.
    -
    -== Statistics ==
    -
    -{| cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 border=1 style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%; background-color: #f7f8ff;"
    -|'''Record:'''
    -|'''Record holder:'''
    -|'''Record number:'''
    -|'''Notes:'''
    -|----
    -|Most reigns
    -|[[Trish Stratus]]
    -|7
    -|Retired after getting seventh title reign.
    -|----
    -|Longest reign
    -|[[The Fabulous Moolah]]
    -|10,170 / 3,652 days
    -|Moolah claims the longest championship reign in professional sports history, holding the title for twenty-eight years, though this claim is disputed. WWE does not recognize this title reign, as the title was under the umbrella of the [[National Wrestling Alliance]] at the time. It's also doubtful she defended the title every 30 days per standard ([[kayfabe]]) championship rules.
    -|----
    -|Second longest reign
    -|[[Robin Smith (wrestler)|Rockin' Robin]]
    -|650 days
    -|Robin won the title in 1988 and was still recognized as champion until it was deactivated in 1990.
    -|----
    -|Shortest reign
    -|[[Trish Stratus]]
    -|ca. 1 day
    -|Stratus retired the day following her victory over [[Amy Dumas|Lita]] at ''[[WWE Unforgiven#2006|Unforgiven]]'' 2006. The championship was declared vacant as a result.
    -|----
    -|Oldest champion
    -|[[The Fabulous Moolah]]
    -|76 years
    -|Moolah won the title at ''[[WWE No Mercy#1999|No Mercy]]'' in 1999 to become the oldest women's champion ever.
    -|----
    -|Youngest champion
    -|[[Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley]]
    -|23 years 5 months
    -|[[Wendi Richter]] was also 23 when she won the women's championship, but she was 23 years 10 months, making Stephanie McMahon younger when she won her first and only Women's Championship
    -|----
    -|Fastest debut-to-champion
    -|[[Gail Kim]] and [[Sherri Martel]]
    -|N/A
    -|Both won the title in their debuts. Gail was victorious in a seven [[WWE Diva|Diva]] battle royal, while Sherri won a match against the Fabulous Moolah in July 1987.
    -|----
    -|Only undefeated champion
    -|[[Chyna]]
    -|N/A
    -|Chyna won the championship in a [[Squash (professional wrestling)|squash]] match against Ivory at ''[[WrestleMania X-Seven]]''. After that, she went undefeated, with almost every title match she was involved in being a squash match (except against [[Amy Dumas|Lita]] at [[WWE Judgement Day#2001|''Judgment Day'']] 2001). She retained the title until she left WWE following contract disputes and the title was vacated.
    -|}
    -
    -== Trivia ==
    -*The WWE Women's Championship has only changed hands on [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]] three times, ([[WWE RAW]] has 16 changes)
    -*[[Amy Dumas|Lita]] is the only woman to win the WWE Women's Championship on the main event of an episode of ''RAW'', which she has done two times. She defeated [[Stephanie McMahon-Levesque|Stephanie McMahon]] and [[Trish Stratus]] in the only televised woman vs. woman RAW main event matches.
    -*Stephanie McMahon is the only woman to win the WWE Women's Championship on the main event of an episode of ''SmackDown!''.
    -*The Women's Championship is the only WWE championship to be won in Australia.
    -*[[Molly Holly]], [[Trish Stratus]], [[Jacqueline Moore|Jacqueline]], and [[Joanie Laurer|Chyna]] are the only women to hold the Women's Championship and another Championship usually held by male WWE Superstars. Trish Stratus and Molly Holly each became the [[WWE Hardcore Championship|Hardcore Champion]], Chyna became [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Champion]], and Jacqueline became [[WWE Cruiserweight Championship|Cruiserweight Champion]]. Alundra Blayze also held the Women's Championship and, while it still belonged to WCW, the Cruiserweight Championship.
    -*One male competitor has won the Women's Championship. [[David Lauer|Harvey Whippleman]], wrestling in disguise as "Hervina", defeated [[Stacy Carter|The Kat]] in 2000.
    -*Only two African American women have won the WWE Women's Championship. Jacqueline was the very first African American WWE Women's Champion. Jazz was the second.
    -*Trish Stratus is the only superstar to have won the Women's Championship from one pay-per-view and retain it at that same pay-per-view (New Year's Revolution) without losing or vacating it.
    -*Trish Stratus won the Women's Championship more then any other diva at a PPV, winning the title six times at seven different PPV's.
    -*[[2002]] was the year that the Women's Championship changed hands more than any other year, changing hands five times.
    -* Jazz is the only African American woman in WWE history to retain the women's title at a [[WrestleMania]].
    -*[[Trish Stratus]] holds the record for shortest title defense, when she pinned [[Nidia]] in three seconds, which is also the record for the world's shortest match.
    -[[Image:TrishStratus Unforgiven2006.png|thumb|Last recognized champion [[Trish Stratus]] after winning her record-breaking seventh WWE Women's Championship at ''[[WWE Unforgiven#2006|Unforgiven 2006.]]'']]
    -
    -== Current champion ==
    -The title is currently vacant. The last recognized champion, [[Trish Stratus]], retired immediately following her victory over [[Amy Dumas|Lita]] at ''[[WWE Unforgiven#2006|Unforgiven]]'' on [[September 17]] [[2006]] in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]].
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[List of WWE Women's Champions]]
    -*[[List of WWE Women's Championship reigns by length]]
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/women/ WWE Women's Title History]
    -
    -{{WWE Championships}}
    -
    -[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment championships]]
    -[[Category:Women's wrestling championships]]
    -
    -[[de:WWE Women's Championship]]
    -[[pt:WWE Women's Championship]]
    -[[es:WWE Campeonato Femenino]]
    -[[nl:WWE Women's Championship]]
    -[[ja:WWE・女子王座]]
    +Romulus High School is the only public high school in the city of Romulus, MI. Located on Wayne Road, it is right around the corner from Romulus Middle School. 2013-03-16 20:31:45 90518252 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q592543]] NaN 2013-03-17 15:40:11 90642703 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 4 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q421275]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,33 +1,41 @@\n
    -===[[Armenian allegations]]===
    +[[Image:Wakayama-jo-Lomo.jpg|thumb|Lomography Fisheye photo of [[Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama Castle]]]]
    +'''LOMO''' or Leningradskoye Optiko Mechanichesckoye Obyedinenie (Leningrad Optical Mechanical Union) is an advanced optical manufacturer in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]].

    -Seems to be a long-winded, one-sided [[Turkish]] [[nationalist]] apologetics on quite what I can't easily figure. Breaks [[WP:NPOV]] and probably most of the [[WP:NOT]]s, epseically [[WP:NOT]] a [[soapbox]] and no doubt others not thought of yet. If the subject is encyclopedic, ([[Turkish-Armenian relations]] perhaps?) this isn't going to help one jot, and it would be better to start off from scratch. There are also copyright issues here and strange assertions on copyright. — [[user:Duncharris|Dunc]]|[[User talk:duncharris|☺]] 13:02, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -*'''Keep''': First of all this article is not copyrighted (if you could read the first sentence) and is rather promoted by a governmental institution to be published anywhere. If you think this article is biased, then it should also be illogical for the Wikipedia to have an article named "armenian genocide" online, since even the United Nations approve the fact that it cannot be named as "genocide" and therefore should be regarded as "allegations" only. Millions of people from tens of countries oppose the idea of so-called Armenian genocide by Ottomans. Also looking at the issue from a different point of view, half a million Muslim Ottoman citizens were also murdered by Armenians (not Russian, Italian, British or other forces in a war) and if there has been an Armenian genocide, then there surely is a Turkish Genocide by the Armenians. This article reflects the views of millions of Turks, including many Armenians of Turkish descent living freely and happily in Turkey. Its objectivity comes from the extensive proof and facts from the archives of tens of organizations and countries. '''Therefore, deleting this article does not improve Wikipedia's credibility, but only diminishes its objective and neutral attitude. It is also a major offense for the memories of hundreds of thousands of Muslims, who have been murdered by Armenian terrorists 1914-1922, and their relatives. Having a debatable topic like "Armenian Genocide" but not allowing people to edit it is unbearable since some of that article is based on the fake documents and some doesn't even have a basis. Now, deleting this article for it opposes a debatable topic is neither a wiki-style nor a democratic/historical approach. I believe that people should read both articles and then freely decide on their points of view.''' --[[User:Kayaakyuz|Kayaakyuz]] 13:23, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    +Founded in [[1914]] as the Russian Optical and Mechanical Company, it manufactured gun sights during [[World War I]]. It makes optical [[military]], scientific and consumer products. It produced the first Russian [[camera]] in [[1930]].

    -: Anyone see what I mean about the [[m:MPOV]]? — [[user:Duncharris|Dunc]]|[[User talk:duncharris|☺]] 13:36, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete''', has problems with [[WP:NOT]] & [[WP:NPOV]]. Also if the content is from the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of the Republic of Turkey it seems to fall under [[Wikipedia:Don't include copies of primary sources]], but if that is the case and copyright sorted out it could be transwikied to wikisource if suitable.--[[User:Blue520|blue]][[User talk:Blue520|520]] 14:01, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    +The company became LOMO public in [[1993]] and is traded on the [[RTS_Index | RTS]] Classic Stock Market.

    -*'''Delete'''. I thought the Armenian genocide was well-established, to the extent that Turkey has a law against mentioning it, recently applied to one of their notable authors whose name alas escapes me. Hence [[Armenian genocide]]. [[User:Midgley|Midgley]] 14:10, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    -**You mean [[Orhan Pamuk]]. As you can read there, the case went nowhere. If you are interested in such things, here is an interesting interview with the author: [http://www.theage.com.au/news/books/wrestling-the-turks-dual-spirits/2006/04/13/1144521447497.html]. [[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 14:48, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    +The company is [[ISO 9001]] certified and exports world-wide. Night-vision devices and telescopes account for 30% of the company's exports. [[Germany]] is the largest importer of LOMO products.

    -*'''Keep''', but perhaps call it ''Armenian Genocide, '''Official''' position of Turkey''. I was going to say: '''Merge''' with [[Armenian Genocide and position of Turkey]], but that article has mysteriously disappeared, even though the debate on [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Armenian Genocide and position of Turkey]] was closed on 10 March 2006 with ''' speedy keep'''. The article needs to be turned into something readable, which is a tough and thankless editorial job, but it is important to present the official position of Turkey (in an NPOV way) on Wikipedia. [[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 14:48, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    +Its [[Maksutov telescope]] range is highly regarded by [[amateur astronomy|amateur astronomers]]

    -*'''delete''' I am surprised there isn't an article on the Armenian question. A good article can incorporate the positions of both parties. But poor articles like this written as strong POV from either side are not useful. [[User:Montco|Montco]] 15:46, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    +The word LOMO is often used to refer to the [[Lomo LC-A]] and other LOMO branded consumer cameras; while the cameras have a large following around the world, the cameras themselves are a minor product for LOMO PLC.

    -*'''Delete''', title is POV, topic already covered in [[Armenian genocide]]. No need for ethnic clashes to spill over onto Wikipedia. —'''[[User:Cuivienen|Cuivi]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|é]][[User talk:Cuivienen|nen]]''', [[Sunday]], [[16 April]] [[2006]] @ 16:22 ([[UTC]])
    +For more information about LOMO branded consumer cameras, see [[lomography]].

    -*'''Speedy Delete''' and suggest final warning to users. I believe the [[Armenian Genocide]] article is a good Wikipedia article as it stands. It links to the disputant sources in the Turkish Government already and has taken viewpoints of Turkish historians into account, so copying statements from the wholesale is unnecessary as well as being a major ''faux pas''. One might consider renaming that article to [[Armenian Massacre]] so as not to arouse a minority, but even the word 'massacre' is apparently disputed by one of the users involved in the edit war there, so it's best to draw a line in the sand to avoid editorial creep. Whatever the Armenians did to the Turks is covered elsewhere I'm sure, and does not detract from the reality of histoical events. Just because there are more Turks than Armenians doesn't mean they get to rewrite historiography! As a neutral European (with friends of Armenian and Turkish descent), I believe that nearly a century has passed, and these issues will be acknowledged by the Turks sooner or later. And even if that weren't such a huge inflammatory NPOV question, the article is also appallingly badly translated, has not been through the usual Wikipedia creation process, and the people who uploaded it don't seem to understand the GFDL. Are they in fact the copyright holders? Because if not, they cannot declare it GFDL, nor if it is public domain. You can hand out leaflets, but they have to understand that you cannot do this on Wikipedia. --[[User:Cedders|Cedders]] 16:42, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    -**I don't understand what is meant by "suggest final warning" above. I contest that the [[Armenian Genocide]] article is a good Wikipedia article as it stands. Confining myself to the issue at hand, the article is confused or confusing about the notion of "Turkish authorities", which are contrasted with "Turkish intellectuals". Are Turkish historians not Turkish intellectuals? Why are they lumped together with "authorities"? They may be authorities in their field of research, but that is not what you would normally understand "Turkish authorities" to mean. Why is Zeki Kuneralp quoted as an "authority", and quoted as if he spoke yesterday instead of more than 15 years ago, while the poor man, who has now been dead and buried for almost eight years, had then been retired for more than ten years? What is the subtext of the section heading "Political Arguments"? The excerpt or summary of the official position of the Republic of Turkey, although not entirely wrong, is quite incomplete. There are external links, but it is very difficult to navigate them to find reliable further details about the official position. Some people who have a strong point of view on the matter, from both sides, want to censor the presentation of some different points of view. I strongly believe that the viewpoints of ''all'' major players in this tragic, deep, and long-standing conflict should be reported accurately and comprehensively in Wikipedia. [[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 19:15, 16 April 2006 (UTC)
    -***They should be reflected in a neutral article, not in a series of POV forks. And the amount of coverage given to each strand should be based on its credibilty among neutral experts, not the number or the strength of the feelings of the antagonists. [[User:Hawkestone|Hawkestone]] 01:09, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Strongest possible delete''' Nothing but a propaganda release. [[User:Hawkestone|Hawkestone]] 01:01, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete''', historically falsifiable propaganda. [[User:Haikupoet|Haikupoet]] 02:26, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -**So if I understand you guys correctly, because ''you'' don't agree with the position of the Turkish government on the issue, the information about that position should be withheld from other readers of Wikipedia. [[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 02:44, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -***Information about the position is not being withheld from readers. The identical text is linked to from [[Armenian Genocide#Websites opposing the genocide theses]] (third bullet point); there are 2000 words in section 4 alone describing the position of the Turkish authorities (that of national institutions of historians I think is hard to distinguish from that of the Government, since it is obvious that there is little academic freedom for historiographers, what with one person still on trial for this). The intention must be to produce one definitve article on the events, noting disagreements in the relevant places, in accordance with [[WP:NPOV]]. If section 4 doesn't represent the arguments in the link well, then a possible rewrite of it or new section 4.3 could be suggested at [[Talk:Armenian Genocide]]. By 'final warning to users' I meant that an admin should take this in hand and make it very clear to him that uploading 160KB of someone else's undeited inflammatory propaganda and making or repointing a dozen redirects to it (which I've now listed on RfD) is not part of editing an encyclopaedia. I don't think either holocaust denial or raising awareness of massacres should be a crime, but if the user concerned doesn't get it and continues to disrupt, should they be banned like the similar user who blanked [[Kurdistan]]? --[[User:Cedders|Cedders]] 23:30, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    +==External links==
    +* http://www.lomospain.es
    +* [http://www.lomolomo.nl Lomolomo.nl Dutch Lomo site]
    +* http://www.lomo.com
    +* http://lomo.box.sk
    +* http://www.lomo.us
    +* http://www.lomoplc.com
    +* http://www.lomography.com
    +*[http://www.lomographynewcastle.co.uk/ newcastle lomography forum UK]
    +*[http://www.camerapedia.org/wiki/LOMO camerapedia entry for LOMO]
    +*[http://www.shiiva.net/ Lomographic Gallery]
    +*[http://www.dexigner.com/art/news-g9711.html Absolut Lomo]

    -:I think that what folks are saying is that this piece is hopelessly POV and that relevant NPOV information should be added to the existing article on the subject. This reads like a rant.[[User:Montco|Montco]] 02:49, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Delete''' Biased fork. [[User:ReeseM|ReeseM]] 04:15, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*Keep it! Wikipedia should stay in the center and should not be the representative of Armenians living abroad. If they loved their country so much, they should live in Turkey with peace, instead of cutting the vessels of the country. If they hated Anatolia then they should live in Armenia now, not in the foreign countries with a big majority. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Rirez|Rirez]] ([[User talk:Rirez|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rirez|contribs]]) 07:10, 17 April 2006 (UTC{{{3|}}})
    -*'''Delete''' If an article which doesn't pretend to be anything other than government propaganda doesn't get deleted the hope that a volunteer edited encyclopedia can work will be over. [[User:Choalbaton|Choalbaton]] 10:34, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Keep'''' I think the article should be kept since it reflects different opinions based on facts and proofs on a topic that is highly debatable among the historians. Showing both sides of the argument through [Armenian Genocide] and [Armenian Allegations] is necessary. Therefore the article should be kept. {{unsigned|anon ip}}
    -** As has been pointed out, such 'POV forks' are generally unacceptable in [[WP:NPOV#POV_forks|Wikipedia policy]]. By the way, do you have any evidence the claims in the plagiarised article are held by historians outside Turkey? If so, the best place for your contributions (because the fork will eventually be deleted) is [[Talk:Armenian_Genocide]]. --[[User:Cedders|Cedders]] 23:30, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''Comment'''; see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AArticles_for_deletion%2FArmenian_allegations&diff=48861133&oldid=48852727] for very obvious sockpuppet {{vandal|Cemcem}} voting 4 times. I just reverted it rather than proper commenting them out. — [[user:Duncharris|Dunc]]|[[User talk:duncharris|☺]] 16:57, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    +{{Russia-company-stub}}
    +
    +[[Category:Electronics companies]]
    +[[Category:Photography companies]]
    +[[Category:Companies of Russia]]
    +
    +[[cs:LOMO]]
    +[[de:Lomo]]
    +[[nl:Lomo]]
    +[[ja:LOMO]]
    +[[pt:LOMO]]
    +[[tr:Lomo]]
    +[[zh:LOMO公司]] 2013-03-17 00:53:29 90549388 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2690755]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,126 +1,64 @@\n
    -{{Football club infobox |
    - clubname = Melbourne Victory FC |
    - image = [[Image:MelbVictory-logo.svg|100px|Melbourne Victory FC Logo]]|
    - fullname = Melbourne Victory
    Football Club |
    - nickname = Victory|
    - founded = 2004|
    - ground = [[Olympic Park Stadium]] / [[Telstra Dome]] |
    - capacity = 18,500 / 53,355 |
    - chairman = [[Geoff Lord]] |
    - manager = [[Ernie Merrick]] |
    - league = [[A-League]] |
    - season = A-League 2005-06 |
    - position = 7th |
    +'''Jetsun Milarepa''' ([[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''Rje-btsun Mi-la-ras-pa''), [[1052]]-[[1135]] (approx) was one of [[Tibet]]'s most famous [[yoga|yogis]] and poets, a student of [[Marpa Lotsawa]], and a major figure in the history of the [[Kagyu]] (Bka'-brgyud) school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]].

    - pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=_mvfc|pattern_ra1=|
    - leftarm1=000066|body1=000066|rightarm1=000066|shorts1=000066|socks1=000066|
    - pattern_la2=_navylower|pattern_b2=_whiteV|pattern_ra2=_navylower|
    - leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=CCCCCC|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=CCCCCC|socks2=FFFFFF|
    -}}
    -'''WE ARE TOP THE LEAGUE, SAY WE ARE TOP THE LEAGUE!''' is a [[football (soccer)]] club based in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. It was selected as Melbourne's entry in the re-vamped national league, the [[A-League]].
    +[[Image:Milarepa statue.jpg|thumb|A statue of Milarepa from the Milarepa Gompa, Halambu valley, [[Nepal]].]]

    -Melbourne Victory's colours are navy blue, silver and white, which encompass the navy blue and white traditional state sporting colours of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. The club badge and away kit display the "V", a symbol that has long been an identifier of Victorian sporting teams.
    +The facts of his life as they are popularly known come from the enormously popular romanticized account in the biography the ''Mi-la-rnams-thar'' by Gtsang-smyon he-ru-ka rus-pa'i-rgyan-can (1452-1507), although they may be of questionable historic validity, the biographical details given in this article are based upon this account or its derivatives.

    -On [[27 October]] 2005, it was announced that [[South Korea|South Korean]] electronics giant [[Samsung]] would become the club's major sponsor in a two year deal, believed to be the largest in Australian domestic football history. Multinational fast food giant [[KFC]] have also signed on as a secondary shirt sponsor for the 2006-07 season.
    +==Early life and revenge==

    -==Stadium==
    -[[Image:Newstadium.jpg|600px|thumb|Conceptual rendering of the Melbourne Victory's new home.]]
    +Born in the village of [[Kya]], [[Ngatsa]] in [[Tibet]] to a prosperous family he was named '''Mila Thöpaga''' (Thos-pa-dga), which means "A joy to hear". But when his father died Milarepa's uncle and aunt took all the family's wealth. At his mother's request Milarepa left home and studied [[Magic (paranormal)|sorcery]]. While his aunt and uncle were having a party to celebrate the impending marriage of their son, he took his revenge by summoning a giant scorpion to demolish their house, killing 35 people, although the uncle and aunt are supposed to have survived. The villagers were angry and set off to look for Milarepa, but his mother got word to him, and he sent a hailstorm to destroy their crops.

    -The club's home stadium is the 18,500 capacity [[Olympic Park Stadium]].
    +==Tutelage under Marpa==

    -On the back of a home-and-away season record attendance of 39,730 at the [[Telstra Dome]] for the 3-2 win over [[Sydney FC]] on [[September 2]] [[2006]], it was announced on [[September 21]] that six of the club's remaining home games would be played at the Dome.

    -On [[October 20]][[2006]], it was announced that a seventh match, against the [[Newcastle United Jets]] would also be moved to the Dome. Only one match - against [[New Zealand Knights]] - will remain at [[Olympic Park, Melbourne|Olympic Park]]. {{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Sport/Victory-makes-leap-from-park-to-stadium/2006/09/21/1158431836539.html|title=Victory makes leap from park to stadium|date=[[2006-09-21]]|publisher=[[The Age]]}},{{cite news|url=http://www.melbournevictory.com.au/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=5577&pageid=71|title=Victory Jets to Dome again|date=[[2006-10-20]]}}
    +Knowing that his revenge was wrong, Milarepa set out to find a [[teacher]] and was led to [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]] the [[translator]]. Marpa proved a hard task master, and before he would teach him had Milarepa build and then demolish three houses in turn. When Marpa still refused to teach Milarepa he went to Marpa's wife, who took pity on him. She forged a letter of introduction to another teacher, Lama Ngogdun Chudor, under whose tutelage he began to practise meditation. However when he was making no progress, he confessed the forgery and Ngogdun Chudor said that it was vain to hope for spiritual growth without the guru's approval. Milarepa returned to Marpa, and after practicing very diligently for twelve years Milarepa attained the state of ''vajradhara'' (complete enlightenment). He is said to be the first to achieve this state within one lifetime. He then became known as Milarepa, which means the "Mila, the cotton clad one" (the suffix "repa" is given to many tantric yogis since they wear white robes) At the age of forty-five, he started to practice at [[Drakar Taso]] (White Rock Horse Tooth) cave, as well as becoming a wandering teacher. Here, he subsisted on [[stinging nettle|nettle]] tea, leading his skin to turn green--hence the greenish color he is often depicted as having in paintings and sculpture.

    +==Lineage==

    -The club is planning to move to a new stadium to the east of the current Olympic Park complex. It will seat approximately 20,000 spectators (expandable to 25,000) and is expected to be completed in time for the start of the 2008-2009 campaign.
    +Milarepa is famous for many of his songs and poems, in which he expresses the profundity of his realization of the [[dharma]] with extraordinary clarity and beauty. He also had many disciples, which include [[Rechung Dorje Drakpa]] (Ras-chung Rdo-rje Grags-pa), [[Gampopa]] (Sgam-po-pa) or Dhakpo Lhaje. It was Gampopa who became his spiritual successor who continued his lineage and became one of the main lineage masters in Milarepa's tradition.

    -==Supporters==
    -Melbourne Victory is the only [[A-League]] team based in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], and have a dedicated fanbase - shown through consistently good attendances for the club's home games in the compact [[Olympic Park]] venue. Despite the team struggling to find a goal during the latter part of the [[A-League 2005-06|2005-06 season]], crowd numbers never dropped below 10,000.
    +==Supernatural running==

    -Melbourne Victory has a number of supporter groups, each group with its own style of support. These groups include ''BWB'' (Blue & White Brigade), ''M7C'' (May 7 Crew), ''SDC'' (Southern Death Crew) and ''OSS'' (Offside Set).
    +According to the book ''Magic and Mystery in Tibet'' by French explorer [[Alexandra David-Néel]], Milarepa boasted of having “crossed in a few days, a distance which, before his training [in ‘black magic’], had taken him more than a month. He ascribes his gift to the clever control of ‘internal air’.” Alexandara comments “that at the house of the lama who taught him black magic there lived a trapa [monk] who was fleeter than a horse” using the same skill.David-Neel, Alexandra. ''Magic and Mystery in Tibet''. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1971 (ISBN 0-486-22682-4)

    -The English and Welsh style support, from the many fans of the [[FA Premier League]] and [[The Football League]], can be found at the Southern End. The North-East Terrace houses the European style support lead by the ''BWB''. When games are played at [[Telstra Dome]], the North-East Terrace supporters stand behind the southern goal (Coventry End), while the Southern End supporters stand behind the northern goal (Lockett End). Both sides chant to each other during games.
    +This esoteric skill, which is known as ''Lung-gom-pa'' ("Wind Meditation", ''lung'' = “wind,[http://www.sherabling.org/sherabling/lung_ta_wind_horse.htm Lung Ta - The Wind Horse] ''gom-pa'' = “meditation”Hopkins, Jeffrey. Cultivating Compassion: A Buddhist Perspective. Broadway; 1st ed edition, 2001 (ISBN 0-7679-0499-0)) in Tibet, allows a practitioner to run at an extraordinary rate of speed for days without stopping. This technique could be compared to that practiced by the ''Kaihigyo Monks'' of [[Mt. Hiei]] in [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]].[http://www.runpunxsyrun.org/marathonmonks.html The run of a lifetime]

    -Most of the supporter groups also travel to away games, and are generally around 200 in number.
    +==Miscellaneous==

    -==Rivalries==
    +As stated previously, Milarepa was born in the year [[1052]]. Adherents of [[Japanese Buddhism]] believe this is the year that the degenerative age of [[Mappo#M|Mappo]] began.[http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371241 Mappo]

    -Sydney FC are developing into Melbourne Victory's main rivals, which Melbourne fans consider the most heated rivalry in the A-League. Given the short history of the league, this is primarily due to other historical competitions and rivalries between the cities of Melbourne and Sydney.
    -
    -Melbourne and Adelaide are also developing a rivalry due to their close proximity. Both sides' travelling fans turn out in good numbers when the two teams clash, and often have heated exchanges. An incident during the Round 8 clash of the 2006/07 season saw Melbourne captain Kevin Muscat knock Adelaide United coach [[John Kosmina]] from his chair in the technical area, as he was retrieving the play ball that had rolled under Kosmina's chair. The Adelaide boss jumped to his feet and grabbed Muscat by the throat as the two exchanged words on the sideline. Muscat was yellow carded, while Kosmina was sent to the stand and later received a four-match ban from the technical area for his part in the stoush.
    -
    -==Past Seasons==
    -{{MVSeasonTemplate}}
    -
    -==2006-07 Season==
    -:''Main article: [[Melbourne Victory Season 2006-07]]''
    -Melbourne Victory will participate in the [[A-League 2006-07|2006-07 A-League competition]], hoping to improve on their 7th-placed finish in the inaugural competition.
    -
    -===A-League Table===
    -

    -{{A-League 2006-07 Position Ladder}}
    -

    -
    -
    -==Current squad==
    -{{Fs start}}
    -{{Fs player|no=1|nat=Australia|name=[[Michael Theoklitos]]|pos=GK}}
    -{{Fs player|no=2|nat=Australia|name=[[Kevin Muscat]]|pos=DF|other=captain}}
    -{{Fs player|no=3|nat=Australia|name=[[Daniel Piorkowski]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=4|nat=Australia|name=[[Mark Byrnes]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=5|nat=Belgium|name=[[Geoffrey Claeys]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=6|nat=Australia|name=[[Steve Pantelidis]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=7|nat=Australia|name=[[Michael Ferrante]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=8|nat=Brazil|name=[[Helbert Frederico Carreiro da Silva|Fred]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=9|nat=Australia|name=[[Daniel Allsopp]]|pos=FW}}
    -{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Australia|name=[[Archie Thompson]]|pos=FW|other=marquee}}
    -{{Fs mid}}
    -{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Australia|name=[[Vince Lia]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Australia|name=[[Rodrigo Vargas]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=13|nat=Australia|name=[[Kristian Sarkies]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Australia|name=[[Adrian Caceres]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=15|nat=Australia|name=[[Adrian Leijer]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=16|nat=Australia|name=[[Simon Storey]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=17|nat=Scotland|name=[[Grant Brebner]]|pos=MF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Brazil|name=[[Alessandro Viana da Silva]]|pos=DF}}
    -{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Brazil|name=[[Claudinho]]|pos=FW}}
    -{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Australia|name=[[Eugene Galekovic]]|pos=GK}}
    -{{Fs end}}
    -
    -== Records ==
    -* ''Record Victory'': 6 - 1 vs [[Changchun Yatai]], QNI North Queensland Trophy, [[24 June]] 2006
    -* ''Record Victory (A-League)'': 5 - 0 vs [[Sydney FC]], [[16 October]] 2005
    -* ''Record Defeat'': 1 - 3 vs [[Central Coast Mariners]], [[12 August]] 2005, [[27 January]] & [[29 July]] 2006
    -* ''Undefeated Streak'': 8, [[4th February]] 2006 – [[8th October]] 2006
    -* ''Most Wins in a Row'': 8, [[4th February]] 2006 – [[8th October]] 2006
    -* ''Record High Attendance'': 39,730 vs [[Sydney FC]], [[Telstra Dome]], [[Melbourne]], [[2 September]] 2006
    -* ''Record Low Attendance'': 10,078 vs [[New Zealand Knights]], [[Olympic Park Stadium]], [[Melbourne]], [[4 February]] 2006
    -* ''Highest Season Average Attendance'': 14,157 - [[A-League 2005-06]]
    -* ''All-time Leading Goal Scorer'': [[Kevin Muscat]] - 12 goals (as of 8th October 2006)
    -* ''Longest Period Without Conceding a Goal'': 276 minutes, [[2nd September]] 2006 - [[24th September]] 2006
    -
    -== Honours ==
    -2006 QNI North Queensland Trophy Winners
    +The French electroacoustic composer [[Eliane Radigue]] has devoted several of her works to the life of Milarepa. The five composotions from ''Songs of Milarepa'' (Lovely Music, 1998) contain selections from ''Drinking the Mountain Stream'' (Lotsawa Publications), an English translation of Milarepa's songs by Lama Kunga Rinpoche and Brian Cutillo. Milarepa's songs and poems are narrated and sung by Lama Kunga Rinpoche (in Tibetan) and composer [[Robert Ashley]] (in English) over Radigue's meditative synthesizer and tape compositions.

    ==References==
    -
    +
    +*The Life of Milarepa, translated by Lobsang P . Lhalungpa, Book faith India, 1997, ISBN 81-7301-046-4
    +* Milarepa, The Hundred Thousand Songs of Milarepa, transpated by Garma C.C. Chang, City Lights Books, 1999, ISBN 1-57062-476-3
    +* [http://www.samye.org/mila.htm Biography on Kagyu website]
    +* [http://sealevel.ns.ca/milarepa/ The Magic life of Milarepa] in comic book form.

    -==External links==
    -
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box
    + | before = [[Marpa]]
    + | title = [[Kagyu]]pa school
    + | years =
    + | after = [[Gampopa]]
    +}}
    +{{end box}}

    -* [http://www.melbournevictory.com.au/ melbournevictory.com.au] - Official Website
    -* [http://www.melbournevictory.net/ melbournevictory.net] - Supporters Home
    -* [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/team/stats?id=5328&cc=3436 ESPNsoccernet] - ESPNsoccernet Statistics for MVFC (2005-2006)
    +[[Category:1052 births|Milarepa, Jetsun]]
    +[[Category:1135 deaths|Milarepa, Jetsun]]
    +[[Category:Buddhist philosophers|Milarepa]]
    +[[Category:Kagyu|Milarepa]]
    +[[Category:Lamas|Milarepa]]
    +[[Category:Mahasiddhas|Milarepa]]
    +[[Category:Articles with invalid ISBNs]]

    -{{A-League teamlist}}
    -
    -[[Category:Melbourne Victory| ]]
    -[[Category:Sports clubs established in 2004]]
    -[[Category:A-League teams]]
    -[[Category:Sporting clubs in Melbourne]]
    -
    -[[fr:Melbourne Victory FC]]
    -[[id:Melbourne Victory]]
    -[[nl:Melbourne Victory]]
    -[[zh:墨尔本胜仗队]]
    +[[de:Milarepa]]
    +[[fr:Milarépa]]
    +[[it:Milarepa]]
    +[[nl:Milarepa]]
    +[[pl:Milarepa]]
    +[[pt:Jetsum Milarepa]]
    +[[ru:Миларепа]]
    +[[fi:Mi-la-ras-pa]]
    +[[sv:Milarepa]]
    +[[vi:Mật-lặc Nhật-ba]] 2013-03-19 11:16:12 90866909 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2884795]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,834 +1,157 @@\n
    -{{to do}}
    -{| class="infobox" width="270px"
    -|-
    -|align="center" colspan="2" | '''[[Image:Crystal Clear app file-manager.png|50px|Archive]]
    [[Wikipedia:How to archive a talk page|WPCVG Talk Archives]]'''
    -----
    -|-
    -|align="center"|
    -Archives: [[/archive1|1]] - [[/archive2|2]] - [[/archive3|3]] - [[/archive4|4]] - [[/archive5|5]] - [[/archive6|6]] - [[/archive7|7]] - [[/archive8|8]] - [[/archive9|9]] - [[/archive10|10]] - [[/archive11|11]] - [[/archive12|12]] - [[/archive13|13]] - [[/archive14|14]] - [[/archive15|15]] - [[/archive16|16]] - [[/archive17|17]]
    -----
    -|-
    -|align="center"|[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games/archive topics|List of archive topics by section]]
    -|}
    +{{Cleanup|September 2006}}
    +{{Mergefrom|Child discipline|date=November 2006}}
    +{{otheruses|Parent (disambiguation)}}
    +'''Parenting''' is the process of raising and [[Education|educating]] a [[child]] from [[childbirth|birth]] until [[adult|adulthood]]. This is usually done in a child's [[family]] by the [[mother]] and [[father]] (i.e., the biological parents). Where parents are unable or unwilling to provide this care, it is usually taken on by close relatives (including older [[sibling]]s) and [[grandparent]]s, [[Adoption|adoptive parents]], [[foster parent]]s, [[godparent]]s, or institutions (such as [[Orphanage|group homes or orphanages]]). [[Parens patriae]] refers to the [[public policy (law)|public policy]] power of the [[state (law)|state]] to usurp the rights of the natural [[parent]], [[legal guardian]] or informal caregiver, and to act as the parent of any [[child]] or individual who is in need of protection (i.e. if the child's caregiver is exceedingly violent or dangerous).

    -== [[Luigi]] page moved. ==
    +==Aspects of parenting==
    +*Physical care:
    +**Reliably providing [[shelter]], [[education]], [[medical care]], physical [[safety]], and [[food|nourishment]].
    +*Social development and emotional support:
    +**[[Love]], [[Play (activity)|play]], and physical [[touch]]
    +**[[Social skills]] and [[etiquette]]
    +**[[Ethics]] and [[value systems]]
    +**[[Morality|Moral]] and [[spirituality|spiritual]] development
    +**[[Norm (sociology)|Norms]] and contributions to the child's [[religion]] and ethnic [[convention (norm)|customs]]
    +*Financial support:
    +**[[Money]] provided as [[child support]] by [[child custody|custodial or non-custodial parent(s)]], or the state
    +**[[Insurance]] coverage and payments for education

    -A user has recently moved the Luigi page to [[Luigi (Mario)]] without any discussion whatsoever. What's more, none of the links were changed. Even on the disambiguation page that was created in the process. I brought the subject up at WikiProject Nintendo, but I feel that it should be mentioned here too. -[[User:SaturnYoshi|Saturn]][[User:SaturnYoshi/Esperanza|Yoshi]] [[User talk:SaturnYoshi|THE VOICES]] 02:18, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:To be honest, I don't care particularly about the move, although I wouldn't have made it myself. If people are OK with this, then you need to do a {{[[Template:db-move|db-move]]}} at [[Luigi]] and then move the disambiguation page in its place. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 03:56, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I think this completes the trifecta of major Mario naming disputes (Mario, Bowser, and now, finally, Luigi, although Peach also had a somewhat less controversial article name change). [[User:Nifboy|Nifboy]] 05:26, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +===Parenting methods and practices===
    +{{main|Nurturant parent model|Strict father model}}
    +Parenting typically utilizes rewards, [[praise]] and [[discipline]] (or [[punishment]]) as tools of behavioral control. In some [[jurisdictions]] [[physical punishment]] (eg., [[spanking]]) is prohibited by law and a number of parents have adopted non-physical approaches to [[child discipline]]. Most experts now agree that physical punishment is not an effective [[behaviour modification]] tool. The term "child training" implies a specific type of parenting that focuses on holistic understanding of the child. The "[[Taking Children Seriously]]" philosophy sees both praise and punishment as manipulative and harmful to children and advocates other methods to reach agreement with them. The term "[[attachment parenting]]" seeks to create strong emotional bonds and avoid physical punishment, with discipline being accommodated by interactions recognizing a child's emotional needs.

    -:::Yeah, but the [[Mario]] paged was never moved. -[[User:SaturnYoshi|Saturn]][[User:SaturnYoshi/Esperanza|Yoshi]] [[User talk:SaturnYoshi|THE VOICES]] 02:57, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    +*[[Discipline]]:
    +**[[Child time-out|Time-out]]
    +**[[Spanking]]
    +**[[Taking Children Seriously]] (TCS) philosophy
    +**[[Parental supervision]]

    -== Some random AFDs and prods ==
    +*Parenting fundamentals:
    +**[[Structure]]
    +**[[Accountability]]
    +**[[Consistency]]
    +**[[Motivation]]

    -I came across [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Project Reality (Mod)|this AFD]] for a mod I know nothing about and someone spouted the useless '''keep''' vote of "But there's loads of nn-mods on Wikipedia. Look at these!" Well now, ''these'' nn-mods have all been prodded or AFDed. I've removed prods on some that I ''know'' to be more notable than the article suggests, but the nominations have been on the whole incredibly lazy. I've removed prods on [[Science and Industry]], [[Hostile Intent]] and voted on [[Dystopia (computer game)]], [[Firearms (computer game)]] and the stupidly notable [[Rocket Arena]]. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 04:06, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I'm very annoyed that someone tagged Dystopia as AfD mere hours after I marked up as a CVG article. Was this guy just waiting for anything to come along that he could afd? I hadn't even had a chance to insert all the awards and links that irrefutably prove it's notability. It won Game of the Year at the Independant Game Festival for crying out loud! [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 11:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I think one or two people are being extremely over-zealous in marking stuff for deletion. The reasoning seems to be 'The article isn't finished, and I'VE never heard of it, so it should be deleted.' [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 11:53, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::The second pointer in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:AFD#Before_nominating_an_AfD|Before nominating an AfD] clearly states: Consider adding a tag such as {cleanup} or {disputed} instead; this may be preferable if the article has some useful content. In the case of at least two of the above AfDs, this hadn't been done, not even giving people a chance to fix the 'offending' problems. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 12:08, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +==Pregnancy and the early years==
    +{{see also|Pregnancy|antenatal care|Prenatal care|Childcare}}
    +===Pregnancy and prenatal parenting===
    +During [[pregnancy]] the unborn child is affected by many decisions his or her parents make, particularly choices linked to their [[lifestyle]]. The health and diet decisions of the mother can have either a positive or negative impact on the child.

    -:[[User:wickethewok|Wicketthewok]] seems to be the main culprit for the lazy AfDs. He certainly seems to have stirred up a couple of hornets nests with AfDs recently! He is very over-zealous with deleting new articles within a couple of hours creation, citing non-notability and lack of sources as the reasons, even though he usually deletes the articles before the person had a chance to add the links! Just letting you all know to be careful when your creating new articles, as this guy will probably delete it! He's also fond of quoting wiki policies chapter and verse, but seems to conveniently forget ones that provide arguements against deletion, such as the one I quoted further up the page.[[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 10:39, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    +Many people believe that parenting begins with birth, but the mother begins raising and nurturing a child well before birth.
    +Scientific evidence indicates that from the sixth month on (and possibly earlier)the unborn baby is able to feel, hear, sense, be aware of, and possibly remember. Based on this evidence a mother begins parenting before birth.

    -Lazy though those AfDs may have been, there is ''no need'' to attack Wickethewok. Seriously, how about you take the time to explain why his actions were incorrect, and what should be done to correct them? If you ''have'' already done so, there should be no need to continue the thread here. Remember, [[WP:NPA|NPA]]. [[User:Daveydweeb|Daveydw]][[User:Daveydweeb/Esperanza|ee]][[User:Daveydweeb|b]] ([[User talk:Daveydweeb|'''chat''']]/[[Wikipedia:Editor review/RandyWang 2|'''patch''']]) 09:21, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Indeed, Wickethewok was completely in the right to nominate any article that does not have meet [[Wikipedia:Verifiability]] or similar policy / concern. WP:V says "''The obligation to provide a reputable source lies with the editors wishing to include the material, not on those seeking to remove it.''" -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 09:47, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::The issues been resolved, and I wasn't attacking him (as I stated on his talk page.) I was just expressing concern over his nominations. But since it's been resolved, lets all just move on now. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 10:14, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    +===Parenting infants===
    +{{see also|infancy}}
    +Being the parent of an [[infant]] is a major responsibility. Infants require a lot of care including (but not limited to) feeding, bathing, changing diapers, and health care.
    +Common parenting issues in infancy:
    +*[[Infant]] care:
    +**[[Teething]]
    +**[[Sleep]]
    +**[[Breastfeeding]]
    +**[[Baby bottle]]
    +**[[Diaper rash]]
    +**[[Baby Colic]]
    +**[[Immunization]]
    +**[[Childhood development]]
    +**[[Paternal bond]]
    +**[[Pacifier]] use
    +**[[Circumcision]]
    +*[[Day care]]

    -== Per request, nav boxes ==
    +===Parenting toddlers===
    +{{see also|Toddler}}
    +Parenting a [[Toddler]] is a lot of work. Parenting responsibilities during the toddler years include (but are not limited to) feeding, bathing, potty training, ensuring their safety, teaching, and attending to their well being.
    +Common parenting issues with toddlers:
    +*[[Toilet training]]
    +*[[bathing]]

    -see [[Wikipedia:Navigational boxes]] →[[User:AzaToth|A]][[WP:EA|z]][[User:AzaToth|a]][[User_talk:AzaToth|Toth]] 12:48, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Um, please explain what you're talking about. It's a proposed guidline for nav boxes. "Per request, nav boxes" doesn't tell me what you're looking for here. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 13:56, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +==Preschool and school years==
    +===Preschool parenting===
    +Parenting responsibilities for preschool age children often include (but are not limited to)feeding, bathing,teaching, ensuring their safety, and attending to their well being. Parents are expected to make decisions about preschool education.
    +Issues related to parenting preschool age children:
    +*[[preschool education]]
    +*[[early childhood education]]

    -== Cover art to use for simultaneously released [[cross-platform]] games (take two) ==
    +===School years===
    +Parenting responsibilities during the school years include (but are not limited to) feeding, assisting with education, ensuring their safety and wellness, and providing them with a loving and nurturing home environment.
    +Issues related to parenting school age children:
    +*[[Education]]:
    +**[[Kindergarten]]
    +**[[Primary education]]
    +**[[Adolescence]]
    +**[[Secondary education]]
    +**[[High school]]

    -The following is an edited duplication of [[Template talk:Infobox CVG#Cover arts to use]], which is created following a suggestion to bring the discussion to this page:
    +==Assistance==
    +Parents may receive assistance from a variety of individuals and organizations. Employers may offer specific benefits or programs for parents.
    +*[[Parental leave]]

    -For some [[cross-platform]] games like ''[[Need for Speed: Most Wanted]]'', there are multiple versions released simultaneously for each platform (PC, PS2, Xbox, GameCube and the Xbox 360, for example), and thus has multiple cover art labels. Would a PS2 cover art, for example, be preferable if the port is notable in any aspect (i.e. special edition, [[launch title]])? ╫ '''[[User:ZS|２５]] [[User talk:ZS|◀RingADing▶]]''' 15:10, 3 October 2006 (UTC) ╫
    +==Observers==
    +[[Benjamin Spock]] was an authority on parenting to a generation of North American parents. A current authority is [[T. Berry Brazelton]], the founder of the Child Development Unit at Children's Hospital, [[Boston]], and Professor of [[Pediatrics]] Emeritus at [[Harvard Medical School]].

    -:If it's multi-format, I usually go for the PC box because they don't include a Xbox/PS2 banner advert at the top of the box and you get slightly more of the art. See for example [[:Image:Psychonautsbox.jpg]] and [[:Image:Tomb Raider Legend Boxart.jpg]] where I've uploaded PC covers over the originals. The NFS box however, even has a banner for the PC edition, so it doesn't matter as much. But in general, I stick to the generic most common box cover over the special edition ones. For example, I could have uploaded a box shot for the special edition of [[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion]] (PC), but decided against it, being that the special edition was a different colour to all other box art. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 15:33, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +==Parenting assessment==
    +There are several parent self-report measures that have been developed for use by clinicians and researchers to assess parenting, such as the Parenting Stress Index (PSI; Abidin, 1995) and Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI; Bavolek, 1984). Parenting measures can also be observational, such as the Parent-Child Interaction Assessment-II ([[Parent-Child Interaction Assessment-II (PCIA-II)|PCIA-II]]; Holigrocki, Kaminski, & Frieswyk, 1999).

    -::And now the ''Psychonauts'' box has no source. I'm starting to get frustrated at this. Please provide sources, people. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 16:34, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +See:
    +* Abidin, R. (1995). ''Parenting Stress Index: Professional Manual. 3rd Ed.'' Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
    +* Bavolek, S. J. (1984). ''Handbook for the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory.'' Eau Claire, Wisconsin: Family Development Associates, Inc.
    +* Holigrocki, R. J, Kaminski, P. L., & Frieswyk, S. H. (1999). Introduction to the Parent-Child Interaction Assessment. ''Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 63''(3), 413–428.

    -::Thanks for input; the importance of using a plain box art over a special edition or more notable port in the infobox is also noted. However, taking your approach into consideration, the present PC cover art of ''[[Need for Speed: Most Wanted]]'' would still be unsuitable because it includes an extra PC CD-ROM tag, while the top banner is just about the same size as those on the PS2 and Xbox; as such, I took the liberty of submitting a PC DVD version which has minimal obstructions. ╫ '''[[User:ZS|２５]] [[User talk:ZS|◀RingADing▶]]''' 19:37, 3 October 2006 (UTC) ╫
    -::Can someone please clarify the need for sources in fair-use scenarios where the source has absolutely nothing to do with the copyright holder? I thought the source was needed to confirm that it was indeed fair-use, what use is a link to a random hungarian game site or a link to amazon? At [[:Image:Half screen004.jpg]], I replaced a sourced watermarked image with an unwatermarked unsourced version. That image was a widely distributed promotional screenshot, the source is Valve Software if needed, should I have a handy link to gamespot there? - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 20:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Well, as soon as you click on [[Special:Upload]], it says to provide a rationale and source. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 23:24, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    +==Christian parenting==
    +{{see also|James Dobson|Strict father model}}
    +[[Christianity|Christian]] parenting is popular amongst [[evangelicalism|Evangelicals]] and [[Fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] Christian parents who see it as applying [[Bible|biblical]] principles to parenting. Information on Christian parenting is found in publicationshttp://www.thomasnelson.com/consumer/, Christian Parenting websiteshttp://www.familiesonlinemagazine.com/christian-parenting/index.html and in seminars devoted to assisting parents to apply Christian principles to parenting. Particualy influentaial has been [[James Dobson]] and his guide "Dare to Discipline"Dare to Discipline. Bantam, 1982. ISBN 0553203460.

    -After a discussion with [[User:ZS|ZS]], I'd rather conclude that:
    -:1. Since Wikipedia is widely viewed using the PC, all games should have the PC box art rather than the console box art, unless the game lacks a PC version.
    -:2. If the game under discussion is ''MOST'' notable in its console version, whichever that may be, the box art for that console should be used. (eg. ''[[Halo]]'' and ''[[Halo 2]]'')
    +While some Christian parenting models are strict and authoritarian, others are "grace-based" and share methods advocated in [[attachment parenting]] and [[positive parenting]] theories.

    -What are my fellow Wikipedians' views on this?
    +In a studyhttp://www.christianitytoday.com/yc/2001/005/11.128.html of Christian parents done by ''Christian Parenting Today'' in 2000, 39% have family devotions once a week or more, and 69% of parents consider Sunday school, youth and children's programs extremely important.

    -P.S.: I've taken the liberty to replace some of the games' console box art with their PC counterparts (vis-a-vis ''Hitman: Blood Money'', ''Ghost Recon: Advanced Warfighter'', ''NFS: MW'', ''NFS: U2'' etc.)
    +Some scientists, including [[Richard Dawkins]], consider christian or other religious parenting to be child abuse.[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4659873880136113631]

    -Here's an easy order, based on how pointless style disputes are handled in other areas:
    -#The version most strongly associated with the game (in English-speaking territories, if there's a conflict).
    -#The first English-language release.
    -#The first publishing in the creators' territory or native language.
    -#Whatever was uploaded first.
    +==See also==
    +*[[Attachment parenting]]
    +*[[Discipline]]
    +**[[Child discipline]]
    +**[[School discipline]]
    +**[[Taking Children Seriously]]
    +*[[Empty nest syndrome]]
    +*[[List of child related articles]]
    +*[[Maternal bond]] and [[paternal bond]]
    +*[[Parental alienation]]
    +*[[Punishment]]
    +*[[Single parent]]
    +*[[Parental leave]]
    +*[[Overparenting]]

    -This is based on the way stupid grammar issues (color vs. colour) and original-language vs. English-language issues are handled, and assumes we don't have a free/unfree situation (use the free version no matter what) or an image quality situation.
    +==Notes==
    +

    -This specifically ignores ZS's suggestion to favor PC game boxes. The PC versions of games which are not initially released on the PC are often afterthoughts; it would be silly to represent many of EA's latter-day games with the PC versions. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 06:02, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    +==External links==
    +{{wikiquote}}
    +*[http://education.byu.edu/youcandothis/ Raising Exceptional Children] Successful Parenting Techniques -- From Brigham Young University
    +*[http://raisingchildren.net.au Raising Children Network] Comprehensive, expert-reviewed resource -- the national parenting website of Australia
    +*[http://parents.berkeley.edu/ Berkeley Parents Network]
    +*[http://www.naturalchild.org Natural Child Project] Resources for parents
    +*[http://www.fight4kids.com/ Fight 4 Kids] Internet Parenting Support
    +*[http://www.sharedparentingworks.org/ Shared Parenting Works]
    +*[http://fycs.ifas.ufl.edu/news/2006/07/being-nurturing-parent.html Being a Nurturing Parent] From the University of Florida/IFAS [http://fycs.ifas.ufl.edu Department of Family Youth and Community Sciences]
    +*[http://www.lfcc.on.ca/mothers.html Helping Children Thrive / Supporting Woman Abuse Survivors as Mothers: A Resource to Support Parenting]
    +*[http://www.lfcc.on.ca/HCT_pamphlet.html Top Ten Parenting Tips for Mothers who have Left Abusive Relationships]
    +*[http://www.familiesonlinemagazine.com Families Online Magazine -Parenting Advice from Experts]
    +*[http://parenting.com parenting.com - Parenting portal]
    +*[http://blogs.jambav.com/index.php blogs.jambav.com - Jambav Parenting blogs]
    +*[http://yourparentingsolutions.com Your Parenting Solutions, the Connection Parenting Resource]
    +*[http://www.more4kids.info More4kids Parenting and Family resources]
    +*[http://www.childstoryhour.com/carrots.htm Parenting and Homeschool articles]

    -== List of best-selling computer and video games ==
    +[[Category:Parenting| ]]
    +[[Category:Children]]

    -[[List of best-selling computer and video games]] is currently suffering an edit war that has lasted around 2 weeks already. WhiteMinority believes VGCharts should be used to reference sales information in the article, while A Link to the Past believes it is not a reliable source. I would appreciate some members from this WikiProject to drop by and give an opinion [[Talk:List of best-selling computer and video games#VGCharts|here]] to try to settle the matter, as I don't want to call for a mediation. Thanks. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 18:00, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:What extensive options do we have besides VGCharts? --[[User:Tristam|Tristam]] 03:51, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::For every game, we should find an article in a reliable source stating the game has passed the 1m mark in the european, american, japanese or worldwide market. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 04:00, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Which is not easy. -- [[User:Steel359|Steel]] 10:48, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::True, but put it this way, are shipping figures the same as retail sales figures? No. Therefore shipping figures should not be used to get numbers for the best selling computer and video games. [[User:WhiteMinority|WhiteMinority]] seems more concerned with trying to provoke Link by reverting his edits and accusing him of vandalism than he is with the quality of the article. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 10:56, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:There must be someone on Wikipedia with access to the [http://www.npdfunworld.com/funServlet?nextpage=track_sales.html NPD Funworld sales data]. Just like we're using the magazines project to collect information on which users have access to which reviews, we should as a project try to find people who have access to this data. Some other portential sources: [http://www.dfcint.com/game_report/games_reports_toc.html], [http://www.idc.com/home.jhtml], [http://www.instat.com/], [http://www.dengekionline.com/soft/ranking.html japan]. It sucks that all this stuff is not just open and out there, but at least if we know who has access we can start using this data to properly source our articles. [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 11:14, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Not someone on Wikipedia, as that would be original research and no reliable source. For japanese titles, it is easy to track which titles are best selling, as there are three independant trackers Dengeki, Famitsu and Media Create. For others, we need to rely on press releases and sites like GameSpot and IGN. The important thing is getting a reliable source stating the game sold over a million copies. No need to get exact numbers, just knowing 1m copies have been sold should be enough for us. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 16:34, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -==Computer and video games lists issue==
    -Why are the lists slightly different in format? All are a list in alphabetical order, but that's about the only thing that is the same with them. On the Xbox 360 list: [[List of Xbox 360 games]], there is *'s and FP by games meaning certain things, along with release dates for games that aren't out. At [[List of GameCube games]], there is a list of cancelled and Europe games at the bottom. Other game lists have small differences as well. Shouldn't all lists be in the same format and have the same exact things? I think all should be the same, since they are the same type of list: a list of games for a certain console. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 22:26, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Good question. The subject was brought up [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer and video games/archive13#Game lists|before]], but the subject drifted towards the non-platform lists, and no clear consensus was reached on how to format the lists based on platforms/consoles. Personally, I would suggest including only the title and the regions the game is released in, probably in a list format rather than a table. Adding alternate titles given for games in the list would seem like a good idea too. I'm not sure if publisher/developer information is significant enough to add in these rather large lists, and perhaps release dates should only be shown on a chronological order version of the list, as exists for the [[Chronological list of GameCube games|GameCube]]. Not that I care much either way, but I do agree they need to look the same. --[[User:ADeveria|ADeveria]] 23:41, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::A partial attempt at making [[List of Sega Mega Drive/Sega Genesis games]] more useful (like [[List of SNES games]]) was deemed far too time-consuming to be practical. [[User:Nifboy|Nifboy]] 02:39, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== External Links for Video Game Articles ==
    -
    -I do not believe it's necessary to have links to generic, popular websites such as MobyGames. They are popular, so a lot of people know about them and they are easy to find, so it is kind of a waste to link to them in every single game article. If people want those links, they can easily do a search and find them within seconds. Most of these websites do not actually have that much information on games, anyways. They usually just have general stuff that you can find basically anywhere, and, more importantly, on the Wikipedia article. So why bother linking to them? I believe they should be removed. -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 20:12, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I, on the other hand, believe that they should be included, because they are easy sources for the articles and generally used. This is regarding an edit war over the external links on [[Riviera: The Promised Land]], by the way. Another link that was being repeatedly removed was a link to an external review. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 20:18, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Why does this keep coming up? [[MobyGames]] is an extensive database of video games (a term, which I maintain, encompasses computer games as well). It has much more content than we generally have for Wikipedia articles, including game credits and ''many, many more'' screenshots than we have for games. Plus, MobyGames has most information in a relational database, so information and context for games can easily be retreived. Because it is a popular game resource is ''exactly why we should'' include links to it, just as we link to [[BoardGameGeek]] for board games. — [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] 20:28, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I agree with Frecklefoot. Moby should be included simply because of those reasons. But I also feel the courtesy should be extended to other major archives/resources as well like KLOV and http://www.arcadeflyers.net/. --[[User:Wgungfu|Marty Goldberg]] 20:56, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::The MobyGames page DOESN'T have game credits for Riviera, though. Besides, "Everything in MobyGames is contributable by users." So I might as well link to the GameFAQs information pages about Riviera. The [http://www.gamefaqs.com/portable/gbadvance/data/921257.html credits] are incomplete due to GFAQs rules, but I ripped them from the game myself and I know they're accurate at least.

    -:::Also, the MobyGames page doesn't even list RiviPSP. --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 00:33, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I agree that the [[KLOV]] should be included for all [[arcade game]]s, but not arcadeflyers.net, whose content is of dubious value, at best. But I don't see the inclusion of links to these sites as a "courtesy" to the web site operators, just to our readers. But I digress... — [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] 21:36, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I think that KLOV should certainly be used as an external link; the information on the site usually expands upon the information of articles. arcadeflyers.net, on the other hand, doesn't. That said, I'd love to see some Project-backed encouragement to use it as a source when documenting a game's history (which is something where it ''could'' be extremely useful). [[User:EVula|EVula]] 22:21, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Regarding arcadflyers.net, I'd say the view of dubious value" is certainly not the case among industry historians. Its been a pretty standard reference since long before wikipedia was created and has a large significance when discussing and informing about arcade platform games. These flyers (which were distributed to vendors and operators only) represent the commercial viewpoint of the manufacturer and its vision for the game (which is a commercial product). This includes relevant vendor and operator info (if you're not familiar with the coin-op terms, vendor is the distributor or "middle man" and operator is the end location - i.e. the arcade owner), specifications (including design advancements, settings, available formats such as standup, cocktail, cabaret, etc.), artwork, designer info and more. This is also why these types of materials are frequently referenced and presented in books, articles, and references on the subject. While there is some overlap with KLOV from a purely database facts and figures context, KLOV does not address the facets of vendor and operator promotion and explination. --[[User:Wgungfu|Marty Goldberg]] 22:25, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::I understand that, which is why I think arcadeflyers.net should be used as a source, not an external link. [[User:EVula|EVula]] 22:38, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I think you are all missing my main point. If people want information from those sites, they will go and find it themselves. It is not difficult in the slightest to find them. I mean, it's like saying every gaming website should have a link to Wikipedia, just because it's well-known. Fansites are different because they generally focus specifically on that game, and are usually not so easy to find. Am I seriously one of the only people who think this? -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 22:56, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Yes, yes, you are. We link to those sites because they contain useful information, both to us at times as writers and to the readers. It doesn't hurt anything having them there, they meet [[WP:EL]], and they make it a whole lot more convenient for the reader. We're a reference source, providing links to other useful (non-competing) reference sources is only sensible. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 23:17, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I know they meet [[WP:EL]]. Did you think I came here just to whine for the sake of whining? No. I came here in hopes that others would agree with me and eventually stop adding links to these websites. And I'm sorry, I thought this was an encyclopedia. Apparently I was wrong. -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 00:03, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I challenge that they fit EL. The usefulness of the [http://www.mobygames.com/game/riviera-the-promised-land Riviera] page is the Chinese name (which I have doubts about), the screenshots (which are found on the Atlus page), the links to buying the game (oh, so now we should link to an Amazon search of Riviera:TPL?), and the ranks/ratings, which a link to GameRatings.com can do better. Everything else you can find on the page belongs in the wikipage, instead of linking to it. IMDB at least has things like trivia pages and quotes, while the Moby page for RTPL has... non-trivial information which is already included. --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 00:20, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Mobygames again?! Linking to Mobygames is generally seen as alright, although I definitely wouldn't want it being an infobox item like imdb is. If you've used mobygames for research, then it's nice to link to them and they might provide further information. But sometimes Mobygames articles are crap, just as some Wikipedia articles are, I don't think we should link to them when the only information offered is places to buy the game. Another dubious activity is that of [[User:Ravimakkar]] who was warned by a non-CVG editor for spamming mobygames, being that ''every single edit'' he made, right from the start was just to add links to Mobygames. I know we have [[WP:AGF]] and all, but do you really think he was trying to improve Wikipedia, or just to direct more hits towards MobyGames? - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 23:22, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Your rationale doesn't seem to make sense. Technically you can find websites (including fansites) on ''any'' topic quickly through Google or other search engines, so why is being "easy to find" an issue? Also, fansites are generally not as reliable or verified as more notable and popular websites such as Gamespot, IGN, or Mobygames.--'''[[User:TBC|TBC]]Φ[[User talk:TBC|talk?]]''' 23:41, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I suppose the easy-to-find part really depends on the situation. Less popular games will have harder-to-find fansites, and popular ones will probably have a ton that are easily discovered. And you are correct about fansites usually not being very reliable/verified, so maybe we should not include links to fansites that have false information frequently. However, IGN is really not reliable at all. I've seen tons of false information there. -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 00:03, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::"Easy to find/difficult to find" is a horrible qualifier for an external link. The official website for ''[[Mortal Kombat: Armageddon]]'' is easy enough to find with Google; does that mean we shouldn't have a link to it? We're not a link deposit; often an obscure website is obscure because its crap and has nothing on it worth checking out. Such a website has no place being linked to on Wikipedia, as the entire ''point'' of external links is to provide the reader additional useful information that is highly relevant to the topic at hand (and a shitty website just plain doesn't qualify). [[User:EVula|EVula]] 03:56, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::No, you should have a link to it. Why? Because it actually focuses specifically on that game, and likely contains significant information on it as well. And I wasn't saying that every single hard-to-find website should be linked to. I don't even know how you came to the conclusion that I even implied such a thing. But don't worry, I have an idea. We should put links to Google searches in each article! It's well-known, will probably lead you to a ton of information on the subject, and best of all, almost everyone who uses the internet knows about it so it will just be a waste of time and space. -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 03:15, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -" I thought this was an encyclopedia." We are. That's why we should link to Mobygames if we got information from them, because it's part of our journalistic integrity that we source our information. At any rate, I hope you've realized why I kept reverting your link removals. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 04:03, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Then do not state that it is something other than an encyclopedia. And keep in mind that I only removed the links once before I turned to discussing it. -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 03:15, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:You're talking about in-general. You're not talking about Riviera's page at all, since we DIDN'T take information from that MobyGames page. Your reverts have nothing to do with sourcing.

    -:Also, your reverts after the first one were UNJUSTIFIED. The editor in question gave a valid reason for his/her edit, and the issue was brought into question. From there, the discussion should have IMMEDIATELY gone to the talk page. You also violated the three-edit rule, and insulted the editor in question by calling him/her a vandal without proper justification. A registered user should know the rules better than an anonymous or new user.

    -:So no, I don't understand why you kept reverting the link removals and the "overweight" comment. Also, I responded to two other people above. --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 02:47, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I never broke [[WP:3RR]], don't throw around false accusations. My closest together reverts were 2 within 24 hours. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 18:57, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I actually think in the case of [[Riviera: The Promised Land]] that the mobygames link or the Netjak review weren't that important. The mobygames entry was pretty incomplete and didn't include the dev-team which I think is the most important mobygame asset, but still there was some information there. Why not just link to Metacritic or Gamerankings instead? I know they're both part of the CNET global empire, but the [http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/gba/rivierathepromisedland Metacritic] link looks quite promising. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 00:45, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:''I do not believe it's necessary to have links to generic, popular websites such as MobyGames. They are popular, so a lot of people know about them and they are easy to find, so it is kind of a waste to link to them in every single game article.'' - '''strongly disagree''' - by that rationale we should remove links to IMDB for each film article too! We might know all about MobyGames, as hard-nosed gamer types, but the casual user doesn't necessarily. --[[User:Oscarthecat|Oscarthecat]] 04:19, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Yes, I do think we should remove links to IMDB, as well. Regardless, people still seem to be misunderstanding me. Maybe I'll just go find a free thesaurus that anyone can edit, instead. Maybe they will be more open to improvement. -[[User:Yggdra Juril Altwaltz|Yggdra Juril Altwaltz]] 23:10, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Let me try to validate the links to MobyGames with a list. I don't think any of us want anyone leaving in a huff:
    -::# MobyGames lists a great deal of purely statistical information that we may not want to include in the article (entire dev team, for example).
    -::# MobyGames often has large galleries of screenshots of games in play, which we usually do not. Even if we did have the same volume as MobyGames, we usually don't have an elegent way of working them into an article (a few is great, dozens is too many).
    -::# MobyGames is not commercial. Yes, they have [[banner ad]]s, but they don't have the bane of the Internet, [[pop-up ad]]s. And I'm sure the revenue generated from the banner ads do little more than pay their hosting and bandwidth costs (if that). Yes, they now sell some "MobyGear" (mugs, t-shirts, other stuff), but use of their site—including membership—is completely free.
    -::# MobyGames information increases over time. Like Wikipedia, information in MobyGames is not static, information for entries is being added all the time. For this reason alone, MobyGame links should be added to articles, even if at the time of the writing of articles, the MobyGames entry is "crap."
    -
    -::Now, if MobyGames only had stuff like reviews, I'd contest their inclusion. But with all the pros above, I think we should link to MobyGames in ''all'' articles, even if they really don't augment the information in the Wikipedia article when it is originally written (I know I am probably in the minority here).
    -
    -::That being said, I think links to IGN, GameSpot, can justifiably be included, when they have NPOV information on the game. This doesn't include reviews, unless it is citing, e.g., a major bug (this doesn't include stuff like "I found the gameplay extremely uninspiring"). These game sites also include news and industry info, which MobyGames doesn't, which can augment an article's content. Just cite them as the source for the information. — [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] 16:18, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::#Except when it doesn't. GameFAQs DOES have the dev list, though incomplete due to their rules about "real names" and such. I can edit in the COMPLETE dev list, but to get it on MobyGames, I would have to make an account.
    -:::#The screenshots in the case of Riviera are easily accessible from the Atlus website. In fact, I believe RPGamer has a lot more screenshots than MobyGames does, as well as news, an interview, the movies (which are ALSO accessible from the Sting website, if not the Atlus one), the character art, and pre-release screens.
    -:::#That's not reason to put it on every page. That's barely justification for ALLOWING it on every page.
    -:::#It's been over a year. They have the bare-bones. It makes Wikipedia look bad for linking to a site that has almost nothing, even after a whole year. No one links to a blank Wikipedia page as a source for information except Wikipedia, and only because Wikipedia wants to encourage people to edit those pages.
    -:::Also, I looked at the Netjak review on Metacritic. It was the [http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/gba/rivierathepromisedland?q=riviera lowest score] on that site. I believe now that the person who originally added it was a vandal. --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 18:41, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I doubt the Netjak review was added by a vandal. Netjak scores hard, and we had a fan spamming Netjak links a while back. Probably just linkspam. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 19:03, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Yeah, that's what [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=4.21.185.2 it looks like] --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 22:30, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Acceptable genres ==
    -Is there a list of genres that should be used for new game articles?

    -If I asked this in the wrong place, please ''rudely shout'' at me and ''don't'' give me a link to where I should ask it.

    ---[[User:Dinoguy1000|Dinoguy1000]] [[User_talk:Dinoguy1000|Talk]] 18:10, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Um, why would anyone shout at you, it's perfectly fine to ask your question here. For the genres, see: [[:Category:Computer and video game genres]]. Hope that helps. [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 18:21, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::It was meant to be a joke, you know, the whole self-deprecation thing... Regardless of the unintentional confusion, thanks for the link! --[[User:Dinoguy1000|Dinoguy1000]] [[User_talk:Dinoguy1000|Talk]] 06:24, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Request for mediation on EDGE magazine article ==
    -
    -I've been involved with some edits of [[Edge (magazine)|EDGE magazine's]] article. Another contributor very strongly disagrees with my opinion that the article is POV and makes uncited claims, with regard to the foreign language editions of the magazine, see [[Talk:Edge (magazine)|the talk page]]. I'd be grateful if others in the CVG project could get involved with reviewing the article's contents, rather than me getting into an edit war. --[[User:Oscarthecat|Oscarthecat]] 20:45, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Game name ==
    -
    -* [[Ninja Gaiden 2 (Next-Generation)]]
    -* [[Ninja Gaiden 2 (Xbox 360)]]
    -Anonymous user engaged in reversions regarding these name differencies. I think this need more experiences WP:CVG member to clarify. --[[User:Ragnarok Addict|Ragnarok Addict]] 21:49, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I would vastly prefer a year attached (a la [[Sonic the Hedgehog (2006 game)]]), and bar a name change that's where it should ultimately end up, but since we don't have even ''that'', I'd go with the console. [[User:Nifboy|Nifboy]] 00:31, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -If there's no Ninja Garden 2 in the first place, why are we even adding a parenthesis disambiguation? That's only needed if we have multiple versions, such as Mission: Impossible, whose game franchise has all featured the same title. Anyway, "(Next-Generation)" is very vague, so (Xbox 360) would be much more preferrable [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 22:07, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I always seem to mix up Gaiden and Garden. I concur with Nifboy in stating a year rather than the time-subjective "Next-Generation" and this will change when PS3 comes out - next-gen would be the eighth generation. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 00:30, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== CVG WikiProject mascot? ==
    -
    -I was thinking it would be cool to have a mascot for the WikiProject. Perhaps someone could create an image of [[Wikipedia:Wikipe-tan]] playing video games? This is the character that is the mascot for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Anime and manga]] and the [[Wikipedia:Counter-Vandalism Unit]]. I know, it's very esoteric. Perhaps we could organise a contest? [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games/Mascott contest]] ?? We could take submissions and then finally vote. Or is this a stupid idea? [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 04:54, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I say no to that idea. A mascot isn't needed, and would just distract from people editing. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 04:58, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::How would it distract people from editing? I think that it might actually improve the project by community building. It would be good for marketing the project to newcomers I think. [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 05:02, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::People should want to help the project, not be attracted in by the mascot. The whole contest thing is the distraction. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a place to do random contests to create a mascot for a project. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 05:19, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::However, if someone were to create [[Wikipe-tan]] in a video game setting of appropriate quality, I don't see why we wouldn't use her. But a contest is simply out of the question. [[User:CyberSkull|Dread Lord CyberSkull]] [[User talk:CyberSkull|✎☠]] 06:32, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Someone [[:Image:Wikipe-tan visual novel (Ren'Py).png|already has]]. ···[[User:Nihonjoe|日本穣]][[Help:Japanese|?]] · [[User talk:Nihonjoe|Talk]] to [[User:Nihonjoe|Nihon]][[WP:JA|j]]o[[WP:EA|'''e''']] 09:45, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::The only way a mascot would distract editors is if it were a Lara Croft lookalike. Still, not sure if it's a good idea. I don't think there can be a good avatar for a category as broad as CVG. -- [[User:Solberg|Solberg]] 07:10, 7 October 2006 (UTC)Solberg
    -
    -::::::Who would be distracted by a Lara Croft look-alike?? -[[User:SaturnYoshi|'''Saturn''']][[User:SaturnYoshi/Esperanza|'''Yoshi''']] [[User talk:SaturnYoshi|THE VOICES]] 07:17, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Straight up, no. I don't see anyone coming up with a mascot which doesn't involve stupid cutesy japano-characters. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 00:29, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::If not Wikipe-tan playing a video game, who else? Would [[:Image:Wikipedesketch1.png|the caterpillar]] or [[:Image:Heckert_GNU_white.svg|the Gnu]] ([[:Image:Gnu-and-penguin-color-300x276.png|also seen here]]) look better playing video games? Wikipe-tan is better than the alternative, methinks. Besides, Wikipe-tan doesn't have to be in "cutesy" pose, just look at [[:Image:Counter_Vandalism_Unit-en.png|her logo]] for [[WP:CVU|Counter-Vandalism Unit]]. What's cute about that? --[[User:DavidHOzAu|DavidH]][[User talk:DavidHOzAu|Oz]][[Special:Contributions/User:DavidHOzAu|Au]] 01:02, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::The fact that Wikipe-tan is a cutesy japano-character breaks your argument. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 00:09, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -I dunno, I'd be highly amused by a picture of Wikipede playing a four-player match of SSBM against himself. That said, we've devoted entirely too much time to this inane discussion, and I really, really don't think we need to follow [[WP:CVU]] as an example for anything. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:07, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:IMHO, you should ask Kagura to draw a mascot for you. [[User:Ashibaka|Ashi]]'''[[User:Ashibaka/b|b]]'''[[User:Ashibaka|aka]] [[User talk:Ashibaka|tock]] 19:30, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Hmm, have two versions of Wikipetan (as seen [[:Image:Wikipe-tan's past, now and future.png|in this image]]) playing against each other seem to be nice.[[User:L-Zwei|L-Zwei]] 05:28, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::If it can add to the discussion, the joypad we use as a logo doesn't really appeal to me, and probably doesn't even mean anything to the young generation, who never saw a white joypad, let alone with two buttons. I thing a mascot is a cool thing to have, as wiki, and the projects, are comunity-driven efforts, and not result-driven kolkhoz. Maybe Duke Nukem would be good, as it's not too "cutesy japano-character". Oh, and the term is "Moe".--[[User:$yD!|SidiLemine]] 11:38, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Image Galleries ==
    -
    -I seem to remember there was a discussion here about cover galleries in articles not really being fair use, anyway, I have come across a few articles that contain them, for example [[NBA Live series]]. I know this article is about a series, but is it really necessary to have every single cover of every game there? It even has four different covers for NBA live '06! Surely this violates fair use in a big way. [[User:Timkovski|Timkovski]] 22:56, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Yeah, that gallery should go ASAP. I'd do it myself, but I can't be bothered to go through and tag all those images as orphans right now... -- [[User:Steel359|Steel]] 22:58, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Please Adopt and Audit Panzer General==
    -Hello. Could someone please "adopt" [[Panzer General]] and neutrally review the edits for vandalism, spam, and NPOV. Thank you.[[User:Wikist|Wikist]] 00:31, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[Lakitu]]==
    -
    -[[Lakitu]] is up for a featured article review. Detailed concerns may be found [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/Lakitu|here]]. Please leave your comments and help us address and maintain this article's featured quality. [[User:SandyGeorgia|Sandy]] 02:59, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Unusual request ==
    -
    -:''Moved from [[Wikipedia talk:Gaming Collaboration of the week]]''
    -
    -Sorry if this request is off-topic or otherwise unsuitable for this section, please redirect me accordingly. Over at talk for the article for ''Motorhead'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Motorhead] a dispute has erupted. Basically we had for some time the article for ''Motorhead'', a videogame, which had a For-template link to Motörhead, a heavy metal band. The heavy metal enthusiasts argued that the roles should be reversed[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Motorhead_(video_game)], I argued against. After an AfD nomination [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Motorhead] (in itself a rather dirty "trick"), User:''Freakofnurture'' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Freakofnurture#Motorhead] performed the move "Motorhead" -> "Motorhead (video game)" and created a dab page at Motorhead (after he first populated it with a #redirect to Motörhead). What happened next was that there has been kind of a revert war [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motorhead&curid=7178804&action=history] going on between the dab and the redirect. Apparently, the heavy metal people have joined forces, so before I go any further (or not), I'd like to hear what the rest of the CVG community feels about this. --[[User:Frodet|Frodet]] 21:48, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:You would get a better response at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer and video games]]. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 01:54, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -As someone from the CVG camp my two peneth is: Redirect to band, link to game on band article - [[User:X201|X201]] 08:27, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Yeah. [[Motorhead]] should redirect to [[Motörhead]], which should have a dab notice at the top of the page to [[Motorhead (video game)]]. Common usage VASTLY favors the band. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:04, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I'm fine with the move. I can't believe that some users who were pathetically trying to compromise to save their own petty decision actually thought a disambig page would be the best idea, where the disambig was the worst possible solution in each case. Go go compromise groupthink. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 16:00, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Could you please elaborate since, in my head, there really shouldn't be an issue with dab at all, ref. eg. [[Ardal]] vs. [[Årdal]].... --[[User:Frodet|Frodet]] 16:21, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I personally don't care too much about the page move, but the suggestion and implementation of a disambiguation page at [[Motorhead]] was totally ridiculous. You're forcing everyone at the Motorhead article to waste another page load and click again, it was a pathetic attempt to try and keep the video game article visible and baseless cries of undue weight, when having a link at the top of the [[Motörhead]] article was enough. As I said, I don't care about the page move, what I do care about are when people decide to go for the worst possible solution in some compromise scenario like a disambig page, one of the worst examples of this can be seen at [[be bold]]. To Liftarn and the others who proposed a disambig page, do you really think [[Ralph Macchio]] should be a disambig? What about [[Ken Watanabe]]? - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 16:27, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I agree - the dab page is not the best solution - I did '''not''' implement it, though. Yes, I was enforcing it based on the what was set up by the mover. What '''I''' reacted to was the "sneaky" way this was done, without any real consensus or a call at [[Wikipedia:Requested moves]]. I consider myself neutral as I have never played neither ''Motorhead'' nor Motörhead, hence why I ask here. But why a redirect and not (a move of) the [[Motorhead (video game)]] article to [[Motorhead]]? --[[User:Frodet|Frodet]] 16:51, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Emulators ==
    -
    -There are a lot of emulators with articles on Wikipedia. see [[List of Emulators]]. Recently, there have been proposals for deletion of a few of the Nintendo Console emulators(see for example [[iNes]], [[FCE Ultra]]), but given the large number of emulators with articles (Not to mention the Redlinks), I felt it would be important to open up a discussion on where to draw the line as regards emulation software. Certain examples (like [[Bleem!]] should clearly be kept, although they could clearly be improved, but others might not qualify. So I'm here seeking some thoughts on where to draw the line, so forth. So share what you feel. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 22:16, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:[[WP:SOFTWARE]] seems good, although software included with a Linux distro is a lame standard we really shouldn't use with peripheral software like emulators. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 22:20, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I'm not sure I can agree with applying WP:Software as emulators really don't receive that much published attention. How much though, do you think is the absolute minimum necessary? [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 22:36, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I can safely say that just because an emulator exists isn't reason enough to have an article on it. Existence and availability are totally different from notability. Surely there are reviews of emulators that can be cited to prove notability? As [[WP:Notability]] states: 'a subject needs to be of sufficient importance that there are multiple reliable secondary sources, independent of the subject, on which we can base a verifiably neutral article without straying into original research.' Nearly all these emulator articles utterly fail this, as well as other Wiki guidelines and policies. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 08:19, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::First, citing rules like that is not convincing to me, for reasons I've already mentioned. It troubles me a lot. But instead of getting into that, I'll just say that for the vast majority of emulators, I must say, I'm completely unaware of any reviews more significant than "here's this cool emulator here" or a release on some website that is nothing more than the changelog. This is particularly true of console emulators, which is something of a less formal environment than most. It really doesn't get the kind of formal attention that say, automobiles do. Does this mean Wikipedia should have no information whatsoever on them? I can't say that appeals to me. I can't imagine how that improves Wikipedia at all. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 14:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::The rules are there for a reason. You can't apply the rules to only the bits you want, and I don't really care if you have a problem with the rules, because I don't, and I intend to use them to highlight my point, which is, those ARE the rules (regardless of whether you like it or not), so how can we fit emulators into that frame? Obviously it can't be done in the most conventional sense, because as you say, emulator communties are too informal. So we have to to adapt. I stand by my conviction that just being listed for download on a couple of meta-emulation sites is not sufficient notability in itself. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 14:36, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Actually, there are reviews at sites like [http://www.zophar.net Zophar's Domain] and [http://www.classicgaming.com ClassicGaming.Com], which have been standard emulator resource sites since 1996 and 1997 respectively. Zophar even goes so far as to categorize by "Best", "Good", "Promising" and "Not Worth The Download". --[[User:Wgungfu|Marty Goldberg]] 14:58, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::Well, there we go then, that's two places we can use. The problem here is that it can easily turn into a 'if it's not mentioned on them, it shouldn't be here' which may not be the best situation. But a least we've got a starting point. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 15:04, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Sigh, yes, the rules exist for a reason, but reasoning and discussion exist for a reason as well. Why? Because the rules simply aren't appropriate in every situation. Your own statement covers that, and I agree, the conventional standards don't work for emulators, particularly console ones. And BTW, every emulator I saw you nominate is mentioned on Zophar's(and at least one is also on Classicgaming.com). [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 15:34, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I'd like to say that most of my noms for speedy deletes were upheld today, and I feel that most of these pages have been set up as either ads, vanity pages or, in a couple cases, set up to compare the emulator unfavourably to another emulator specifically. I agreed with Mister Manticore that we'd take the discussion here and try to reach a group consensus on what standards we should be setting for emulators (how do we define notability etc etc) [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 22:21, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -In the case of [[FCEUXD]] reveals that it was created in April last year, and counting a couple of people randomly correcting some spelling, has received 7 edits up to this point. This article seems strongly not worth keeping. (I know this isn't an AfD discussion, I'm just providing it as an example of the pages I've been nomination for deletion.) [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 22:31, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*'''BTW''' does anyone else think that [[console emulator]] needs a bit of work? It lacks sources, and some sections (like the bit on Nesticle ) probably receive too much attention. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 22:36, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -**'''I agree''' it skips right through all the various consoles in the first paragraph, then seems to dwell on the NES and SNES for most of the next 3 paragraphs. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 22:39, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -***Any suggestions on how to tag it? I'm not sure whether to go with unverified or simple cleanup.
    -****Actually I just removed the entire first paragraph in question because it was completely incorrect. None of those used any sort of emulation. Provided references on the talk page. [[User:Wgungfu|Marty Goldberg]] 15:39, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Oh, and another resource is Category:Emulation software stubs that might help show off the problem. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 23:01, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*Do you mean another example of poor quality emulator article? All the ones on the AfD list on our project page can be used as them in that case. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 23:04, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -**No, I meant to type in a category, but I can't figure it out. Anyway the Category Emulation software stubs has probably a hundred entries in it. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 23:25, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*Ok, so I'm still going through some thoughts in my head, but in general, I'm going to say this about console emulators. (Note by console I'm also including handheld devices).
    -#There's a lot of console emulators out there. Most are freeware, and most are never going to be reviewed or studied by anyone reputable. This doesn't mean they aren't widely used(for an emulator), or important. It just means that this particular area doesn't attract the same kind of scholarly attention as much popular subjects. Yes, there are exceptions that make the news, or get a commercial release. Or are produced by a major company. But that's not true of the vast majority.
    -#It doesn't do Wikipedia any good to not have information on them, as this is still a reasonably important subject. Wikipedia not having information is not a good thing. Sure, it'd be a bad idea to get into any comparisons between emulators (as some of the articles tread upon now), but there's a difference between simply reporting that this is Emulator X, and this is Emulator Y, and Emulator Z and saying Emulator X is the ROKS! while Y and Z are deh SuX! .
    -#There's a lot of articles on them, some of which will probably never be expanded. See the stub-Category I already mentioned. So for many cases, perhaps a better way to do things would be to merge and redirect to an informational list. See [[List of esoteric programming languages]] . This would also help as it would allow us to determine whether or not what's being emulated is important, which may be somewhat easier. Obviously, there are exceptions that merit their own articles, but that can be determined after the fact.
    -Anyway, that's what I'm thinking right now. Does anybody else have any other input that isn't just repeating some Wikipolicy or another? I'm sorry, but I just don't find that quoting WP:Software or WP:NOT or whatever very stimulating thoughtwise. They actually tend to preclude discussion IMHO. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 14:25, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:The best compromise I can think is the one Manticore suggested (I think) on one of the AfDs, which was rather than having 70-odd (random number) articles with three sentences about them, compile them into lists of emulators by system. We could then have articles about the TRULY notable emulators. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 15:36, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -OK, this seems to have stalled now, so can we either have some fresh input from other people, or reach a decision on how to handle emulators? [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 19:07, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:No, I'm afraid three or four people contributing on a subject that covers at least 90-odd articles isn't enough for me to think we've got enough people to have reached a decision. Especially since some of the people have only chimed in once to cite some already established policy, without replying to comments on why that policy might not be quite fair. I'm just not sure how to get some real discussion going. Considering the PITA that was resulted in over a dozen undeletions from those cookie articles the other day though(or the earlier Esoteric programming languages thing), I'm inclined to advocate patience and thought rather than act improvidently. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 03:08, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Good point. I do like the idea of a list though. Because emulator use is in most cases illegal, is it not ? Sure, if you have a legitimate bios to make them run, you are kinda ok for personal use. But that's just a technicality IMHO. The risk exists that Wikipedia might get some copyvio complaints. I hate the idea of having Wikipedia lack information but in case of illegal software... The less we have the better. A list with links to other sites would be informative and not too risky IMHO. [[User:Renmiri|Renmiri]] 04:33, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Nope, besides the fact that reporting on something criminal is rather different from actually doing the thing, emulation is NOT illegal in and of itself. I don't know of any emulator being found criminal at all, though I suppose it could happen. In any case, relatively few emulators require an actual BIOS to run, and even then, those haven't been the subject of any of the discussion here, or anywhere that I know about, solely because they might require a copyrighted bios. Now if there is a wikipedia page that talks about getting copyrighted ROMs, proposing that for deletion is another matter. But it's not like we go around deleting pages like [[Abandonware]] or [[The Pirate Bay]] just because they might be "risky" in some vague sense that they could be misused. As arguments go, this is relatively weak. [[User:Mister.Manticore|Mister.Manticore]] 05:20, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::An emulator itself is certainly not illegal. For emulators that require a bios image (and there are some, but they're more commonly computer emulators), it is the bios itself that would be illegal to have and not the emulator. Even then, there are some bios's that have been released to the PD, and others that have been reversed engineered and provided in PD format. Such is the case with the [[Vectrex]] for example, where the owner has released all roms (including the bios) in to the PD. Nintendo is the only one that I'm aware of that took an "emulators are illegal" stance, but has since corrected it since they couldn't prosecute anyone. They even tried prosecuting hardware based "famiclones" (NES's on a chip) but couldn't win that because they were produced with reverse engineering and couldn't prove otherwise. (I believe it was against someone selling them locally to NOA in Washington in fact just a few years ago). Their [http://www.nintendo.com/corp/faqs/legal.html#what%20is%20an%20emulator official stance] on emulation is still very negative, i.e. "emulation promotes piracy therefore it is bad". --[[User:Wgungfu|Marty Goldberg]] 14:21, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*****I think we're moving away from the point here. The issue is how we are going to deal with all the emulator pages currently in existence. Most of them have no further information to expand them, and some seem like adverts. I think the way forward would be to delete articles and compile them into 'List of [insert gaming system] Emulators.] But also, I do think it would be good to include something about the legality of emulators in the general overview article, and I think the whole Nintendo situation is especially worth noting. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 12:27, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Consistency for MobyGames in External Links ==
    -
    -Does anyone here besides Frecklefoot and tjstrf think that MobyGames should be linked to on EVERY video game page? Because tjstrf is adding it to [[Riviera: The Promised Land]] citing "consistency". --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 01:16, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Mobygames should be linked to when it is used. Consistency is not a valid reason for external links. There are almost 10000 tagged cvg articles- they don't all need a mobygames link. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 13:40, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Personally I think MobyGames should be added to every article. MobyGames provides screenshots and information that is not appropriate for Wikipedia. [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 15:04, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:If the MobyGames article covers information that exceeds the scope of the Wikipedia article, it should be linked to. If it has just the same info, it shouldn't be. [[User:EVula|EVula]] 15:16, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Jaco, in the case of certain pages, such as [[Riviera: The Promised Land]], Atlus already provides screenshots. Just about the only other things that the MobyGames page offers are where to buy the game, some reviews (which Metacritic does better, in my opinion), and a Chinese name for a Chinese release I've never heard of. Do you think that it should be added to Riviera? --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 00:34, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I'll ammend my previous comment and say that it doesn't have to be linked in every article. If you want to wait for the information and other data to be updated first, before you link to it, fine. But I've always been partial to only doing work once. If I'm working on a game article, I'll link to MobyGames because I know the information there is generally useful and expands on what Wikipedia will have. Linking to MobyGames isn't—and shouldn't be—a requirement. However, it is one of my personal standard practices. — [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] 14:36, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Same stupid edit war, different day... I think that it's important to have a standard system for linking and that there is no reason whatsoever to remove a link that is normally included on other similar pages. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 15:35, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I would typically agree that a link should be provided if it is used as research or if there is additional information not part of the pedia. In the case of Riviera: The Promised Land MG has [http://www.mobygames.com/game/gameboy-advance/riviera-the-promised-land/cover-art detailed cover art], [http://www.mobygames.com/game/riviera-the-promised-land/release-info detailed release info] Example the Japanese release was developed and published by Sting whereas the US release was published by Atlus and developed by Sting. The wonderswan version was published by Bandai. Some people go crazy for these details. Obviously [http://www.mobygames.com/game/riviera-the-promised-land/screenshots screenshots]. I think I may of put the link there in the first place ... but hey whatever you folks decide. --[[User:Flipkin|Flipkin]] 16:07, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I was under the impression that the MobyGames entry had no more information than the Wikipedia article. Now I see it has a great deal more than our article. The screenshots alone merit its inclusion. But since the comment at the top of this thread excludes ''my opinion'', I'll keep it to myself. >:( — [[User:Frecklefoot|Frecklefoot]] | [[User talk:Frecklefoot|Talk]] 16:32, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:: Well MG and the CVP are like sister projects. Both user contributed. There are some philosophical and technical differences but I think both goals are the game. Video games are culturally and historically important. Document everything. Offer that information free to the public. I think both benefit from the association. Obviously the policy should be by concensus, but my opinion is that the MG are OK. --[[User:Flipkin|Flipkin]] 18:21, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I didn't say that it had no more info than the Wikipedia article. Pay attention. [http://www.sting.co.jp/riviera/wsc/info.htm I] [http://www.sting.co.jp/riviera/gba/info/index.htm said] [http://www.sting.co.jp/riviera/psp/info/index.htm that] [http://www.rpgamer.com/games/other/gba/riviera/screens/rivierass062005a.html the] [http://www.atlus.com/riviera/media.html other] [http://www.rpgamer.com/games/other/gba/riviera/riviera.html links] already covered most of what MobyGames had. If you want me to respect your opinions, then I expect you to actually read what I say so that I don't have to keep saying it. --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 00:23, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::And [http://www.lacrimacastle.net/index.php?sec=gateway one more link], to finish it off. --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 00:28, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::It seems you are just bent on ignoring the reasons people ''do'' give to you, which are more than sufficient for the rest of us. This discussion has gone on long enough and it's obvious which way consensus goes: link acceptable or imperative, argument over removal [[WP:LAME]]. I'm readding the link. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 00:33, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::What reasons did I ignore? Back it up. You're saying that "we should support MobyGames" is a valid reason?
    -::::People said that MobyGames provided information. I responded time and again that the other links provide just as much information and more. Redundancy isn't a valid reason for exclusion now?
    -::::"Consistency" for external links is NOT Wikipedia policy and you can't cite that for a reason unless it's decided by consensus that it is a valid reason, because then it leads to stupid edit wars.
    -::::People then brought up that MobyGames had screenshots and release info. I replied that I already talked about how the other external links covered those screenshots and release info, and did it better. What exactly did I miss? --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 01:09, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::You have just made [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk%3AWikiProject_Computer_and_video_games&diff=81123134&oldid=81117487 false accusations] for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Computer_and_video_games&diff=prev&oldid=79964510 second time] in this same debate. Lovely. I have not made personal attacks, nor have I broken the 3RR rule, I have explained my actions, and I have attempted to negotiate here. There is nothing more to say in this debate if you refuse to acknowledge that an acceptable link according to policy may be included in the article. Even the original IP opposer to inclusion acknowledged that the Mobygames link met [[WP:EL]], and Yggdra's opposition was due to a misunderstanding of policy to begin with (he believed that External Links should be to obscure sites that were not widely known, misunderstanding that the site must be mainstream in its field to even qualify for inclusion). --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 01:32, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Might I suggest that everyone take a breather for a couple of days? This debate is becoming absurdly heated, and I think everyone would be better off if we let it cool down. [[User:EVula|EVula]] 02:21, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Fine with me. I really didn't care what happened with the specific links to begin with, just about correcting Yggdra's misconceptions of the purpose of External Links. I've only continued this argument after he left because Raijinili's false accusations ticked me off. I won't interfere with the links anymore if Raijinili promises the same. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 02:28, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -I don't "cool down". I forget.

    -I admit that I misinterpreted 3RR, ignoring the time restriction.

    -You accused me of ignoring valid reasoning. I personally find that offensive and take it as a personal attack. It's certainly not backed up and has no relevance to the debate (both of which would have been solved had you provided some examples).

    -The original IP opposer doesn't understand Wikipedia policy. I challenged that it met [[WP:EL]], which everyone seemed to ignore, because it didn't contain much information outside of what the other links covered (under "useful"). --[[User:Raijinili|Raijinili]] 04:36, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Even the original IP opposer to inclusion acknowledged that the Mobygames link met WP:EL Consenting to it being allowed is not the same as consenting to its inclusion. Learn to read; I said that the [[WP:EL]] allows it, but that it shouldn't be included because it provides absolutely no new information. [[User:DrSturm|DrSturm]] 18:32, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::So this may a bit overly nuanced, but ... In terms of screenshots MG and VGMuseum screenshots are actual grabs of images of gameplay that the user/player would see in their native resolution. The publisher / developer and sites like Gamespot, IGN use promotional material. Often there are subtle but important differences. The publisher/developer grabs screen from their dev environment or using a debug kit. This means that the screen is in a resolution not possible during gameplay and sometimes elements such as nav, hud and info boxes, prespective are missing or incorrect. [[http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/deadrising/screenindex.html Example] check out the first screen on Gamespot added Sep 22. This screen is dramatic but entirely inaccurate. The perspective is wrong and there is no hud. This screen is the creation of someone using a dev kit and would be impossible to experience playing the game. I don't know if anyone really cares that much, but for instance MG requires actual captured gameplay for screens. I believe VGMuseum is the same way. Just a FYI. --[[User:Flipkin|Flipkin]] 15:20, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::That does not apply to the situation of Riviera, which is what started this whole thing. Atlus has many more shots than MB and in a more accurately displayed resolution. [[User:DrSturm|DrSturm]] 18:32, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Low importance / no importance article assessments ==
    -
    -I think we should merge [[:Category:Unimportant computer and video game articles|no importance]] with [[:Category:Low-importance computer and video game articles|low importance]]. Then we would have low/mid/high/top, which I think is plenty. I find it very difficult to say an article has "no" importance whatsoever. Also, other projects like WPBiography [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Biography/Assessment#Priority_scale|don't have]] this "no importance" category. Another reason is that the [[User:Kingbotk/Plugin|AWB plugin]] I've been using to rate/prioritise articles doesn't have support for "no importance". Anyone disagree? [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 08:21, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Also, if an article truly has no importance, shouldn't it just be deleted? [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 08:22, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I'm not certain, but I think to actually merge the two, you need to take it up wiht the Version 1.0 project, who made the rating system to start with. Personally, I agree that I don't like slapping on a "no importance" tag. I prefer to not use that tag, basically treating not having a tag as the same thing as no importance. I propose rather than merging no and low, we just don't use no, getting us the same result. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 13:38, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Nice edit summary :) Anyway, I actually think we're the only project that has a "no importance" category, see: [[:Category:Articles by importance]]. No "no importance" there. So I think that we don't really need to take it up with the Version 1.0 project since they're not using this anyway. [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 13:57, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I support their merger. I agree that an actual "no importance" article would equal a deleted article (in which case, there'd be no talk page for the tag to be on...). [[User:EVula|EVula]] 18:13, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -On a historical note, No-importance was created especially for the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games/Essential articles|Essential Articles]] list, which is meant to list only ''essential'' articles and rate their importance appropriately; for example, the EA list has only 9 top-level, whereas 22 are currently top-level on the bot's list. No-importance articles had to be justified or removed. [[User:Nifboy|Nifboy]] 00:07, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I agree with the statement that "no importance" implies that the article should not even exist on the wikipedia. But that's an issue of semantics. If the 1.0 editorial team has use for it, then we shouldn't worry about it too much. Like other editors have mentioned, I've just been ignoring the difference between "low" and "no". Effectively they are synonomous; almost all things in the "low" category are such minor topics(e.g. various minor video game characters, or minor games that have made no impact in their genre) they will never see inclusion in version 1.0. —[[User:Mitaphane|Mitaphane]] [[User talk:Mitaphane|talk]] 00:29, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:To further the argument, [[User:Mathbot|Mathbot]] would, I assume, classify articles of No-Importance as not ranked for importance - [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Computer and video game articles by quality statistics]]. I'll change the template so that articles marked as No- are put in Low-Importance. '''[[User:Pagrashtak|Pagra]][[User talk:Pagrashtak|shtak]]''' 01:06, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I've updated the template, but only with respect to the category. The template will still display No-Importance, but will be categorized as Low. It would be possible to force the template to display Low when No is used, but I don't think it would be worth muddying up the code for that at this point. For now, I suggest leaving the display and switching No to Low if you run across it and feel like updating it. Or, someone could request a bot to update it if he feels it's important. '''[[User:Pagrashtak|Pagra]][[User talk:Pagrashtak|shtak]]''' 01:16, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -It actually should be "priority" and not importance [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:WPBiography&diff=76959185&oldid=76920929] as explained by Morphh. Some games and systems just have no priority whatsoever to be included in Wikipedia 1.0 [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 00:33, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Importance -> priority change implemented. Should we rename the associated categories? --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 06:43, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Yeah. We should aso run a bot to change all the cvgproj headers from "importance" to "priority" as well. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 21:18, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*How does "priority" gets assigned ? FFX got changed from High to Low without nary a word by the editor. Yet Famitsu readers just elected it best game of the last decade. [[User:Renmiri|Renmiri]] 23:32, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*:In general, single games aren't high unless they're extremely influential. FFX isn't high, but mid wouldn't be inappropriate. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 23:38, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Trenches]] ==
    -
    -Could a couple of people please come and give their opinions in this? At the moment it's just two or three of us debating back and forth, and I think some fresh opinions are badly needed. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 17:47, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

    -Additionaly, the AfD has now been mentioned on The Trenches forum, so I'm expecting some major sock puppetry any time now. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 18:07, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== This page's history ==
    -
    -I've known about this for a bit, but it's really eating me up lately. This page's history only goes back to July 29, when the page was moved to archive old discussion. The rest of the history is [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Computer_and_video_games/archive13&action=history here], at Archive 13. Is it too late to fix it? I know, I'm an admin and I could probably fix it, but I'm one of the lazy admins. Also, I tend to mess up fixing cut and paste moves sometimes, and don't want to make it worse. Comments? [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 14:31, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:What eats me up more is having the history all on one page. Really, why can't we must move pages over instad of cut-and-paste archiving? If I'm looking up an old discussion, I hate having to look through 5-6 archives. I'd much rather try to hunt through my own contribus to find which archive page I put the discussion on. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 22:09, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::It's just that we should probably keep it consistant, as per [[Wikipedia:How_to_archive_a_talk_page#Controversy]]. From archive 1-12, they were cut and pasted, and 13 was moved, and the rest are also cut and paste. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 23:56, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== various stubs up for deletion ==
    -
    -I am just notifying you that I am putting a few cvg-related stubs up for deletion since their categories are empty or nearly empty. Please voice your opinion on the SFD page [[Wikipedia:Stub_types_for_deletion/Log/2006/October/11#various_cvg_sub-cats|here]].
    -*no template / {{cl|Computer and video game franchise stubs}}
    -*{{tl|cvg-hardware-stub}} / {{cl|Computer and video game hardware stubs}}
    -*{{tl|speedrun-stub}} / {{cl|Speedrun stubs}}
    -*{{tl|MK-stub}} / {{cl|Mortal Kombat stubs}}
    -*{{tl|Zelda-stub}} / {{cl|The Legend of Zelda stubs}}
    -[[User:Amalas|~ Amalas]] [[User talk:Amalas|rawr]] [[Special:Contributions/Amalas|=^_^=]] 17:33, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== WikiProject Tycoon Computer Games ==
    -
    -Yes, it's still alive! I took a wikibreak, and it seemed to have deteriorated--but I'm back! I was thinking of removing the inactive notice, reply if you have an objection. [[User:Primate|Primat]][[Wikipedia:Esperanza|e]][[User_talk:Primate|#101]] 01:14, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I mildly object- one person does not a wikiproject make, and you're the only person who's active in the project. That said, go ahead if you wish, it doesn't really bother me. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 14:12, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== need some help with CVG by year again ==
    -
    -I've got some work to be done on the CVG by year categories.
    -#remove interwiki links. Most or all of them are automatically covered in {{tl|cvg year interwiki}}, if not, please add them to it.
    -#add it to the parent year in software category (don't worry if it doesn't exist yet, I'm making them).
    -
    -See [[:Category:2000 computer and video games]] for an example. [[User:CyberSkull|Dread Lord CyberSkull]] [[User talk:CyberSkull|✎☠]] 02:06, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Category:Unassessed computer and video game articles - Donald Duck ==
    -Donald Duck has appeared in the category today. The actual article merely lists video games he has been in. Should it really be part of cvgproj? My opinion is not. Yes he is a game character but it was secondary to why he exists, if you have any comment please add them to [[Talk:Donald_Duck#cvgproj_Template| the talk page]] - [[User:X201|X201]] 12:48, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Also, just in case anyone cares, the Unassessed catagory now only has articles from F through U, which still encompanses around 3700 articles. So, drop on by, assess some articles! Link is in the to do box on the main project page. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 14:06, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::No, Donald Duck doesn't belong in the CVG project. His games do, that's it. Articles that just mention video games briefly, certainly aren't a part of this project. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 17:58, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== BZFlag removed as FA ==
    -
    -BZflag has been removed as a Featured Article, due to...well, being a B class article that no one cares to fix. This means that the only CVG related article currently at Featured Article Review is [[Link (Legend of Zelda)]], though it looks like it's going to pass. This has been your daily Featured Article News Update. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 17:38, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[Doom clone]] deleted ==
    -
    -Apparently the article [[Doom clone]] has been [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=&user=&page=Doom+clone killed]. This is completely absurd; it was a fine article on an important subject, and tons of pages link to it (there are now a lot of dead links instead). Any administrator who can figure out why it was deleted, or better yet, would be willing to simply restore it? [[User:Fredrik|Fredrik Johansson]] 21:05, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, if someone had bothered to remove the [[WP:PROD]] tag that wouldn't have happened. Just ask an admin to restore it. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 21:09, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== VGCharts ==
    -
    -Well, seems that there's controversy over removing the website run by a GAFer (who is not a professional estimater, and it does not have any actual sales figures). Well, see, we are asking for sales figures, VGCharts does not provide sales figures, so it cannot be a source for sales figures, the end whee! - [[User:A Link to the Past|A Link to the Past]] [[User talk:A Link to the Past|(talk)]] 03:44, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Wow, that's an awesome job of explaining what you're doing and both sides of the discussion. Please don't remove VGCharts links until you've explained better, please. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 03:47, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Not sure what this is about, but isn't it the job of the editor who wishes to include information to provide reliable sources, and not the one seeking to remove it? -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 03:51, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::ALTTP has been removing links to VGCharts from a number of articles, many of them long-stable and some featured. If there was some evidence that ALTTP had considered the arguments to keep these links, or even considered why they were added, then removed them for a second, more-compelling set of reasons, it'd be fine, but he's pretty much refused to do anything but point to a rather useless argument between him and some anons on a fairly-obscure talk page. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 03:56, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Ah, I see. I agree then, more discussion is needed before a mass removal of such citations and links. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 03:58, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Right. I have no great stake in this, but I'm unhappy to see references being removed unilaterally from multiple articles. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 04:00, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::I would no more consider this link appropriate for Wikipedia as I would a dead link. The link has zero legitimacy - why am I the one arguing against this? Can anyone show me evidence that his numbers are sales figures or that he can be considered as professional as the hair on NPD's pinky knuckle? - [[User:A Link to the Past|A Link to the Past]] [[User talk:A Link to the Past|(talk)]] 04:39, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::And, there is no other side. The only one arguing for VGCharts are those who don't want content to be removed, and users who appear to have come to Wikipedia for the reason of inserting this link. - [[User:A Link to the Past|A Link to the Past]] [[User talk:A Link to the Past|(talk)]] 04:41, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::No worries, we're just trying to get all on the same page here. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 12:22, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:(edit conflict) Well, this is an interesting issue. I had heard ALttP explain it, and had agreed to a certain point with him. We need to determine if VGCharts is a [[WP:RS|reliable site]] or not. VGCharts started as everythingandnothing.co.uk or something like that, and somehow became part of Advanced Media Network. Per www.vgcharts.org/welcome.php
    -:
    VG Charts uses a proprietary system

    -:As I said, this site began as a site founded by Generic Bob, where he picked the data from trackers, calculated an average, and rounded up (in example). No different from me uploading my estimates at a Geocities page.
    -:
    Since VG Charts does not collect or assemble the raw data itself, we recommend that anybody wishing to use officially sourced data for formal reports and so on should really contact the tracking services above

    -:So, does Wikipedia need to use officially sourced data, or are these estimates enough?
    -:
    When analysing the sales of a particular title, or comparing present data to historic data, we strongly recommend the use of VG Charts in your analysis

    -:Well, a site without advertisment would not be able to grow.
    -:So, is VGCharts a reliable site? Someone should sit down and check that out. I am off to sleep. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 04:55, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Maybe I'm misreading what you're saying, but [[WP:NOT|Wikipedia is not]] for advertising. [[User:Melodia|♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫]] 11:39, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Based on what I've read here, I'd have to give a gritty in-your-face 'No' to including this as a reliable source. The quotes above imply thatL
    -:::A) They work it out themselves, based on what they find (this sounds awfully like off-site original research)
    -:::B)There is absolutely nothing official about it, and the links seem to be added purely for advertising reasons.
    -:::C)They even say themselves 'Don't use our data, go straight to our sources.'
    -:::D) Why has this even come up for discussion again? I thought we settled this last time in the debate over sales figures. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 12:12, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Additionally, ALTTP is right, he's arguing on the basis that site is not relaible enough to be a wikisource, while everyone is arguing over the fact he was bold and removed spam. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 12:14, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::However, and here comes the tricky part, according to [[WP:RS#What is an independent secondary source?|this]], ''May have taken their own look at the available primary sources and used their own judgment in evaluating them.'' which is basically what VGCharts are doing. And according to [[WP:RS#Evaluating reliability|this]], ''Reliable sources also are ones which differentiate within their own information stream between assertions which are backed by observation, those that are theoretical but highly likely, and those which are speculative, conjectural and rumor.'' which they do, however, they may fail the following point, as ''Reliable sources have reproducible or verifiable means of gathering information. A fact which could be checked, even if it has not been, is generally more reliable than one which cannot be checked.'' which we can't as they use a proprietary system to get the final numbers. As I said, someone must sit down, verify every point in WP:RS, and inform whether VGCharts is a reliable source or not. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 12:53, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I think this is pretty much a green light to continue the removal of these references, now that we are all on the same page. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 12:20, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I think we should put it to a vote, just to make sure. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 12:24, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::[[m:Don't vote on everything]], and it's pretty clear that VGCharts don't qualify as [[Wikipedia:reliable sources|reliable sources]]. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 12:28, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Also, [[m:Polls are evil]] (a better link) -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 12:31, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Then I stand corrected! I just wanted to avoid potential editwars, since VGcharts has cause trouble recently already. [[User:The Kinslayer|The Kinslayer]] 12:33, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Note the [[Wikipedia:Voting is not evil]] essay. Although I agree that polls are often evil, they should not be discouraged on sight. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 12:53, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Just when they are unneeded. I've made polls on Wikipedia before, I don't ''always'' find them evil. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 09:29, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Just as an aside, anyone looking for Square Enix game data should consult their website's fincial reporting page. They have a 2003 IR Roadshow document I've used for the Chrono series that lists figures for games sellin over one million copies (and there are a bunch, let me tell you...) --[[User:Zeality|Zeality]] 19:10, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Magazines Project - (Blowing our own trumpet)==
    -Just a piece of blatant project publicity about the fact that [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer and video games/Magazines|The Magazines Project]] now has over 200 individual magazines listed, and the size of the list is increasing (almost) daily. It now covers the last 12 years of video gaming and has articles available on everything from trade shows to French computer games. - [[User:X201|X201]] 22:10, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Computer Gaming World archives available for download ==
    -
    -I'm cross-posting this at the [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Computer and video games/Magazines|CVG Magazine Archive]], but thought the wider WPCVG community might benefit from it.
    -
    -Now that [[Computer Gaming World]] is changing their name, the entire back catalogue of '''first 100 issues' worth''' of CGW articles has been posted for free download at FileFront, [http://cgw.filefront.com/ here]. It's a pretty huge collection of free content, and provides both interesting historical information and an accessible source of facts for articles that touch on its subject matter. [[Personal computer game]] will be received some new citations from this source, and I hope it helps improve some other articles as well.
    -
    -Unfortunately, these are '''''extremely''''' large PDF files - Issue 1 alone is fourteen megabytes. I'm downloading them all now, though, and would be happy to start a torrent if necessary. [[User:Daveydweeb|Daveydw]][[User:Daveydweeb/Esperanza|ee]][[User:Daveydweeb|b]] ([[User talk:Daveydweeb|'''chat''']]/[[Wikipedia:Editor review/RandyWang 2|'''patch''']]) 06:25, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Talk page template stuff ==
    -
    -Since before there was discussion about how to clean up the large amount of WikiProject templates on talk pages, I thought you guys would be interested in the proposal at [[Wikipedia:Mini Talkpage Template]] for the additional templates (like featured article, good article, peer review, etc). -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 09:54, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Too much trivia on several video game articles==
    -
    -Here are just some: various [[King of Fighters]] characters, [[Mario Kart: Double Dash!!]], various Mega Man articles and much more. If you want a more complete list, see [[:Category:Articles with large trivia sections]]. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 21:12, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: it's an ongoing problem - arm yourself with an anti-chuff cannon and set about it :) --[[User:Charlesknight|Charlesknight]] 21:14, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I'll see your [[Mario Kart: Double Dash!!]] and raise you [[FIFA Street 2]] - [[User:X201|X201]] 21:47, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:What a mess. I've seen articles bad like that before though. For some shooter games, there is huge lists of every single weapon. People fill articles with way too much cruft. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 21:52, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::You like trivia? Check [[List of King of Fighters: Maximum Impact characters]]. 52 trivia items in 10 trivia sections. -- [[User:ReyBrujo|ReyBrujo]] 01:36, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Get your mouse button ready and commence trivia whacking. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 07:27, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Also take a look at pretty much everything linked from {{tl|RE series}}. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 07:34, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: I thought I should probably bring to mind the [[Chrono Trigger]] and [[Chrono Cross]] articles here. Both of them not only have "plot" sections that are massively long, but for some reason an enormous amount of in-game character quotations have "cross references" going down to where, ordinarily, external link references would go. Given the huge plot text, this results in the references section being way, way too large. I'm going to go through and get rid of those cross references (we don't REALLY need an entire section devoted to ingame quotes like "What's going on Lucca? WHERE IS SHE?"), but the plot text itself will still need some extensive paring. It looks like several other articles like [[Final Fantasy IV]] also have this inane plotlinking. Seriously, if someone REALLY wants to read each and every quote that a character makes during the course of a game, can't they just play the game itself? It seems to be of limited value to fill up entire article sections with this stuff. [[User:Ex-Nintendo Employee|Ex-Nintendo Employee]] 11:53, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::See, the difference between what we're talking about here and CC and CT is that [[FIFA Street 2]] was half-filled with a list of all 100+ soccer players in the game (before I whacked it), while CT and CC are featured articles, and held up as examples of what all cvg articles should look like. Also, what are you talking about? There isn't a section in CT about quotes. Please do not go about hacking apart featured articles, you will be reverted. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 13:26, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Oh, I see what you meant. You meant that every ref that was to the game itself should be removed. Ironically, the editors at FAC felt that not referencing the plot meant that it was OR. Since you deleted 20ish references, I've reverted you. Please do not do massive edits to a featured article like that without at least discussing it first. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 13:39, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: PresN is correct. DO NOT REMOVE those cross references. Those were put there in response to ''citation needed'' tags during the FA and GA process. The cross-reference section ''is not a quotes section'' and is indeed part of what makes the CT and CC articles worthy of being Featured Articles. [[User:Renmiri|Renmiri]] 13:42, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::: " No, PresN is not correct. There is absolutely, positively no reason for each and every single plot-related dialogue quote to be referenced within the article itself. Someone who wants such a deep focus on the plot can read a guide (which Wikipedia is not). If you don't feel that the cross-reference section is a "quotes" section, then simply don't fill it with quotes. Imagine how disturbingly large every single game plot section would be if we did that to them all. A short summary of the plot is all that is neccesary, no matter how well-liked the game is- a massive, guidelike list of events and quotations, on the other hand, is not. Come on, do we seriously NEED to reference things like "Look, Crono! Your cat's running away because you haven't been feeding it!" I don't know how something like that got to Featured status, but there's no reason we can't pare down the un-needed pieces to make it better. [[User:Ex-Nintendo Employee|Ex-Nintendo Employee]] 16:15, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Well, lets see why it passed FAC, shall we? It was only the beginning of August. Here's a scattering of quotes from the nomination- "The Story section needs to be more comprehensive, and shouldn't be rushing itself quite as hard as it is" "I know you're probably concerned with length, but being comprehensive is more important than length. Don't try molding the article to fit some imaginary standard of length. The only standard of length is that it cover everything important and do it with clarity without going into the territory of detail that only fans would look for." "'Do you mean for the story? I can dig up some script references'.....'Some for the story would be good, yeah'" "You don't come to an encyclopedia if you don't want comprehensive overviews." I respect that you feel that the plot section is too in depth, and that there are too many game references. I do not respect the fact that instead of starting a discussion, you went and removed all of the references to the game. Yes, anyone can edit wikipedia, but for FA class articles it's usually a good idea to tell people about major changes to the article before you do them. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 16:38, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::: And yet, despite your lovely quotes, references to people's cats still remain. Oh well. Honestly, if you want to turn [[Chrono Trigger]] into a vast repository of random facts and quotations about Chrono's pets, be my guest. I have parakeets to feed. [[User:Ex-Nintendo Employee|Ex-Nintendo Employee]] 16:48, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -* Ex, you are missing the point and blowing it out of proportion. The quotes are presented to solidify that the synopsis is not original researach; it also deters OR drops. This has been an accepted procedure in numerous featured articles; I believe you are only the second person to have a real distaste for them. Furthermore, these plot sections do not cover all minor subarcs; however, they are ''comprehensive'' in all areas of the games (yes, including the plot) in a succinct manner to satisfy both criteria as much as possible. Plus, the cat reference is key to the conclusion of the plot section; it's not about the ''cat'', it's about the ''situation'', and the quote provides evidence that such a ''situation'' described in the plot synopsis is not OR. — '''[[User:Deckiller|Deckill]][[User:Deckiller/EA|e]][[User talk:Deckiller|r]]''' 16:57, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -** Ex-N Missing TWO points actually: No matter how he feels about the citations section, it was pretty rude to just erase half of it without discussion, on an FA class page. Had he bothered to ask we would have explained the difference between '''citations''' and random quotes. For anyone not familiar with how to survive a peer review, Good Page Award review and FA review they might look unsightly but Deck and Ryu can confirm what I tell you, ''no page makes into FA without citations''. [[User:Renmiri|Renmiri]] 21:00, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::: Just got back from visiting my birds, and look at that! A slew of new replies. Hey Renmiri, I'm not missing ANY "points" here- I just happen to disagree with you. You'll notice that I've stopped bothering with the CT article- I know that the little group that's huddled around it would immediately jump to its "defense", no matter what unencyclopedic minor content one attempts to pare down. It doesn't matter that quotes about a cat, random dialogue about the gate Keys and other fudd aren't really "citations", they're just fluff- fluff that puffs up an article's size and makes it interminable to wade through. Despite all the self-congratulatory back-patting going on here, the fact remains that you're sitting on an article filled to the brim with minor, unencyclopedic quotations. Remember, just because someone disagrees with your point of view (as I do) doesn't make them either stupid, nor does it mean they're "missing any points". And for the record, I haven't seen any evidence that the dialogue about Chrono's cat food helps give the article any level of succinctness. That's my two cents, and I'll go away now and leave your group to ponder over what next to do with your gargantuan puffy article. I'm sure more back-patting will occur, and a few rounds of "Oh, that darn Ex-Nintendo Employee." Have fun! [[User:Ex-Nintendo Employee|Ex-Nintendo Employee]] 21:30, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::: Actually, what you said toward the end proves that you missed my point. Also, the term "missing the point" was not in response to disagreement; it was in response to the fact that you did not (and still have not) addressed the issue of why the references are being used (which would therefore be the point). I stated that the reference with the cat in the dialogue provides evidence that the scenerios mentioned at the end of the plot synopsis actually ''occured'', and were not just OR statements. That has nothing to do with succinctness, nor is it a quote section — again, they are ''direct references to the text to prove that the synopsis is not speculation or false''. — '''[[User:Deckiller|Deckill]][[User:Deckiller/EA|e]][[User talk:Deckiller|r]]''' 02:42, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -XNE has a couple of good points, albeit somewhat harshly stated. Regarding the length of plot summaries, remember, not every plot point or event needs to be described in a plot summary, despite the recent trend (I'm finding which is largely led by [[WP:WPFF]], since they've done the bulk of the CVG FAs lately) to write very detailed plot summaries. When you are writing a plot summary, strongly consider omitting points which are not necessary to the understanding of the rest of the article. (Chrono's cat food is a good example.) We're not here to retell the story in less-compelling form.
    -
    -As for the citations to the text, this is better than not citing anything, but is less than ideal. Whenever possible, try to use secondary analysis of the story, rather than relating it yourself based on primary observation, as part of the foundation of this encyclopedia is to synthesize commentary in secondary sources. I realize that such secondary sources are often scarce, but we should not have a five-page-long plot summary of Chrono Trigger when no other source has ever felt the need to go into that much detail.
    -
    -I realize these aren't popular points, but they're important ones, and I think the current trend needs to be reversed. Comprehensiveness does not require that we retell the story in less-compelling form. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 23:02, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:To give an example we should follow, [[The Lord of the Rings]], a featured article on an exceedingly plot-dense ''trilogy'' of lengthy books, currently has a shorter plot summary than [[Chrono Trigger]] or [[Final Fantasy IV]]. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 23:04, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::As we both know, secondary source plot analysis are often published by self-published sources, which are currently even ''more discouraged'' than primary source citations. :) Also, I checked, and the only time the word "cat" is used is in the citation that happens to have the subject of the cat in it, despite the reference being used for a more general reason. — '''[[User:Deckiller|Deckill]][[User:Deckiller/EA|e]][[User talk:Deckiller|r]]''' 02:42, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -* The recent trend follows a series of featured article reviews, which claimed that the articles were not comprehensive because they lacked detailed plot summary. Said reviews were placed by fairly experienced outside editors (such as [[User:Silence]]), who don't normally edit RPG articles (making it more important to follow). Thus, it is not necessarily our ''wish'' to provide such detail (which is NOT fancruft), but not doing it can very well result in getting hit from another (and potentially more brutal, since the FA voters are usually outside editors). So, it's not as simple as it's made out to be here. You know me; heck, I had my four paragraph plot summary of Final Fantasy IV (and my three paragraph summary of Final Fantasy IX) completely rewritten (partially by myself) to be more "comprehensive" as these users wished. And since the articles managed to pass FAC without much resistance to it, the trend was set to be how we'd handle things. Ultimately, it boils down to what is best for the ''reader'', not what's best for editor politics. That is, unfortunately, the achilles' heel of Wikipedia (especially since we're debating ''featured articles''). In all honesty, I'd rather do without the lengthy plot summaries as well (but keep the citations, as this is an encyclopedia), but we must also remember that the current versions are actually a compromise between the opinions on peer reviews and FAs, so they ideally represent what is acceptable to editors on the outside. — '''[[User:Deckiller|Deckill]][[User:Deckiller/EA|e]][[User talk:Deckiller|r]]''' 02:42, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*:My point (and I think XNE's point) is that the pendulum has swung too far the other way, and that the example of FFVII, a 90K monster, is being used to make ridiculously long plot summaries for games that are not nearly so plot heavy ([[Chrono Trigger]], for example). The next time someone complains that a four-paragraph summary isn't comprehensive, feel free to let me know so I can make the opposite case. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 02:50, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*::My issue is that if said pendulum overswings in the other way, it would be even more of a problem. You know me, I always like to strike a balance and a compromise; all I did with the Chrono articles was copyedit them, so I can't really defend the length of those articles' synopses (I can, however, say very firmly that the synopses of FF6, FF8, FF10/X-2, and soon FF9 are compromises considering how plot-heavy they are). In the end, though, it's more of a superficial issue; these articles passed FA, so outside editors don't see it as much of a problem (or they have given up; Ryu and myself were pretty hard on all the inclusionists and deletionists who poppsed up to say that the articles were too short/too long).
    -*::I can offer to cut down 20-30 percent of the summaries for CT and FF4, if I can be certain that there will be no more lingering problems about "length". We are here to educate the masses; so, as editors, we must balance all of our organizational ideas to a common point (which had certainly been done with FF6, FF8, and FF10/10-2). If we cut back, we MUST not overcompensate. — '''[[User:Deckiller|Deckill]][[User:Deckiller/EA|e]][[User talk:Deckiller|r]]''' 03:03, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*:::Well, I'd argue that overly detailed plot summaries do the reader a disservice, to the point where little is lost even when the plot summary is short of "comprehensive". You're ruining the work for readers who haven't already read/played the work in question, while boring those who have. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 03:27, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*::::Whereas the arguement for a brief summary is that it doesn't cover the topic on the whole, and readers who wish to gain a grasp of the story in conjunction with the article are often docked major events (and people who have played it will not be able to get an adequete summary as a whole, or make more significant edits). That's why I'm an advocate for finding a balance between informing and overinforming — I believe the plot summary of Final Fantasy 8 is a perfect balance thereof. If we can mold articles around that style, I think it can be a fitting compromise. The key is to inform, but not cut so much to let ignorant wikipoliticians get their way, and not include so much that your arguement comes into play (which I really only think is an issue with the summaries of Chrono Trigger and maybe Final Fantasy 7)— '''[[User:Deckiller|Deckill]][[User:Deckiller/EA|e]][[User talk:Deckiller|r]]''' 03:34, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*:::::This isn't going to have any bearing on the argument, but as a former lurker (ages ago), I always appreciated it when an encyclopedia had more than two or three paragraphs of plot summary. A lot of film entries basically echo the plot outline given in the press kit and do not reveal the resolution, major arcs, characters, etc. These seem like things that must be included an an encyclopedic article on a fictional work. Not arguing for expansive blowouts here, but perhaps we could set out some guidelines? Like, CVG articles should cover major plot arcs, major character development, and major events in the game? And perhaps we could note that editors should exclude sidequests or plot jokes? --[[User:Zeality|Zeality]] 16:19, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -I have had to add the {{tl|toomuchtrivia}} template to virtually every Sonic game article going. According to [[WP:AVTRIV]] the guidelines are not about the trivia in articles, it is to do with trivia being in articles at all (or as I informally call it, the War on Trivia). The guidelines suggest that trivia sections should be avoided and be merged into the article or deleted off the page (or better yet, of the idea of a project like Wikitrivia gets off the ground, moved there). Too much trivia on a page according to [[WP:AVTRIV]] is regardless of how much trivia there is on a page, it should all be merged or removed. I love reading trivia on games, but I think the time is now where it should be moved to another project (a la Wikitrivia?). --[[User:Tghe-retford|tgheretford]] ([[User talk:Tghe-retford|talk]]) 21:54, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:A project for trivia? I certainly hope that doesn't exist on Wikipedia ever. Trivia is a problem on Wikipedia now, and a project for it wouldn't help matters. The only useful trivia project is one that is used for cleaning the sections, not helping promote it. People need to realize Wikipedia is for encyclopedia content, not every little trivia note that they think is useful. In my opinion, trivia sections should be completely banned from Wikipedia altogether. They seem to be just sections for random things that don't fit anywhere else. If it's useful: add to the article itself. If it's not useful: don't add it to the article ever. Wikipedia isn't a fan's guide for every little detail. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 23:51, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I think you may have misunderstood my point, I was refering to the idea being coined where trivia would move to a project completely separate from Wikipedia in all regards, like Wikiquote is for quotes for example, or gaming guides to one of the separate gaming Wikis for example (technically if all trivia should be banished from Wikipedia - wouldn't the [[Wikipedia:Department of Fun|Department of Fun]]'s [[Wikipedia:Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense|Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense]] sections all be ripe for [[Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion|MfD]]? I'd hope not! [[Image:Face-sad.svg|18px]]) --[[User:Tghe-retford|tgheretford]] ([[User talk:Tghe-retford|talk]]) 00:18, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Well, I see two fabulous ideas here: First, the WikiProject: Trivia integration, whose sole aim would be to hunt down trivia sections, integrate what they can in the article, and sort the interesting, relevant, sourceable facts from the basic fancruft. Second, the Wikitrivia. That could be a great place for all the fanboys and fangirls to breathe a little, and rave about the subject of their passion in very tiny, but oh-so-amazing detail. Any support to these two? Does anyone know where I can post the idea for the wikiproject?--[[User:$yD!|SidiLemine]] 11:59, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Yeah, you go [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposed here]. Note you have to create a new account for the Meta Wiki site, from what I gather. [[User:Melodia|♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫]] 12:10, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[Chronology of PlayStation 2 games]] is in need of help==
    -
    -After cleaning up some redundant information, I noticed the page needs help. It just seems like a cluttered list of North America and Japan releases. I think a split should be made, or the list should be in a table of some sort by year to make it look neater. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 21:34, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[F-Zero GX]] GA?==
    -Is it appropriate for this title to be considered a good article? [[User:FullMetal Falcon|FullMetal Falcon]] 22:35, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Too many bulleted lists, and not enough references. It's a very good B-class though, wouldn't take it too much to get to GA. Also, we don't decide if it's GA class, [[WP:GAC]] does. Though I and other CVG editors review articles on there sometimes. (I try to avoid CVG articles, I'd feel biased.) --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 00:46, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[Tron ni Kobun]] ==
    -
    -Can someone figure out what this is and what should be done with it? - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 23:02, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:My eyes! It should be deleted, as Tron ni Kobun is the japanese name for [[The Misadventures of Tron Bonne]], a much better article. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 00:48, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== The name PCP ==
    -
    -Hi! I am [[User:TrackerTV|TrackerTV]] from subproject [[WP:PCP]]. In the past 2 months, we have received 2 inquiries concerning a name change. The first came from me with no consensus. The second came from [[User:Atomic-Super-Suit]], which mentioned PCP is a drug (as an abbreviation). Would you, our parent, support a name change for three Projects:
    -
    -*Pokémon Collaborative Project ([[WP:PCP]]) to WikiProject Pokémon ([[WP:POKE]], [[WP:WPP]] as dab link at top, [[WP:PKMN]] dab link at top)
    -*WikiProject Digimon Systems Update to simply WikiProject Digimon (no shortcut change)
    -*WikiProject Legend of Zelda series to just WikiProject Legend of Zelda
    -
    -I think all Projects should be held by a standard name, and should meet naming conventions so they are not mistaken for a guideline page or anything else in the Wikipedia namespace.
    -
    -[[User:TrackerTV|Shin'ou's TTV]] ([[User talk:TrackerTV|Futaba]]|[[Special:Contributions/TrackerTV|Masago]]|[[Special:Emailuser/TrackerTV|Kotobuki]]) 05:04, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:[[WP:NOT]] a bureaucracy, last I checked, and, really, who cares? - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:12, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Two people appearantly. -[[User:SaturnYoshi|'''Saturn''']][[User:SaturnYoshi/Esperanza|'''Yoshi''']] [[User talk:SaturnYoshi|THE VOICES]] 06:52, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Call yourself PCP, it dosen't matter that it's the same as something else. If it really worries you prefix it with CVG-PCP - [[User:X201|X201]] 08:07, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Shouldn't this be at anime and manga? We've got more manga and anime articles than video games articles. [[User:HighwayCello|H]][[User:HighwayCello/Esperanza|ig]][[User:HighwayCello|hway]] [[User talk:HighwayCello|Grammar Enforcer!]] 09:20, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::No, no it shouldn't. You have approximately 440 Pokemon articles under CVG, far less than that which would fall under [[WP:MANGA]]. I believe the name change unnecessary, btw. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 16:23, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Em, the Pokémon appear in -
    -
    -* the games
    -
    -which covers your portion, they also appear in -
    -
    -* the anime
    -* the 10 mangas
    -* the trading card game
    -
    -So how do they get grouped "under" CVG? [[User:HighwayCello|H]][[User:HighwayCello/Esperanza|ig]][[User:HighwayCello|hway]] [[User talk:HighwayCello|Grammar Enforcer!]] 11:58, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Because [[WP:MANGA]] primarily defines its involvement in an area by the original media. We cover things which were originally Japanese manga, Japanese anime, and Japanese [[light novel]]s, and their derived works. This means we don't cover Pokemon, because while Pokemon overlaps with our "jurisdiction" in content, but it is not '''based on''' a light novel, manga, or anime series. Similarly, we don't cover [[Battle Royale]] because (despite its manga adaptation) it was '''originally''' a normal Japanese book, not a graphic novel or anime. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 23:11, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::How bureaucratic. Why not just cover the subjects to which your tools are well-suited? We could really use the help with the largely anime-based articles at [[WP:PCP]]. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 23:47, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::If you look at the most recent discussion the project had on the subject [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Anime and manga/Archive 9#Articles outside of the scope of this project|here]], you'll notice that I don't exactly agree with the current standards. Personally, I believe the scope should be expanded to include subjects such as [[Manhwa]] and published manga based on other licensed properties for the sake of standardization, but I got shot down. --[[User:Tjstrf|tjstrf]] 07:18, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I personally like the collaborative part, as it indicates that it's a collboration. I don't mind either way (though I haven't been contributing to Pokemon articles for awhile). [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 03:58, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Macrons in Japanese names. ==
    -
    -Hi all. I am currently working on renaming a whole bunch of Japanese history articles to their more proper spellings, using macrons. One of the more common examples of this coming up in video games (as many of you are probably aware, and many of you may not be) is in any name that involves "ryū", meaning "dragon." Technically speaking, "ryū", representing "ryuu", is a different spelling and hence a different word from "ryu". What I am getting at is to ask your opinions and policies towards the renaming of such characters as Ryu from Street Fighter and Strider Hiryu. Let me know. Thanks. [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 13:27, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:From [[WP:MOS-JA]]: ''Article titles should use macrons '''except in cases where the macronless spelling is in common usage in English-speaking countries'''''. In other words, the vast majority of CVG articles won't have macrons (including aforementioned examples), because I don't know of any English translations that keeps the macrons. [[User:Nifboy|Nifboy]] 16:08, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Oh, so it's called a [[macron]]. I did not know that. Utterly off topic, anyone played ''[[Ōkami]]''? ;) [[User:CyberSkull|Dread Lord CyberSkull]] [[User talk:CyberSkull|✎☠]] 10:09, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Subject dates? ==
    -
    -I've been trying to use the Manual of Style ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)]]) to dictate my work on infoboxes in the CVG project, however I've been receiving a lot of annoyed users about this (well not really, but several reverts). I have my date display preferences set for dates in the dd MMMM yyyy format (e.g. 16 October 2006). When users put release dates of games with a subject year (1998 in video gaming for example), it screws up my date display. Is there an official guideline I should follow regarding this? I don't want to get on other user's nerves regarding this. [[User:ShadowHntr|Alex]] 23:25, 16 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I thought we all settled on what is at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_and_video_games#Release_dates|the main page]]. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 00:18, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Sorry bout that. Misread the page. [[User:ShadowHntr|Alex]] 05:39, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Flags in infobox ==
    -
    -While I'm thinking about it - what's the justification for not using flagicons for the release dates instead of the ISO TLDs for country designations - is it accessibility? I'm just curious - don't wanna screw up any actual policy when I'm so passionate about this project. :) [[User:ShadowHntr|Alex]] 05:41, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I don't think there was ever really a discussion. I just use the TLDs because little images are annoying. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:55, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -A previous discussion (now archived) did cite accessibility. There's also issues with multi releases - Canada might be different from the US release, and there might be a few release dates in Europe, etc. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 07:25, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:The previous discussion was archived [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Computer_and_video_games/archive16#Flag_icon_for_North_America|here]]. [[User:Jacoplane|jaco]]♫[[User_talk:Jacoplane|plane]] 11:06, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Regarding information considered game guide-ish ==
    -
    -I have been adamant in removing information is feel is bordering on being a game guide from [[Classes in World of Warcraft]]. Could anyone help me define what is to be kept and not? Do we allow information about how many % in armor a spell gives and things like that? I have tried to keep the article as clean as possible, but it's an impossible task. Any help much appreciated. Thank you. [[User:Havok|Havok]] [[User_talk:Havok|(T]]/[[User:Havok/Contributions|C]]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Interiot/Tool2/code.js?username=Havok c]) 10:38, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:See the main page of the project. Item statistics and lists of minutiae are not encyclopedic. '''[[User:Andrevan|Andre]]''' ([[User_talk:Andrevan|talk]]) 01:45, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Then could someone help me clean it up, seeing as I get flamed and reverted when trying to remove information like this. [[User:Havok|Havok]] [[User_talk:Havok|(T]]/[[User:Havok/Contributions|C]]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Interiot/Tool2/code.js?username=Havok c]) 11:41, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[In-game advertising]] - Expand and Improve ==
    -
    -I once nominated this for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Gaming_Collaboration_of_the_week&diff=prev&oldid=61286988 GCOTW], but it lost out to some crap like Dead Rising or some minor Final Fantasy character. It then got lumped together with the [[advergaming]] article, although the concepts are fundamentally different. Still, better late then never, I've made a bit of a start with the article, and would like others to help expand it. I've left empty section headings as a guidline although you don't have to follow those, it'd also be appropriate to move some of the history of in-game advertising (static ads, such as sponsorship in sports games or crazy taxi) into the lead, and move some of the lead into the section on dynamic ads. I've also written nothing on concepts such as the virtual advertising islands you get in overrated chatrooms such as [[second life]]. I don't normally announce new articles here, but this is a big concept in advertising and gaming, and rates pretty highly in terms of importance I believe. It's been a misplaced redirect for so long, I hope we can finally sort it out. - [[User:Hahnchen|Hahnch]][[Evil|e]][[User:Hahnchen|n]] 04:13, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Video game subtitles in article titles ==
    -
    -I've noticed that the titles of video game articles are very inconsistent, many have game subtitles in the article titles and many do not. Which one is preferred? Local discussions have taken place in a variety of places, with various outcomes, but there should be a site-wide standard. Personally, I think that all video games that can only be told apart by subtitles should use subtitles (such as [[The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask]]) and others that can be disambiguated by number (where the number is the primary distinction, such as [[Xenosaga Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse]]) should not include the subtitle. Opinions? —[[User:Mets501|Mets501]] ([[User talk:Mets501|talk]]) 01:42, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I don't really see this as an issue. Yes, we could change the ''Xenosaga'' articles to just the numbers and not the German subtitles, but why? The subtitles are right there on the game's box. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 14:58, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I think the standard is to use what the box identifies itself as. People are going to have different conventions regarding the use of subtitles, sequel numbers, etc. To keep it simple, we might as well use what the game calls itself and call it a day. —[[User:Mitaphane|Mitaphane]] [[User talk:Mitaphane|talk]] 15:06, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== ''Super Mario 64'' review ==
    -
    -For some reason, ''[[Super Mario 64]]'' is up for [[Wikipedia:Featured article review/Super Mario 64|featured article review]] again. It's already come through a previous FAR and a removal candidacy, but for some reason it's not very well-liked. It was one of the CVG project's first featured articles and I think it's still a great article, but I guess everyone might not agree with me. Please weigh in on the FAR page. '''[[User:Andrevan|Andre]]''' ([[User_talk:Andrevan|talk]]) 01:47, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== TfD nomination of Template:{{ucfirst:Nintendo franchises }} ==
    -
    -[[Template:{{ucfirst:Nintendo franchises }}]] has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Templates for deletion#Template:Nintendo franchises |the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page]]. Thank you. '''[[User:Andrevan|Andre]]''' ([[User_talk:Andrevan|talk]]) 06:18, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Navboxes yet again ==
    -
    -We need to do something about navboxes. We're getting inexplicable glitches in the hide/show functions of certain templates, and that was pretty much the only thing keeping increasingly-bloated templates from taking over articles.
    -
    -Thus, I propose these as the new guidelines for CVG bottom-of-the-page navboxes.
    -#80% width, class toccolours, color #CCCCFF;, cellpadding=2
    -#Favor centered text over left-aligned
    -#As little meta-commentary as possible.
    -#Avoid breaking the template up into sections whenever possible
    -#Link lists of things (characters, places, items, etc.) over the individuals even when the individuals have their own articles. Individual fictional people/places/things are almost never a good idea for a series template.
    -#Exclude unreleased games and games never released in English unless the series as a whole was never released in English. If space is at a premium, also exclude unreleased, upcoming games. If an unreleased game is ''particularly'' noteworthy (noteworthy as in Duke Nukem Forever noteworthy, not Foo-Raider-4-is-the-much-anticipated-next-game-in-the-Foo-Raider-series noteworthy), make sure to include it.
    -#A template doesn't have to be exhaustive; include only articles which are likely to be useful links from all or most of the articles linked
    -#Use nonbreaking spaces to make sure names don't split on linebreaks
    -#Separate • names • with • bullets
    -#Omit the name of the series, in the game names, when space is at a premium. In the case of "Foo Raider" and its sequels "Foo Raider 2" and "Foo Raider 3: The Barring", refer to the first game by the full name, then abbreviate the later ones "2", "3", and so on. In the case of the "Quux the Wombat" or "Kwazy Quuz" series, it may be appropriate to instead refer to them as "Quux 2" and "Quux 3". In a series of games differentiated by subtitles, using the subtitle alone is acceptable. '''''DO NOT USE ACRONYMS''''' (save when the game's name is itself an acronym).
    -#The title should be styled like so: '''[[Kwazy Quux (series)|''Kwazy Quux'']] [[Computer and video games|video games]]'''
    -#:If there's no umbrella article for the series, leave the title unlinked
    -#''Italicize game names.'' Don't italicize things that aren't game names.
    -#Make sure to pipe link any name with a space in it, then replace spaces with non-breaking spaces (&nbsp;)
    -#Don't link redlinks or article sections. If we don't have an article for ''[[Kwazy Quux Gaiden: Densetsu no Quux]]'' yet, it doesn't aid navigation to link an article that doesn't exist.
    -
    -If someone wants to write this as a proper guideline or put it in a MOS or something, feel free. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:16, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -{{tl|Pokémon games}} is a good example of what the final product will look like. ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Pokémon_games&oldid=74572663 This] is what it looked like before.) - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:23, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Yikes, AMIB, you really took a meat axe to that template, didn't you? (I was involved in a minor edit war in February over what should be added and how much divsion should occur). Anyway, I think 80% gives too much whitespace and would prefer 60%. We also need to decide on inter-template linking - I modeled {{tl|Mario series}} after the {{tl|EnderBooks}} template - which linked three templates together under one heading. However, with so many spinoffs - Mario Party, Mario RPG, Game & Watch, Dr. Mario, Mario Kart, Mario remakes, and so forth - it's gotten out of control as well. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 09:33, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I picked 80% because it's common and is readable on any size screen.
    -::As for {{tl|Mario series}}, yeah. It's out of control. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:38, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::You should see the ones for the Sonic articles. One Sonic related article could have up to three large templates! {{tl|Sonic}}, {{tl|sonicGames}} and {{tl|SonicFeatures}}. Take the [[Sonic the Hedgehog series]] as a prime example of this (which actually has four!). --[[User:Tghe-retford|tgheretford]] ([[User talk:Tghe-retford|talk]]) 10:52, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I'm going to start doing this to game series navboxes first, then move onto other game navboxes. This will not be popular, so I'd appreciate the support of anyone who is sympathetic. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 10:54, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I'm here. -- [[User:Steel359|Steel]] 10:55, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Not only does this enforce stylistic consistency across the project, but it's also a good method of eliminating cruft, general inconsistencies and odd arrangements in the process. You have my support. [[User:Combination|Combination]] 01:00, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Yeah, I like it too. I converted some templates, too. [[User:Thunderbrand|Thunderbrand]] 01:16, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Well, I changed enough of them that anyone who watches templates will know. The white whales (that I know of) are the bloated Mega Man templates (although most of that cruft needs to be merged), the Halo template, and the Legend of Zelda template. Either this new idea will be hated and reverted on sight (although from the reception from the CVG regulars, this doesn't seem to be the case) or there will be enough interest to get a redesign to stick on the cruftiest templates. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 12:11, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I'll clean up {{tl|Halo}}. Since there's no all-encompassing list of ancillary media to link to (novels, etc.), I'll create that. — [[User:TKD|TKD]]::[[User talk:TKD|Talk]] 01:38, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Done. — [[User:TKD|TKD]]::[[User talk:TKD|Talk]] 02:20, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -In general good thoughts, but I don't like the concept of having a list that looks like this: "[[Foo Raider]] [[Foo Raider 2|2]] [[Foo Raider 3|3]]" which to me is an obnoxious and unprofessional abbreviating convention. I'd rather just spell out the title and the number. '''[[User:Andrevan|Andre]]''' ([[User_talk:Andrevan|talk]]) 02:10, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, consider the case of {{tl|Metal Slug series}}, which I believe is an example of what you're talking about. Adding "Metal Slug" to each would easily treble the size of the template, and using "MS" looks unprofessional. What do you suggest as an alternative? - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 02:15, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I just switched it to show you what I think would be good, but feel free to change it back if you don't agree. The template is larger, yes, but well within the boundaries of the template's outline. I agree that using MS would be bad, although I think abbreviations are OK in some situations (PS2, for example) and I think there's a guideline about that on the main project page. '''[[User:Andrevan|Andre]]''' ([[User_talk:Andrevan|talk]]) 03:35, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I think you're probably right about writing the full name out when there's space available. I'll note that. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 04:44, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Wow, the level of support for this move is unprecedented. Doing my part: I've simplified Mario Tennis, Mario Golf, Dr. Mario, and Panel de Pon. I'm afraid to try to tackle {{tl|Yoshi series}} or {{tl|Mario series}}. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 03:10, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:They'll get done. This has been a long time coming, it seems. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 03:13, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Ok, whoa, looking at all the changes you guys have done to the game navboxes, and I have to say, it looks bad. They looked good and professional before, and actually justified themselves. They met with Wikipedia standards, like the [[Template:Simpsons characters|Simpsons characters]] and the various comicnav templates, like the [[Template:X-Men|X-Men]] and [[Template:Avengers|Avengers]]. Now they are basically nothing but a small list, and might as well be removed and turned into list pages. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:52, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Now I understand what you guys are trying to do, and most of the time I agree with stuff like this, but things like what happened to {{tl|halo}} are... well.. what's the point in even having it anymore? Don't get me wrong, I wouldn't mind nuking it altogether, but as it is now it's not useful. There's too big and then there's big because there's a lot of articles that are directly related to that topic. Maybe the real issue in some of these cases is not the nav template, but that there are that many articles to navigate to. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 19:45, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -The old templates were so large that they weren't useful. Everything but the kitchen sink was crammed into them, obscuring the important entries and often including or even encouraging overspecific articles to fill in "gaps" in the coverage. The Legend of Zelda template, for example, had cancelled games, fangames, and even the games only available through a cancelled game download service in Japan.
    -
    -Navboxes shouldn't replace lists or categories; they should, when used, link a set of highly related articles, such as the games in a single tightly-linked series (so not every game Mario has ever appeared in). When you've got a lot of scattered related articles, ''use categories or lists'', then link them from the template. {{tl|Sonic games}} is a paragon of this philosophy; the platformers designed by Sonic Team are in the template, then a link to a list of all the unreleased, upcomic, spin-off, and cameo games are in an exhaustive list linked from the template.
    -
    -I'm not sure {{tl|Halo}}'s redesign was perfect, but it links the noteworthy games, then links a set of umbrella articles to cover everything. If you want to learn about Halo, that navbox is a good start. If you're looking for a specific narrow article, we have a number of more-specific tools, including lists, categories, and search. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 03:32, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I suppose that the new {{tl|Halo series}} is, at the risk of a bad pun, a bit spartan, but that entitre category needs a good reworking anyway. Maybe once you're in an article about a specific character, we could include some navbox for other characters (instead of the general series navbox), but the old one was far too inclusive. I've learned in software development is that you have to make the common case clearly accessible and that it's fine to put "advanced" controls in a separate click if that unclutters the UI. Pragmatically speaking, If we were to add, say, [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] in the navbox, then other people start adding the [[Arbiter (Halo)|Arbiter]], then [[343 Guilty Spark]], and so on. Rhat's where the creep starts. There was a recent query as to whether [[Halo.Bungie.Org]], a fan site, should go in. By establishing a clear boundary, that eliminates this issue. — [[User:TKD|TKD]]::[[User talk:TKD|Talk]] 11:00, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Fine I'll (reluctantly) discuss it here, one, why does each template have to be the same, two, I hate the new design and am not alone, three, it would be a whole lot easier just to fix the ones with problems rather than all of them, four, the "E.Whatever.V" thing in the corner is causing me problems, if I click "E" it says no such page exists and if i'd like to create one, and that's annoying, five, I is far harder for a non accustomed audience to navigate the pages mow (e.g. ''2'' instead of ''Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake''), six, ties in with three, if you make a permanent change ot one you have to change all of them. I could go on further but I just can't be bothered, i'll be back in a couple hours to make my third rever to the Metal Gear series one [[User:The Bread|'''†he Bread''']] 03:41, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:They need to look the same because many articles have multiples, and having a motley assortment of dissimilar templates looks awful. (Look at [[Wario]], which still has several unchanged templates.) Do you have any ''constructive'' comments on improving the design? "I hate it" with nothing else tends to get ignored.
    -
    -:Now, a couple of your points need dealing with. If the edit link isn't working, that's a glitch, and I'll try and figure out what's causing it. As for the abbreviating, that's still an open issue; do you have any specific ideas on what would be better? - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 04:44, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Okay they can all look the same, but why do they have to look as they are, to me it's all over the place difficult to navigate (these • are distracting)? I'm not good with all that syntax stuff but i'd prefer something to seperate non-canon from canon includes more things and does a better job of dealing with the ones that it has included, I'm short of time just now, i'll be back soon [[User:The Bread|'''†he Bread''']] 04:54, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::What do you suggest as a separator?
    -
    -:::As for canon and non-canon, that's the sort of metadata that belongs in series articles and game lists. Navboxes shouldn't have all sorts of extra info crammed into them; they become distracting and bloated. Instead, they should guide readers to the introductory and umbrella articles whichdo have this core information. Taking {{tl|Metal Gear series}} as an example, the main, Kojima-directed games are up top, and the main series article is linked prominently.
    -
    -:::This principle about meta-data is important; there's no way to give a new reader enough info in a navbox, just enough info to confuse them. We need to guide readers to the main articles, while tying together strongly-related articles. Weakly-related articles are just clutter, and linking them isn't useful because they'll already be linked inthe articles they're strongly related to. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:04, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -In order for the "V-D-E" functionality to work as intended you have to substitute {{tl|pagename}} with a hardcoded reference to the template in question, it will otherwise pull the article name instead of the template. I think I've sorted them all but there may be a few left. [[User:Combination|Combination]] 04:57, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I'll double-check any articles where I used it. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:04, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===Issues and ideas===
    -I've numbered the rules above; I'm going to write this into a proper project guideline, but I wanted to see if anyone had any extra ideas or suggestions or replacements or complaints.
    -
    -So, make any suggestions or suggest and ideas or complain (constructively!) or whatever. Each rule is numbered for easy reference. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 11:59, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
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    -:I’m going to have to register my complaint with point 7 (every thing else I either support or do not care about. Apart from 6 in certain circumstances) in my opinion, the big advantage of templates is that they can store a vast amount of information on a particular subject. And they should include all the bits of information that is relevant to the subject while still having a practical use.
    -
    -:Don’t get me wrong, I’m not in favour of including “Everything but the kitchen sink” and I support the gist of what you’re trying to do (trying to unclog the templates), but the changes you’ve made to some templates make many of then redundant. What is the point of a template if it doesn’t inform the reader about the subject? The template {{tl|Sonic games}} is now without point at is neglects almost every signal game in the sonic series. The extra link you add, [[List of games featuring Sonic the Hedgehog]] also fails to address this concern as games are lumped together by platform and thus it is imposable to distinguish noteworthy game from one another, whereas the previous template (although it suffered from a number of problems) was capable of doing this. [[User:El cid the hero|El cid the hero]] 14:20, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::This seems to be a quibble with the specific case. What games were omitted that are so important to the series as a whole that they be linked from every single article? The links omitted (see the old version [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sonic_games&oldid=83397718 here]) were derivative and largely inferior handheld games released by third parties, various party and racing games of little long-term impact or popularity outside of hardcore Sonic fans, compilation titles of little long-term importance, and some just-plain-inexplicable inclusions like Flicky and Mean Bean Machine. That template was a study in how too many links can greatly obscure the links of greater importance. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 14:26, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Actually, most of the templates were like the old Sonic template, and it is a case of an '''all or nothing''' situation. You can't just clam to have "notable" or "important" games, as then you have to define notable and important, which opens a whole other can of worms. I believe I've already pointed out some templates from other sections that are like the earlier templates which nobody seems to be thinking of trimming down. This also relates to issue number four, that there should be no sections, when clearly they will be needed. If you look all the old templates, which some are calling the more professional version (myself included), they had multiple sections, and worked just fine. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 16:03, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I have no idea who I'm replying to, here.
    -::::For most of the kitchen sink templates that I edited (can't speak for anyone else) I defined notable/important/relevant on the fly, looking for a series of interrelated articles. "Platformers starring Sonic developed by Sonic Team/its predecessors" seemed to be an obvious thread in the pile of randomness that was {{tl|Sonic games}}. This is mentioned in the draft guideline; don't make a scope so huge that you end up with many unrelated articles crammed together. There may be a new niche for a template devoted to, say, the 8-bit Sonic games or the handheld Sonic games or whatever; this is a feature and not a bug. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 15:08, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Sorry, forgot to sign. What I'm saying is, you can't define notable/important/relevant without a consensus from other people. What is notable to one may not be notable to another, and vice versa. If you want to define it, you can do that, but you'll want to bring before others, and you'll have to do that for ever template. Otherwise, you open up the kind of debate going on here. If you want to define, for example, the Sonic games as "Platformers starring Sonic developed by Sonic Team/its predecessors", then you have to make that nice and clear, which would probably mean labeling the template "Platformers starring Sonic developed by Sonic Team/its predecessors". I think the old templates had nicely defined scope, which went along the lines of "Games in Series X". Why you think this is a kitchen sink approach is beyond me. If you've seen the templates in other sections, a number of which have been referenced in this talk, you'll see they work fine. The only template I've seen that is even close to "Kitchen sink" levels is the {{tl|Simpsons characters}} template, and if you look at that, you'll see that it's nicely organized, sectioned template. And I don't think splitting the templates into subsections helps at all. This is part the reason I have such a problem with #4. Having sections and such has become a standard of the navboxes. If you don’t want them, your going to have to convince all of Wikipedia to drop them. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 16:03, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::The old template included dozens and dozens of games. It had a vaguely-defined scope of "games related to Sonic in some way" (Flicky? Mean Bean Machine?). It was a hallmark of the problems with scope creep. If someone wants to define some other basic series of articles for {{tl|Sonic games}}, I'm not going to lose any sleep, but if it gets huge again it's going to get trimmed again.
    -::::::Needing to section a template is a good sign that you've probably stopped linking an article series and that you've started cramming a comprehensive list into multiple articles via a template transclusion. Comprehensive lists with metadata are why we have lists. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 16:44, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::I don't think the scoop was as vague as "games related to Sonic in some way" for most of the navboxes. However, if it was, then yes, it would need to be trimmed. I fell, however, that you are going to the extreme. I fell that instead of trimming the fat, as you say you are, you’re leaving nothing but bone. As for sections being a sign of an over stuffed navbox, no, it's not. Have you actually looked at the other templates presented, like {{tl|X-Men}}? Those are sectioned, and they show all important and relevant information to the main topic. I don't see how you can thing that. You’re a supporter of merging, according to your user page, so wouldn't you merge collection of lists that could all go on one page, and each would be it's own subsection? How would this be any different? [[User:JQF|JQF]] 18:30, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::I did leave only the bone. Navboxes are skeletons, and should lead to the core articles. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -By the way, [[User:A Man In Black/CVGnavbox]] has a draft of a guideline on navboxes for this project. It's a rewrite of the rules above, but geared to a less wiki-savvy reader and with a whole lot more explanation of hows and whys. If you're curious about why such-and-such rule is the way it is (or how strict it's meant to be), the guideline writeup is a lot more verbose. Feel free to edit it, for anything from copyedits to major points I missed. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 15:26, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I think rule 6 should be changed a bit. Saying "no non-English games unless the whole series wasn't" is a bit too broad -- a perfect example is the [[Front Mission]] series. Two (three if the 5th game comes here) of the series in English, the rest not. Another example is [[Parodius series|Parodius]] which had some European releases of two (or three?) of the games. I could probably name some more. [[User:Melodia|♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫]] 16:13, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Agreed; Front Mission, Fire Emblem, and Parodius are good examples (but do we have separate articles for each Parodius game? Really?) The guidline draft has some softer language about erring on the side of peripheral games, with games not released in English and spinoffs given as examples. That way we're not cramming (for example) the various Japan-only spinoffs of the Mega Man Battle Network series into a MMBN template, but the Fire Emblem template could cover the whole series. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 07:14, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Having a rule about no non-English games sounds a like Americentric to me. Plus, having you ever heard of importing? Just because it was never released in an English speaking country doesn't mean it wasn't played there. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:43, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Well, English-language Wikipedia, you know? This is discussed in greater detail below. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 16:44, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I didn't see any greater details below, but English language doesn't mean we talk only about English things here. Are you suggesting we delete all the articles about countries that don't speak English? Or don't include them in lists of countries on the English Wikipedia? Are you saying that people don't want to know about the games released in other countries, but not here? I'm curious as to what exactly your reasoning is. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 18:30, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Oh, it's right above. Please spare me the red herrings and straw men; I wrote that thinking of series where there are fairly obscure spinoffs that never made it to English, such as the MegaMan Battle Network series. Obviously, core games that never made it into English (Dragon Quest, Parodius, and Fire Emblem come to mind) should be included. Were you making some other point? If you weren't, I don't think we disagree, here. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -This new template format for the CVG templates is out-of-line with the movie and comic book templates (for example, look at the templates for [[Matrix]], [[Terminator]], [[Superman]] or [[Spiderman]]). Even music templates follow a similar format (look at [[The Beatles]] and [[Freddie Mercury]] templates for example). Using a different template format for the CVG articles would be inconsistent with the templates for other forms of media. Another flaw has already been pointed out by a few other people; the new templates are essentially redundant if all they include are a few games. Another problem I have is with #6. I have not yet seen a good reason for why upcoming ''canon'' games should not be included. It would be reasonable to exclude spin-offs but I still don't see any decent reason why upcoming ''canon'' games which are essential in the series (such as ''Metal Gear Solid 4'') should not be included on the template. [[User:Jagged 85|Jagged 85]] 09:46, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Being more restrictive than other content areas is unavoidable. Scope creep in templates is pervasive, and the only way to reverse it is to start in one place and move to another. Is there some reason they shouldn't follow our lead?
    -
    -:The goal of a navbox is to link only a few, strongly-related articles. What are the slim boxes redundant to? The huge kitchen-sink templates were ugly clutter redundant with actual list articles or categories.
    -
    -:As for upcoming "canon" games, who says what's canon? These templates are bad enough without cramming speculative, low-quality articles which may turn out to be completely wrong and misguided. That's said, it's a bit softer in the current draft guideline (which I suggest people read because I could use help with it); it's an example of something to cut when space is tight or when the articles are low-quality, not a draconian DO NOT HAVE UNRELEASED GAMES EVAR. If you'd like to discuss the specific case of the upcoming Metal Gear games, I'd be happy to do that on the talk page for that template. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 10:03, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Isn't there a navbox standard for all of Wikipedia? Isn't that what was being followed before? As for who says what is is canon, I think that that is the people who make the games. Having games that have been announced is fine, and having the game on the template makes sure it gets its fair share of attention, and thus is kept up to date, so it becomes more than a low-quality bad-info article. And remember that the function of Wikipedia is designed to remove or fix up wrong and/or misguided information. It's the whole reason that info has to be sourced, and goes through that whole process. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:43, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::No, there isn't a standard navbox appearance. That's the problem, and it's why I decided to just go ahead and declare a certain appearance standard. There's {{tl|Navigation box}}, on which this design is based, and then most of the non-pop-culture projects use vertical seriesboxes at the top of an article. The navboxes are in general pretty haphazard; I'm fairly sure the film project doesn't have a standard style, I KNOW the comics project doesn't have a standard style (they can't even agree on a fixed width), and the motley assortment of TV projects don't agree on much of anything. Our standard style is just {{tl|Navigation box}} substed with some standard parameters, to be honest.
    -
    -:::As for announced games, Wikipedia isn't a crystal ball. Between announcement and release, games are often renamed, completely redesigned, delayed, cancelled, inaccurately described, deliberately deceitfully promoted (MGS2 anyone?), and, invariably, the subject of great speculation. An article for an upcoming game is nearly never a useful part of an [[Wikipedia:Article series|article series]]; most of the editors who bring things to GA/FA quality avoid touching game press on upcoming games in articles on existing games because the preview press in the games industry pretty much sucks. (If I were ChrisGriswold and I could convince people to adopt good-sense rules, I'd be pushing for this project to deem preview coverage unsuitable as a source for a Wikipedia article save when that coverage was noteworthy in and of itself, as in the case of how MGS2 was deceptively promoted.) A navbox should be guiding readers through a series of strongly interrelated articles, and an unreleased game's article is almost never going to be usefully interrelated to other articles. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 15:08, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Ok, don't see a {{tl|Navigation box}}, and I can't find one by looking. If there isn't an official standard, I'd say that the old templates conformed to the unofficial standard. The comic project navboxes just went through a major change, but their end result looks like the old templates, and they still agree on that stuff being standard. Most of the TV projects do their own thing, as far as I know, so they aren't that good an example. As for what I'm guessing {{tl|Navigation box}} is suppose to look like, I'd that that is just a simple navbox designed for simple copy-paste processes. The old templates look much more developed and, in my opinion, profession and encyclopedic. I know that Wikipedia isn't a crystal ball, but if something like a name changes, people will change the stuff referring to it. Wikipedia is adaptive, and if it is the next game, I'd say chances are good the people will keep the info up to date. Things like inaccuracy and speculation have a system for being dealt with, as evident with '''every other article in current or future status'''. Most articles don't get to GA/FA status until '''after''' the item is out, so there is no chance of speculation and such getting in. And does a press article about an upcoming game usually talk about a game already released? Don't talk about ChrisGriswold here, as he isn't here, and is probably wrapped up in his campaign to have all Marvel [[Civil War (comics)|Civil War]] comics merged into one page. Also, the one game you keep bringing up (MGS2) cannot be used to describe events surrounding all games. It's just one unique example, and is not a basis for games as a whole. Yes, a navbox should guide people through a series of strongly interrelated articles, which is why I'm here, and a future game is important to the other articles, as it is the future of the series. It tells people where the series is going. Don't you want to be informed about the future of your favorite games? As far as anyone knows, it is going to be part of the series, so you'll have to add it sooner or later anyway. Are you asking people to wait until the release date to add it the template? That just sounds counter-productive to me. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 16:03, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::The old, unofficial standard sucked and was broken. The template to which I was referring was {{tl|Navbox}}. We shouldn't link bad articles prominently until they have some hope of becoming good articles, and unreleased games are not likely to be major subjects of commentary in other articles. Preview commentary still isn't reliable by any sane standard. Future games may be important, but just as often they're not. (Games get cancelled, changed, postponed, redesign, sometimes the promotion is overblown, sometimes it's a lie, etc.) We should add things once we know they're important, instead of just assuming they will be. I'm suggesting that people err on the side of exclusion of speculative content when there's some doubt as to the value of that content.
    -:::::This comment needs specific refutation, however: ''Don't you want to be informed about the future of your favorite games?''
    -:::::Halt. Navboxes are not for fans of the series. Fans of the series already know about all of the games in the series. Navboxes need to guide readers who aren't already fans to the articles they need to read to fully understand the whole, with general information given prominence over specific. Navboxes tie together a series of articles, and until a game is released its article is generally not yet a part of the whole. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 16:44, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Ok, first, saying the old templates sucked is POV, which you shouldn't let get in the way of your editing, and as for broken, if I though they were broken I wouldn't be writing this. Second, I see what you were referring to, and now I must point out {{tl|Navbox generic}}, which is a simpler form of the old templates. Third, you’re assuming that all articles about future games are bad, which is a generalization. I've seen future games pages which fall anywhere from stub to GA quality. Also, even if the page isn't that great, it doesn't make the game any less a part of the series, and by adding them to the template you can draw more attention to page, and get more people helping out with the fixing up of pages. Are you suggesting that we only focus on the good pages, and ignore the bad ones? If you do that, than the bad pages are going to stay bad, because nobody knows about them but hardcore fans. I'll agree that future games are unlikely to be referred in other game articles, but what about things like the character pages, and the series page? I'm not saying Preview info is reliable, but it is all the people have. As for not wanting to do it because the game may get cancelled, changed, etc, that's like saying you don't want a page to get created because it might get vandalized. Yes, change is possible, but that's what the little edit button is for, so that you can change the info if it falls out of date and such. Again, what's important to you may not be to someone else, and vice versa. I personally believe in adding anything that might be important, and if it's not, whoever removes it will say why they think it isn't, and I can agree or disagree, and we can take it from there. As for speculation, remember that everything has to have a source, to speculation usually doesn't get in to the pages, so you don't have to worry about it. As for my comment, you do realize that Wikipedia is run by fans, right? I agree that Wikipedia is not for the fans (that's what special wikis, like the Trekkies' Memory Alpha, are for). No, Wikipedia is for conveying information to the [[laymen]], like you said. Now, if it's not in the navbox, how are the laymen going to know about it? Are you saying that non-fans don't ''want'' to know about it? [[User:JQF|JQF]] 18:30, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::WTF? Those templates were huge and ugly. NPOV does not demand that we put huge and ugly things in articles other than in articles about things that are huge or ugly.
    -:::::::You're conflating "game series" and "article series". A game can be part of a game series, but its article shouldn't be included in an article series until it's a useful part of that article series. The vast majority of preview articles aren't the latter. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -AMIB i'm taking a brake from editing wikipedia for a few days to allow my temprement to cool down. however i will say the following, one: i am concerned with other templates such as {{tl|Halo}} and {{tl|Mario series}} which i believe to have been made useless. Two: i'm sorry for reverting the page like that, i did it in the heat of the moment. Three: future games should be listed in templates as they are a vitle aspect of a series and just because they '''may''' contain speculation is no reason to not includ them. and fore: i agree with what [[User:JQF|JQF]] says about what to includ as templates are for both fans of the series and newcomers and therefore should contain as much info as posable to make it more usefull [[User:El cid the hero|El cid the hero]] 19:00, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Again. Vital part of the game series, not a vital part of the article series. Don't sweat taking a break; it's a good idea and the wiki will still be here when you get back. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Hmm, this post is probably going to look suspicious coming after a user with practically the same name, but what're you going to do? In regards to '''rule 1''', I'm not sure if standardizing the color for all of the templates is entirely necessary. Some garish color schemes pop up of course, but I feel like these can be resolved on a case-by-case basis, without the need to make a blanket ban on unique color schemes. Some games have a fairly strong association with a color, and using such colors in navboxes could make make them a bit more recognizable. To use Zelda as an example, green might act as a sort of unifying element for Zelda-related articles and navboxes. Not to say that all navboxes need color, but where it's visually appealing and makes sense I don't think it needs to be prohibited. Perhaps there's a less restrictive way to avoid crazy color schemes from getting out of hand. Suggesting using lighter colors maybe, or limiting color use to the title line only. [[User:El Cid|El Cid]] 07:54, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:The problem is that you get a motley assortment of different-colored templates at the bottom of each page, in addition to the problem of occasionally-garish color schemes or disputes over which color should be used. This way we're using the same color as the navbox, which also has a standard, fixed color. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 08:03, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::I know you really want to push this thing through, MIB, but I believe this is still in discussion and a standard has not been agreed upon. That aside, I agree that a color ban / standardization is a bit nit-picky. I suggest not using exact values for such a guideline, but give some reasonable room. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 08:16, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Standardizing the appearance of navboxes is the whole point, and why I started all of this in the first place. Wario used to have four templates, each of which was a different color and size and style. A line needs to be drawn somewhere, and picking a single neutral color prevents the inevitable mess. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 10:20, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Standards or no, I'd like to bring up a template that no one's mentioned yet (as far as I know): {{tl|Half-Life series}}. I mean, wow. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 16:00, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::While well done, I think that that template is too big, as it should just focus on the games. The other sections are good, so it should be split into three different Navboxes, basically ''Games'' (which would be the first three sections), then ''Characters'' (the next three sections), and then the last three sections can be another navbox, although the name will need some though. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 17:49, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===non game examples===
    -I haven't been closely following the discussion above. However, from what I've seen I think there's more than one issue here. AMIB has the basic idea here, but I don't think we'll get the exact same results for each nav box. Nav boxes need to be about articles that are directly related to each other or to a parent article. Most stubs in nav templates don't help and probably should not be in a nav template.
    -
    -BUT, I don't think the point is to make all nav templates only include X number of links. Lets take a look at some non-game examples (same idea, but might include more templates outside of this WikiProject, to bring in some "outside" ideas):
    -
    -[[Template:Cardcaptor Sakura]], I believe all the links on that nav template are completely appropriate. It's not a small nav box, but it's not huge. All the links it includes are to articles that are beyond stubs and are pretty well written. The articles all share a direct relationship with each other. One could create a List of characters to replace individual links, but it's hardly necessary.
    -
    -Another example, [[Template:Bee Train]], is a bad nav box. It's smaller than my above example, but these articles don't share a direct relation other than being produced by the same animation company. The works themselves are very different and the over-all production staff and plots are not closely related.
    -
    -Here's a really good nav box: [[Template:Haruhi Suzumiya]]. It could be even smaller by listing the links one after another, but using the table format makes this a lot easier and cleaner looking.
    -
    -So yeah, just some things to keep in mind. I don't think we should make nav templates so small and unformatted that it defeats the whole point in organized navigation. Thoughts? -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 05:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Also keep in mind that a lot of the problems might be red flags to how the articles are organized over all. Fixing the nav template, while making things cleaner, won't fix the real problem. When you do find a huge template that contains links that are mostly related it might be because there's merging and 'cruft cutting to do. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 05:34, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Nearly half of {{tl|Cardcaptor Sakura}} is whitespace or metadata. I would redesign it by identifying the characters as the series of articles being linked, then linking the umbrella articles in a single line of links at the bottom; this would reduce size by nearly half.
    -:All [[Template:Haruhi Suzumiya]] needs to reduce size by at least a third is to ditch that column on the left, which really isn't adding much info. You would probably have to make the links a bit more verbose to compensate; this wouldn't be a big problem, however.
    -
    -:Remember that video games, unlike these dissimilar examples, lend themselves to simple horizontal arrangement, in chronological or numbered order. Generally, when you have a case where that isn't true, where there's as much vertical arrangement as horizontal, you're no longer linking a series of tightly-integrated articles but instead trying to cram a comprehensive or semi-comprehensive list into a transclusion.
    -
    -:As for merging and cruft cutting, that indeed needs to be done. One task at a time, though; if we wait to fix this problem before fixing the problem of uencyclopedic, overspecific articles, the templates will never get fixed. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:46, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Part of my point is the number of links as well as "acceptable size". Yes, there is white space, but that is not always an issue, it depends on the situation. Also, whitespace can be a good thing in that it helps the visual layout of something to be cleaner, making it easier to navigate and find the link you're looking for, etc. Smashing everything together can make the whole nav box useless. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 06:09, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Ok, AMIB, agian you dismiss the spliting of them into columns. While you could take them away, it helps to have them there. If it wasn't though they were useful, then why did people use them in the first place? Why do you find them in so many navboxes? Also, no, not all video games lend themselves to simple horizontal arrangements. If they did, don't you think it would have been like before you got to them? Take the Legend of Zelda Template. Before you got to it the it mentioned the BS disk series, the CD-i games, and the LCD games. Now, nothing about those. That's a loss of information, pages that a user may not know about that are an important part of Zelda history. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 12:20, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I only have three points: we need to standardize the appearance, we need to reduce metadata, and we need to reduce useless clutter links like Satteliview games, CDi games, and LCD games. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 12:36, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Yes, we need a standard. I suggest following the {{tl|Navbox generic}} template, as that is what most navboxes follow. Metadata isn't that big a deal unless it isn't properly written, and things like the CDi and LCD games arn't "useless clutter", as they fall under scope (even by your standards) and are a part of the game's history. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:07, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Oh, and I'd like to point out that none of these changes were put up on the navboxes' talk pages before or after, which they should have been, as a number of them ask to bring up any style changes before hand on the talk page. This is a result of there being no standard. No standard means that changes to each template need to be discussed on each template's talk page. I think if you had gone that route you might be getting better reception. I've gone through and looked at the changes you've done to most pages, and most I disagree with. The only navbox I think that really needed to be "dealt with" was the Resident Evil template. That one should be broken up into multiple templates. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:12, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::To be fair, many of them lack a discussion page and {{tl|navbox generic}} is but a proposed standard, if that. That's not a good enough excuse to revert. [[User:Combination|Combination]] 14:43, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::Lack a discussion page? Every page has a discussion page! Even discussion pages can have discussion pages! And {{tl|navbox generic}} is the norm for the majority of the navboxes, and was for the ones in discussion before this all started. I just re-proposed it to make it clear what most navboxes use. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:49, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::Lack of, as in empty, non-existent etc. Then might I ask why you're reverting to something that doesn't follow {{tl|navbox generic}} guidelines? At best, some of them may resemble the appearance of one, but the structure and code vary from box to box. [[User:Combination|Combination]] 15:07, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::::Just because nothing is written there doesn't mean you can't write something. And most of them do follow {{tl|navbox generic}} guidelines. {{tl|navbox generic}} is just a basic template, with no colors changed in the sections title and such. Some of them have moved the title to be a bar over the links instead of beside, but other wise are the same. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 15:25, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::::Yeah, I agree with all those who oppose AMIB's points. Without expressing everything that has alraedy been said many times, his ideas and messages seem to be the most unreasonable and non-viable way to go. It seems as if the majority of users agree with this as well. Your claim that the old templates are "cluttered" are overrated and a reduction of metadata is very unclear to me. If necessary, I will restate every single thing ( that has already been said ) against your argument that is valid, but I hope that such prior things will have actually laid an imprint within peoples mind as they can then weigh the two sides properly, instead of "my way or eff you". I'm not going to state that WIKIPEDIA! is a wikiality, but in many ways we all know it is. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Krisp E|Krisp E]] ([[User talk:Krisp E|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Krisp E|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
    -
    -::::::::::I just want to make it clear that I do not oppose AMIB's points. Also, the entire point of a WikiProject is so that we have a '''centralized place of discussion''', and that we don't have to start a new discussion on each and every talk page of those templates. We're talking about how to improve upon ideas, and this whole idea of "opposing" and taking sides needs to stop NOW. JQF and other's comments are disrupting what was a healthy discussion and collaboration about nav templates. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 05:54, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===Needs consenus===
    -Though I'm not completely for or against AMIB's proposals, please remember not to change the templates until some sort of consensus is reached among editors (such as with a straw poll) to prevent any edit wars. After all, this is still a ''proposal'' and not yet a guideline. Also, wouldn't [[Wikipedia talk:Navigational templates]] be a better place to discuss this, since this topic applies to all navigational boxes?--'''[[User:TBC|TBC]]Φ[[User talk:TBC|talk?]]''' 18:07, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Yes it would be. I'll go do that now. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 18:09, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -{{User|JQF}} has reverted every template he can lay his hands on. Fuck it, this isn't worth the effort if nobody wants anything improved. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 05:20, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I don't like the idea that there are "sides" to this issue. The more I think about it the more I understand AMIB's rational. This is a discussion, and we shouldn't be so quick to take "sides". Rather, we should push forward and take the good and throw out the bad. I've reverted those templates back to the ones introduced by AMIB. We can improve on these templates, but we need to more forward, not backwards. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 05:44, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Let me clarify: I'm not saying that we should "take sides", I simply think we should improve on and discuss AMIB's template guidelines first before actually implementing it. This way we can avoid any edit wars or incivility among users.--'''[[User:TBC|TBC]]Φ[[User talk:TBC|talk?]]''' 05:50, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I do think your suggestion is in good faith, but it does make an "idea vs idea" type setup. I don't think we're finished discussing the exact look of the "new" template layout, so a vote or such would be premature. I guess there isn't a major need to edit all the templates before finalization, but considering the horrible shape most of them where in, there really isn't a need to leave them be. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 05:56, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===Continue discussion===
    -Lets continue discussion and improve upon the ideas proposed by AMIB. I think we can all find something that we all agree upon. I think there are many template layouts that would satisfy all involved that have yet to be proposed, but still address the concerns raised. We shouldn't forget the core issues here: standardize, reduce link clutter, etc -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 06:01, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, first of all this discussion should be moved to [[Wikipedia talk:Navigational templates]] as I've noted above. After all, if a guideline is to be made for the structure of navigational templates, it must apply to all genres and not just video games.--'''[[User:TBC|TBC]]Φ[[User talk:TBC|talk?]]''' 06:33, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Not necessarily. I've given some additional thought to AMIB's comments to my non-game examples, in that a lot of game nav boxes can be different from others. I think I was mostly thinking of Halo when I was giving those examples, and Halo has sort of grown beyond game.. so it probably wasn't the best example.
    -
    -::In any case, we're still discussing ideas, and I think we should visit [[Wikipedia talk:Navigational templates]] ''after'' our ideas have formed a bit better. I would not oppose discussion there, but it just seems premature to try to include everything and anything when everything and anything might not apply. -- [[User:Ned Scott|Ned Scott]] 06:39, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::One comment about ''Halo'' is that even though it's branched out into other media, the main video game trilogy still seems to be, for the time being, paramount. The film is still in production, and the books don't really seem to have taken off ''independently'' of the games. So I'd wager that most people are still looking for the main trilogy, or need an overview article or two to branch out.
    -
    -:::That said, I do think that, once you're already in an article on a specific topic, a separate template for articles of similar specificity would be a good idea. For example, a template linking all of the characters with individual articles together would be fine if you're already in an article on one of those characters, but not from the main game series article. I guess what I'm going for is that, if you view articles as belonging to some sort of layer of detail, it's most efficient to design templates to link ''across'' that layer, and to overview articles for one layer down. — [[User:TKD|TKD]]::[[User talk:TKD|Talk]] 10:48, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::I'm sorry if I started making this out to be two sides, that was what I though it was becoming. And for the record, I kept reverting the templates because they kept getting changed to a set of standards that were still being discussed, which I think is jumping the gun. Anyway, the only points I have a problem with are: 4 - the removal of sections, 6 - the removal of non-English release games, and 14 - the removal of games without pages. See reasons for each below.
    -
    -::::I think sections are important because they help the user understand things about the games in the templates. Take the {{tl|Wario series}} template. Wario has been in two completely different series of video games, the Wario Land series and the WarioWares series. Both should be mentions, but they should be kept separate, as the two are their own series. And, if start throwing list of character, places, etc, you should have them sectioned off from the games, cause they aren't games.
    -
    -::::I don't see how you can remove the non-English games. They are part of the series, so they should be there. Just because someone in America has never heard about the game doesn't mean they don't what to. The English wiki isn't suppose to be Americentric, and if look at [[Wii#Confirmed launch titles]]' list of launch titles in all regions, you can see that people want to about gaming all over the world.
    -
    -::::Again, I can't see how you can remove games without pages. They are part of the series, right? So they should be there. Just because there isn't an article doesn't mean there won't be one forever. And who knows, if somebody see that redlink, and knows something about the game, they may start a page for it. That's how these things work. Same thing goes for "weak/bad" and future game articles. The more attention it gets, the more people will fix it up.
    -
    -::::Those are the three items I have issues with. The others I don't see any problems with. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 13:46, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Oh, and I'm going to revert the templates to before this discussion started, as making changes under proposed standards is jumping the gun, AMIB should have waited until a consensus was reached. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 14:01, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::I'd rather we refrained from labeling a specific group of games canon, series, spin-offs and whatnot and remain neutral, and simply list relevant or related titles. The ado of interpretation can be left at the discretion of the reader. Furthermore, the VDE functionality provides quick access to template discussions as well as edit should someone wish to expand the template with additional items. [[User:Combination|Combination]] 14:41, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Well, like I said, I fell that some need that differentiation, as it is kind of an all or nothing situation. I don't think that "canon" should be used as a sorter, but series and such are officially labeled and should be used. Take the {{tl|Donkey Kong series}}. That has three different series, which are all relevant to DK, and are related titles. By separating them into seperate sections, it makes the games easier to navigate. As for the VDE, that should be in. It's a pain to get to the template and make changes otherwise. [[User:JQF|JQF]] 17:42, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[Super Mario 64]]==
    -
    -[[Super Mario 64]] is up for a featured article review. Detailed concerns may be found [[Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/Super Mario 64|here]]. Please leave your comments and help us address and maintain this article's featured quality. [[User:SandyGeorgia|Sandy]] ([[User talk:SandyGeorgia|Talk]]) 15:50, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[Duke Nukem Forever]]==
    -
    -Is this worthy for GA class? I just wanted to get a broad assessment before going for a peer review. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 03:13, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:The lead-in and plot have no references at all. "the popular Duke Nukem series" and "It is notorious for its protracted development" are almost POV, and will definitely need references. The external links section needs to be trimmed down to 4 links at the '''most'''. I haven't really read it, but the timeline section seems to be following a format of "In 2001, they did this. [new paragraph]. In 2002, they did this". Don't take my opinion as crucially as others, but consider the improvements.--[[User:TheEmulatorGuy|TheEmulatorGuy]] 03:51, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Thanks very much, your input is appreciated. Will be working on those issues for the next few weeks. [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 05:32, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Project Directory ==
    -
    -Hello. The [[WP:COUNCIL|WikiProject Council]] is currently in the process of developing a master directory of the existing WikiProjects to replace and update the existing [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Directory]]. These WikiProjects are of vital importance in helping wikipedia achieve its goal of becoming truly encyclopedic. Please review the following pages:
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Culture Directory]],
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Culture Directory 2]],
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Philosophy and religion Directory]],
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Sports Directory]],
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Geographical Directory]],
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Geographical Directory/United States]], (note: This page will be retitled to more accurately reflect its contents)
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/History and society directory]], and
    -*[[User:Badbilltucker/Science directory]]
    -
    -and make any changes to the entries for your project that you see fit. There is also a directory of portals, at [[User:B2T2/Portal]], listing all the existing portals. Feel free to add any of them to the portals or comments section of your entries in the directory.
    -The three columns regarding [[:Category:WikiProject assessments|assessment]], [[:Category:WikiProject peer reviews|peer review]], and [[:Category:Wikipedia collaborations|collaboration]] are included in the directory for both the use of the projects themselves and for that of others. Having such departments will allow a project to more quickly and easily identify its most important articles and its articles in greatest need of improvement. If you have not already done so, please consider whether your project would benefit from having departments which deal in these matters.
    -It is my hope to have the existing directory replaced by the updated and corrected version of the directory above by November 1. Please feel free to make any changes you see fit to the entries for your project before then. If you should have any questions regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you. [[User:Badbilltucker2|B2T2]] 21:16, 23 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Sorry if you tried to update it before, and the corrections were gone. I have now put the new draft in the old directory pages, so the links should work better. My apologies for any confusion this may have caused you. [[User:Badbilltucker2|B2T2]] 00:02, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== {{tl|Ubisoft-screenshot}} ==
    -
    -This needs to be shouted from the rooftops; screenshots of software for which Ubisoft owns the copyright can be used freely, as long as we attribute them to Ubisoft. This is kosher; there's a summary [[commons:User:Avatar/Ubisoft|here]], and the permissions are listed with the Wikimedia foundation.
    -
    -This means that the usual restraints on being sparing with images are not applicable to Ubisoft games, and that we can use images of Ubisoft games in much less restrictive subjects (for example, we could use a screenshot to illustrate an article on a genre, for example). If you've uploaded any screenshots of Ubisoft games, make sure to tag them with {{tl|Ubisoft-screenshot}}.
    -
    -Please only use this template on screenshots uploaded by the person who took them; any other screenshots should be tagged with {{subst:rfu}}. Note that this doesn't apply to boxcovers, promo art, or other related images, which are still fair-use images and should be used sparingly. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:22, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I'd appreciate if people could help me tag any images that aren't taken by the uploader with {{subst:rfu}}, and if you have any Ubisoft-published games and can take screenshots, by all means, do so! Ubisoft publishes the Myst games, the Rayman games, all of the Tom Clancy games, as well as many others. - [[User:A Man In Black|A Man In '''Bl♟ck''']] ([[User talk:A_Man_In_Black|conspire]] | [[Special:Contributions/A Man In Black|past ops]]) 09:58, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -That's better than the one I made. [[User:CyberSkull|Dread Lord CyberSkull]] [[User talk:CyberSkull|✎☠]] 10:19, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -It's been mentioned before on WP:CVG (at least twice I believe), but never actually implemented. Either way, great job on the template.--'''[[User:TBC|TBC]]Φ[[User talk:TBC|talk?]]''' 05:38, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Also, [[commons:User:Avatar/Ubisoft]] only applies to franchises '''owned''' by Ubisoft, not just those they publish.--'''[[User:TBC|TBC]]Φ[[User talk:TBC|talk?]]''' 09:33, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::That's actually what I was gonna bring up next. ''[[Puzzle Pirates]]'' was published in stores by Ubi, but is developed and owned by ''[[Three Rings Design]]''.
    -
    -== Fangame articles ==
    -I noticed the Sonic [[fangame]] articles have been put up for AfD, with a lot of consensus citing that fangames are not notable enough and should be deleted. As a result, shouldn't [[:Category:Fanmade computer game remakes and sequels]] and almost every article be put up for [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|AfD]]? --[[User:Tghe-retford|tgheretford]] ([[User talk:Tghe-retford|talk]]) 19:17, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Well the nom for [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sonic fangames|deletion]] states that it fails [[WP:SOFTWARE]]. Whether or not all the games in that category fail WP:SOFTWARE is subject to debate. Of course, WP:SOFTWARE, is a '''guideline''' and not '''policy''' so the only way you're going to get deletion is by clear consensus. Mass AFDs usually only go through on clear cases of mass hoaxes, spamming, etc. so I doubt trying to put all these articles up for deletion would succeed. —[[User:Mitaphane|Mitaphane]] [[User talk:Mitaphane|talk]] 19:55, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Seems very notable to me, based on the 'number of google hits' straw poll. Have voted at the nom page. A worthy piece of software. --[[User:Oscarthecat|Oscarthecat]] 20:03, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -AFD is really just a vote based on who shows up to vote. In the case of Sonic: The Fated Hour, as an unreleased fangame it had no notability whatsoever and was deleted. The other three fangames got strong support from its fans (who are also Wikipedian editors) and survived their initial AFDs (I suppose that some have been renominated again). [[User:Hbdragon88|Hbdragon88]] 03:28, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I'm considering placing most of the articles in that category up for deletion. Most are totally unsourced, and some aren't even about finished, playable games. A mass AfD probably wouldn't be the best idea, so I was thinking something more like AfDing five or so articles separately every day. How's that sound? I wouldn't mind help, either, both in choosing which articles to nominate and making the actual nominations. --[[User:Slowking Man|Slowking Man]] 07:04, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:A '''''proposed''''' guideline WP:SOFTWARE, and not unquestioned one. Unfinished are one thing, however, for most of others a non-trivial web publication still can be found. [[User:CP\M|CP/M]] [[User talk:CP\M|comm]] |[[WP:WNP|Wikipedia Neutrality Project]]| 17:23, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:If the some of the games aren't finished they would definitely fall under WP:NOT crystal ball, barring some notable outside coverage. I'd shoot for those first. —[[User:Mitaphane|Mitaphane]] [[User talk:Mitaphane|talk]] 17:50, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[Serial Experiments Lain]]==
    -
    -Hi, I've been working on the [[Serial Experiments Lain]] article, and need help with the PSX game part. The anime is quite famous, so it wasn't a problem, but the game was never released outside of Japan, and I could find ''no'' reliable information whatsoever on it, apart from a few screenshots, and an AMV on youtube. Does anybody know where I could make some research? The game was released in 1998, and is some kind of network simulator, where you gather pieces of info in order to understand Lain's story. Thanks in advance to anyone who could help.--[[User:$yD!|SidiLemine]] 17:14, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I did some looking, I'll post things here as I find them.
    -::"In the game, users can interactively access fragments of Lain's memory. Then users can actually feel the Lain who exists inside the Web. In the TV animation, people can understand Lain by following the story." - Yasuyuki Ueda in Animerica Vol. 7, No. 9 - I found it on this page: [http://www.cjas.org/~leng/lainhist.htm], so good thing it's referenced, eh? Might want to find that Animerica somewhere to confirm. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 17:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::There's obviously the pretty bad source of [http://www.gamesarefun.com/gamesdb/review.php?reviewid=67], but I assume you saw that already. --[[User:PresN|PresN]] 17:32, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Actually, I didn't. Thanks! --[[User:$yD!|SidiLemine]] 09:59, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==What should be done with [[:Category:Alien and Predator games]]?==
    -
    -The problem is: Aliens don't always appear in Predator games, and vice versa. The category needs a rename, and a possible split: Alien games, Predator games and Alien vs Predator games I suppose could work. They are two seperate franchises, but have had numerous crossovers (but not all movies or games feature both Predator and Aliens).
    -*This also brings up the issue of this template:
    -{{alien}}
    -
    -As you can see, the Alien template lists Predator as well. The template probably needs to be changed, or a Predator template should be made. I see no reason why they should be clumped together, just because of numerous crossovers. They are still two seperate franchises. [[User:RobJ1981|RobJ1981]] 07:41, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    +[[cs:Rodičovství]]
    +[[da:Forælder]]
    +[[de:Verwandtschaftsbeziehung]]
    +[[he:הורות]]
    +[[nn:barneoppseding]]
    +[[pl:Rodzice]]
    +[[ru:Родительская любовь]]
    +[[sv:Förälder]]
    +*[http://my-irst-baby.blogspot.com Baby Care Basic] 2007-11-13 17:00:35 22920158 DumZiBoT Aibot :Suppression interwikis ru-sib: (le wiki ru-sib a été démantelé) NaN 2013-03-19 07:49:14 90844747 Addbot MerlIwBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3338085]] NaN 2013-03-19 21:57:36 90928865 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3535983]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,35 +1,248 @@\n
    -'''William E. (Bill) Morris''' (born 1920) founded the [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party of Delaware]] in 1975 and the advocacy group [[SAFE]]This is referred to as "Save America's Future Economy" in the Roxann Moore DelmarvaNow! reference and "Seniors Against Federal Extravagance" in the Tom Libertarian Party of Delaware reference. as an alternative to the [[AARP]] in 1997. In 2004, Morris first ran for political office as the Delaware Libertarian candidate for a [[United States House of Representatives]] seat. In 2006, Morris is a Delaware Libertarian candidate for a [[United States Senate]] seat.
    -
    -==Biography==
    -Bill Morris was born in 1920 in [[Versailles, Missouri]]. He received a bachelor's degree in [[chemical engineering]] from the [[University of Missouri]] and in following years worked for the [[Exxon Corporation]] in New Jersey and [[DuPont]] in Delaware, from the latter of which he has retired. He has been married since 1967 and has both children and grand-children.
    -
    -==Political position==
    -A number of Morris' political views were published in October 2006 in the context of questions posed to each of the three candidates for the 2006 Delaware Senate seat.{{cite news | author = Roxann Moore
    - | title = Candidates for U.S. Senate share their objectives, thoughts
    - | url = http://www.delmarvanow.com/bethanybeach/stories/20061025/2341786.html
    - | publisher = DelmarvaNow! | date = 2006-10-25 | accessdate = 2006-10-28
    -}}
    -
    -==See also==
    -* [[Delaware United States Senate election, 2006]]
    -
    -==References==
    -* {{cite web
    -| url = http://www.de.lp.org/elections/2004/morris
    -| title = Bill Morris for Congress| accessdate = 2006-10-28
    -| author = "Tom"| date = 2006-03-22| work=2004 Delaware election information
    -|publisher = Libertarian Party of Delaware
    -}}
    -* {{cite web
    -| url = http://www.state.de.us/doe_ncc/Candidates/2006/2006_ge_candidates.shtml
    -| title = 2006 General Election Candidates| accessdate = 2006-10-28| date = 2006-10-18
    -| publisher = Department of Elections for New Castle County, State of Delaware
    -}}
    -
    -===Notes===
    -
    -
    -
    -[[Category:Libertarians (United States)|Morris, William E.]]
    -[[Category:U.S. Libertarian Party]]
    -{{Delaware-politician-stub}}
    +Archives: [[User talk:Utcursch/archive0|0]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive1|1]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive2|2]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive3|3]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive4|4]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive5|5]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive6|6]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive7|7]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive8|8]] | [[User talk:Utcursch/archive9|9]]
    +----
    +
    +Hi, Thanks for yr appreciation regarding my contributions. Will archive my pages as suggested by you.--[[User:Lravikumar|Lravikumar]] 14:17, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== RfA thanks ==
    +
    +Hi Utcursch, I am very thankful to you for supporting and comments on my succesful [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Shyam Bihari|RfA]]. [[User:Shyam Bihari| '''Shyam''']] ([[User talk:Shyam Bihari|'''T''']]/[[Special:Contributions/Shyam Bihari|'''C''']]) 06:46, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Wii Startup Disc ==
    +
    +I noticed that you voted for merge on the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wii Startup Disc|AfD page]] of [[Wii Startup Disk]]. [[User:TJ Spyke]] has provided us with the following information: "In the new IGN Weekly (IGN Weekly Holiday 06), they have the final Wii box and take everything in it out. There was no startup disc there (they also re-confirm that Wii Sports will just come in the same cheap cardboard that Metroid Prime Hunters: First Hunt came in)." Please consider changing your vote to redirect, as this disc does not exist, and people may search for it and need a redirect. A consensus for this issue would be excellent. [[User:Scepia|Scepia]] 07:29, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== [[Image:Flag_of_India.svg|28px]] WikiProject India Newsletter: Volume 1, Issue 2 - November 2006==
    +
    +{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px; font-size:0.90em;"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background-color:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5fffa"
    +!
    Project News

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    +
    +*'''''The Performing Community''''': Thanks to many contributors like you, we're proud to share that our community is the third most performing community. It has more than 50 FAs related to India, to its credit, lagging only behing Wikiproject Biography and WikiProject Military History.
    (Courtesy: [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] at [[Wikipedia_talk:Notice_board_for_India-related_topics#Top_20_projects_with_highest_FAs| Discussion Board]]).

    +
    +* The Wikipedia 1.0 Assessment statistics for India related articles show there are 51 Featured Articles, 5 Class-A articles, 16 Good Articles, 101 Class-B articles, 167 Start-Class articles and more than 4000 Stubs. There were more than 10000 unassessed articles related to India.
    +
    +|-
    +!
    What's New?

    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|
    +*'''''Indian Administrators''''': There are [[:Category:Indian Wikipedia administrators|21 Indian Administrators]] in Wikipedia at the last count. The recent Wikipedians to be successful at [[WP:RFA|RFA]] were [[User:Lostintherush|Lostintherush]] and [[User:Shyam Bihari|Shyam Bihari]].
    +*'''''Featured Articles''''': {{foa|West Bengal|November 2006}} and {{foa|Syed Ahmed Khan|November 2006}} were the last two articles from our WikiProject that were granted FA status.
    +|-
    +!
    Looking forward toward more contributions from you! Happy Editing!!

    +|-
    +!

    +

    +
    Complete To Do List

    +
    +|}
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff; vertical-align:top"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5faff"
    +!
    Note from Editor's Desk

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    +*'''''Welcome'''''. It has been weeks and months since the idea of newsletter was mooted among the WikiProject India Community. This would be our first full-fledged edition of our Newsletter, and we'd like to start by saying we are very happy to have you among us.
    +
    +*This is your newsletter, and we want you to be part of it as well. Provide us with news tips [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/Newstips|here]]. It can be anything related to the project, from discussions to calls for help, and other interesting stuff within our community. If you have received or given any barnstars recently, do let us know.
    +
    +*Advertisements for recruitments within your WikiProject sub-groups are also welcome. We'll run special sections, and recurring columns in the coming issues.
    +|-
    +!
    This edition special

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    +*'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian maps|Cartography Department]] (Shortcut:[[WP:INMAP]]):''' The [[WP:INMAP|Department of Cartography]] within the [[WP:INDIA|WikiProject India]] is a group of wikipedians who work on providing quality maps related to [[India]]. Their contributions gain more significance as we try to provide more information on places, districts and states of India. As a thumb rule, maps serve better if they are in [[SVG|SVG format]]. The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_maps#Using_locator_maps|location maps]] by the cartography department has helped us include location information based on latitudes and longitudes for a give place within India. The [[w:Image:India_roadway_map.svg|Indian Roadways map]] is a featured image, one amongst the few best road maps in the world. Still, there is more work to be done. There are 604 [[districts of India|districts]] in India (see [[List of districts of India]]), and each district page needs a map of that district. You can help too. Contact the Cartography Department to learn how you can help in making the best maps in Wikipedia to be India-related!
    +
    +|-
    +!
    Signed...

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|

    +''Edited by [[User:Chezhiyan|Chez]] and distributed by [[User:Lostintherush|Lostintherush]]''
    +

    +|}
    +|}
    +{|style="border-spacing:8px;margin:-8px -8px"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%;border:1px solid #ddcef2;background-color:#faf5ff;vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#faf5ff;color:#000"
    +|style="color:#000; text-align:center"|''Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone. If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may mention it at [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Outreach#Delivery_options| WikiProject India Outreach Department]].''
    +''Provide us with ur news tips [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Outreach/Newsletter/Newstips|here]].''
    +|}
    +|}
    +
    +==A note of appreciation==
    +I just noticed the 'star' that you've pinned onto my userpage. I had put an incredible amount of work into the [[Ilaiyaraaja]] article (under this and another, now-nonexistent pseudonym) and although I expected no praise, I must say it is genuinely heartwarming to receive your marvellous recognition; it is a pleasant surprise that certainly made me smile, so thank you! An interesting question, however, is this: how did you find out about my tinkering of the page, and what is the criterion for the awarding of a medal such as this? With best wishes, [[User:RaraTheAppleJuggler|RaraTheAppleJuggler]] 14:51, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::No, I'm not from India. I would like to visit the place though. If you would like to contribute to the [[Ilaiyaraaja]] page, there is ''plenty'' of room for improvement yet. Just take a look at the systematically organised "to-do" comments on the Discussion page of the article. I'm sure you'd be able to contribute significantly, considering that you are a software expert! For example, I'm looking at inserting short (15 sec. or 30 sec.) audio clips from some of Ilaiyaraaja's songs so that the uninitiated can listen to his music and get some idea (rather than none at all) of what he is all about. The [[Michael Jackson]] page does this, and I think it is a brilliant idea. I can, for example, provide you with the audio source and information on which 15/30 seconds of the songs can be selected, and you can for example convert this into the .ogg format required for audio clip inclusions on Wikipedia. Then all we have to do is put it up on the page neatly where appropriate, and voila, it's done! This, and many other things can be done to improve the article (see Discussion page). Mainly, if the content can be padded up, that would be good. I dug up as much sources of reference as I could from all over the place (journals, book chapters, news material -- see the 'References' section of article) and there are others out there I believe that can help flesh out the story of this musician and his music. Cheers, [[User:RaraTheAppleJuggler|RaraTheAppleJuggler]] 03:47, 13 November 2006 (UTC).
    +:::I've inserted a lovely To-Do List on [[Talk:Ilaiyaraaja|the Discussion page]], to guide potential editors of this article. Please take a look at it sometimes. ;) [[User:AppleJuggler|AppleJuggler]] 04:22, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Help Required==
    +I have changed my user name as Indianstar. I tried archiving as per your suggestion. I think I miss something and could not get success with Archive. Is it possible to archive old pages which have been blanked out. Is it possible for you to archive my old talk page. I will do it next time based on how you have created.
    +
    +Can I edit changed name in my Barnstar??
    + --[[User:Indianstar|Indianstar]] 16:24, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Can you help? ==
    +
    +There are a couple of guys throwing sockpuppets around on a Pakistani AfD, [[Ihsan Khan]]. Could you spare the time to drop in and help out? --[[User:Mereda|Mereda]] 17:57, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +* Thanks. I didn't even know that "checkuser" existed! --[[User:Mereda|Mereda]] 14:41, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== RfA thanks ==
    +
    +{| style="border:3px solid black; background-color: orange; padding:5px;" align=center
    + |[[Image:Fireworks cholmes75.JPG|140px]]
    + |Hi Utcursch, and thanks very much for your support during my [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Cholmes75 2|recent RfA]], which succeeded with a final tally of '''64/0/0'''. I am grateful for the overwhelming support I received from the community, and hope I will continue to earn your trust as I expand my participation on Wikipedia. It goes without saying that if you ever need anything and I can help, please [[User talk:Cholmes75|let me know]]. Wait, I guess it does go with saying. ; ) --[[user:Cholmes75|cholmes75]] ([[User talk:Cholmes75|chit chat]]) 22:07, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +|}
    +
    +== RFA Thanks ==
    +{| style="border: 1px solid {{{border|blue}}}; background-color: {{{color|#0F8}}};"
    +!colspan="2" align="center" style=" background-color: #0F3;" | '''Thanks!'''
    +|-
    +!colspan="2" align="center" | Thanks for your input on my (nearly recent) [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Georgewilliamherbert|Request for adminship]], which regretfully achived no consensus, with votes of 68/28/2. I am grateful for the input received, both positive and in opposition, and I'd like to thank you for your participation.
    +|-
    +!colspan="2" align="right" | [[User:Georgewilliamherbert|Georgewilliamherbert]] 06:08, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
    +|}
    +
    +== RfA thanks ==
    +
    +{| style="border:5px solid gray; border-color: #082567; background:#CFFCFF; padding:10px;" align=center
    +|[[Image:Southport Sunset.PNG|left|225px]]
    +|
    Thank you for the Support

    +I'd like to express my huge thanks to you, Utcursch, for your support in my [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Martinp23 2|recent RfA]], which closed with 100% support at 71/0/1. Needless to say, I am very suprised at the huge levels of support I've seen on my RfA, and at the fact that I only had give '''three''' answers, unlike many other nominees who have had many, many more questions! I'll be careful with my use of the tools, and invite you to [[User talk:Martinp23|tell me off]] if I do something wrong! Thanks, [[User:Martinp23|M]][[User:Martinp23/Esperanza|a]][[User_talk:Martinp23|rtinp23]] 14:48, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
    +|}
    +
    +==Great==
    +The external link in [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] was great. Very interesting. Regards.--[[User:Dwaipayanc|Dwaipayan]] ([[User_talk:Dwaipayanc|talk]]) 19:43, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Thanks for the barnstar ==
    +
    +... [[User:MER-C|MER-C]] 11:28, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Welcome! [[User:Utcursch|utcursch]] | [[User talk:Utcursch|talk]] 11:31, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Need your help ==
    +
    +Dear Utcursch, - Can I interest you in the [[Save Indian Family]] entry and the cause it represents? We need help to amplify and improve the page, and to build more entries related to it, such as one on [[Femofascism]], [[Stridhan]], the [[Domestic Violence Act, 2005]] (there is an article on the US '[[Violence Against Women Act]]' but the DV Act doesn't have an entry), etc. The Save Indian Family entry has been attacked twice by vandals, and also a third time by an effort to have it deleted via AfD, which has been defeated. I had put a request for the Femofascism article but it is not answered yet: I do not believe myself qualified enough to build a dispassionate and well-researched article on that subject. Sorry for imposing on your time, but please help if you can!!! [[User:My Wikidness|My Wikidness]] 14:41, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Thank you ==
    +
    +Many thanks for the barnstar! I'm very flattered, and also pleased that I've been useful. All best wishes, [[User:TinaSparkle|TinaSparkle]] 16:42, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Thanks for granting 'The Minor Barnstar' for categorization==
    +Thanks. Vjdchauhan 07:46, 23 November 2006 (UTC).
    +
    +== DYK ==
    +
    +{| class="messagebox standard-talk"
    +|-
    +|[[Image:Updated DYK query.png|Updated DYK query]]
    +|On [[November 24]], [[2006]], '''[[:Template:Did you know|Did you know?]]''' was updated with a fact from the article '''''[[Ging Gang Goolie]]''''', which you created. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the [[:Template talk:Did you know|"Did you know?" talk page]].
    +|} Hey Utcursch, I guess your enjoying the quiet on the Belgaum front. GeeJo kindly nominated this article of yours for includion on DYK. Feel free to self-nom, as 80%+ of our articles are self-nominated. Cheers, '''[[User:Blnguyen|Blnguyen]]''' ([[User talk:Blnguyen|bananabucket]]) 06:01, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==[[Wikipedia:Requests_for_arbitration/Hkelkar/Workshop#Bakasuprman]]==
    +Since you commented on me on the arbcom talk page, you may want to check this out.[[User:Bakasuprman|Bakaman]] [[User talk:Bakasuprman|Bakatalk]] 20:31, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Help Needed ==
    +
    +As you were the admin who posted the discussion on the AfD process of Ivy Goh Nair on the Singaporean Wikipedians Notice Board, I would be grateful if you could remove or archive it as the debate is long over and you yourself have moved on. Thanks in advance and all the best.[[User:Ivygohnair|Ivygohnair]] 17:42, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
    +'''Thanks''' Have a good Day:-)[[User:Ivygohnair|Ivygohnair]] 05:47, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== [[S. Jithesh]] ==
    +
    +
    +This page is still protected by u. U said that [[WP:V]] fails. Everyday his name appears in Front page of newspapers in Kerala.U dont know Malayalam. So it's a timewaste to upload Malayalam Newspaper cuttings. Please see this- [http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/26/stories/2006112607840300.htm www.hindu.com] (26th nov2006), [http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/27/stories/2006112709700300.htm www.hindu.com](27th nov2006). Both are reports from State Government's Functions. He is a front runner in Chickun Gunia awareness Cartoon exhibitions in Kerala and chief guest in many pgms conducted by state Public relations department. He is a popular figure in Kerala cartooning. check this too- [http://www.chintha.com/links/weblink/23 www.chintha.com].Can u say that all writers enlisted here are notable but one is non notable. This list includes Njanapeed award winners like [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]],and Kendra Sahitya academy award winners. It's the most popular online magazine in Malayalam.I have another doubt...? How a non notable cartoonist's lengthy interviews regularly appear in T.V channels ...?
    +Answer is so simple...! Here is a large community to hear and watch him...!'''[[User:Nileena joseph| Nileena joseph ]]'''([[User talk:Nileena joseph|Talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Nileena joseph|Contribs]]) 18:16, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:I encouraged Ms. Joseph to create the article in her own userpage, then have one of us look at it to see if its ready to stand in article space. [[WP:CITE]] should be helpful in her case, as Deepu and Bharatveer can verify the newspaper's if there is any trouble citing. [[User:Bakasuprman|Bakaman]] [[User talk:Bakasuprman|Bakatalk]] 00:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +== [[Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Mannaraprayil_Cor-Episcopa]] and [[S. Jithesh]] ==
    +
    +Actually Mannaraprayil_Cor-Episcopa is a highly controversial priest in Kerala.In Kerala there is a big dispute between two major Christian Sabhas. Hundreds of news reports are available about him in Malayalam Newspapers(In front page too). News reports in English Newspapers too.Please check this.
    +[http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062913300500.htm www.hindu.com]
    +[http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063016060300.htm www.hindu.com]
    +But alas! the article is deleted. Thousands of front cover stories are available about him in Malayalam Newspapers.I think this type of deletions will question the credibility of Wikipedia's notability test.Some Kerala wikies are not interested in creating articles or reading Malayalam Newspapers.. If they had good reading habits in [[Malayalam]], things would have been ended with a different climax. In [[S. Jithesh]]’s case U reacted as I expected. But I cant understand the logic of your argument.(it may be of generation gap...sorry) He had drawn thousands of book covers,large number of Keralites reads his cartoons.He is also popular in his state.But u say that he is non notable ...? I think u are sticking on ur argument. He is one of the most famous cartoonist in Malayalam. Before a decade he won prestigious Cartoon Academy Award for Best Caricaturist in Kerala. Now he is the Editor in Chief of Chiricheppu Cartoon Monthly.It is the one and only Political Cartoon Monthly in Kerala. This weekly had been burnt by some fanatics when it published a review on Jyllands Posten's controversial Profet's cartoons. At that time somebody created the article without any references. The articles I had uploaded from Malayalam Newspapers were fit enough to prove his notability.( But u couldn't read Malayalam.) It is really a challenge to work on Kerala related articles as I told earlier.One help needed...? Can u send the deleted version of the abovesaid articles...? '''[[User:Nileena joseph| Nileena joseph ]]'''([[User talk:Nileena joseph|Talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Nileena joseph|Contribs]]) 08:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +
    +== Proposed Deletion of Legal Status of Jainism: Ref. your comment ==
    +
    +[[User:Legalese|Legalese]] 15:36, 28 November 2006 (UTC) I am aghast. The claim that there could be a "blatant violation of copyright in this article" is completely unfounded. Please consider my submissions and revert to me for any clarifications.
    +
    +I explain the constitution of the whole article as below. The article presently has four sub-headings.
    +
    + * 1 The Recent Legal Debate on Jainism
    + * 2 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
    + * 3 Criticism of the Supreme Court's Decision in Bal Patil's Case
    + * 4 Jainism and Other Religions: Illustrations noted by Supreme Court of India
    +
    +I'll deal with each one in detail.
    +
    + * 1 The Recent Legal Debate on Jainism
    +This sub-heading covers the following:
    +>>The Bal Patil Judgment
    +It quotes from the Supreme Court's judgment. Quoting from a Supreme Court jugdment cannot be a violation of copyright.
    +
    +The rest of the comments have been written by me. Check, by googling, if you can find any websites from which it has been claimed that
    +
    +>>U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad Judgment
    +This para has been written by me. Check by googling if its been copied even a least bit.
    +
    + * 2 THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
    +The first para merely quotes the Article 25 of the Constitution of India in original. It is a provision of law, and there is no violation of any copyright in reproducing it.
    +
    +The second para has been written by me. You can check, by googling it, if it appears anywhere else, it would have name "rishabh sancheti" or the link "legalese" [my wiki name].
    +
    + * 3 Criticism of the Supreme Court's Decision in Bal Patil's Case
    +This has been authored completely by me, with the help of certain legal provisions. Again, citing the legal provisions cannot entail any violation of a copyright. The veracity of such legal provisions may be checked at , Government of India's official law database, by feeding the name of the Act.
    +
    +The explanations appearing below each of the Acts have been authored by me. One can verify by googling.
    +
    + * 4 Jainism and Other Religions: Illustrations noted by Supreme Court of India
    +This fourth part may give an impression on a superficial reading that it is made up of several parts which might be claimed to have been copied.
    +However, I submit with deference that such claim is baseless, and would prove to be so, if any one may be diligent enough to verify. Infact this part is a summary of the illustrations noted by the Supreme Court of India in the UP Shiksha Parishad Judgment, the original link of which has already been given.
    +Click on the link, and it would open a page on the Judis Database of the Government of India, having this judgment. Do a simple CTRL+F to locate these paragraphs there.
    +
    +As I'v stated above, there could be no copyright violation in quoting from a Court's judgment along with its proper reference. I have not claimed that I have authored this part, the heading itself clearly reads "Illustrations noted by Supreme Court of India".
    +The para numbers in this part are the original para numbers of the Judgment, which has already been mentioned in the beginning of this part.
    +
    +Now.........how is there any copyright violation?
    +
    +
    +== Thanks ==
    +[[User:Legalese|Legalese]] 12:22, 29 November 2006 (UTC)Thank you so much for your effort to wikify the article. It really looks so much better now. I'll obtain the scan of the Rajasthan High Court Judgment and reference the article in more detail to remove any apparent violations of WP:OR.
    +
    +== Thanks! ==
    +
    +Thanks for the encouragement. I hope to contribute many more articles in the future. [[User:Kehanren|Kehanren]] 09:12, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Welcome :) [[User:Utcursch|utcursch]] | [[User talk:Utcursch|talk]] 09:31, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Prods==
    +I've unprodded [[Ali Sina]], [[Zakir Naik]] and [[Robert Prechter]]. I think they deserve an AFD at least. If you wish, I'll nominate them for deletion (you won't be able to create a new AFD page, I guess). Please drop a note on my talk page if you want me to move these articles to AFD. Thanks. [[User:Utcursch|utcursch]] | [[User talk:Utcursch|talk]] 11:15, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Thanks ... I'd really appreciate it. These "articles" are only excuses to have external links to the subjects' wesbsites, some of which (a) point to stale sites ("bandwidth exceeded"), (b) have "sessionid" fields, so they just go to a default page, or (c) force a streaming video download (in [[Urdu]], with English subtitles, no less!) None of the three meet [[WP:BIO]], IMHO, and the articles should be '''salted''' after deletion. —{{User|72.75.93.131}} 11:49, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== [[Ibn Warraq]] and his "Works" ==
    +I hate to disturb you again, but please check out this article, and the following books, cited in his "Works" section:
    +
    +* ''[[Why I Am Not a Muslim]]'', Ibn Warraq
    +* ''[[Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out]]'', edited by Ibn Warraq
    +* ''[[What the Koran Really Says]]: Language, Text, and Commentary'', edited and translated by Ibn Warraq
    +* ''[[Quest for the Historical Muhammad]]'', edited and translated by Ibn Warraq
    +* ''[[Origins of the Koran]]: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book'', edited by Ibn Warraq
    +
    +Most of these articles seem to have been created by [[User:CltFn]] simply in order to add verisimilitude to the author's article ... some simply list the Table of Contents as a way of linking to other WikiBios of questionable notability. Thanks! —{{User|72.75.93.131}} 12:17, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Half of those Google hits are mirrors, like Amazon.com book reviews in different languages ... ''beau coup'' pages from the subject's own website will also increase the count. (And don't forget that because of the way Google works, [[:Special:Whatlinkshere/Ibn_Warraq|all of the Wikipedia articles that mention his name]] are also included in that count.) If he's so notable, then why is the only ''credible'' citation for him a ''stale'' link (empty page) for a [[Boston Globe]] article? '''There are no references for him except for blogs and POV websites.'''
    +
    +:Look that the ToC for these books ... ''[[Quest for the Historical Muhammad]]'' has a Wikilink for ''[[Fatima and the Daughters of Muhammad]]'', and ''that'' article consists of, "The book is mentioned in [[The Quest for the Historical Muhammad]] by [[Ibn Warraq]]." Look at "What links here" for those book articles, and you will see that they are all circular references to otherwise [[WP:NN]] authors (like [[Asma Gull Hasan]] and [[Arthur Jeffery]]--'''all''' of his citations point to the POV website [http://www.answering-islam.org www.answering-islam.org] and a Wikilink mention of his essays in Ibn Warraq's ''[[Origins of the Koran]]'') and books (like ''[[What the Koran Really Says]]''--click the first external link in the ToC for [http://www.pushhamburger.com/morenews13.htm What Is the Koran?]--the book is just a collection of previously "published" essays, some of them from websites.) —{{User|72.75.93.131}} 13:12, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +
    +
    +==Some small things and [[Vinod Valloppillil]] ==
    +
    +Many noted Kerala related articles had been deleted earlier..It happens because of some other reason. Also, google search count does not determine how famous an Indian is :-).
    +Let me site an example here. Every kid in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] starts studying their language with a mention about [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan]], who is the father of Malayalam Language. That maps to around 30,000,000 Keralites who knows this name. And the number of Google search results I get for same is this: "Results 1 - 10 of about 411 for thunchath ezhuthachan. (0.21 seconds)
    +Another thing: For example I'm totally ignorant about Sports.Some of the big names in Cricket or billiards or tennis is unknown to me. I'm not interested in it. I have heard the name Koneru Hampi (chess) very recently. what a fool I'm!!!.This is because I'm least interested in it. Not because of Koneru Humpi's fault. U are a computer expert. So the persons from that field may be familiar to u. (Azim Premji or Narayana murthy or Sudha Murthy or such IT tycoons...to the new generation IT experts)I think u are from Mumbai...? Have u heard of Ranjith Desai- the great Marathi Novelist.He is the person who wrote the biography of Raja Ravi Varma. I have heard a lot about him...!That may be because I'm very Interested in art and culture related subjects.Those who are not interested in that field may not be familiar with such names. Here in Kerala wikipedia [[User:Kjrajesh]] and I used to contribute Malayalam literature or art related subjects. Actually there are only a 4 or 5 active wikies in Kerala.If the number of active wikies in Kerala wikipedia is increased all the problems will be get solved. Anyway see [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vinod Valloppillil]]. U are a computer expert. So u decide his relevance...? I'm not an expert to check a computer related matter. But I have'nt heard his name. '''[[User:Nileena joseph| Nileena joseph ]]'''([[User talk:Nileena joseph|Talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Nileena joseph|Contribs]]) 16:37, 29 November 2006 (UTC) 2013-03-13 10:23:08 89955434 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q119982]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,119 +1,4 @@\n
    -{{otheruses}}
    -{{Taxobox
    -| color = pink
    -| name = Walrus
    -| status = LR/lc
    -| image = Walrus.jpg
    -| image_width = 250px
    -| image_caption = The Pacific Walrus
    -| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
    -| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
    -| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
    -| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
    -| subordo = [[Caniformia]]
    -| superfamilia = [[Pinnipedia]]
    -| familia = '''Odobenidae'''
    -| familia_authority = Allen, 1880
    -| genus = '''''Odobenus'''''
    -| genus_authority = [[Mathurin Jacques Brisson|Brisson]], 1762
    -| species = '''''O. rosmarus'''''
    -| binomial = ''Odobenus rosmarus''
    -| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
    -| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
    -| subdivision =
    -''O. rosmarus rosmarus''

    -''O. rosmarus divergens''
    -}}
    -
    -'''Walruses''' (from [[Dutch language|Dutch]]: ''wal'' meaning "shore", and ''r(e)us'' meaning "giant") are large semi-aquatic [[mammal]]s that live in the cold [[Arctic]] seas of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Two subspecies exist: the Atlantic, ''Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus'', and the Pacific, ''Odobenus rosmarus divergens''. The Pacific walrus is slightly larger, the male weighing up to 1,800 kg (4,000 lb), but usually males only top out at 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). The walrus should not be confused with the [[elephant seal]].
    -
    -Walruses are members of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carnivora]] and [[suborder]] (or alternatively [[superfamily]]) [[Pinnipedia]]. They are the only members in the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Odobenidae'''. The compound '''''Odobenus''''' comes from ''odous'' (Greek for "tooth") and ''baino'' ([[Greek language|Greek]] for "walk"), based on observations of walruses using their tusks to pull themselves out of the water. ''Rosmarus'' originates in the [[Swedish language|Swedish word]] for walrus. ''Divergens'' in [[Latin]] means "turning apart", referring to the tusks.
    -
    -==Life cycle==
    -Walruses mate in the water and give birth on land or ice floes. They feed in the water, diving to depths of 90 m (300 ft), sometimes staying under for as long as a half hour. Clams and mollusks form a large part of their diet. Male walruses compete for territory, often fighting each other; the winners in these fights breed with large numbers of females. Older male walruses frequently bear large scars from these bloody but rarely fatal battles. Walruses have been known to kill polar bears.
    -
    -Pacific walruses spend the summer north of the [[Bering Strait]] in the [[Chukchi Sea]] along the north shore of eastern [[Siberia]], around [[Wrangel Island]], in the [[Beaufort Sea]] along the north shore of [[Alaska]], and in the waters between those locations.
    -
    -Smaller numbers of males summer in the [[Gulf of Anadyr]] on the south shore of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]] of Siberia and in Bristol Bay off the south shore of southern Alaska west of the [[Alaska Peninsula]].
    -
    -In the spring and fall they congregate in the Bering Strait, adjacent to the west shores of Alaska, and in the Gulf of Anadyr. They winter to the south in the Bering Sea along the eastern shore of Siberia south to the northern part of the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], and along the southern shore of Alaska.
    -
    -Walruses have a breeding season in mid-winter, a time spent in the southern Bering sea. The males show off in the water for the females who view them from pack ice. Males compete with each other aggressively for this display-space. Mating probably takes place in the water. After fertilization the fertilized egg remains dormant for several months, then a gestation period of 11 months follows. When a calf is born, it is over 1 m (3 ft) long and able to swim. Birth takes place on the pack ice; the calf nurses for about 2 years and spends 3 to 5 years with its mother. Females mature at about 6 years, males at 9 or 10. A walrus lives about 50 years.
    -
    -Walruses spend about half their time in the water and half their time on beaches or ice floes where they gather in large herds. They may spend several days at a time either on land or in the sea. In the sea they sometimes catch fish but generally graze along the sea bottom for clams which they suck from the shell. Abrasion patterns of the tusks show that the tusks are dragged through the sediment but are not used to dig up prey. Walruses can also spit jets of water to look for clams. Large male walruses have been observed to attack seals if they cannot find any other food source.
    -
    -==Population==
    -About 15,000 Atlantic walruses exist: they live in the Canadian Arctic, in the waters of [[Greenland]], of [[Svalbard]] and of the western portion of the Russian Arctic. The Atlantic walrus once enjoyed a range that extended south to [[Cape Cod]] and occurred in large numbers in the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]]. About 200,000 Pacific walruses exist.
    -
    -Walruses have only three natural enemies: humans, [[orca]], and the [[polar bear]]. Polar bears hunt walruses by rushing at them, trying to get the herd to flee, then picking off calves or other stragglers. The walruses use their long tusks (elongated [[tooth|canines]]) for fighting and for display.
    -
    -[[Alaska Natives]] slaughter about 3,000 walruses annually. Humans use ivory from the tusks for carving. The natives call the penis bone of male an ''[[oosik]]'' and use it in making knives.
    -Federal laws in both the USA and in Canada protect walruses and set quotas on the yearly harvest. Only under rare circumstances may non-native hunters gain permission to kill a walrus legally. The law prohibits the export of raw tusks from Alaska, but walrus-ivory products may come on the market if first sculpted into [[scrimshaw]] by a native craftsman. Commercial auction sites such as [[eBay]] make a large selection of "pre-ban" walrus ivory available.
    -
    -==The walrus in popular culture==
    -In [[Western culture]], fiction often depicts the species—with its plump body, bushy mustache, and peacefully sleepy expression—as a happy, lovable and friendly animal, and its appearance may be interpreted as somewhat comical.
    -
    -===In literature and music===
    -
    -*[[Farley Mowat]]'s book ''[[Sea of Slaughter]]'' has a large section dedicated to the effects of hunting on eastern Canada's walrus population.
    -
    -*[[Lewis Carroll]]'s famous [[poem]] "[[The Walrus and the Carpenter]]" inspired the 1967 song "[[I Am the Walrus]]" by [[The Beatles]]. In the song [[John Lennon]] is "the Walrus". However, in order to deliberately confuse his fans, Lennon sings in the later song "[[Glass Onion]]" that "the Walrus was Paul". In the solo song "God," Lennon sings "I was the Walrus, but now, I'm John."
    -
    -*''[[The Walrus]]'' is a Canadian news magazine.
    -
    -*In [[Salman Rushdie]]'s children's book ''[[Haroun and the Sea of Stories]]'', The Walrus is the name of the imposing Grand Controller of Gup.
    -
    -*''Walrus'' is also the name of Captain Flint's ship in [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[Treasure Island]]''.
    -
    -*[[Sam Allardyce]], the manager of English football team [[Bolton Wanderers]] is often nicknamed Walrus, due to his uncanny physical resemblance to the creature.
    -
    -===In other media===
    -The Walrus is a very commonly seen animal in [[animation]]. They are usually portrayed as rugged but experienced and lovable characters, or as aristocratic characters due to the animal's snout looking somewhat like a mustache.
    -
    -*'''[[Rotor (Sonic the Hedgehog)|Rotor]] the Walrus''', a.k.a "Boomer", is a prominent character in ''[[SatAM]]'' ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog series|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' animated series as well as the ongoing ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie comic)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' [[comic book]] [[continuity]]. Rotor is the protagonist group's brave but shy mechanical super-genius and intellectual. He is very friendly and generally fits the archetypal personality of the walrus.
    -
    -*The '''Captain of the Thames''' is an anthromorphic walrus from the [[video game]] ''[[Xenogears]]''. He is a demi-human, captain, and all around man of the sea.
    -
    -*'''Chumley''' is the sidekick of the title character in the cartoon series ''[[Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales]]''. He is good natured if a bit dim.
    -
    -*'''Wally Walrus''' is a character from the ''[[Woody Woodpecker]]'' cartoons. He was the nemesis as well as rival of the title character.
    -
    -*'''The King of the World''' is an occasionally seen character from the various ''[[Dragon Ball]]'' [[anime]] series. Although not stated, he is an odd mix of a walrus and a dog.
    -
    -*'''McSweeny''', a large and muscular walrus, is a very minor character from the ''[[Sly Cooper]]'' series of video games.
    -
    -*'''The Walrus''' is an offbeat, silly, and obscure character from various [[Marvel Comics]].
    -
    -*'''Bletch''' is the name of the walrus of the film by director [[Peter Jackson]], ''[[Meet The Feebles]]''. Unlike the passive image of walruses, Bletch is very mean and cheats on his hippopotamus lover with a cat.
    -
    -*'''Wendell''' is the starving walrus in the game ''[[Animal Crossing]]'' and ''[[Animal Crossing: Wild World]]''. Giving him a red turnip in ''Animal Crossing: Wild World'' will result in him giving the player either a turban or a country guitar.
    -
    -*'''Wossa the Walrus''' is a walrus from [[Banjo-Kazooie]] who lives in Feezeey Peak inside a cave.
    -
    -*'''PGA tour Champion Craig Stadler''' is nicknamed the Walrus.
    -
    -*'''Tuskernini''' is an anthropomorphic walrus villain on the [[Darkwing Duck]] cartoon.
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -*[[Savoonga, Alaska]] calls itself the "Walrus Capital of the World".
    -* Walruses are among the only mammals in the world that do not process liquid waste via a [[bladder]] organ. Once digested, liquid waste is absorbed through the lining of the [[small intestine]] and secreted through the [[skin]].
    -*A male walrus's penis is completely internal, however it has one of the largest [[bacula]] (penis bones) of the animal kingdom.
    -
    -==References==
    -* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Seal Specialist Group|year=1996|id=15106|title=Odobenus rosmarus|downloaded=12 May 2006}}
    -
    -
    -
    -[[bg:Моржови]]
    -[[da:Hvalros]]
    -[[de:Walross]]{{Link FA|de}}
    -[[es:Morsa]]
    -[[fi:Mursu]]
    -[[fr:Morse]]
    -[[it:Odobenus rosmarus]]
    -[[ja:セイウチ]]
    -[[lt:Vėplys]]
    -[[nl:Walrus]]
    -[[pl:Mors]]
    -[[sv:valross]]
    -[[tr:Mors (hayvan)]]
    +'''Padi''' can refer to:
    +* [[Professional Association of Diving Instructors]] - A driver training organization
    +* [[Padi, Chennai|Padi]] - a satellite township of [[Chennai]], [[India]] near [[Ambattur]]
    +{{Uncategorized|November 2006}} 2013-03-19 04:57:46 90828714 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3517455]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,253 +1,359 @@\n
    -[[image:IndiaMap2.PNG|thumb|270px|Map of India.]]
    -'''Indian nationalism''' refers to the consciousness and expression of political, social, religious and ethnic influences that help mould [[Indian]] national consciousness.
    -
    -Indian Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the [[Indian independence movement]], and strongly continue to influence the [[politics of India]], as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society. It should be noted that Indian nationalism often imbibes the consciousness of Indians that prior to 1947, India embodied the broader [[Indian subcontinent]] and influenced a part of [[Asia]], known as [[Greater India]].
    -
    -It must be noted that in [[Indian English]], ''[[nationalism]]'' does not have a negative connotation, as it does in much of Europe and North America{{cite book |last= Elst|first=Koenraad |authorlink=Koenraad Elst |title=Decolonizing the Hindu mind |year=2005 |publisher=Rupa |location=India |id=ISBN 81291907465 {{Please check ISBN|8171675190}}|pages=20 }} .
    -
    -==National consciousness in India==
    -''See Also: [[History of India]], [[Ancient India]]''
    -
    -The Indian civilization and the ancient history of this country are a source of nationalist sentiment to its people and those who identify themselves with the Indian culture. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/sen/]
    -
    -===Belief in the ancient nature of the Indian civilization===
    -[[image:site_lothal.jpg|frame|right|400x|Archaeological site of Lothal. Dating back to 2400BCE]]
    -The ancient nature of Indian civilization has been a source of nationalist sentiment in India. The following is an abridged set of nationalistic beliefs that many Indians believe in:-
    -
    -*The origins of the [[Indus valley civilization]] can be traced to [[Mehrgarh]], which is dated to 7000BCE. [http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/writ.pdf][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4882968.stm][http://www.panhwar.org/Adobe/Article31.pdf][http://www.panhwar.org/Adobe/Article31.pdf]
    -*The [[Indus script]] can be dated to 3500 BCE.{{cite book | last = Bryant | first = Edwin | authorlink = Edwin Bryant | title = The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | location = Oxford | id = ISBN 0-19-51 3777-9 | pages = 178}}
    -*At the peak of the Indus valley civilization, around 2300–2000 BCE, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa housed some 40,000 inhabitants who enjoyed a high standard of living; for example, this developed, urban culture was sophisticated enough to have organized municipal waste management, drainage and well planned roads.Flood 1996:24–25 This culture spread [[Out of India theory|Outside of India]], explaining the connection of [[Indo-European]] languages.
    -*The ''[[Rigveda]]'', the oldest religious textbook in [[Sanskrit]], goes back to about 1500 BCE. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1585090646&id=9x0sH1NVhzAC&pg=PA221&lpg=PA221&dq=the+date+of+rigveda+is+1500+BC&sig=uWo0sqK8DMhEUHsgh75WxmxDaJ4][http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0700714626&id=a2nBVrE0LfUC&pg=PA188&lpg=PA188&dq=the+date+of+rigveda+is+1500+BC&sig=ERQCGksh7QMLU976-cqtZIhRy4s] India is also home to the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] and [[Munda languages|Munda]] language families.
    -*India is the birthplace of one the two major schools of religions in the world, the [[Dharmic religions]], the other school being that of the [[Abrahamic religions]]. The Dharmic religions include [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]]. India is also the present home of the current [[Dalai Lama]], his holiness Lama [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the equivalent of the [[Pope]] in [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. [[Bodhidharma]], legendary{{cite book | last = Dumoulin | first = Heinrich | others = Translated by James W. Heisig and Paul Knitter | title = Zen Buddhism: A History, India and China | year = 2005 | publisher = World Wisdom | location = Bloomington | id = ISBN 0-941532-89-5 | pages = 85 | quote=it is legend we are dealing with here, not only because of the total lack of reliable historical data but also because of the very evident motives that lie behind the story.}} founder of [[Zen]], is described as South Indian in most primary sources.
    -[[Image:Indus 03.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In Hinduism, Yoga is considered to be the ultimate way of attaining Enlightenment. This 5000-year-old sculpture, from the [[Indus Valley]], is of a yogi.]]
    -*Hinduism is the oldest living religious tradition.{{cite book | last = Klostermaier | first = Klaus K. | authorlink = Klaus Klostermaier | title = A Survey of Hinduism (2nd ed.) | publisher = State University of New York Press | edition = Second Edition | year = 1994 | location = Albany | id = ISBN 0-7914-2109-0 | pages = 1}}
    -*India is widely seen as an important bastion of the Abrahamic religions with [[Jews]] and [[Christians]] having lived continuously in India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D respectively. India is home to the [[Bnei Menashe]] community, which claims to be a [[lost tribe of Israel]]. According to the ''[[Acts of Thomas]]'', India is also the final resting place of [[Jude Thomas Didymus]], one of the twelve apostles of [[Jesus Christ]]. Islam came to India as the early as the 7th century CE with the advent of Arab traders.
    -*Around 300 BCE, the ''[[Arthashastra]]'', a treatise on statecraft which prefigures [[Machiavelli]]'s ''[[The Prince|Prince]]'' by 1800 years, is written by [[Kautilya]]. {{cite book | last = Boesche | first = Roger | title = The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra | year = 2002 | publisher = Lexington Books | location = Lanham | id = ISBN 0-7391-0401-2 | pages = 17}} [http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/journal_of_military_history/v067/67.1boesche.pdf]
    -*The ancient practice of [[Yoga]], which includes practices for spiritual enlightenment, martial traditions, exercise and conditioning, curing diseases and ailments, learning and concentration originated in India.
    -*[[Chess]] originated in ancient India and was known as "[[Chaturanga]]", which translated to four bodied.
    -*Organizations such as [[Brazillian Jiu Jitsu]], believe that India is the origin of their martial art[http://www.rickson.com/history.htm].
    -:India has also influenced the martial arts of the [[Malay people]]s.[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0804817162&id=g3FLFtThkU0C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=Silat+India&sig=X19T4LkOT4ZTDunsTTFZjDITLz4][http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1556435622&id=wYjxwl4bjr4C&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=Silat+India&sig=Hteha9ujRyF3YXTQpoZGh7Ctdcs][http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0804819130&id=98aE5KdW8WAC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=Escrima+originated+in+India&sig=9bBYnrh3zAWI3rK4Z0UpfCQDzQQ]
    -*[[Kanada]], who founded the [[Vaisesika]] school of philosophy in 600 BCE, was one of the (or perhaps ''the'') earliest exponents of [[atomism]].{{cite book | last = Teresi | first = Dick | title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya. | publisher = Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, New York | date = 2002}}
    -*[[Aryabhatta]] referred to Algebra (as Bijaganitam) in his treatise on mathematics named ''Aryabhattiya''.
    -*The history of education in India goes back to the establishment of the first university in the world at the [[Gandhāra]]n city of [[Takshashila]].[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/chapter-III.htm][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:fQEVD7CpbKsJ:www.ayurveda-california.com/backup/Historical%2520Moments%2520in%2520Ayurveda.doc+first+university+takshashila][http://www.eng.monash.edu.au/uicee/worldtransactions/WorldTransAbstractsVo2No2/Patil50.pdf][http://www.hinduism.co.za/amazing.htm][http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache:UyR6CaLfbyEJ:www.agri-history.org/Science%2520in%2520India%2520with%2520Special%2520Reference%2520to%2520Agriculture.pdf+first+university+takshashila][http://www.indiaoz.com.au/hinduism/articles/amazing_science_3.shtml]
    -*India is credited with the development of the modern form of zero.{{cite book | last = Ifrah | first = Georges | others = Trans. David Bellos, E.F. Harding, Sophie Wood and Ian Monk | title = The Universal History of Numbers | origyear = 1994 | year = 2000 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | location = New York | pages = xxii | quote =as soon as the rule of position became the basis for a numbering system, a zero was needed. All the same, only three of the four (the Babylonians, the Mayans and the Indians) managed to develop this final abstraction of number: the Chinese only acquired it through Indian influences. However, the Babylonian and Mayan zeros were not conceived of as numbers, and only the Indian zero had roughly the same potential as the one we use nowadays.}}
    -*Most of the [[positional system|positional]] [[base 10]] [[numeral system]]s in the world have originated from [[India]]. The Indian numeral system is commonly referred to in the West as [[Hindu-Arabic numerals|Hindu-Arabic numeral system]], since it reached Europe through the Arabs.
    -*In Ancient India, the knowledge of theoretical and applied aspects of square and square root dates back to the [[Sulbasutra]]s, [http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/April2002/pdf/April2002p4-19.pdf] dated around 800–500 BCE.{{cite book | last = Joseph | first = George G. | title = The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics | edition = 2nd edition | year = 2000 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London | id = ISBN 0-14-021118-1 | pages = 228}} The ''[[Baudhayana Sulbasutra]]'' contains an approximation procedure for obtaining the square root of 2 to five decimal places.Joseph 2000:228 Aryabhata in the ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' (section 2.4), has given a method for finding the square root of numbers having many digits.
    -*The second section of earlier portion of Narada Vishnu Purana (written by Veda Vyas) describes "mathematics" in the context of Triskandh Jyotish. Numbers are listed in antilogarithmic order (10 to the power n). In addition, different methods of mathematics have been elaborately discussed, most importantly the method of finding cube roots.[http://www.geocities.com/dipalsarvesh/mathematics.html].
    -*A 12th century mathematician, [[Bháskara]], authored several mathematical treatises; one of them, ''Siddantha Shiromani'', has a chapter on algebra. "The origin of the fallacy that any number divided by zero is equal to infinity goes back to the work of Bháskara."[http://www.pantaneto.co.uk/issue5/arsham.htm] In 1816, James Taylor translated Bhaskaracharya's ''Leelavati'' into English.
    -*[[Subhash Kak]] credits ancient India with the knowledge of calculation of occurrences of [[eclipse]]s.[http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/physics/pdf/9804/9804021.pdf]
    -*India is home to the ethnic Nicobari tribes which are the remnants of the oldest human populations of Asia and Australia.''The Times'' of India, as quoted by Armand Leroi http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Leroi
    -*In India, from anthropometric studies, one used to find traces of seven races of humans who intermixed to create the Indian race.http://members.tripod.com/~tanmoy/bengal/races.html.]
    -
    -The ancient nature of the Indian civilization is one factor that lends Indians to feel pride and believe that India has a special destiny in world affairs today [http://www.brook.edu/views/articles/cohens/2000summer.htm].
    -
    -===Ages of war and invasion===
    -India today celebrates many kings for combating foreign invasion and domination, such as [[Shivaji]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], [[Maharana Pratap]] of [[Rajputana]], [[Lachit Barphukan]] of [[Assam]], [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], who combated the [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] who fought the British.
    -
    -Liberal Muslim kings are also a part of Indian pride. [[Akbar]] was a powerful Mughal emperor who admired [[Hinduism]], forged familial and political bonds with Hindu [[Rajput]] kings, and developed for the first time in medieval India an environment of religious freedom. Akbar undid most forms of religious discrimination, and invited the participation of wise Hindu ministers and kings, and even religious scholars in his court. In his reign, India was politically powerful, prosperous and its common people secure.
    -
    -===Foreign admiration===
    -India has attracted many admirers from foreign nations. Chinese travelers and observers [[Xuanzang|Hsien Tsang]] and [[Faxian|Fa-hien]] attest to the prosperity and glory of India's ancient kingdoms. Their documentation of times in ancient India are a great source for nationalistic pride. [[Annie Besant]], [[C. F. Andrews]], [[Madeleine Slade]] and [[A.G. Horniman]] were Europeans who advocated and worked for political freedom in India. Mrs. Besant led the [[Theosophical Society]] in its studies of Indian religious thinking. German historian and writer [[Max Muller]] was a pioneer in Indian historical research, tracing the roots of human civilization in India and the origins of its diverse culture and peoples. His work remains a major influence on the common understanding of India's ancient past.
    -
    -The most famous words describing a foreigner's admiration for India are arguably those of [[Mark Twain]], his words were
    -
    -{{cquote|"India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only"''[http://india.gov.in/myindia/facts.php]}}.
    -
    -The words of Historian [[Will Durant]] also echo Nationalist sentiments in [[India]]:
    -
    -{{cquote|"India was the mother of our race and Sanskrit the mother of Europe's languages. She was the mother of our philosophy, mother through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics, mother through Buddha, of the ideals embodied in Christianity, mother through village communities of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all."}}
    -
    -More recently, Western celebrities like actor [[Richard Gere]], [[Australian]] [[cricketer]] [[Steve Waugh]] and [[Microsoft]] tycoon [[Bill Gates]] have contributed large sums of money and visited India frequently to promote higher education and social causes. [[United States|American]] actor [[Demi Moore]] has studied and praised [[Yoga]], the ancient Indian system of spiritual and physical exercises. Their visits attract much attention from Indian media. Foreign praise and enthusiasm for Indian history, heritage and India's future has been a major source of pride for Indians. Often times, the pioneering work of foreigners like Fa-hien and Muller has helped Indians better understand their own history, while people like Richard Gere have increased Indian awareness and participation to stop a major public health crisis such as [[AIDS]].
    -
    -==Renaissance vision==
    -[[Image:Vivekananda.png|thumb|[[Swami Vivekananda]] is considered a major influence on Indian pride by his emphasis of the spiritual richness and beauty of Indian philosophy and religion.)]]
    -''See Also: [[Arya Samaj]], [[Brahmo Samaj]], [[Ramakrishna Mission]]''
    -
    -A new generation of Western-educated Indians sought to end practices and traditions that were responsible in their view for India's economic backwardness, social depravation and political disunity. Laying a definitive national vision, this generation sought to promote western-style scientific education and democracy. [[Raja Ram Mohan Roy]] sought to fight [[suttee]] and illiteracy. He founded the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in [[Bengal]], and inspired the foundation of the [[Brahmo Samaj]], as a Hindu reform society seeking to remove the ills of [[untouchability]] and casteism, as well as [[brahmin]] domination and dogmas. [[Syed Ahmed Khan]] promoted Western-style education in Muslim society, seeking to uplift Muslims in the economic and political life of British India. He founded the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], then called the ''Anglo-Oriental College''.
    -
    -At the same time, Indian religious leaders like [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]] emphasized the spiritual richness of [[Hinduism]] and Indian philosophy. Vivekananda asserted that the West could greatly help solve India's problems of entrenched poverty and encourage economic progress, while India could bring spiritual and cultural wealth to Western societies. [[Dayananda Saraswati]] formed the [[Arya Samaj]] to combat social evils within Hindu society, and increase the pride and purity of Hindu worship, returning to the [[Vedas]] and worship of God, not lesser deities.
    -
    -==''Swaraj''==
    -''Main Articles: [[Indian Independence Movement]], [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], [[Indian National Congress - Freedom Era]]''
    -[[Image:India1931flag.png|thumb|220px|left|The flag adopted in 1931 by the Congress and used by the [[Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] during the Second World War.]]
    -In the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], Indian soldiers and regional kings fought the forces allied with the [[British Empire]] in different parts of India. The war arose from the racist viewpoint and disregard the British exhibited to Indian religious traditions, and the desire for Indians to retain religious purity and freedom regardless of war or violence as its expense. There were also kingdoms and peoples, such [[Holkar]], [[Scindia]] and the [[Sikhs]], and Indian soldiers who supported the British. This event laid the foundation not only for a nationwide expression, but also future nationalism and conflict on religious and ethnic terms.
    -
    -The Indian desire for complete freedom, or ''Swaraj'', was born with [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], who looked to the glories of Indian history and heritage, and condemned the racist and imperialistic discrimination of common Indians, who were not permitted a voice in the affairs of their own country. Tilak and his followers were the first to express the desire for complete independence, an idea that did not catch on until after [[World War I]], when the British attempted to exert totalitarian power with the [[Rowlatt Acts]] of 1919. When the [[Amritsar Massacre]] of hundreds of unarmed and innocent civilians by British forces took place in the same year, the Indian public was outraged and most of India's political leaders turned against the British.
    -
    -===The Gandhian era===
    -''Main Articles: [[Gandhism]], [[Satyagraha]]''
    -[[Image:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Nationalists on the Salt March.]]
    -[[image:QUITIN2.JPG|thumb|[[Quit India]] procession view at [[Bangalore]].]]
    -
    -[[Mohandas Gandhi]] pioneered the art of ''[[Satyagraha]]'', typified with a strict adherence to [[ahimsa]] (non-violence), and [[civil disobedience]]. This permitted common individuals to engage the British in revolution, without employing violence or other distasteful means. Gandhi's equally strict adherence to [[democracy]], religious and ethnic equality and brotherhood, as well as activist rejection of caste-based discrimination and [[untouchability]] united people across these demographic lines for the first time in India's history. The masses could participate in India's freedom struggle for the first time, and the membership of the Congress grew over tens of millions by the 1930s. In addition, Gandhi's victories in the [[Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha]] in 1918-19, gave confidence to a rising younger generation of Indians that the British hegemony could be defeated. National leaders like [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Badshah Khan]] brought together generations of Indians across regions and demographics, and provided a strong leadership base giving the country political direction.
    -
    -===The INA===
    -''Main Articles: [[Indian National Army]], [[Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind]]''
    -
    -While Gandhi's leadership attracted the vast majority of Indians, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] led a forceful initiative of military revolution when he formed the [[Indian National Army]] in the early 1940s, out of Indian POWs and indentured workers in [[South East Asia]] in [[World War II]], with the help of the Japanese. Just as Gandhi had brought Indians together for peaceful, mass revolution, Bose united Hindus, Muslims and different ethic groups in a military outfit aimed at liberating Indian territory from British control.
    -
    -The INA engaged the British Indian forces in [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]] and parts of [[Bengal]], but were overwhelmed by the better equipped enemy, the treacherous forest and mountainous environments, as well as lacklustre aid from the Japanese Army. Many thousands were killed and thousands others surrendered. Bose was killed himself in 1945 himself when flying in a Japanese plane, which crashed over the [[Taiwan Strait]]. However, the INA's military assault on British rule occurred concurrently with the [[Quit India movement]], and electrified many Indians with the audacity of their effort and bravery.
    -
    -==More than just "Indian"==
    -''See Also: [[Demographics of India]]''
    -
    -Indian nationalism is as much a diverse blend of nationalistic sentiments as its people are ethnically and religiously diverse. Thus the most influential undercurrents are more than just ''Indian'' in nature. The most controversial and emotionally-charged fiber in the fabric of Indian nationalism is religion. Religion forms a major, and in many cases, the central element of Indian life. Ethnic communities are diverse in terms of linguistics, social traditions and history across India.
    -
    -===Hindu Rashtra===
    -{{main|Hindu nationalism}}
    -[[Image:hedgewar.png|frame|left|100px|K.B.Hedgewar was the founder of the RSS, the largest public organization in India and the foundation of Hindu nationalism.]]
    -An important influence upon Hindu consciousness arises from the time of [[Islamic empires in India]], during which many Hindu temples were destroyed and Hindus forcibly converted to [[Islam]], and thousands killed by Muslim invaders. Entering the 20th century, Hindus formed over 75% of the population and thus unsurprisingly the backbone and platform of the nationalist movement. Modern Hindu thinking desired to unite Hindu society across the boundaries of [[caste]], lingustic groups and ethnicity. In 1925, [[K.B. Hedgewar]] founded the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], which grew into the largest civil organization in the country, and more potent, mainstream base of [[Hindu nationalism]]. The main purpose of the RSS was to unite Hindu society, with its cadets from across the caste and ethnic spectrum working to alleviate Hindus from poverty and ignorance, as well as working for social and economic development.
    -
    -[[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] coined the term ''[[Hindutva]]'' for his ideology that described India as a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'', a Hindu nation. This ideology has become the cornerstone of the political and religious agendas of modern Hindu nationalist bodies like the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]. Hindutva political demands include revoking Article 357 of the Constitution that grants a special status to the Muslim-majority state of [[Kashmir]], adopting a uniform civil code, thus ending a special legal framework for Muslims. These particular demands are based upon ending laws that Hindu nationalists consider as offering special treatment to Muslims. Demands like banning cow slaughter and building a [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] temple in [[Ayodhya]] reflect in Hindu passions to assert cultural nationalism and a reversion of the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslim invaders.
    -
    -===The Qaum===
    -[[image:azad.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Maulana Azad]] strongly favored a united India.]]
    -''Main Article: [[Indian Muslim nationalism]]''
    -
    -In 1906-1907, the [[All India Muslim League]] was founded, created due to the suspicion of Muslim intellectuals and religious leaders with the [[Indian National Congress]], which was perceived as dominated by Hindu membership and opinions. However, [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership attracted a wide array of Muslims to the freedom struggle and the Congress Party. The [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] stand apart - the former was averse to the freedom struggle, while the JMI was founded to promote Muslim education and consciousness upon nationalistic and Gandhian values and thought.
    -
    -While prominent Muslims like [[Allama Iqbal]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] embraced the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations, other major leaders like [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Maulana Azad]], [[Badshah Khan]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] strongly backed the leadership of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and the Indian freedom struggle, opposing any notion of Muslim separatism. This school of Muslim nationalism did not enjoy much support in the provinces of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]] and [[Bengal]], where the [[Muslim League]] enjoyed extensive political power, and where Pakistan was ultimately formed. India's firm foundations of constitutional and popular secularism has brought prosperity, security and prominence to Indian Muslims who remained in India after partition. [[Zakir Hussain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] and [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] were all Muslims, and holders of the Presidency of the Republic. Actors [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Aamir Khan]], music legends [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Amjad Ali Khan]] and cricketers [[Syed Kirmani]], [[Mushtaq Ali]] and [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] are icons to the Indian public.
    -
    -Most Muslims staunchly defend their identity as Indians when questioned in sensitive times. Some Indian Muslim families maintain and establish familial relations with Pakistani and Bangladeshi families, separated by partition. Some Muslim religious leaders have called for a Muslim political party to protect the rights and interests of the Indian Muslim community. The embrace of rigid forms of [[Islam]] in Muslim religious schools and mosques across India has created an atmosphere of cultural alienation in some parts of the country.
    -
    -===The Khalsa===
    -''See Also: [[Sikhism]], [[Khalsa]]''
    -
    -The religious and cultural pride of the [[Sikhs]], mainly based in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] has played an important role in the history of medieval and modern India. Sikh forces combated Muslim armies and rescued themselves and Hindus in [[Kashmir]] from religious pogroms. The [[Sikh Empire]] of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] was one of the first to openly challenge and weaken the Mughals, while asserting their own glory in the Punjab. Today, Sikhs form a major proportion of officers and soldiers in the Indian military services, and Punjab is one of the most economically progressive states in the country, known as the ''breadbasket of India''. Sikh political leaders like [[Master Tara Singh]] were responsible for politically leading Sikhs during the [[Partition of India]], and uniting them after millions of Sikhs were displaced from [[Pakistan]]. Tara Singh and the [[SGPC]] led the demand for a Sikh-majority state in Indian Punjab, which was granted in 1966. While Sikhs pride themselves for their patriotism and a great military tradition, many other Indians feared that demands of such nature would give rise to political separatism.
    -
    -[[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] led a small extremist group demanding independence for Sikh-majority Punjab in the early 1980s. It was responsible for committing acts of terrorism, but when it was violently crushed during [[Operation Bluestar]] in 1984, within the sanctions of the [[Golden Temple]], thousands of militants, civilians and Army soldiers were killed. Sikhs viewed this as a desecration and insult of the holiest Sikh shrine. These led to the assassination of the Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] by two of her Sikh bodyguards. When over 5,000 Sikhs were killed in riots perpetrated in [[Delhi]] after the assassination, many millions of Sikhs in India and across the world were estranged from the Indian mainstream for some time. While the negative effects of this period and events have been greatly healed over two decades, there remains some suspicion and bitterness.
    -
    -===Ethnic nationalism===
    -''See Also: [[Demographics of India]], [[Aryan Invasion Theory]], [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]], [[Caste]]
    -
    -Post-independence [[India]] has had to deal head-on with nationalist expression based on regions, states, linguistic groups and ethnic, racial origins. The [[Assam]] guerilla movement led by the [[ULFA]], and the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] [[Khalistan]] movement of the 1980s represent the more violent end of the spectrum. The rise of ethnic nationalistic sentiments took place as peoples of various regions, linguistic groups and racial origins sought to discover their place within the wider expression of Indian national consciousness. Some states like [[Assam]] deplored the fact that the revenue obtained from the export of tea grown in Assam ended up benefiting other states more than it did the Assamese people, and that it received lesser proportion of Government aid than did larger, more populated states. [[Assam]] and neighboring states were also angered by the Chinese incursion into their territory in 1962, which the Indian army failed to prevent, giving rise to a sense of insecurity, and a notion that India would not expend resources to protect its farther, northeastern constituent parts.
    -
    -Similarly, Tamil linguistic nationalism arose after politicians began pushing for [[Hindi]] to be adopted as the national language. Many Tamils felt that [[Tamil language|Tamil]], one of the oldest languages of India and with a rich tradition of literature of its own, would be demoted into a second-level tongue and be pushed into extinction by making of Hindi as the [[lingua franca]] of India. Many non-Hindi speaking states have resented the adoption of Hindi, and regional languages are thus given official status for the respective state governments.
    -
    -But ethnic nationalism also ranges all the way back to [[3000 BC]], when the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] flourished in western India, and the [[Indo-Aryans]] first introduced themselves to the subcontinent. It is postulated that the early Indo-Aryans saw the indigenous peoples as ''un-Arya'' and uncivilized at times, and segregated themselves at times. It is even today a matter of debate whether it is true that the Aryans ''invaded'' India, as per the widely-debated [[Aryan Invasion Theory]], or if they were actually indigenous peoples of India and spread [[Out of India theory|Out of India]]. The latter possibility is actively championed by Hindu nationalists in politics, seeking to amend the history curriculum in state-sponsored textbooks. At the same time, many Dravidian and [[Dalit (outcaste)|Dalit]] politicians describe the Aryans as foreign and racist, and equate possible Aryan wars with indigenous peoples as [[ethnic cleansing]]. The conflict of modern day Indo-Aryans with the darker-skinned, South-based [[Dravidian]] peoples, although more subtle and less important to many, still plays an interesting and indirect role in the progress and problems of India. However this division of "Aryans" and "Dravidians" is played up only by corrupt politicians and few colonial-era historians of today. It has been accepted by many scholars (including Max Muller) that the idea of a seperate Dravidian race is nonsensical.
    -
    -==Nationalism and politics==
    -''See Also: [[Politics of India]]''
    -[[Image:Indira_and_Nixon.JPG|thumb|Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] led India to victory in [[1971]] against [[Pakistan]], imposed the [[Indian Emergency]], led it to become a nuclear power state in [[1974]] and is blamed for the [[Khalistan]] insurgency and [[Operation Bluestar]] - a controversial blend of nationalism and hard politics.]]
    -The political identity of the [[Indian National Congress]], India's largest political party and one which controlled government for over 45 years, is reliant on the connection to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] which has controlled the Congress since independence. The Congress Party's fortunes up till the 1970s were single-handedly propelled by its legacy as the flagship of India's Independence Movement, and the core platform of the party today evokes that past strongly, considering itself to be the guardian of India's freedom, democracy and unity. Muslims have remained loyal voters of the Congress Party, seen as defender of Nehruvian secularism. Small religious parties have arisen, and Muslim frustrations with communal violence and the aggressive attitudes of Hindu nationalists might lead to the development of a party solely on Islamic religious lines. In contrast, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] employs a more aggressively nationalistic expression. The BJP seeks to defend the culture and heritage of India and the majority of its people, the [[Hindu]] population. It ties nationalism with the aggressive defence of India's borders and interests against archrivals [[China]] and [[Pakistan]], with the defence of the majority's right to be a majority. The party's fortunes arose primarily in the 1990s, with the frustration of the people with over 40 years of Congress domination, corruption, sycophant leaders and lack of direction.
    -
    -Ethnic nationalist parties include the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], which is closely identified with the creation of a Sikh-majority state in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and includes many Sikh religious leaders in its organization. In [[Maharashtra]], the [[Shiv Sena]] uses the legacy of the independent [[Maratha]] kingdom under heroes like [[Shivaji]] to stir up support, and has adopted [[Hindutva]] as well. In [[Assam]], the [[Asom Gana Parishad]] is a more state-focused party, arising after the frustration of the [[ULFA]] as a benevolent expression of Assamese nationalism. In [[Tamil Nadu]] came the first of such parties, the [[DMK]]. Today the DMK stands for a collection of parties, with the DMK, the [[AIADMK]], the [[PMK]] and the [[MDMK]]. Caste-based politics invite the participation of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and the party of [[Laloo Prasad Yadav]], who build upon the support of poor low-caste and [[dalit (outcaste)|dalit]] [[Hindus]] in the northern, and most populated states of India like [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. Almost every Indian state has a regional party devoted solely to the culture of the native people. Unlike the Akali Dal and the AGP, these mostly cannot be called nationalist, as they use regionalism as a strategy to garner votes, building on the frustration of common people with official status and the centralization of government institutions in India.
    -
    -==Nationalism and military conflicts==
    -''See Also: [[Indo-Pakistani Wars]], [[Military History of India]]''
    -
    -India has a long military histoy, establishing some of the greatest empires in history including the [[Chola Empire]], [[Gupta Empire]], [[Magadhan Empire]], [[Maratha Empire]], [[Mauryan Empire]], [[Mogul Empire]] and [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. India's recent military history also serves as a source of nationalist sentiment.
    -===The scale of Indian military achievements===
    -Indian armed forces have been widely acclaimed for several military achievements both while fighting for objectives of national importance and for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. Indian armed forces have achievements like destroying most tanks in a post [[world war 2]] battle theatre during [[battle of Asal Uttar]], taking the maximum number of post [[world war 2]] prisoners of war during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], capturing the world's highest battlefield, the [[Siachen]] glacier and Operation Cactus in the [[Maldives]]. These are a source of nationalist sentiment in India.
    -
    -Other incidents of particular importance to an Indian national are mentioned below :-
    -
    -*During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the Indian army undertook the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] on the eastern front while engaging in battles such as the [[Battle of Longewala]] on the western front. The final result saw [[Pakistan]] surrendering 93,000 soldiers to India on the eastern front and losing 40 tanks and a total of 100 vehicles on the western front.
    -*The [[Kargil War]] saw the retreat of the combined Pakistan army and [[mujahideen]] axis and India reclaiming its territory against well entrenced Pakistani forces. The Indians also consider not crossing the [[line of control]] an act of honour when it clearly would have meant less casualties on the Indian side. Indians take pride in almost completely eliminating ememy forces like the [[Northern Light Infantry]] and the frequent admissions of Pakistan's prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] of the scale of damage inflicted by the Indian armed forces serve as reminders of the army's operations under severely unfavourable conditions[http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2004-daily/20-07-2004/main/main4.htm].
    -*Indians take special pride in their forces withstanding infiltration and [[Islamic Jihad]]. Indians have faced cross border terrorism in [[Kashmir]] since 1989. The [[United States]] claims that India is amongst the countries most tageted by [[Islamic Jihad]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:International_terrorist_incidents.gif].
    - [[Image:Kashmir map.jpg|thumb|right|Shown in green is the Kashmiri region under Pakistani control. The dark-brown region represents Indian-controlled [[Jammu and Kashmir]] while the [[Aksai Chin]] is under Chinese occupation]]
    -
    -===Nuclear power===
    -''Main Article: [[India and weapons of mass destruction]]''
    -
    -In 1974, India tested its first [[nuclear weapon]] in [[Pokhran]], [[Rajasthan]], and thus became the 6th nation in the world to possess an arsenal of nuclear weapons. It is postulated that India's nuclear program arose in the 1960s as a response to the Chinese acquisition of the nuclear weapon. It also resulted in [[Pakistan]] pursuing similar ambitions, resulting in the May, [[1998]] testings of five nuclear devices by both countries, opening a new era in their rivalry. India is not a signatory to the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|NPT]] and [[CTBT]], which it considers an encroachment on its right to defend itself.
    -
    -===The Kashmir issue===
    -''Main Article: [[History of the Kashmir conflict]]''
    -
    -The Kashmir question stands as a perpetual roadblock to the rise of India's economic and political power. While the Indian government is prepared to respond to attempts by other countries to seize areas currently controlled by India, it is openly questionable whether India's people would support an offensive operation to take areas that are not currently controlled by India. And as both China and Pakistan have nuclear weapons, this possibility has become even more remote.
    -
    -The building of stronger commercial and culture relations may possibly point to both India and Pakistan coming closer a solution, which might involve partitioning Kashmir along the Line of Control. The military solution has weakened in practicality and popular imagination ever since the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] in 1971 and the signing of the [[Shimla Agreement]].
    -
    -==New visions==
    -[[image:Tidel Park Chennai.jpg|thumb|240px|India's economy has rapidly expanded since 1991, and it boasts a huge skilled labor resource pool that has deeply influenced the rise of technology-based industries in India and across the world. Pictured here is the [[Tidel Park]] in [[Chennai]], one of the largest software parks in India.]]
    -
    -A wide-spread economic boom and industrial expansion, a rising Indian middle-class and a whole new generation of young Indians hold interesting potentials to the changing expression of nationalism in India, and for Indians around the world. What issues and attitudes these ''new'' Indians hold important are considerably different from what their forefathers in the 19th and 20th centuries held as important or inviolable.
    -
    -===India's Growth===
    -''See Also: [[Foreign relations of India]]; [[India as an emerging superpower]]''
    -
    -Many young Indians envisage that by [[2020]], the [[Indian economy]] would be strong enough for India to command a formidable position in world affairs, given that India is already the world's largest democracy, a nuclear power, with the 3rd largest military services in the world and a population exceeding 1 billion. It is one of the few nations that have been considered by media as possible future [[superpower]]. It currently meets many of the characteristics of a superpower to the extent that it is labelled an [[emerging superpower]] and [[great power]]. This growth is a source of pride and nationalism amongst young Indians who foresee living in an advanced Indian society. President [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] released a book ''[[India 2020]]'', outlining the necessary policies to promote India's social, economic and scientific advancement. India has conducted a major diplomatic campaign to obtain a permanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]] with veto powers. In recent years India and the [[United States]] have increased their influence. Some believe that the United States would prefer India over China as a new global power.
    -
    -Emanating from Cold War times suspicions and close ties with [[Russia]], portions of the Indian public perceive the [[United States]] as an arrogant superpower. The Indian government criticized the U.S. for what it saw as attempts to impose the [[Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty]] upon all nations despite its eventual rejection by American politicians themselves. India also perceives the U.S. economic and military aid to [[Pakistan]] as fueling its rival's aggressive designs, and criticizes the U.S. for ignoring Pakistan's long-standing aid to terrorism in Kashmir. Indian public opinion also sees its neighbor [[China]], the most populated nation in the world as its biggest competitor in economic, political and military influence, and the leadership of [[Asia]]. The continuing territorial dispute over Aksai Chin and China's military aid to Pakistan contributes to bringing a serious military aspect to this rivalry. However, India and China have created strategic partnerships over energy and oil, and are pursuing extensive trade relations that have created a positive atmosphere. The United States have been increasingly acceptive of India's power and the stepping stones have been laid for a positive relationship with the United States as well.
    -
    -===Akhand Bharat===
    -It is the vision of many nationalists to one-day see the reversal of the [[Partition of India]], and the reunification of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh into one nation. While the idea of a wide-scale war, and employing violence to force this re-unification is distasteful to all save the most hardcore, and that even hardline Hindu nationalists see the reversal to pre-1947 boundaries as impossible (especially due to the vast proportional majority enjoyed by Muslims in the populations of both Pakistan and Bangladesh), it remains the dream and fantasy of many mainstream Indians, Hindus and Muslims. And while ''[[Akhand Bharat]]'' is a term used only by Hindu nationalists, many young Indians and some Pakistanis have envisaged a possible loose constitutional union in the future, such as [[Lal Krishna Advani]], the senior leader of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
    -
    -Support for a reversal of partition exists in some intellectual circles in Pakistan, who view partition as a great loss for the Muslim community being divided into three nations, rather than utilizing the opportunities and power presented by a united population of 400 million in one, united country. The [[South Asia Free Trade Agreement]] and the possible success of the peace process over [[Kashmir]] may make this dream feasible one-day in the distant future, which today remains too fantastic to contemplate practically.
    -
    -See also: [[Undivided India]]
    -
    -===Trans-national expression===
    -{{main|Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin}}
    -The large expatriate Indian communities in the [[United States]], [[Western Europe]], [[South East Asia]], [[Africa]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Australia]] have played a role in Indian nationalism as long ago as the [[Ghadar Party]] and as recently as the [[Californian Hindu textbook controversy]]. As the Indian government's own Singhvi commission notes, "the sun never sets on the Indian diaspora." Yet the cultural transmission model is rapidly transforming from a one-way street, in which the Motherland gives and the diaspora receives, to a two-way street, in which the diaspora is as confidently Indian, sometimes more so, than India itself. Bollystan (''"Bolly-"'' for [[Bollywood]], and "Stan", the [[Urdu]] suffix for ''"land"'' comprise this term) is a [[neologism]] which recognizes this changing balance of power between the home country and its diaspora. Technology has enabled the diaspora to manufacture ''"Indian-ness"'' as competently as their home-bound relatives through film, dance, music and even religious practices. These externally produced symbols of Indian-ness have in many ways become the primary representation of India in the West and around the world. The term was first used by Parag Khanna, when he guest edited the UK's ethnic lifestyle magazine Another Generation in Fall 2004 (www.anothergeneration-mag.com). The entire issue was based on the theme of Bollystan, This was subsequently then used in an article in The Globalist.http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4279 The London-based Foreign Policy Centre think-tank has also recognized Bollystan as a form of "diasporic diplomacy".http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/377.pdf In the January/February 2005 issue of Foreign Policy magazine, Mitra Kalita of the Washington Post writes, "Finally there is a name for where I live: Bollystan."http://www.foreignpolicy.com/users/login.php?story_id=2761&URL=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=2761
    -
    -===The world's largest democracy===
    -Indians take pride in freedom and democracy reaching to the very grassroots of Indian nation, the noisy Indian political elections are enthusiastically followed by leigons of voters across rural India with the Indian media covering some of the largest political exercises in human history.
    -
    -The fact that India is the world's largest democracy (by population), especially in a region where it finds itself surrounded by [[communist]] China, Pakistan (a state with over half of its history under military rule), [[Myanmar]] (military dictaorship) and [[Nepal]] (long history of [[Monarchy]] and presently under conflict with the [[Maoist]] rebels), [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]], is seen as a symbol of Indian resilience and commitment to its core values of democracy and freedom.
    -
    -===Film Industry and [[Indipop]]===
    -Indian Film Industry is the largest industry churning out more than 800 movies every year. The Hindi Film Industry ([[Bollywood]]), Telugu Film Industry (Tollywood), Tamil Film Industry (Kollywood) are the major contributors. Of all the major regional film industries, Bollywood has grown prominence mainly due to the wide spread diaspora across the world.
    -
    -During recent times, [[Bollywood]], the [[Mumbai]] based Indian film industry has become a symbol of national pride for the Indian nationals. The industry is credited with churning out more [[movies]] than any other industry in the world. Bollywood is also the home of some of the most followed film stars in the world like [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]].
    -
    -India is also the home to [[Indipop]], a young, distinct style of music which is charecterized by the frequent remixes and multi-ethnic appeal, emphasising equally on classical Hindu songs, Muslim traditional music and Sikh music. Indipop has put Indian singers on the map throughout the world, with the stars staging concerts throughout the world with great success. Indipop is also very popular in European dance clubs, particularly the [[U.K.]] based dance clubs.
    -
    -===Global acceptance of beauty and fashion===
    -Indian nationals have been immensely successful both in the major beauty peagents of the world. India, along with [[Venezuela]], is the country awarded the most [[Miss World]] peagent wins. Indian representatives have also won the [[Miss Universe]] title twice.
    -
    -India is also the only country in history to have twice won both [[Miss World]] and [[Miss Universe]] competition in the same year.
    -
    -In 2000, Aishwarya Rai, Miss World 1994 from India, was awarded the ''Most Beautiful Miss World of All Times'' title.
    -
    -Indian fashion is also experiencing a resurgence with some of the world's largest fashion events being held in [[India]], including [[fashion week]] events. Indian fashion designers have held showcased Indian fashion in [[New York]], [[London]], [[Paris]] and [[Milan]], widely acknowledged as the fashion centres of the world.
    -
    -[[Image:Chicken Tikka Masala.jpeg|thumb|left|250px|The popular [[Chicken Tikka Masala]] is widely consumed outside of India]]
    -===Indian cuisine===
    -{{main|Indian cuisine}}
    -Indian cuisine is distinguished by its sophisticated use of spices and herbs and the influence of the longstanding and widespread practice of [[vegetarianism]] in Indian society.
    -
    -[[Britain]] has a particularly strong tradition of Indian cuisine that originates from the [[British Raj]]. At this time there were a few Indian restaurants in the richer parts of [[London]] that catered to British officers returning from their duties in India.
    -
    -In the [[20th century]] there was a second phase in the development of Anglo-Indian cuisine, as families from countries such as [[Bangladesh]] migrated to London to look for work. Some of the earliest such restaurants were opened in [[Brick Lane]] in the [[East End of London]], a place that is still famous for this type of cuisine.
    -
    -After the [[Immigration Act of 1965]], South Asian immigration to the United States increased, and with it the prevalence of Indian cuisine, especially in [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]] and the [[New York City]] neighborhoods of [[Murray Hill]], [[Jackson Heights]] and East 6th Street.
    -
    -Indian restaurants can also be found in many Continental European cities, particularly [[Paris]].
    -
    -Indian restaurants are common in the larger cities of [[Canada]], particularly in [[Toronto]] and [[Vancouver]] where large numbers of Indian nationals have settled since 1970. A number of the more adventurous restaurants have transformed their offerings into so-called Indian "fusion" menus, combining fresh local ingredients with traditional Indian cooking techniques.
    -
    -The South Asian diaspora has resulted in a number of inauthentic "Indian" foods, like the [[bunny chow]] of [[cuisine of South Africa|South Africa]], [[chicken tikka masala]] and the [[Balti (food)|balti]].
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://india.coolatlanta.com/GreatPages/sudheer Ancient India's Contribution to World's culture]
    -*[http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Seafaring_in_Ancient_India.htm Seafaring in ancient India]
    -*[http://www.hinduism.co.za/amazing.htm Amazing Sciences from India]
    -*[http://www.ufoarea.com/aas_vimanas.html India's traditional flying machines]
    -*[http://cs.annauniv.edu/insight/insight/firstpg.htm Online course material for InSIGHT], a workshop on traditional Indian sciences for school children conducted by the Computer Science department of Anna University, Chennai, India.
    -*[http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/tks_projects_frameset.htm Traditional Knowledge systems]
    -
    -==References==
    -
    -
    -* [[Jonah Blank]] ''Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God''
    -* J. N. Dixit ''India and Pakistan in War and Peace''
    -* Katherine Frank ''Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi''
    -* [[Mahatma Gandhi|M.K. Gandhi]] ''[[The Story of My Experiments with Truth|My Autobiography, or the Story of my Experiments with Truth]]''
    -* [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] ''Patel: A Life''
    -* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ''Discovery of India''
    -* [[Stanley Wolpert]] ''A New History of India''
    -*''[[BusinessWeek]]''; [[August 12]], [[2005]]; ''"Chindia"'': ''China and India special feature''
    -* Haug, Martin and Basu, Major B. D. (1974). ''The Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda, Containing the Earliest Speculations of the Brahmans on the Meaning of the Sacrifical Prayers''. ISBN 0404578489
    -* [[Subhash Kak|Kak, Subhash C.]] (2000). 'Birth and Early Development of Indian Astronomy'. In Selin, Helaine (2000). ''Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Astronomy'' (303-340). Kluwer, Boston. ISBN 0792363639
    -* Thurston, Hugh (1994). ''Early Astronomy''. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 038794107X
    -* Blavatsky, H. P. (1877). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/the/iu/iu000.htm 'Science. Chapter I'], [http://www.sacred-texts.com/the/iu ''Isis Unveiled''].
    -* Kak, Subhash C. (2003). [http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0310001 ''Indian physics: Outline of Early History''], [[ArXiv]].
    -* Malhotra, Rajiv and Patel, Jay (2003-2005). [http://www.indianscience.org ''History Of Indian Science & Technology''].
    -
    -[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
    -[[Category:Politics of India]]
    -[[Category:Politics and race]]
    -[[Category:Nationalism]]
    -[[Category:Indian nationalism]]
    +__NEWSECTIONLINK__
    +{{/How_to_ask_and_answer|[[WP:RD/S]]
    [[WP:RD/SCI]]
    [[WP:RD/Science]]|Science}}
    +
    +{{Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Science/2006 November 26}}
    +
    +{{Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Science/2006 November 27}}
    += November 28 =
    +== Biological pollutants in Human Waste ==
    +
    +Can someone please name Biological(Living) pollutant in human waste. I would also greatly appreciate to know some of the problems it causes. I would like an answer by Wednesday the 28th of November 2006 at 11:30 am NZST.
    +Many thanks, and ,once again, ANY help would be greatly appreciated.
    +Cheers:
    +
    +CODY NIXON-MEAD
    +WHANGAREI BOYS HIGH SCHOOL
    +WHANGAREI
    +NEW ZEALAND
    +
    +:See [[E. Coli]], [[gut flora]], and [[fecal-oral route]]. --[[User:Bowlhover|Bowlhover]] 00:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== quickest way to lose weight ==
    +
    +what is better for you and what is the quickest way to lose weight? by working out or by not eating or by dieting
    +:Arguably working out. It'll improve your cardiovascular health as well as allowing you to reduce your weight, but depending on how much you eat, you might have to diet to a degree as well. [[User:Sockatume|Sockatume]] 04:37, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:I suppose the quickest way is by not eating (health hazaards apart). A combination of workout and diet is supposed to be ideal. But in this method, ''quickest'' would be in terms of months. See http://health.howstuffworks.com/diet.htm for a good article on this. -- [[User:wikicheng|Wiki'''''Cheng''''']] | [[User talk:wikicheng|Talk]] 06:59, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:'''"If requesting medical advice ask a Doctor instead."''' Methods of weight loss qualify as medical advice. Go see your doctor please. We are not responsible if you starve yourself to death because someone on Wikipedia suggested it. [[User:pschemp|pschemp]] | [[User talk:pschemp|talk]] 07:07, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Ah, common, saying that excercise will reduce someone's body weight is medical advise? You've got to be joking. And unless you've got some health problem fasting is no serious threat. Muslims do it every year (and some Christians may still, too). And I've done it once, not eating at all for five days. In India it is said that cleans the body. One has to make sure to drink lots of water, though. And the effect will be very slow. I lost 10kg that way, but that took several months. I suppose one important reason was that my stomach had shrunk and therefore it was easier for me to eat less without getting hungry. [[User:DirkvdM|DirkvdM]] 07:27, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Yeh, I have to agree, If your going to be perdantic, you could say this is a reference desk, not a random facts hub, and reject all questions that arent asking to be referenced to an article. Bu luckily, most of us arnet that bad. [[User:Philc_0780|Philc]] [[User talk:Philc_0780|T]][[User:Philc 0780/Esperanza|E]][[Special:contributions/Philc_0780|C]][[User:Philc_0780/Improve me|I]] 18:52, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +[[Guillotine|Lose 15 pounds in mere seconds!]] [[User:Raul654|Raul654]] 07:34, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::Aahhh ! See also [[Dismemberment]] -- [[User:wikicheng|Wiki'''''Cheng''''']] | [[User talk:wikicheng|Talk]] 09:06, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::::Have you lost your head Raul? [[User:211.28.131.37|211.28.131.37]] 12:10, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +*Not eating will lose weight the fastest, but it's not healthy at all. If you want to lose weight you have to use more calories than you're eating which, unfortunately for you, means excercise. It doesn't have to be traditional excercise in a gym, though. You can take the dog for a longer walk, or do less driving and more walking. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 08:54, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::Oh, and a reminder quickly and healthily are usually mutually exclusive when it comes to losing weight. Your body will have less trouble adapting if it goes slow. - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 08:55, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Go do a [[death march]]. Thousands had done it and they all lose weight. [[User:211.28.131.37|211.28.131.37]] 12:03, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Go to the moon? Lose 5/6 of your weight. Neil Armstrong did it. [[User:211.28.131.37|211.28.131.37]] 12:08, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Got an extra wad of cash laying around? You could buy [http://cgi.ebay.com/MENTOR-CONTOUR-GENESIS-LIPOSUCTION-SYSTEM-FREE-SHIP_W0QQitemZ320052452744QQihZ011QQcategoryZ63990QQcmdZViewItem this] and do it in your own home! [[192.168.1.1]] 5:49am, 28 November (PST)
    +
    +== biology ==
    +
    +what are the factors that affect the structure of a community?
    +
    +:Define ''factors'', ''structure'' and ''community'' and please sign your posts:) If i was to take a guess as to the things that you mean I would say [[climate]], [[education]], [[wealth]] and [[culture]] are some significant things that affect the structure of a community. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 06:06, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Topic on Consumer Awareness ==
    +Sir,Good Morning,
    +
    +I need topic on [[Consumer Awareness]] with some photograph.
    +
    +With Warmest Regards M B Thapa
    +email:removed
    +
    +:[[Consumers_International]] has ''some'' info -- [[User:wikicheng|Wiki'''''Cheng''''']] | [[User talk:wikicheng|Talk]] 07:35, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== [[Rotary Cam]] ==
    +
    +I'm an engineering student, so I would a voluenterrer to answer the following question for me.
    +
    +The question are:
    +
    +1. What are the uses of Rotary Cams?.
    +
    +2. In what machinery are cams found?
    +
    +3. What materials are used in maiking rotary cams and why?
    +
    +4. When a Cam is rotating, what wears the most, the cam or the cam follower?
    +
    +I will need pictures of the component that uses cam.
    +
    +Thanks.
    +
    +[[Marcel]]
    +
    +:See [[cam]] for some info. See http://auto.howstuffworks.com/camshaft.htm also. More info can be found in your text book, I suppose? -- [[User:wikicheng|Wiki'''''Cheng''''']] | [[User talk:wikicheng|Talk]] 09:13, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::All cams rotate, so "rotary" here is otiose.--[[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]] 13:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::May not be. There are electronic cams which don't have any rotating parts. The opening and closing are controlled electronically for accurate timings. I suppose that the F1 racing cars us this kind of cams -- [[User:wikicheng|Wiki'''''Cheng''''']] | [[User talk:wikicheng|Talk]] 15:02, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::::I think they are called 'electronic (poppet) valves' - see [[camless]] (they don't use cams)[[User:83.100.158.227|83.100.158.227]] 15:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== BEARING ==
    +
    +Dear Sir,
    +
    +I have a question for my school project.
    +
    +THE PROJECT GOES LIKE THIS.
    +
    +A PDN two bearing arrangement housing (110mm shaft diameter) were installed on underground water pump for a mining industry. The engine that drives the shaft expirienced a 170% over-speed for 30minutes. This resulted in a partial meltdown of the bearing and unfortunately melted the bearing to the shaft. An inspection revealed a destroyed bearing and minimal damage to the shaft. But space is limited, the housing cannot be removed and the pump impeller cannot be removed to remove the shaft.
    +
    +THE PLAN NOW IS TO REMOVE THE BEARINGS FROM THE HOUSING AND REPLACE THE BEARING WITH [[SPLIT CAGE BEARING]] MANUFACTURED BY [[COPPER.]]
    +
    +THEN THE QUESTIONS ARE:
    +
    +
    +1. WHY A [[SPLIT CAGE BEARING]] IS USED FOR THIS PROJECT
    +
    +2. WHAT OTHER THREE METHODS THAT MAY HAVE WORKED
    +
    +3. WHAT MATERIALS WERE CHOSEN AND WHY
    +
    +So I will be glad if you can assist me with the answer.
    +
    +Thanks in anticipation.
    +[[--[[User:Marcelaokafor|Marcelaokafor]] 08:59, 28 November 2006 (UTC)Marcel]]]]
    +
    +:Well, I'm not going to do your homework for you unless I get your grade too. But here are some things for you to think about that will set you on the right path... a normal bearing is a single piece shaped like a [[torus]], right? Now since you can't remove the pump or the impeller, per the problem statement, you won't be able to install the new bearing over the pump shaft. You need access to one end of the shaft in order to slide the hole in the center of the bearing over the shaft, right? So what is a split bearing? Did your instructor or your textbook cover that? Can a split bearing maybe be made out of two halves, which are assembled in place? Could that be an advantage of a split bearing in this case? As to why it is copper, think about copper for a bit, it's pretty soft, right? Like you can bend a copper wire, but a steel wire would be a lot harder to bend, wouldn't it? The pump shaft is made of steel, so why would the bearing be made out of something softer? [[192.168.1.1]] 5:38am, 28 November 2006 (PST)
    +
    +::In other cases a new bearing made of [[Babbitt metal]] might have been created in place. This might be one of your other 3 methods. [[User:Edison|Edison]] 18:22, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== ? ==
    +
    +How do you make friends?[[User:100110100|100110100]] 11:48, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Answered on the [[Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Miscellaneous#.3F|Misc Reference desk]]. Please do not double post. — [[User:QuantumEleven|Quantum]][[User_talk:QuantumEleven|Eleven]] 12:28, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== URGENT! What do you call the test to determine whether one is a suitable bone marrow donor? ==
    +
    +Is it a HLA test?
    +
    +:Yes. See [[bone marrow transplant]].--[[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]] 13:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::Thanks. Just wanted to confirm.
    +:::...good luck on the surgery, doc
    +
    +== Fish deuterostomic or Protostomic ==
    +
    +Are fish deuterostomic or Protostomic? i am a student an di cant find it anywhere please help?
    +
    +thank you guys =]{{unsigned|70.151.119.66}}
    +
    +:I agree with the student above i need to know too i am 23 adn attend ASU..not that this is not homwork just a simple question
    +:Are fish deuterostomic or Protostomic?
    +:thanks{{unsigned|70.151.119.66}}
    +
    +:See [[Deuterostome]] and [[Protostome]]. This is an encylopedia, so you can look up the answer yourself by just typing the word in, in the little seach box. Good luck! [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 15:43, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Nice shoulders==
    +Two girls told me I have nice shoulders. What the hell does that mean? I'm assuming it's not my idea of nice as in "large, round, and tear drop-shaped." Muscular? Or does it have to do with the infamous torso width:waist width? Or is it purely psychosomatic? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 15:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:I think only they can answer that, as I have not found a picture of your shoulders. Post a pic and perhaps someone here will be able to help.--[[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]] 15:51, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Nah...that isn't necessary. The mind is abstract enough that it can read anything into everything. :-) --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 17:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::It means you fulfill some (but not necessarily all) of their criteria for giving you a...
    +::::[[User:83.100.158.227|83.100.158.227]]...you trailed off there. Now, what might ''your'' abstract mind be thinking? --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 19:32, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::They were probably trying to lure you back to their lair to suck out your blood, since most women are blood sucking [[vampires]]. Next time this happens, make a sign of the cross with your fingers and run for your life! ;)[[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 22:00, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:::What? An Athiest cross? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 02:39, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Energy to make a wind turbine. ==
    +
    +Anyone know how much energy it takes to make and erect a wind turbine??? How long does it take until they have made up for this energy used? --[[User:86.139.127.29|86.139.127.29]] 16:29, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:It would depend a lot on the exact make-up of the wind turbine and its tower. You'll need [[copper]] and [[steel]] for the [[alternator]], [[glass-reinforced plastic]], carbon-reinforced plastic, [[wood]], or [[aluminium]] for the blades, various materials for the [[gear]]s, [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing]]s, and housing, steel or wood for the tower, and copper or aluminium and more plastic for the connecting wires.
    +
    +:A microturbine mounted on an exiting building obviously needs less material than a turbine on the scale of the [[Altamont Pass]] turbines, but also produces less energy. It'd probably be pretty difficult to calculate the exact energy payback time, but if you choose one or two configurations, maybe we can take a [[S.W.A.G.|SWAG]] at it.
    +
    +:[[User:Atlant|Atlant]] 17:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:I'd say it'd abe very difficult to come up with a precise ansswer. The problem with comming up with an answer is in part the problem of where to define the limits of a system - in this case the limits of what constitutes the "system" making wind turbines. Do you just count the cost of the manufacturer? How about the cost of building the factory? The tools? Mining ore and transprort? Educating and the welfare of workers? Installation? You need to define the system so it has an end, but as it is a product of society the absolute true cost is nearly incalculable. Another problem is defining what is a wind turbine. I imagine it costs more in energy to build a 3MW tower turbine than a 100W wind jig I can put on my shed - and they will have different efficiencies in power production. A specific turbine will vary in power generation efficiency based on the strength of the wind, current state of maintenance, humidity and quality of installation. And then do you only count the power generated or do you deduct for losses in the utilization of that power? So, the S.W.A.G. approach is probably the best you can do - but you'll still need to define your limits and terms. [[User:Robovski|Robovski]] 03:34, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== "Market" for leptin ==
    +
    +I suppose there could be a market for synthesized ghrelin because a lot of people are overweight and something that induces satiety could aid in weight loss for such people. But could there be a market for leptin? I'm thinking maybe for wasting disease such as end stage cancer or AIDS. Are there more "markets" than these two for leptin? [[User:Jack Daw|Jack Daw]] 16:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:First, I think you have your hormones mixed up. [[Leptin]] stimulates satieity (reducing hunger) and [[ghrelin]] turns of that satieity signal, effectively stimulating hunger. With the exception of patients with congenital leptin deficiencies, increasing leptin in the body does not typically alter eating patterns in the long term, with the added problem that exogenous dosage can lead to leptin resistance. Ghrelin may well be an effective antianorectic, but there are many other chemicals which already do this. Also, reduced feeding is not typically due to reduced hunger, but the presence of nausea (as in the AIDS and ES Cancer patients you mention above), or another inhibitory influence (as in anorexia nervosa). [[User:Tuckerekcut|Tuckerekcut]] 01:13, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== detailed information regarding the physics of webbed feet in birds, especially as it relates to birds which skim on the water as it lands ==
    +
    +Dear Wikipedia,
    +
    +I am looking for more detailed information about the physics of webbed feet in birds, especially as it relates to bird’s which skim on the water as it lands.
    +
    +The type of information I am seeking has to do with the relationship of the birds weight to the surface area of the feet. Knowing enough about physical science, I assume there must be an overall relationship to webbed feet birds that use the webbed feet for skimming on the water when they land in the water to the total area of the webbed feet. Of course, the webbed feet also provide greater ability for locomotion on and within the water, but as any bird will tell you, webbed feet are very “handy” to use when landing ON the water.
    +
    +Can you guide me to information regarding the mathematics, relationships, physics, or any empirical studies done on the ratio/proportions of webbed feet to body mass of birds which skim on the water when landing? If only such information regards propulsion on and within water…then I’ll take that.
    +
    +Thank you
    +
    +Carson
    +tb124 at earthlink.net
    +
    +I sent an E-Mail to your address with the best available answer given due to the necessity of the bird, and considerations of their feet. Most birds are private in the matters of their webbing, yet the answer should be enough to fulfill the curious.
    +
    +== The abuses of silicates ==
    +
    +Silica is the basis for many things positive, yet the introduction into the human body has no advantages. There are the biblical aspects of "'gates of death"' that are computer chip implementations which I have deemed the new form of enslavement within America, and there is the base element of most medications Si. My question is this, " How can any person of science, who has achieved the ability of reason based upon fact, believe silicates are positive in the foods and medications when they are plastics, rubbers, glasses, and rocks? I would appreciate an unbiased opinion that has been formed through research without predjudice. John Wesley Blum
    +
    +The second clause of your second sentence is unintelligible, yet at least linguistically your question seems to depend on it for sense. Can you clarify what "there is the base element of most medications Si" is intended to mean? Then maybe we can tackle your question. [[User:Alteripse|alteripse]] 19:31, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +(edit-conflict} Coupla major problems obviate the need even to do research yet:
    +#Technical issue: computer chips are not usually made of silicates.
    +#Huge logical falacy: your logic would also support avoiding oxygen (present in plastics, glasses, rocks, maybe some synthetic rubbers), carbon (present in plastics, rocks, rubbers), and hydrogen (present in plastics, glasses, rubbers, rocks).
    +#Faulty premise: silicon is not present in most medications, or if it is, only as an inert filler that could easily be avoided by reformulation.
    +[[User:DMacks|DMacks]] 19:32, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::[[Silicic acid]] might interest you. --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 19:45, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::You'd be better off avoiding [[germanium]] and other 'rare earth' elements. Silica one of the most common elements in the Earth. Silica is no more inherently evil than any other thing. It's a thing. It can't be good or evil of itself - it's like a gun or a pen or the air your breathe. Franlkly, it's not to God if we are enslaved on Earth or not - it's all a part of having free will in the face of God's omniscience and omnipotence. If you believe he knows all and sees all BUT that he wants you to have free will then he lets man do unto man. If he thinks he has all of this and he DOES care about what we do to each other and intervenes, then you have no free will and what will happen will happen. QED it makes no difference in this world in respect to god.
    +
    +== Why does burning natural gas produce 40% less CO2 than burning coal? ==
    +
    +Why does burning natural gas produce 40% less CO2 than burning coal? This info is stated in the "natural gas" article.
    +--[[User:206.170.183.60|206.170.183.60]] 19:27, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Well, Natural gas is mainly methane, that contains an atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen. Coal on the other hand is mainly just carbon, with a small amount of other stuff thrown in. When a molecule of methane burns the by-products are an molecule of carbon dioxide and two molecules of water, when coal burns the majority of the by-products is just carbon dioxide. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 21:46, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +:Ah, the energy in coal is stored in carbon-carbon bonds, not carbon-hydrogen bonds. I was forgetting the lack of hydrogen in coal. Thanks. I hadn't realized that natural gas was such a supremely better fuel in terms of greenhouse gas production.--[[User:206.170.183.60|206.170.183.60]] 22:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== boron ==
    +
    +what year was it decoverd?
    +who decoverd it?
    +how many common isotopes are in it?
    +is there any safty infomashion on it?
    +any facts on this element?
    +
    +:Wikipedia is an encyclopedia. Type [[boron]] into the search box and click the Go button. You'll find an article with plenty of information on boron much faster than asking someone else to read the article and answer your questions. --[[User:Kainaw|Kainaw]] [[User_talk:Kainaw|(talk)]] 19:52, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Surface area of a lightbulb==
    +I'm doing a presentation on Thursday about processor heat dissipation. I'd like to make the comparison to a standard lightbulb (60 or 100 watts). To do this, I need to know - what is the surface area of a standard light bulb? [[User:Raul654|Raul654]] 20:50, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Note - according to [http://www.sizes.com/home/incandescent_household_light_bul.htm this], your ordinary house light bulb is type A-19.
    +
    +::If you take a piece of paper that's 20 by 10 cm, you can completely cover the bulb with some overlap. So, the area is less than 200 cm2. Perhaps say, 150 cm2? --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 22:23, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Measure your lightbulb diameter with a pair of [[caliper]]s. Assume its a [[sphere]]. Area is (4 Pi R^2).--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 23:27, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Equations ==
    +
    +A)need help to solve: Fe(s)+O2(g)->F2O3(s)
    +
    +B)CH4(g)+O2(g)->CO2(g)+H2O(g)
    +
    +:For A) you need the same number of Fe and O on both sides. In order to do this, look at what you have got:
    +:Left side - 1 Fe + 2 O
    +:Right side - 2 Fe + 3 O
    +:Lets start with the O. The lowest common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6. Therefore it would be a good starting place to make it so that there are 6 O on each side. Now you are left with: Fe + 3O2 -> 2Fe2O3
    +:Now, do the same with the Fe. You now have 4 on the right and 1 on the left. Therefore the answer is:
    +
    +:For B) you have:
    +:Left side - 1 C + 4 H + 2 O
    +:Right side - 1 C + 3 O + 2 H
    +
    +:Try balancing the H. You now have: CH4 + O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
    +:You now have 2 O on the left side and 4 on the right. Balance it to give: You're done! --[[User:80.229.152.246|80.229.152.246]] 22:09, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Solve? Perhaps you mean balance? Just see if the numbers of atoms balance on both sides of the arrow. In other words, just try adding constants. Look at how others answered. Try this one yourself, C6H14 + O2 --> H2O + CO2. (Complete Combustion of Hexane). [[User:74.102.89.241|74.102.89.241]] 01:20, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Fv vs Fab (Antibodies) ==
    +
    +What's the difference between Fv and Fab with regard to antibodies? --[[User:Username132|Username132]] ([[User talk:Username132|talk]]) 22:19, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:IANAI but I think Fab is the antigen binding fragment of the antibody, while Fv is the variable domain (and therefore a fragment) of Fab. Both Fab and Fv are used in antigen binding experiments.[[User:Mmoneypenny|Mmoneypenny]] 00:55, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I have wild hunch. Our [[antibody]] article just might help. [[User:Alteripse|alteripse]] 02:16, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:what do you feed it on?--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 02:23, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Stock System ==
    +
    +How do you find the name of ions using the stock System?
    +For example:
    +Fe2+
    +[[User:216.253.128.27|216.253.128.27]] 22:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)nicholassayshi[[User:216.253.128.27|216.253.128.27]] 22:44, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:[[Stock nomenclature]] needs to have an article written about it, I'm embarrassed to note. Still, our style guide conveniently contains a short description: [[Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(chemistry)#Use_of_Stock_nomenclature]]. [[User:TenOfAllTrades|TenOfAllTrades]]([[User_talk:TenOfAllTrades|talk]]) 23:14, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== annihilation of matter ==
    +
    +why is it called annihilation of matter when Dalton's theory state that All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms, which cannot be subdivided, creted or destroyed. would that contradict each other. [[User:Dragonfire 734|Dragonfire 734]] 22:54, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Dalton's theory is ''chemically'' correct, but quantum and atomic theory has superseded it. Atoms CAN be destroyed by atomic reactions. See [[atom bomb]] if you need convincing. Technically, they aren't really ''destroyed'' as much as change state into energy. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 23:04, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Mostly 'cause Dalton hadn't ever heard of [[Albert Einstein]]. We now know that [[matter]] and [[energy]] are equivalent and can be interconverted according to the famous relation [[E=mc²]]. ''However'', for practical purposes in everyday life (and chemistry) Dalton's approximation is very nearly correct. It's only when you get into the realm of nuclear physics that you start getting appreciable amounts of mass converted into energy—up to about 1% of the mass in a hydrogen bomb, and all of the mass in the extreme case of a matter-antimatter annihilation. [[User:TenOfAllTrades|TenOfAllTrades]]([[User_talk:TenOfAllTrades|talk]]) 23:11, 28 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== battery ==
    +
    +How does electrolysis differ from what goes on inside a battery?
    +
    +:In the case of a [[lead acid battery]], [[electrolosis]] DOES go on inside a [[battery]]. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 00:05, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Finding a table with the charge of Ions ==
    +
    +Hi there,
    +
    +Im in a high school chemistry class and we are doing a lot of work with combining ions and compound and what not. Nothing too difficult really. I am looking for a very helpful resource. I noticed that somebody had this very useful table which contained many common ions and their charge and formula and it was small enough to fit on a notecard. Our chemistry teacher allows one notecard on tests sometimes and that is a very handy resource. Iv been searching for a while and decided to drop a line over here to see if anybody knows of a page or table such as this. Thank you in advance!
    +
    +--[[User:Sir Sid|Sir Sid]]
    +
    += November 29 =
    +
    +== Valence Electrons ==
    +
    +Hello:
    +
    +I was wondering how one could find the amount of valence electrons in a particular element, and how valence electrons are different from just normal electrons.
    +
    +Thanks,
    +
    +--Vikramkr
    +
    +::Valence electrons fill the [[Valence shell]] of an atom, that article may clear up your queries. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 00:56, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Can one be 'left-eared'?... ==
    +
    +Most people are left or right handed, legged, eyed, etc...Can a person really have a prefered EAR? Of course, I`m presuming no pathology is involved here. And, I don`t mean 'prefered' as a regular preference. I mean 'prefered' in the sense that the person truly, consistently UNDERSTANDS things better, not hears better. Remember, no pathology present. Nothing like earwax, or proximity, anything like that. Personally, I have a very difficult time following instructions, remembering numbers, and such, when holding the telephone to my right ear during telephone conversations. No such difficulties while using my left ear. To the best of my knowledge, each of my ears is equally 'sensitive'. I don`t think I favor one over the other for things other than "close" hearing. i.e. phone. Is anyone aware of any study/ies having been conducted that has/have produced any palpable and/or meaningful results? Could there be a 'left-brain right brain' thing happening here? Thanks for listening! Dave[[User:172.129.2.55|172.129.2.55]] 00:15, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:The [[vestibular nerve]]s, the nerves that convey auditory information from the ear to the brain, actually split in two with one branch going to the ipsilateral and one to the contralateral side. Thus the only difference between hearing things in one ear as opposed to the other is the timing of the impulse to either side of the pons, where the auditory cortex is. Therefore, unlike most other senses (the sense of balance is the same as with hearing, but vision, smell, touch, and probably taste are conveyed slightly differently to either side of the brain), hearing is essentially sensed the same on both sides. If you feel that your understanding of sounds is better in one ear than the other, you are probably imagining things, unless you have some sort of signal conduction block in the midline of your pons (very unlikely). Either way, it's in your head. --This is not intended as medical advice or a diagnosis. If you feel you have a medical problem, see a physician.-- [[User:Tuckerekcut|Tuckerekcut]] 01:00, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:It was recently found that one of the ears is statistically slightly better at hearing certain sounds better than the other. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 01:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::...it`s in your head." Good one! Perhaps I didn`t 'spell it out' properly: I have no problem understanding the SOUNDS of the words, it`s more like I have difficulty understanding the MEANING. Maybe an exemple will clarify: Suppose I was given a test to repeat a 7-number sequence. Despite hearing every number perfectly well, I would succeed in remembering much better while sounds were isolated to left ear only vs. right ear only. I hope this clears things up. Thanks for your responses so far. And no, I don`t believe I have any medical problem. Thanks for your responses so far. Dave [[User:172.129.2.55|172.129.2.55]] 03:40, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Castor bean==
    +I decide to eat a [[castor bean]], will I die? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 01:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +look it up--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 01:17, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:I meant to ask if I swallowed one whole then I would feel sick or die? It says that the ricin in one-two castor beans can kill an adult, but does it need to go through any processing or extraction to kill? Because [[ricin]] talks all about that. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 02:35, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Trapezius==
    +I decide to artifically strengthen my [[trapezius]] muscles, how should I go about doing this? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 01:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Attach a steel cable running through the muscle, anchored well into the bone near each ligament. That should create artificial strength in the weakest muscle. --[[User:Kainaw|Kainaw]] [[User_talk:Kainaw|(talk)]] 02:14, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Duh, look at the article, I am an idiot. It probably says that for the abs too. Trust me, rarely don't look at articles. I feel like deleting these. Embarrassing. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 02:37, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::I just found the phrase "artificially strengthen" to be funny. I don't consider excercise to be artificial. However, feel free to delete your own questions. --[[User:Kainaw|Kainaw]] [[User_talk:Kainaw|(talk)]] 02:40, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Abs==
    +I decide to artifically strengthen my [[abductor]] muscles, how should I go about doing this? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 01:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:''Abs'' usually refers to the [[rectus abdominis muscle]], not to the abductors. (''Abduction'' means "to move away from the midline", and there are many muscles that do this -- eg, [[abductor pollicis longus]], [[deltoid muscle]], [[tensor fascia lata]].) So which do you mean? And what do you mean by "artificially strengthen"? --[[User:Diberri|David Iberri]] ([[User talk:Diberri|talk]]) 01:33, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::You might also want to check where that article you linked to goes.
    +
    +:::No I linked that! Mac obviously used the wrong word.--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 02:21, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::::I concurr. Abs. And I meant all that exercise you people do. I'm happy with a sendentary lifestyle until I become twenty and start gaining mass like a black hole in a McDonald's[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 02:33, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::::Well, [[situp]]s are pretty decent for strengthening the abs, but I'll ask again: what does it mean to artificially strengthen a muscle? --[[User:Diberri|David Iberri]] ([[User talk:Diberri|talk]]) 02:39, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Also it may be worth adding because it is a common misconception: strengthening your abs does not necessarily help to reduce the fat accumulating on your stomach region, it doesn't work that way. Weight loss and strength training are two different things. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 03:05, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Sticky notes==
    +What is the adhesive on sticky notes? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 01:01, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:[[Glue]]--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 01:16, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:There is a link at the bottom of the [[Post-it note]] article to the patent on the adhesive. -[[User:THB|THB]] 02:05, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== urine fertilizer ==
    +
    +How much water would have to be added to human urine (or any urine) to allow it to be used directly as a lawn fertilizer? [[User:71.100.6.152|71.100.6.152]] 03:33, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== B12/Cyanocobalamin ==
    +
    +What meats often have the highest amounts of B12? Does the B12 found in sports drinks and other artificial products have the same effect as more natural or direct sources of the vitamin? Thank you. 2013-03-13 02:06:09 89903140 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 6 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q523234]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,6 +1,33 @@\n
    -''This article is about the historical Latvian Social Democratic Union, renamed the Latvian Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1913. There is also an article on the current [[Social Democratic Union]], a minor Latvian political party founded in 2002.''
    +'''Jaggi Singh''' (born [[1971]] in [[Toronto]]) is one of [[Canada]]'s most outspoken radical leftist activists in the [[anti-globalization]] movement.

    -The '''Latvian Social Democratic Union''' (Latvian: ''Sociāldemokrātu savienība'') was a [[socialist]] political group with roots dating to [[1892]] in [[Liepāja]]. Led by [[Miķelis Valters]] and [[Ernests Rolavs]], the group was an outgrowth of the [[New Current]] but soon took a more radical and [[nationalistic]] position in opposition to the much larger [[Latvian Social Democratic Labour Party]]. Many activists from the New Current were arrested in the late [[1890s]], and many emigrated to [[Western Europe]] and the [[United States]]. The branches of Valters' and Rolavs' group issued polemics in exile, including ''Proletārietis'' ("The [[Proletarian]]," a publication printed in [[Boston]] in [[1902]] and [[1903]] and in [[Zurich]] in 1903 and [[1904]]). They were the first to demand full [[autonomy]] for [[Latvia]] and proposed the transformation of the [[Russian Empire]] into a [[federation]] of autonomous republics. They also advocated the expropriation of the [[Baltic German]] estates in a radical [[land reform]].
    +Singh came into the public spotlight during the protests outside the [[1997]] [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]] conference held in [[Vancouver]]. Already known to [[police]] and security officials around Vancouver, Singh was arrested the day before the conference that he was planning to protest and charged with assaulting a police officer for allegedly shouting loudly through a megaphone at a previous protest. He spent the duration of the conference in jail, and was then released with all charges dropped.

    -[[Category:Political parties in Latvia]]
    -[[Category:Social democratic parties]]
    +He became a mainstay at Canadian rallies and protests and was arrested three more times over the next four years. In [[2000]], he was arrested while participating in a non-violent demonstration outside [[Montreal]]; later that fall at a [[G20|G-20]] protest in Montreal he was again arrested, only to later be acquitted of all charges.
    +
    +Then, in [[2001]], he was arrested once again at the [[Quebec City Summit of the Americas]], this time for breaking bail conditions (not to attend political protests or rallies) and weapons charges for a mock [[catapult]] (which was actually constructed and operated by an unrelated group from Edmonton, Alberta) that launched teddy bears. This time he was held for a total of 17 days, before being released.
    +
    +In 2002, he was again present at a heated protest, this time because a Jewish students organization invited former Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to speak at [[Concordia University]] in Montreal. This protest received widespread media coverage when the talk had to be cancelled because of violence related to the protest. Charges against Singh were ultimately dismissed in [[2005]] when it was ruled that the Concordia University Administration had exhibited [[gross negligence]] by failing to disclose more than 30 videos taken by surveillance cameras the day of the protest. Singh alleged that these videos showed inconsistencies with the evidence given by security guards and supported Singh's version of events.Canadian Jewish News: [http://www.cjnews.com/viewarticle.asp?id=8166 Charges against Netanyahu protester dropped]
    +
    +In January [[2003]], Singh was deported by Israeli authorities after having gone to the [[West Bank]] on an invitation from the [[International Solidarity Movement]]. He had initially been denied entrance to the country upon his arrival that December, but fought the decision in court. Though he won the right to stay for three weeks, he was barred from visiting the West Bank. Montreal Mirror: [http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2002/121902/news3.html Activist down! A behind-the-scenes look at Jaggi Singh’s support team back home]. Singh refused to abide by the order and made public his reasons for doing so, writing, "It's not for an occupying power to decide who can or can't enter
    +Palestine." A-Infos: [http://www.ainfos.ca/02/dec/ainfos00480.html Entering Palestine ... by Jaggi Singh] On January 8, 2003, Singh was nabbed by undercover police officers in Jerusalem. He was held at the [[Russian Compound]] and then the [[Maasiyahu Prison]], before being [[deportation|deported]] back to Canada. Scoop: [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0301/S00030.htm I Was Nabbed, Beaten, and Deported: Jaggi Singh]
    +
    +In [[2004]], the ''[[New York Daily News]]'' drew reference to Singh in an article about protesters against the [[Republican National Convention]]. The article incorrectly spoke of Singh being Muslim (he was born to a Sikh father and Catholic mother), prone to violence (he is a self-avowed pacifist), that he was proficient in firearms and received training from [[Kazi Toure]], and that the teddybear-catapault had instead been launching [[molotov cocktail]]s. The article also carried an unrelated photograph of an unknown person throwing a rock through a window, which was falsely labelled as Singh.
    +
    +On April 19, 2006, Singh was arrested by five Montreal police officers while attending the Political Prisoners Tour[http://sumoud.tao.ca/ Sumoud: A political prisoner solidarity group] at El Salon in [[Montreal]]. CBC: [http://www.cbc.ca/montreal/story/qc-brawl20060420.html Montreal political meeting turns violent]
    +
    +Singh also took part in a protest of Immigration Minister [[Monte Solberg]]'s speech at the annual meeting of [[Citizens for Public Justice]] in 2006, demanding a moratorium on all public deportations.
    +
    +A self-described [[anarchism|anarchist]], Singh lives in Montreal where he works with Solidarity Across Borders (a local migrant-rights organization), and the No One Is Illegal collective. In the past, he has also been a member of the Montreal Anarchist Bookfair organizing collective.
    +
    +Singh graduated from [[St. Michael's College School]] and the [[University of Toronto]].
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +
    +[[Category:1971 births|Singh, Jaggi]]
    +[[Category:Canadian anarchists|Singh, Jaggi]]
    +[[Category:Canadian activists|Singh, Jaggi]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Singh, Jaggi]]
    +[[Category:People from Montreal|Singh, Jaggi]]
    +[[Category:South Asian Canadians|Singh, Jaggi]]
    +[[Category:Canadian Sikhs|Singh, Jagii]] 2013-03-17 02:28:02 90559917 Addbot Makecat-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2954110]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,99 +1,50 @@\n
    -:''This page is about the United States comic strip '''Dennis the Menace'''. For information about the British comic strip of the same name, see [[Dennis the Menace (UK)]].''
    -{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 25em;"
    -|-
    -|colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" | [[Image:Dennis_menace.jpg|Dennis the Menace cartoon 86-88]]
    -|-
    -!colspan="2" style="background: #d6d6ff; text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | '''Dennis the Menace'''
    -|- style="vertical-align: top;"
    -|'''Current/last artist'''|| Marcus Hamilton and Ron Ferdinand
    -|- style="vertical-align: top;"
    -|'''First appearance''' || Issue 1 ([[March 12]], [[1951]])
    -|- style="vertical-align: top;"
    -|'''Last appearance''' || ongoing
    -|- style="vertical-align: top;"
    -|'''Regular characters'''|| Dennis, Alice, Henry, George, Martha, Margaret, Joey, Gina, Grampa, Ruff and Hot Dog
    -|}
    +{{Infobox Software|
    + name = Microsoft Visio |
    + logo = [[Image:Visio.png]] |
    + screenshot = [[Image:Visio.PNG|250px]] |
    + caption = Microsoft Visio 2003 |
    + developer = [[Microsoft]] |
    + genre = [[Diagramming]] |
    + latest_release_version = 2003 SP2 |
    + latest_release_date = 27 September 2005 |
    + operating_system = [[Microsoft Windows]] |
    + license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] |
    + website = [http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/FX010857981033.aspx www.visio.com] |
    +}}

    -'''''Dennis the Menace''''' is a [[comic strip]] (single panel on weekdays, full strip on Sundays) originally created by [[Hank Ketcham]]. Dennis was later made into a live-action 1960s [[television]] [[sitcom]], a 1980s television cartoon, a [[1987 in film|1987]] movie, a [[1993 in film|1993]] live-action [[film]], and another animated series based on that film. Originally, Dennis spent most of his time making life miserable for his parents. In recent years he has spent nearly all his time disturbing the serenity of the grumpy Mr. Wilson, and being coddled by Wilson's engaging wife Martha, who is more like a grandmother figure to Dennis. In tone, Dennis is most like an escapee from a 1930s movie, such as an ''[[Our Gang]]'' film.
    +'''Microsoft Visio''' is [[diagramming software]] for [[Microsoft Windows]] that is part of the [[Microsoft Office]] series of applications. It uses [[vector graphics]] to create diagrams.

    -===History===
    +There are two versions of Visio. The Standard and Professional versions use the same interface; however the Professional version adds additional templates to create more advanced diagrams and layouts.

    -On [[March 12]], [[1951]] the ''Dennis the Menace'' [[comic strip]] appeared in [[newspaper]]s across the US for the first time. Coincidentally, another cartoon strip titled [[Dennis the Menace (UK)|Dennis the Menace]] was published in the [[United Kingdom]] on [[March 15]] (cover dated [[March 17]] - the "off sale" date) of the same year. In the UK, the US cartoon series is known simply as '''''Dennis'''''. Ketcham received the [[Reuben Award]] for the strip in 1953.
    -
    -''Dennis the Menace'' has been published in comic books and comic digests from the 1950s through at least the 1980s by a variety of publishers, including [[Nedor Comics|Standard/Pines]] (1953-58), [[Fawcett Comics]] (during their only return to comics after losing the [[Captain Marvel]] lawsuit) (1958-80), and [[Marvel Comics]] (1981-82). These were produced by others, in particular Al Wiseman in the 1950s and 60s, who was one of Ketcham's assistants. There have also been paperback book collects of the comic strips and comic books during the same time period from Avon Books, Gold Medal, Crest, and others.
    -
    -Ketcham gradually turned the production of the strip over to his assistants [[Ron Ferdinand]] and [[Marcus Hamilton (cartoonist)|Marcus Hamilton]], who continued it after his death in 2001.
    -
    -===Other Adaptations===
    -
    -Dennis has been the subject of a number of animated adaptations, as well as a [[CBS]] sitcom from 1959 to 1963 starring [[Jay North]] as Dennis and both [[Joseph Kearns]] and [[Gale Gordon]], successively, as Mr. (George and John) Wilson. A 1993 [[live-action]] film starred [[Walter Matthau]] as Mr. Wilson. This was followed up with ''Dennis the Menace Strikes Again!'' in 1998 starring [[Don Rickles]] as Mr. Wilson.
    -
    -For some years, Dennis the Menace was the "spokestoon" for [[Dairy Queen]]; he has since been supplanted by other cartoon characters.
    -
    -In 2005, comics publisher [[Fantagraphics]] began to reprint Ketcham's entire run on ''Dennis the Menace'' in a 25-volume series over 11 years.
    -
    -On October 25-26, 2006, a 125-lb statue of Dennis the Menace, installed in a city park in [[Monterey, California]], USA was stolen during the night. The statue had been commissioned by Hank Ketcham and executed by artist Wah Ming Chang.
    -
    -# ''Hank Ketcham's Complete Dennis the Menace'' (1951-52) ISBN 1-56097-680-2
    -# ''Hank Ketcham's Complete Dennis the Menace'' (1953-54) ISBN 1-56097-725-6
    -# ''Hank Ketcham's Complete Dennis the Menace'' (1955-56) ISBN
    -
    -==List of characters==
    -*Dennis Mitchell
    -*Alice Johnson Mitchell - Dennis' mother
    -*[[Henry Mitchell]] - Dennis' father who works at Trask Engineering
    -*Grandpa Johnson, Alice's father and Dennis' grandpa
    -*Ruff the dog
    -*Hotdog the cat
    -*Mr. (George Everett) Wilson - Dennis' long-suffering neighbor
    -*Mrs. (Martha) Wilson - George's very tolerant, genial wife
    -*Joey McDonald - portrayed as younger than Dennis
    -*Margaret Wade - usually Dennis' foil, portrayed as more of a typical girl (compared to Gina)
    -*[[Gina Gillotti]] - portrayed as a tomboy, usually she and Dennis get along well but she has slugged him on occasion
    -*John Wilson - George's brother (TV series only)
    -*Peebee Kappa - Dennis' nerdy friend who is always inventing things. (TV series only)
    -*Jay Weldon (TV series only)
    -*Tommy Anderson (Last name given in the TV series only)
    -
    -==Adaptations==
    -*[[Dennis the Menace (TV series)|Dennis the Menace]] (1959 TV series)
    -*[[Dennis the Menace: Dinosaur Hunter]] (1987 film)
    -*[[Dennis the Menace (film)|Dennis the Menace]] (1993 film)
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -*The animated television series had first aired on [[Television syndication|syndication]] and later on [[CBS]]. It has also aired in the US on [[USA Network]], [[FOX Family Channel]], [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Black Family Channel]]. [[Boomerang (TV channel)|Boomerang]] currently holds rights and they could air it in the future. In [[Australia]] it aired on [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] and then re-ran on [[Network Ten]].
    -* The Sugar Bowl, the ice cream counter Dennis frequents, is based on a real ice cream counter of the same name in [[Scottsdale, Arizona]] frequented by cartoonist [[Bil Keane]].
    +Visio became a [[Microsoft]] product when Microsoft acquired the [[Visio Corporation]] in 2000. Visio is now part of the Microsoft Office family of products; however, it is not included in any of the Microsoft Office software packages. It is only available for Windows. Visio 2007, along with [[Microsoft Office 2007|Office 2007]], are still Beta versions but should be released sometime in the late third or fourth quarter of 2006.

    ==See also==
    -* [[Dennis the Menace (UK)]]
    -* [[Hurricane Dennis]] - nicknamed Dennis the Menace
    +*[[List of UML tools]]
    +*[[OpenOffice.org Draw]] - a tool which, like Visio, edits vector graphics
    +*[[Dia]] - crossplatform opensource alternative to Visio

    ==External links==
    -*[http://www.dennisthemenace.com/ ''Dennis the Menace'' - the Official Website]
    -*[http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/dennis/about.htm ''Dennis the Menace'' at King Features]
    -*[http://www.kingfeatures.com/features/comics/dennis/charactMaina.htm List and short bios of the strip's characters]
    -*[http://www.toonopedia.com/dennis.htm Toonopedia: Dennis the Menace]
    -*[http://www.fantagraphics.com/artist/ketcham/menace.html Fantagraphics' ''Dennis The Menace'' page]
    -*[http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/aplocal_story.asp?category=6420&slug=WA%20Reprinting%20Dennis "Seattle publisher revives Dennis the Menace"]
    -*[http://www.reuben.org/ncs/archive/divisions/advertising.asp NCS Awards]
    -*[http://www.80scartoons.net/toons/dennis.html dennis the menace 1980's animated series ]
    +*[http://visio.com Microsoft Office Online: Visio 2003 Home Page]
    +*[http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=3fb3bd5c-fed1-46cf-bd53-da23635ab2df&DisplayLang=en Visio 2003 Viewer] allows viewing Visio files in [[Internet Explorer]] under [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]].
    +*[http://www.osalt.com/visio Open source alternatives to MS Visio]

    +{{software-stub}}

    -
    [[Image:animation disc.png|30px|]]'' This [[animation|animated]] [[television series]]-related article is a [[Wikipedia:Stub|stub]]. You can help Wikipedia by [{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it]''.

    +{{Microsoft Office}}

    +[[Category:Diagramming software]]
    +[[Category:Microsoft Office|Visio]]
    +[[Category:Technical communication tools|Visio]]
    +[[Category:Windows software]]
    +[[Category:UML tools]]

    -
    -[[Category:Animated television series stubs]]
    -[[Category:animation stubs]]
    -[[Category:animated series needing more images]]
    -[[Category:fictional trouble makers]]
    -[[Category:American comic strips]]
    -[[Category:Comic strips started in the 1950s]]
    -[[Category:DiC Entertainment]]
    -[[Category:Comic book titles]]
    -
    -[[fr:Denis la malice (série télévisée)]]
    -[[he:דני שובבני]]
    -[[pl:Dennis Rozrabiaka]]
    -[[fi:Ville Vallaton]]
    -[[sv:Dennis (seriefigur)]]
    +[[da:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[de:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[es:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[fr:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[nl:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[ja:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[pl:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[pt:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[sv:Microsoft Visio]]
    +[[zh:Microsoft Visio]] 2013-03-15 08:22:52 90265593 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3329747]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,57 +1,227 @@\n
    -:''For the US manufacturer named '''Aero''', see [[Aero (US aircraft manufacturer)]].''
    -
    -[[Image:aero.L159a.arp.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Aero Vodochody L.159A Advanced Light Combat Aircraft]]
    -'''Aero Vodochody''' (commonly referred to as '''Aero''', ([[Vodochody]] is location) is a [[Czech Republic|Czech]] (and [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]]) [[aircraft]] company notable for producing the [[Aero L-29 Delfin|L-29 Delfin]], [[Aero L-39 Albatros|L-39 Albatros]] and the [[Aero L-159 Alca|L-159 Alca]].
    -
    -After the [[Velvet Revolution|fall of socialism]] in Czechoslovakia ([[1989]]) and in the rest of Eastern Europe, the company lost its main market in jet trainers. The sales of military aircraft declined in the early [[1990s]] in Eastern Europe as well as in the [[NATO]] countries where the entry of a new producer was obviously difficult. Aero collaborated several years with [[Boeing]] but this did not help it to compete on international market. Thus the Czech government bought Boeing out.
    -
    -At the end of [[October 2006]] Aero Vodochody was privatized once again. A Czech-Slovak investment group Penta bought it for roughly 3 billion Crowns. The new owner vows to bring Aero back among the world's leading aircraft manufacturers.
    -
    -Aero is also likely to upgrade its runway in Vodochody near Prague to a new international airport that would serve mainly the low-cost air-carriers and charter flights heading to Prague.
    -
    -Pre-war Aero designs:
    -*[[Aero A.1]]
    -*[[Aero A.10]]
    -*[[Aero A.11]]
    -*[[Aero A.12]]
    -*[[Aero A.14]]
    -*[[Aero A.17]]
    -*[[Aero A.18]]
    -*[[Aero A.19]]
    -*[[Aero A.20]]
    -*[[Aero A.21]]
    -*[[Aero A.25]]
    -*[[Aero A.22]]
    -*[[Aero A.23]]
    -*[[Aero A.24]]
    -*[[Aero A.26]]
    -*[[Aero A.29]]
    -*[[Aero A.30]]
    -*[[Aero A.32]]
    -*[[Aero A.100]]
    -*Aero MB.200 ([[Bloch MB.200]])
    -*[[Aero A.204]]
    -*[[Aero A.300]]
    -
    -Post-war designs:
    -*[[Aero 45]]
    -*[[Aero L-60 Brigadýr]]
    -*[[Aero L-29 Delfin]]
    -*[[Aero L-39 Albatros]]
    -*[[Aero L-159 Alca]]
    -
    -==External link==
    -* [http://www.aero.cz/main.php?pageid=2 Company website]
    -
    -{{airlistbox}}
    -
    -[[Category:Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia]]
    -
    -[[cs:Aero Vodochody]]
    -[[de:Aero]]
    -[[fi:Aero]]
    -
    -
    -{{aero-company-stub}}
    -{{Czech-stub}}
    -{{Euro-company-stub}}
    +:''This article is about the anime series and the franchise based upon it. For the 1890 novel by [[Mori Ogai]], see ''[[The Dancing Girl]]''.''
    +{{Infobox animanga/Header|
    + title_name=My-HiME
    (舞-HiME)
    + |image=My-HiME team.jpg
    + |caption=Main cast of My-HiME
    + |ja_name=
    + |ja_name_trans=My-Hime
    + |genre=[[Comedy]], [[Fantasy]], [[Shōnen]]
    + |creator=[[Hajime Yatate]]
    +}}
    +{{Infobox animanga/Anime|
    + title=
    + |director=[[Masakazu Kohara]]
    + |studio=[[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise]]
    + |network={{flagicon|Japan}} [[TV Tokyo]]
    + |first_aired=September [[2004]]
    + |last_aired=March [[2005]]
    + |num_episodes=26
    +}}
    +{{Infobox animanga/Manga|
    + title=
    +|author=[[Hajime Yatate]]
    +|publisher={{flagicon|Japan}} [[Akita Shoten]]
    {{flagicon|Canada}} {{flagicon|United States}} [[Tokyopop]]
    {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Chuang Yi]] (English)
    +|serialized=[[Shonen Champion]]
    +|first_run=[[November 11]] [[2004]]
    +|last_run=[[July 7]] [[2005]]
    +|num_volumes=5
    +}}
    +{{Infobox animanga/Other|
    + title=Related works
    + |content=[[My-Otome]]
    +}}
    +{{Infobox animanga/Game
    +|title =
    +|image =
    +|developer =
    +|publisher = [[Marvelous Interactive]]
    +|engine =
    +|release_date =
    +|genre =
    +|ratings =
    +|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
    +}}
    +{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
    +{{nihongo|'''''My-HiME'''''|舞-HiME}} is an [[anime]] series created by [[Sunrise (company)|Sunrise, Inc.]], which originally premiered across [[TV Tokyo]] from September [[2004]] to March [[2005]]. The show is about ''HiME'', girls able to materialize magical armament and summon powerful beings called ''Children'' to battle the monstrous creatures known as ''Orphans''.
    +
    +The tone has many ''[[shonen|shōnen]]'' elements, with some [[parody]] of ''anime clichés'', from magical-girls to romance, [[fan service]] and typical Japanese school life. However, serious matters are afoot behind the [[comedy]], and the show takes a darker turn in later episodes.
    +
    +A second anime season, entitled {{nihongo|[[My-Otome]]|舞-乙HiME}}, set in an alternate universe, premiered across Japan from October 2005 to March 2006, through which similar story elements and recurring characters structure a new plotline.
    +
    +The series has also been adapted into a [[manga]] series which follows an alternate storyline, which was serialized across [[Akita Shoten]]'s ''[[Shonen Champion]]'', and which was also later published in [[North America]] by [[TOKYOPOP]].
    +
    +The series is licensed for [[North America|North American]] distribution by [[Bandai Entertainment]] and [[Europe|European]] distribution by Bandai's European subsidiary, Beez, with the first American DVD being released at the end of March 2006.
    +
    +{{spoiler}}
    +==Plot==
    +{{main|List of My-HiME episodes}}
    +[[Mai Tokiha]] is an average [[high school]] girl and devoted older sister who earns a [[scholarship]] to the prestigious Fuuka [[Academy]]. During the ride on the [[ferry]] to the academy, the [[crew]] spots and rescues a young girl who is afloat face down in the [[water]], gripping a large black [[sword]]. They rescue her, and attempt to resucitate her, yet Mai happens to be the only one present licensed with [[CPR]] training and is forced to assist. She is successful but soon afterwards, Mai notices that the girl has an odd [[birthmark]], one identical to her own. The recovering girl is sent to rest, and everyone disperses. Everything returns to normal on the ferry, until a young female who is searching for the girl found in the water comes aboard the ferry during the night. A battle ensues between the girl from the water and the searching female, destroying the ferry in its wake. Everyone evacuates safely without Mai, and the first sight of HiME alongside Mai's dormant powers manifest, as she goes down with the sinking vessel.
    +
    +==Nomenclature==
    +
    +* '''HiME''', also known as [[Valkyries]] and ''Ikusahimes'', is an acronym that stands for "'''Hi'''ghly-Advanced '''M'''aterializing '''E'''quipment" and refers to females with the ability to materialize [[solid]] objects from [[photons]]. It is also a [[backronym]] of ''Hime'', which is Japanese for princess. HiME are identified and share a single identical partially-encircled dot [[birthmark]], located at various points on each of their bodies. In addition, only HiME can see a mysterious red [[star]] (''Hime-boshi'') in the [[sky]] near the [[Moon]].
    +
    +* '''PRINCESS''' (Manga only) An ability similar to that of the HiME, and was developed by the Searrs Group scientists. The acronym stands for '''P'''erfect '''R'''ealization of '''IN'''dependent ac'''CESS'''. These individuals can summon a Child without the presence of a Key.
    +
    +* '''QUEEN''' (Manga only) '''QU'''aint '''E'''lement '''EN'''chantress
    +
    +* '''Elements''' are weapons created by focusing a HiME's ability to create solid matter from [[photon]]s. They serve as proof that a HiME has become aware of their own power. Elements usually take the form of some sort of close-combat weapon (although there are exceptions).
    +
    +* '''Child''' are powerful beings who choose to act as guardians for the HiME. They appear to be robotic in nature, but they are [[sentient]] and intelligent beings. In exchange for accepting the protection of a Child, a HiME must put her most important person (known in the manga as a 'Key') as [[collateral]]. This pact commands that the person the HiME cares about the most has his/her [[Vitalism|life-force]] bonded to that of the Child. Also, the stronger the bond between the HiME and the important person, the stronger the Child becomes (i.e. grows larger in size). If the Child perishes in battle, so does that person in a phonomenon sometimes referred to in [[fandom]] as "greensparking", given the green sparks that both the Child and MIP dissolve into--and the HiME no longer wields the ability to summon her Child. An exception is if a HiME changes who she considers her important person. However, only two HiMEs in the anime storyline has actually fulfilled such an exception. Childs also have references to legends and books (see below).
    +
    +* '''Orphan''' are monsters that the HiME fight early in the series. As explained in one of the show's DVD [[omakes]], or specials, Orphans are the same as Childs, but with a distinct difference. A Child is able to "resonate" with the soul of a HiME, creating a bond. Orphans are attracted to the idea of such resonance, but lack the capability to do so, and instead attack people. There is a visual difference to Childs and Orphans. Where the former is appears a robotic form of a real or mythical animal, the latter is organic and resembles a warped version of a such. Some Orphans are able to converge or divide into smaller creatures (such as the lingerie-stealing Orphan and the spider-like Orphan that attacked Takumi) or regenerate lost body parts (such as the monk-like Orphan during the wedding).
    +
    +* '''Key''' A person who is bonded with a HiME and her Child. The presence of a Key is required for a HiME to summon her Child. HiME can have multiple Keys, share Keys, or even be Keys of each other. This concept of Keys is only present in the manga. In the anime, they are simply referred to the "most important person" of a HiME and, unlike the manga, their physical presence is not required to summon a Child.
    +
    +==Characters==
    +(This section will describe the anime version only)
    +
    +===The HiMEs===
    +* {{nihongo|'''[[Mai Tokiha]]'''|鴇羽 舞衣|Tokiha Mai}} - A new transfer student to Fuuka Academy and the main heroine of the show. She has been taking care of her younger brother Takumi since the death of their parents. She hates to burden others with her problems. Her Elements are four gold rings with emerald [[magatama]] on them which float around her wrists and ankles that allow her to fly, generate flame streams, and create force fields. Her Child is Kagutsuchi, named after the Japanese god of fire. She is often referred to as a dragon, but he appears to be a hybrid of dragon, a whale and a [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]]. He has a large sword implanted through his head that was placed there by the Obsidian Lord 300 years ago as a partial seal on his power. He can manipulate and generate heat and flame on a near-[[nuclear]] scale. She loves Takumi and Mikoto in a motherly/sisterly way, while she develops romantic feelings for both Tate and Reito. In the anime there ''is'' a technical declaration of love between the characters of Mai and Tate, but as the anime never conclusively settled Mai into any concrete relationship, the end result of her romantic situation is impossible to determine, and is left up to the viewer to decide.
    +* {{nihongo|'''[[Natsuki Kuga]]'''|玖我なつき|Kuga Natsuki}} - Natsuki leads a double life; in one, she is just a normal Fuuka Academy student. In the other, she is a girl on a mission. She seeks vengeance for her mother's death, which was seemingly at the hands of an organization known as the First District. Her Elements are a pair of small firearms, which shoot ice bullets. Her Child is Dhuran, a silver, gold and purple wolf named after the dog she had as a child. He has a pair of cannons on his back and can fire various Cartridge attacks--Flash, that generates blinding light, Chrome, which are high-powered ammunition shells, and Silver, which produces a barrage of icicles. She had an underwear collection and is still expanding it (although her collection was set back as an Orphan thought women's lingerie was a tasty treat). Natsuki is often at the butt end of many [[Hentai|H jokes]] (such as when her skirt was blown up when she wasn't wearing any panties, making Mai laugh uncontrollably). Her story is changed slightly in the manga. In this version, her mother was killed by a mysterious HiME. Since Fuuka Academy gathers HiMEs, the chances are high that the killer is at her school, and Natsuki constantly searches for her.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Mikoto Minagi'''|美袋命|Minagi Mikoto}} - A middle school student of questionable origin who was pulled from the sea by a passing ferry. She is quite attached to Mai, though her purpose for going to Fuuka Academy is to search for her brother. Her Element is a large jet-black [[claymore]] called Miroku, which responds to her calling whenever she is not near it. Miroku possesses several special powers including the ability to cut through almost any object (such as cruise ships) without needing to be physically swung and the ability to summon energy blasts. When it uses these powers, glowing red eye-shaped markings appear on the blade. It is initially assumed that the sword itself is her Child, but her Child is later revealed to be a monstrous ogre-like creature which wields a gigantic spiked club-- this also bears the name Miroku. This Child is called the protector of the Obsidian Lord and (apparently) seems to be under his control rather than Mikoto's (this is shown when Miroku made a vain attempt to stop Kagutsuchi's attack from destroying the Obsidian Lord). Mikoto during the first few episodes behaves as though she was raised by cats.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Akira Okuzaki'''|尾久崎晶|Okuzaki Akira}} - Takumi's roommate. At first Akira is annoyed by Takumi and goes out of her way to avoid him, but the two eventually become good friends. She is actually a female [[ninja]] in disguise, sent by her father, the head of the Okuzaki ninja clan to observe the HiMEs. Her weapon is a double-bladed dagger. Her Child is Gennai, which resembles a giant frog. The giant spotlights on Gennai's back are used in conjunction with Akira's Element to incapacitate an enemy. The lights would produce a shadow of the enemy in question, and Akira would throw her dagger at the shadow itself, effectively "pinning" it to the spot long enough for Gennai to destroy it with his "Jigoku Gama" attack, which is a giant spiked mace fired from Gennai's mouth and rotated at high speed like a drill. The reason she was to hide her gender was because only girls can become HiMEs. If Akira was to be a boy, no one would suspect her true identity as a HiME. Akira takes orders from her father's clan, and is even shown under the clan's custody in the last episode before going to join Takumi in the States while he is recovering from his heart transplant.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Shiho Munakata'''|宗像詩帆|Munakata Shiho}} - A girl who calls Yuuichi her brother (though they are not related). Shiho follows Yuuichi around but the whereabouts of her parents are unknown, assumed dead. Her grandfather owns the local Fuuka Shrine where she serves as a [[miko]]. Her Element is a flute. Her Child is Yatagarasu, a crow-like creature. She became mentally unbalanced after learning Mai and Tate were developing feelings for each other, and initially used her HiME powers subconsciously to attack Mai. She later regained her sanity. In the manga, she is not introduced until later, when it is revealed she is a Princess.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Yukino Kikukawa'''|菊川雪之|Kikukawa Yukino}} - The secretary of the Fuuka Academy student council. She appears rather [[introvert]]ed and was often defended by Haruka when they were children. Her Element are mirrors through which she can see all of Fuuka Gakuen with help of the spores her Child, Diana, a plant-like creature with long vine-like tendrils, spreads. The spores act as cameras and can also generate cloaking fields. She is often correcting Haruka's mispronounced (or misspelled) words.
    +* {{nihongo|'''[[Shizuru Fujino]]'''|藤乃静留|Fujino Shizuru}} - President of the Fuuka Academy student council. Her cool yet inviting disposition and distinctive [[Kansai-ben|Kyoto accent]] have made her quite popular with both the male and female students. Her weapon is a multi-sectioned [[naginata]]. Her Child is Kiyohime, which resembles a multi-headed Hydra and is an allusion to the legend of [[Kiyo]]hime. Shizuru secretly harbors romantic feelings for Natsuki, which she acts on later in the series by destroying the Childs of Yukino and Nao, who posed a threat to her (Natsuki). She also massacres hundreds in the destruction of the First District, the secret organization Natsuki opposed and who were a largely unseen force behind the HiME battles. It can be argued that her reason for her homicidal actions is due to the influence of the Obsidian Lord (Who is also responsible for the rashness of the other HiMEs). Shizuru plays a supporting role in the manga, and isn't a HiME.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Yukariko Sanada'''|真田紫子}} A [[nun]] at the local church. Through her faith, she tries her best to help the academy students cope with the trials and tribulations of school life. Her Element is a bow which fires energy-charged arrows. Her Child is called St. Vrus and resembles a Chess Knight. It can produce illusions over a wide area or completely trap a single person in a dream world. She used this under the orders of Ishigami to trick the HiMEs into fighting each other, then used it again to try to kill Mai. However, Yuuichi prevented this from succeeding and Yukariko and Ishigami died together, crushed by St. Vrus's enveloping attack.
    +* '''[[Alyssa Searrs]]''' - The most famous choir member at Fuuka Academy. She is shy around people, though Miyu appears to be the exception. When she was born, she was infused with HiME powers, thus making her the 'fake' 13th HiME. Her Child is Artemis, a gigantic satellite which floats in orbit above the earth. Being a 'fake' HiME she doesn't have an Element, relying on Miyu to defend her. Like Nagi, she can summon and control Orphans. She was killed in episode 15 by Joseph Greer by order of the SEARRS Organization, only to be resurrected by Mashiro's power in the end as with the other HiMEs who perished.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Nao Yuuki'''|結城奈緒|Yūki Nao}} - A morally ambivalent middle school student who enjoys preying on perverted men. Her Elements are twin metal claws with red nails that can be used to ensnare enemies or cut through objects, they can also shoot sharp thin red strings from them that she can use to make traps or destroy things around her. Her Child is Julia, a half-human female spider with a [[scorpion]] tail. She continues to attack and attempt to kill Natsuki until Julia is destroyed by Kiyohime, effectively sending Nao into [[insanity]]. Her Key was revealed to be her mother, who is shown possibly in a [[coma]] in a hospital after being a victim of a robbery (the sole reason why Nao hates men). After the conclusion of the Festival she became a [[nun]] (which fans jokingly mention will probably not last long).
    +* {{nihongo|'''Midori Sugiura'''|杉浦碧|Sugiura Midori}} - One of Mai's co-workers and a Fuuka Academy instructor. She claims to be 17 years of age, but no one really believes her (she's actually 24). It is later revealed that she is also an avid [[archeologist]]. Her Element is a [[labrys]]. Her Child is Gakutenou, a lion-like creature whose hind legs can transform into wheel-like extensions and travel at great speed. His wheels can also produce a powerful tornado that can immobilize enemies and the giant blade on his head can cut through solid stone with one swipe. She tends to parody a lot of superhero themes, specifically [[Sailor Moon]], [[Super Sentai]], and [[Kamen Rider]]. She's also a drunk who loves to do "fun" things, mostly ending up with the other HiMEs in humiliating positions. Her most important person is her professor, whom she has romantic feelings for. She lost to Mikoto, who killed Gakutenou with Miroku. In the epilogue it is shown that Midori and her professor are now going to archeology sites a la Indiana Jones.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Akane Higurashi'''|日暮あかね|Higurashi Akane}} - Another classmate of Mai. She is shy and has a crush on Kazuya Kurauchi (who also has a crush on her but is also shy). It is implied she and Kazuya have difficult family lives. Her Element is a pair of [[tonfa]]. Her Child is Harry, who resembles a giant tiger. Harry can generate a powerful [[vacuum]] effect through the turbine blade on his chest and draw enemies into it, crushing and grinding them into nothingness. The first HiME to lose, Harry being killed by Miyu. Both are back at school at the end of the series.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Nagi Homura'''|炎凪}} - A mysterious figure who seems to possess [[clandestine]] knowledge about the HiMEs and their true purpose; he is of indeterminate age although he seems to recall previous Carnivals, which would make him hundreds of years old. He's also a horrible singer. He is able to summon Orphan with a snap of his fingers, and vanish from speeding cars with equal facility. His Orphans differ from the ones sent by SEARRS. He is also seen with a book over his head (although his balance is just as good as his singing, landing him almost on his face on several occasions). In the Valkyries tale he would best fit the role of Loki.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Fumi Himeno'''|姫野二三 Himeno Fumi}} - Mashiro's maid. Her Element is a large [[scythe]] and Mashiro is her Child. However, the official name of her Child is named ''Suishou'', which means "Crystal" in Japanese. It fits because Mashiro is sometimes referred to as "The Crystal Princess."
    +
    +===Others===
    +* {{nihongo|'''Nagi Homura'''|炎凪}} - A mysterious figure who seems to possess [[clandestine]] knowledge about the HiMEs and their true purpose; he is of indeterminate age although he seems to recall previous Carnivals, which would make him hundreds of years old. He's also a horrible singer. He is able to summon Orphan with a snap of his fingers, and vanish from speeding cars with equal facility. His Orphans differ from the ones sent by SEARRS. He is also seen with a book over his head (although his balance is just as good as his singing, landing him almost on his face on several occasions). In the Valkyries tale he would best fit the role of [[Loki]].
    +* {{nihongo|'''Yuuichi Tate'''|楯祐一|Tate Yūichi}} - A member of the Fuuka Academy student council who met Mai on the same ferry that rescued the nearly-drowned Mikoto Minagi. He doesn't seem to get along with Mai, although it is clear that he cares for her at least in some way. He takes care of Shiho Munakata, a childhood friend. He was a former member of the Fuuka [[kendo]] club, regularly making it into the nationals until he was injured severely at some point in the past. In the manga, Tate is in fact the hero of the story and is the Key to both Mai and Shiho.
    +* {{nihongo|'''[[Haruka Suzushiro]]'''|珠洲城遥|Suzushiro Haruka}} - The hot-headed director of the Fuuka Academy student council who enjoys an equally spicy meal. She has a tendency to mispronounce and misspell things, often as a form of comic relief. She is Yukino's best friend and Shizuru's rival. She wanted to become the Student Council President but lost the vote to Shizuru, in a landslide of 817 votes for Shizuru and 12 votes for Haruka. After this loss she became the Executive Director of the Suzushiro Executive Team. Although she is not a HiME in the anime, her awesome courage and strength make her memorable character. She often uses the term ''bubuzuke'' (rice with tea) to refer to Shizuru, though the first time she used it Haruka didn't even know what it meant.
    +* {{nihongo|'''[[Reito Kanzaki]]'''|神崎黎人|Kanzaki Reito}} - Vice President of the Fuuka Academy student council. He has a calm attitude and is quite popular with the female students. He is interested in Mai romantically. He is later revealed to be the earthly host of the Obsidian Lord and Mikoto's missing brother. His name in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is Kokuyou no Kimi.
    +* '''Joseph Greer''' - A Catholic priest who works at the same church as Yukariko. He is actually the supervisor of Miyu and Alyssa's progress in accelerating the "Battle Princess" legend, and Miyu's "father". He is killed by Miyu in retaliation for killing Alyssa.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Miyu Greer/M.I.Y.U.'''|深優・グリーア}} - Adopted daughter of Joseph Greer. She is very close to Alyssa. She is actually an [[android]], designed by the Searrs company to protect Alyssa Searrs and to guide her to the Golden Era. Her name is an acronym for Multiple Intelligencial [[Yggdrasil]] Unit. She harbors an unknown amount of internal weaponry inside of her, including a chaingun, sword arm, a drill, a chainsaw, and an anti-materializing weapon. When she changes weapons, the 'Mythril Draw' system also changes the color of her outfit, the 'Mythril Dress'. It was thought she was destroyed in episode 15; but in reality is salvaged by Mashiro. She becomes Mashiro's [[trump card]] in the "Festival", a way to break the 300-year repeat of the "Battle Princess" legend by introducing a character the Obsidian Lord could not anticipate. Miyu could arguably be called a [[Deus ex Machina]] in both My-HiME and its counterpart, [[My-Otome]], in which she has a similar role in the last episode.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Mashiro Kazahana'''|風花真白}} - The Director of Fuuka Gakuen. She is confined to a [[wheelchair]] and looks to be very young (her stated age is eleven). In fact she is much older than she looks, being a participant in the last cycle, in which she is shown wearing the [[hakama]] of [[miko]]. During that Festival she was the controller of Kagutsuchi. During that time, she opposed the Obsidian Lord and as part of their ceremonial marriage her soul was sealed in crystal. She can actually walk, although the one time she does so might have been a special case. Her 'body' is actually a doll containing her soul; her true body is contained in the crystal in the Land of Fuuka. Her false body also serves as Fumi's Child. In that form she is known as the Crystal Princess. She is older, has horns and carries a double-bladed sword with blue eye-like markings similar to Miroku. The two weapons seem to resonate with each other. The robe she is seen wearing in this form also has the symbol of Kagutsuchi (three [[tomoe]]) emblazened on it. When she was defeated, her Child body was hung up above the Obsidian Lord's throne as a trophy. In the end she is returned to her human body and traveled through the gate of [[Valhalla]] in the school library with Nagi.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Aoi Senou'''|瀬能あおい}} - One of Mai's friendly and helpful classmates. She often cares for Mai's well-being. She is also good friends with Chie. She and Chie makes up half of the comedy crew (the other being Haruka).
    +* {{nihongo|'''Chie Harada'''|原田千絵}} - Another one of Mai's classmates. She is often seen with a cellphone while chatting about new gossip. She's often the one to suggest topics with "themes" that ends up making Mai either mad or embarrassed. In the latter season they stop making their "comedic" appearances to better set the mood.
    +* {{nihongo|'''Takumi Tokiha'''|鴇羽巧海|Tokiha Takumi}} - Mai's little brother. His heart is weak and requires daily medication due to an accident he suffered when he and Mai were younger. He wants to be more independent, as he feels he's too much of a burden on his sister. He's a good friend of Akira, his roommate. Takumi seems to have a passive personality and often gives up on problems before they are solved. Apparently, he bathed with Mai way past the toddler stage. Mai often used this fact when forcing him around (though in a loving way). Takumi was originally thought to be Mai's Key, this was proven wrong when Akira's Child was killed along with Takumi and Mai was still able to summon Kagutsuchi. On a funnier note, Takumi has a more feminine behaviour, often playing the housewife of the two roommates, while Akira, ironically, was the more masculine of the two (considering their genders).
    +
    +{{endspoiler}}
    +
    +==Japanese Cast==
    +(Again, family name last.)
    +*[[Ai Shimizu]] - [[Mikoto Minagi]]
    +*[[Mai Nakahara]] - [[Mai Tokiha]]
    +*[[Saeko Chiba]] - [[Natsuki Kuga]]
    +*[[Akiko Kimura]] - [[Youko Sagisawa]]
    +*[[Akira Ishida]] - [[Nagi Homura]]
    +*[[Junko Iwao]] - [[Akane Higurashi]]
    +*[[Kikuko Inoue]] - [[Yukariko Sanada]]
    +*[[Kiyomi Asai]] - [[Miyu Greer]]
    +*[[Mamiko Noto]] - [[Yukino Kikukawa]]
    +*[[Ryoka Yuzuki]] - [[Haruka Suzushiro]]
    +*[[Sakura Nogawa]] - [[Shiho Munakata]]
    +*[[Sanae Kobayashi]] - [[Akira Okuzaki]]
    +*[[Naomi Shindou]] - [[Shizuru Fujino]]
    +*[[Tomokazu Seki]] - [[Yuuichi Tate]]
    +*[[Toshihiko Seki]] - [[Reito Kanzaki]]
    +*[[Yugo Takahashi]] - [[Takumi Tokiha]]
    +*[[Yukari Tamura]] - [[Midori Sugiura]]
    +*[[Yuko Miyamura]] - [[Alyssa Searrs]]
    +*[[Yuuka Nanri]] - [[Nao Yuuki]]
    +*[[Ryoko Shintani]] - [[Aoi Senou]]
    +*[[Mitsuki Saiga]] - [[Chie Harada]]
    +
    +==English cast==
    +(Again, family name last.)
    +*[[Caitlynne Medrek]] - Mikoto Minagi
    +*[[Carol-Anne Day]] - Mai Tokiha
    +*[[Cheryl McMaster]] - Natsuki Kuga
    +*[[Allyson June Smith]] - Yukariko Sanada
    +*[[Annika Odegard]] - Akira Okuzaki
    +*[[Cole Howard]] - Takumi Tokiha
    +*[[Ethan Cole]] - Reito Kanzaki
    +*[[Graham Ko]] - Nagi Homura
    +*[[Hazel Forman]] - Chie Harada
    +*[[Jayna Mitchell]] - Aoi Senou
    +*[[Jordan Schartnet]] - Yuichi Tate
    +*[[Katie Rowan]] - Mashiro Kazahana
    +*[[Leda Davies]] - Shiho Munakata
    +*[[Lori Barnes-Smith]] - Haruka Suzuhiro
    +*[[Maizun Jayoussi]] - Miyu Greer
    +*[[Marcy Lannan]] - Nao Yuuki
    +*[[Mariette Sluyter]] - Midori Sugiura
    +*[[Melanie Risdon]] - Shizuru Fujino
    +*[[Morgan Partridge]] - Yukino Kikukawa
    +*[[Wendy Morrison]] - Fumi Himeno
    +*[[Paul Cowling]] - Joseph Greer
    +*[[Randall Wiebe]] - Kaiji Sakomizu
    +*[[Scott Roberts]] - Masashi Takeda
    +*[[Victor Atelevich]] - Yamada
    +
    +==Video games==
    +
    +A [[video game]] for the [[PlayStation 2]] developed by [[Marvelous Interactive]] called ''Mai-HiME - Unmei no Keitouju'', or ''My-HiME - The Another'', was released in Japan on [[June 30]] [[2005]].{{cite web|url=http://uk.ps2.ign.com/objects/708/708188.html|title=IGN: Mai-HiME: Unmei no Keitouju|accessdate=2006-10-06|publisher=[[IGN]]}} The main character in the game is a male named Takemura who has come to Fuka Academy to study the HiME. There are multiple storylines - one each for Mai, Mikoto, Natsuki, and Miyu. Two [[PSP]] games, ''Mai-HiME Senretsu! Shin Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi!!''{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/psp/action/maihimesenretsu/|title=Mai-Hime Senretsu! Shin Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi!! for PSP - Mai-Hime Senretsu! Shin Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi!! Sony PSP - Mai-Hime Senretsu! Shin Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi!! PSP Game:|accessdate=2006-10-29|publisher=[[GameSpot]]}} and ''Mai-HiME Bakuretsu! Fuuka Gakuen Gekitoushi?!'',{{cite web|url=http://uk.psp.ign.com/objects/790/790966.html|title=IGN: Mai-HiME Bakuretsu! Fuuga Gakuen Gekitou Shi?!|accessdate=2006-10-06|publisher=[[IGN]]}} both developed by [[Sunrise Interactive]], were also released.
    +
    +==Trivia==
    +
    +* Each DVD of My-HiME has special short segments ([[omake]]) to complement the anime and explain aspects of the characters and plot. Several, however, seem to be there purely for [[fanservice]], featuring things like pictures of a naked Chie, almost bare Midori and Aoi, Mikoto pantyshots, Haruka being stripped in the old [[strip poker]] game style (though it referred to her losing the Student Council elections badly), and heavily implied [[lesbian]] contact between Mai and Midori.
    +
    +* The [[My - Otome]] Volume 1 DVD features a "Fake" trailer to the My - HiME Movie and features [[Arika Yumemiya]] of [[My-Otome]] as a comedic antagonist; as well as HiME Mikoto encountering "Kitty" Mikoto (who appeared with Reito's voice). Despite the seriousness and dramatics of the teaser, this was a joke on ''Sunrise'''s behalf as the ending credits say "20006" as the year of release.
    +
    +* Both Arika and Nina, the main characters of [[My-Otome]], appear in Mai - HiME. Nina is seen several times in the same classroom as Mai as a background character. Arika is seen very briefly in the closing credits of episode 26.
    +
    +*In episode 10: "Cake Wars" the episode was an obvious parody of [[Iron Chef]]; Midori herself pokes fun at [[Chairman Kaga]]
    +
    +*In episode 9 Mikoto's hand appears over the side of Mai and Natsuki's boat in a manner very similar to the [[J-Horror]] movie [[Ringu]], as well as the musical cue played during the scene.
    +
    +*Mai and Yuuichi switch roles somewhat in the manga, Yuuichi becoming both the main character and the student transferring to Fuuka Academy.
    +
    +*Many seiyuu who voiced characters here also went on to voice characters in [[Gundam Seed Destiny]], which was also created by Sunrise and aired during the same timeframe (though at different timeslots).
    +
    +==Theme songs==
    +;Opening theme
    +:* Shining☆Days by [[Minami Kuribayashi]]
    +
    +;Ending themes
    +:* Kimi ga Sora Datta by [[Aki Misato]]
    +:* It's Only the Fairy Tale by Yuko Miyamura (ep.15)
    +
    +;Insert songs
    +:* Chisana Hoshi ga Oriru Toki by [[Minami Kuribayashi]] (eps.15 and 26)
    +:* It's Only the Fairy Tale by Yuko Miyamura (ep.7, 8, 11 and 15)
    +:* Mizube no Hana by Chiba Saeko (ep.16)
    +:* Kokoro no Tsurugi by Shimizu Ai (ep.16)
    +:* Itoshisa no Kousaten by Nakahara Mai (ep.16)
    +:* Parade by Nakahara Mai, Shimizu Ai, and Chiba Saeko (eps.10 and 16)
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +{{FootnotesSmall|resize=92%}}
    +
    +==See also==
    +* [[My-HiME soundtracks]]
    +* ''[[My-Otome]]''
    +
    +==External links==
    +* [http://www.sunrise-inc.co.jp/my-hime/ Official ''My-Hime'' website]
    +* [http://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/maihime/ TV Tokyo's ''My-Hime'' website]
    +* [http://my-hime.bandai-ent.com/ Bandai Entertainment's ''My-Hime'' website]]
    +
    +[[Category:Sunrise]]
    +[[Category:Anime series]]
    +[[Category:Anime dubbed into English]]
    +[[Category:Fantasy anime]]
    +[[Category:Manga series]]
    +[[Category:My-HiME]]
    +[[Category:Yuri]]
    +
    +[[es:Mai-HiME]]
    +[[fr:Mai-HiME]]
    +[[it:Mai-HiME]]
    +[[ja:舞-HiME]]
    +[[lt:My-HiME]]
    +[[pt:Mai-HiME]]
    +[[fi:Mai-HiME]]
    +[[sv:My-HiME]]
    +[[zh:舞-HiME]] 2013-03-12 15:11:58 89791620 Addbot MerlIwBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3578171]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,62 +1,269 @@\n
    -{{Holmes infobox|1903|''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]''|Thorneycroft Huxtable (although the Duke of Holdernesse does most of the paying)|[[1901]]|James Wilder and Reuben Hayes, and the Duke as a complasiant conspirator and bankroller.}}
    -
    -'''The Adventure of the Priory School''', one of the 56 [[Sherlock Holmes]] short stories written by British author Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], is one of 13 stories in the cycle collected as ''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]''.
    -
    -==Synopsis==
    -{{spoiler}}
    -
    -Holmes receives a visit from Thorneycroft Huxtable, the founder and principal of a [[Preparatory school (UK)|preparatory school]] in [[Northern England]]. He beseeches Holmes to come back to Mackleton with him to look into the [[kidnapping]] of one of his pupils.
    -
    -The boy's father, the [[Duke]] of Holdernesse, has offered a reward of £5000 to anyone who can tell him where his son, the ten-year-old [[Lord]] Saltire, is, and a further £1000 to anyone who can tell him who his kidnappers are.
    -
    -James Wilder, the Duke's personal secretary, has also been indiscreet enough to mention something to Huxtable about the young Lord's unhappy home life. His parents no longer live together, his mother having moved to [[Southern France]]. Wilder has said that Lord Saltire's sympathies were with his mother in these matters. Upon arrival at the school, though, Lord Saltire seemed to be quite happy, and in his element.
    -
    -Less than a [[fortnight]] later, however, he suddenly disappeared from the school. He could only have left by climbing out of his window at night and down the thick [[ivy]] to the ground. Curiously, the [[German language|German]] master, Heidegger, is also missing, along with his [[bicycle]]. Lord Saltire had received a letter that very day from his father, but Huxtable has no idea of the contents. The boy has taken it with him. He was fully dressed, too. However, Heidegger left his shirt and socks behind.
    -
    -Holmes decides to accompany Huxtable back to Mackleton, even though he is quite busy with business in [[London]]. He tells Huxtable first that if he is going to [[telegraph]] home, it would be wise to let the [[rumour]] of progress in [[Liverpool]] persist.
    -
    -Once in the North, Holmes asks the Duke a few questions. His Grace does not think that his estranged wife has anything to do with his son's disappearance, nor has there been a [[ransom]] demand. He can also think of nothing in the letter that he wrote, posted by James Wilder along with dozens of others that could have upset Lord Saltire.
    -
    -Holmes establishes that the boy and his kidnappers could not have used the nearby road without being seen, suggesting that they went cross-country. As if to confirm this, the [[police]] find the boy's school cap in some [[Roma (people)|gypsies']] possession. They swear that they simply found it on the [[moorland|moor]], but the police lock them up.
    -
    -Holmes and [[Dr. Watson]] go hunting for clues. They find a bicycle track, but it is not Heidegger's; it does not match his tires. Holmes observes, however, that one tire has a patch on it. Most anything observable has been obliterated by [[cow]] tracks, making sleuthing rather difficult.
    -
    -Eventually, Heidegger's bicycle tracks are found, and they end where he apparently had his head smashed in. There he lies, quite dead.
    -
    -A number of things may already be deduced:
    -*Lord Saltire left the school of his own [[free will]];
    -*Heidegger hurriedly went after him, having seen him climb down, which explains his less than complete dress;
    -*The boy had a swift means of escape, for Heidegger would not have bothered with his bicycle if the boy had been on foot;
    -*The boy had an adult companion, for he himself could not have smashed Heidegger's head in;
    -*No other cyclist, nor another man on foot could have anything to do with the [[murder]], for there are no marks on the ground to indicate this.
    -Indeed, the only marks on the ground anywhere nearby are cows' hoof prints.
    -
    -Holmes and Watson find themselves at the Fighting Cock [[Inn]], and meet the innkeeper, Reuben Hayes, who seems startled indeed to hear that Holmes wants to go to Holdernesse Hall, the Duke's nearby house, to tell him news of his son. The two men have lunch there, and Holmes suddenly realizes something: He and Watson saw lots of cow tracks out on the moor, all along their line of investigation, but never at any time did they see any cows. Furthermore, the patterns of the hoof prints were quite unusual, suggesting that the cow in question [[Horse gait|walked, cantered, and galloped]] – very unusual [[behaviour]] for a cow. Holmes and Watson sneak out to Hayes's stable and examine the horse's hooves. As Holmes has expected, there is evidence of recent shoeing, but with old [[Horseshoe|shoes]] and new [[Nail (engineering)|nail]]s. Examining the nearby [[smithy]], Holmes and Watson are rather belligerently asked to leave by Mr. Hayes. A short way down the road towards the Duke's house, Watson tells Holmes that he is convinced that Hayes knows all about the sordid business at hand.
    -
    -Shortly afterwards, the two men hide as a [[cyclist]] comes along the road from the direction of the Duke's. It is James Wilder, and he looks agitated. He arrives at the inn. Soon afterwards, a trap pulls out of the stable yard and goes along the road towards [[Chesterfield, Derbyshire|Chesterfield]]. A while later, someone else – it is getting dark and only a fleeting glimpse of the new visitor is caught – arrives at the inn.
    -
    -Coming closer, Holmes observes Wilder's bicycle tires and notes that they are the same make as the first ones encountered on the moor, and as expected, one tire has a patch. Holmes uses Watson as a stepladder to have a look at the meeting. His look is very brief, and then they leave.
    -
    -The next morning, they go to Holdernesse Hall, where they find that the Duke is not at all well. Nevertheless, Holmes demands from him a [[cheque]] for £6000, saying that he has earned the reward. His son is at the Fighting Cock, and the accused is the Duke himself.
    -
    -Holmes has not, however, deduced the whole story. He has found Lord Saltire, and seen the Duke with him while standing on Watson's shoulders, but the actual mastermind of this crime is James Wilder. He conceived a plan to kidnap Lord Saltire to force the Duke to change his will. Wilder has always felt cheated, because he is, as it turns out, the Duke's son, born out of wedlock to the Duke's late lover, before he married the Duchess, who bore the Duke a legitimate [[heir]]. Wilder knew very well that his father would not call the police on him, as he abhorred the very idea of [[scandal]]. The plan began to unravel when Wilder hired Hayes – who has now fled, but been caught on Holmes's information – to do the actual kidnapping. He killed Heidegger, and when Wilder heard the news, he confessed all to his father. So anxious was the Duke to avoid scandal, he agreed to let his younger son stay at the inn for another three days, and to keep quiet, so that Hayes could flee [[justice]].
    -
    -All ends well, except for Hayes, who faces [[hanging|the gallows]]. Lord Saltire is brought home from the inn and the Duke writes to his estranged wife asking her to reconcile with him. This he feels she will be willing to do, for the source of the friction between them is going away: James Wilder is being packed off to [[Australia]] to seek his fortune there.
    -
    -As for the cow tracks, they were accomplished by shoeing the horse with special shoes shaped like cow's hooves.
    -
    -==Commentary==
    -The date can be inferred from the story's mention of [[May 13]] falling on a Monday that year, and the mention that the Duke of Holdernesse has been Lord Lieutnant of Hallamshire "since 1900" (making [[1895]] rather unlikely). Furthermore, the story mentions that the Duke and Duchess were married in [[1888]], and that Lord Saltire is ten years old. This would fit in with the 1901 date.
    -
    -Holmes shows a more than usually mercenary side in this story, gleefully accepting a cheque for £6000. On the other hand, he does refuse the Duke's offer of £12000, which is intended as a [[bribe]].
    -
    -"Lord Saltire" is an interesting name. "[[Saltire]]" is a term used in [[heraldry]] for an X-shaped cross.
    -
    -There is a rare example of Sherlock Holmes being illogical in this short story: When he finds the bicycle tracks in the moor, he states that it is possible to tell the direction the bicycle was going from the fact that the rear tire track is crossing (and covering) the track of the front tire. In fact, this is always so, no matter which direction the bicycle is going, unless it is being pulled backwards.
    -
    -==Wikisource links==
    -{{wikisource-inline|The Adventure of the Priory School}}
    -
    -[[Category:Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle|Priory School, The Adventure of the]]
    -
    -[[ja:プライオリ学校]]
    +==Website==
    +
    +Is there anyone close to Theo van Gogh who can convince the persons now controlling his web site to please not shut it down? It would be a great shame for him to be effectively censored after his death. I read about his story, and read that his writings were on his web site, and I wanted to go read his writings for the first time. But what I found when I got to the site was that the content of the site is no longer available! This seems like the wrong response to his death, and I hope his writings will be restored so more of us can read them.
    +:Don't worry about it too much. It is temporarily out of full service since the servers were overloaded. Most probably it will be restored in a couple of days. [[User:Bontenbal|Bontenbal]] 17:27, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +::I can assure you that his writing will NOT be censored, not now, not never. The official website has turned off all content pages because of the extreme traffic load. -- [[User:Solitude|[[User:Solitude|Solitude]]\[[User_talk:Solitude|talk]]]] 11:31, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== Vincent van Gogh ==
    +This question is probably totally inappropriate today, but I wonder whether Theo van Gogh is related to [[Vincent van Gogh]]? --[[User:Edcolins|Edcolins]] 18:17, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)
    +:Yes, he is (or was? I don't know...). -- [[User:Harry Doddema|Harry]] 18:24, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +::The article says that Theo van Gogh "said he was related to the famous Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh". But... is it true? And how was he related to his ancestor? --[[User:Edcolins|Edcolins]] 19:12, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +:::AFAIK he was a great-grandson of Vincent's brother Theo.
    +
    +removed this text: ''(911 days after the [[assassination]] of [[Pim Fortuyn]])''. Unless someone connected with the murder says otherwise, this is coincidence and numerology which reflects poorly on Wikipedia. [[User:Silsor|silsor]] 22:52, Nov 2, 2004 (UTC)
    +:Good work. Note by the way that he was killed on 11/2, which is the alarm number in the Netherlands and Europe in general. -- [[User:Solitude|[[User:Solitude|Solitude]]\[[User_talk:Solitude|talk]]]] 11:30, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)
    +::Except that the Dutch use dates in dd-mm-yyyy format, so it becomes 2-11. [[User:Mvdhout|mvdhout]] 12:07, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== Location ==
    +This is probably nitpicking but for the sake of accuracy, was it actually in front of the stadsdeelkantoor or just near it? The stadsdeelkantoor is like 100 m away from the corner with Mauritskade. [[User:Rkundalini|Rkundalini]]
    +:From the maps I've seen it seems he was first attacked right in front of it. Note though that he tried to ran away as well, I believe his body was not found in front of the stadsdeelkantoor. -- [[User:Solitude|[[User:Solitude|Solitude]]\[[User_talk:Solitude|talk]]]] 11:33, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)
    +::As I recall, he was cycling, got shot, moved on foot to the other side of the road, where he was again attacked, and died. I'm not familiar with the local situation, but I believe it is opposite to the 'stadsdeelkantoor'. [[User:Mvdhout|mvdhout]] 12:10, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +:::Theo van Gogh was attacked in front of the ''stadsdeelkantoor'' on [http://adres.asp4all.nl/asp/get.asp?map_width=474&map_height=396&view=&laag=AmsterdamLite_Alleen_Kaart.mwf&xdl=Stadsplattegrond&xsl=Layout&x_coord=&y_coord=&zoekstraat=linnaeusstraat&huisnummer=89&postcode=&panning=&point=&minx=110755.12&maxx=130776.88&miny=476440.48&maxy=493167.52&zoom=2000 Linnaeusstraat 89], fled accross the street and died on the corner of Linnaeusstraat and Tweede Oosterparkstaat. [[User:Vinny|Vinny]] 19:53, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== "non-racist critic of Islam" ==
    +
    +Does "non-racist critic of Islam" sound weird to anybody else? It's like special attention is ''needed'' to avoid misunderstanding that he's racist. --[[User:Menchi|Menchi]] 05:54, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +:That's actually exactly what it's intended for. It's a POV addition to fend off any accusations of racism (since "against Islam = bad to minorities = racist", that sort of reasoning). It sounds weaselly, and probably should be removed. If any accusations of racism do pop up, they should be dealt with in substance. [[User:JRM|JRM]] 07:36, 2004 Nov 3 (UTC)
    +::It sounds weird to me too. 1) Islam is a religion, not a people or a race. Therefore no clarification on racism is needed here. 2) whether or not Theo van Gogh (or anybody else for that sake) holds racist views is a matter of Point of View. Wikipedia is meant to be NPOV. For those two reasons, I'll delete the remark 'non-racist'.[[User:Pauldavidgill|Paul]] 08:01, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +Islam maybe a religion, but in the netherlands it is associated with the "foreign non dutch race". Van Gogh was a racist. He provided many bigoted Dutch people with the perfect cover to express their racism with an outward sheen of religious concern. Very similar to how closet white american supremacists attack Hip hop and other facets of african american culture without explicitly mentioning their dislike for the blacks' skin color and physical features. If the "foreign non dutch race" were indians, Van Gogh would be stomping on hinduism.
    +
    +==the film Submission==
    +the text says "Arabic texts, disadvantageous to women, are painted on their skin". In fact, they were texts from the Qur'an, in Islamic, about the role and position of women, especially in relation to men. When translated, they sounded extremely sexist and degrading for women to today's ears. The point that both makers were trying to make was that many muslims take those lines literal, resulting in the Islam and Qur'an being used to "excuse" female circumcision and wife beating among other things.
    +The movie was shown on Dutch National Television in August 2004.
    +
    +Lier Lier pants on Fire. The reason Female circumcision exists is beacuse of '''Cultural''' reasons not beacause of Islam. Islam forbids female circumcision. it only allows male ones. the reason it is cultural is beacuse those people who actually committ is are not men. It's usually older women forcing young mothers to do that to there daugthers. Most men won't know it. So get your facts straights. This movie is bullshit. It is full of lies.
    +
    +[[User:Furious Stormrage|Furious Stormrage]]
    +
    +The adjective Arabic can of course refer to the language, in which case it is more appropriate than "Islamic" which of course is not a language. Thus the texts cannot be "in Islamic" though they can be "Islamic texts," where Islamic is a cultural/religious adjective. The Qur'an ''is'' traditionally printed only in Arabic, right?
    +
    +While I have not seen the film, I agree with the second entry that female circumcision (or more technically, female genital mutilation (FGM)) is actually a cultural practice. Most importantly, it is practiced by non-Muslim cultures in Africa. I suspect, though, that most FGM is performed by Muslims, and that is how the association developed. Also, while FGM is of course unconscionable regardless, it is usually less severe than some American (and European, I suppose) yellow journalism would lead you to believe. I'm getting most of this info from articles in The Nation, BTW.
    +
    +== Last name mohammed b. ==
    +
    +Why don't you mention the last name of the killer, since this is a international site and not just a dutch site? Wou did it with Volkert Van Der G(raaf).
    +
    +I mean you instead of wou
    +
    +:It's alright to edit your own comments to fix spelling mistakes.
    +:Volkert's last name is by now well-known, in Dutch as well as international circles. Mohammed's is not. That said, the question of whether these last names should be mentioned is tricky. By not mentioning them, you support the Dutch POV that crime suspects are entitled to this particular forrm of protecting privacy. By mentioning them, you express the POV that this is not important by blatantly ignoring it. There is no possible NPOV solution where you both mention it and don't mention it, so we'll just have to decide. My vote is in favor of ''not'' mentioning it until Mohammed is convicted (when his last name will certainly be mentioned in the Netherlands), giving the Dutch legal system the benefit of the doubt. Little or nothing is gained by mentioning his last name, as far as encyclopedic value goes. I see potential "the public has a right to know" arguments here as deeply POV and not belonging here; go change the Dutch system instead, if that's a concern. [[User:JRM|JRM]] 11:29, 2004 Nov 5 (UTC)
    +::Update: I see Solitude has already gone ahead and mentioned it. Wouldn't have been my choice, but since it is the English Wikipedia, I can't really base my stance on anything but personal preference. [[User:JRM|JRM]] 11:31, 2004 Nov 5 (UTC)
    +::: I agree fully with JRM. I removed the surname.[[User:Pauldavidgill|Paul]] 18:11, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +AFAIK Wikipedia always mentions suspects' surnames and I don't see why Mohammed Bouyeri should be an exception. [[User:Känsterle|Känsterle]] 20:23, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +:It is against Dutch law to mention the names of suspects. [[User:Andries|Andries]] 21:51, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +::It is most certainly not. Please read the Wetboek van Strafrecht and stop uttering such nonsense since you obviously don't have ANY idea what you're talking about. Besides that, what does wikipedia have to do with Dutch law? [[User:Känsterle|Känsterle]] 03:01, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +:::Känsterle, Sorry, you are right it is untrue. [[User:Andries|Andries]] 08:21, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +And I'm sorry for being a bit rude to you. [[User:Känsterle|Känsterle]] 12:58, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +: Känsterle wrote: ''stop uttering such nonsense''
    +:: It's technically wrong, but it is certainly not nonsense. The Dutch press council (which handles self-regulation of the Dutch media) is generally in favour of maintaining the privacy of suspects (i.e. no photographs of someone's face, not mentioning someone's last name). [[User:Sietse Snel|Sietse]] 15:16, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +True, but that doesn't mean it is ILLEGAL to do so. [[User:Känsterle|Känsterle]] 17:37, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +I added the full name of [[Mohammed Bouyeri]] to allow actual linking to his article and to provide complete and full information on the topic, which I am glad is supported by U.S. law. I am glad we're not a Dutch media, Wikipedia does not fall under Dutch law, so I feel the dicsussion on it is not at all relevant. -- [[User:Solitude|[[User:Solitude|Solitude]]\[[User_talk:Solitude|talk]]]] 11:05, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== stabs ==
    +
    +the article so far states he was "shot to death" while in fact he seems to have also been stabbed. i have read at least 2 sources (incl. the local amsterdam news paper on the day of the murder) that mention his throat was slit. is this relevant enough to mention and do others have confirmation from other sources?
    +:he was stabbed around 20 times, shot several times, and had his head nearly decapitated by a edged weapon. all this is according to CNN. [[User:Alkivar|Alkivar]] 01:04, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +:: so then the question is; is this relevant for the main article? should it be mentioned there? [[User:217.79.38.87|217.79.38.87]] 12:07, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +:::I dont think so, the details of his death dont add much. We know he's dead, we know he was murdered, do we really need the gruesome details? [[User:Alkivar|Alkivar]] 00:14, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +::::I think that it is important. JFK was shot by a gunman who ran away after the shooting, Lincoln was shot in the back of the head by someone who then jump on to stage publicly and ran off, theo was shot multiple times, had his throat slit, stabbed several times in the chest and was left with a knife in his chest pinning a note to him (as i understand it, i don't speak Dutch so i can only read the english articles i can find.) there is clearly a differnce in the ammount of violance here. this wasn't just an assassination, this was a message that the perpatrator was trying to convey. [[User:Cavebear42|Cavebear42]] 16:30, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== Wow ==
    +
    +I'm very sad that such a person was murdered. In a world full of PC crap..where everyone caters to everyone else, I enjoy the refreshing ideals of Theo.
    +
    +:Just because this category is here: I was wondering if his opinions were ever respected? I mean the article says he justified saying "geitenneukers" against Muslims because of the teachings of Khomeini... I mean, I suppose he missed the Shia/Sunni disinction. I know very little about him but was he seen as a well educated man or a man who would tend to just try to be perverse having little clue of reality (as that statement makes it seem). [[User:Grenavitar|gren]]
    +
    +His own fault. He offend alot of people.WTF does he expect? For them all to not give a shit?
    +
    +OK so you mean he deserved to die because he protected european values when it comes to womens rights? You should have your brain checked up, actually theres really no point to, since you dont have one.
    +
    +[[User:Furious Stormrage|Furious Stormrage]
    +
    +Murder is never justified. Remember that. [[User:Amused Himself to Death|Amused Himself to Death]] 22:46, 17 October (UTC)
    +
    +== On the Aftermath ==
    +
    +I find the attention given to the police destruction of the public artwork pretty exceturated and it should imho be bound in, this feels like a matter of opinion; not fit for an encyclopedia. I have not removed it myself, since i felt the author/maintainer of the page should consider this for him/herself.
    +
    +::Why should mentioning the facts around the destruction of the public artwork be POV? The artwork and its destruction has caught A LOT of media attention, and is surely worth mentioning.. IMHO the "Aftermath" section should (hopefully!) be expanded and not reduced. [[User:Stereotek|Stereotek]] 23:59, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== "self-proclaimed" descendant? ==
    +
    +Can we have some links or evidence that there is some dispute that he not a descendant of Vincent's brother before we authoritatively state that in the intro? Should be easy enough to trace someone in a direct line back just 4 generations. [[User:Gamaliel|Gamaliel]] 20:04, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +:There's absolutely no dispute whatsoever. See [http://www.genealogics.org/descend.php?personID=I00129898&tree=LEO] for details of the relationship of Theo & Vincent van Gogh. - [[User:Nunh-huh|Nunh-huh]] 02:21, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +== "Autochtonen" in English ==
    +
    +Wouldn't it be much less complicated to talk about the indigenous Dutch people instead of autochtonen?
    +
    +It would be less complicated but it is also obfuscating matters, autochtonen are simply not the same as indigenous Dutch people. There are non-indigenous Dutch people who can be autochtonen: for example, one phases out being an allochtoon after three generations. I propose we stay with the Dutch concepts of autochtonen and allochtonen.
    +
    +== Leftist censorship at Wikipedia? ==
    +
    +For those who want to make a personal judgment, why mister FvdP might possibly be inclined to remove the conservative links I included in this article, see at the “Flemish Interest” discussion.
    +
    +It’s also about the problematic that this article should leave some space for interpretation. In my opinion some interpretation is admitted, the more because Muslims and their leftist allies show no reluctance and give in the aftermath their own interpretations too (see the would-be removed links), even now when Theo cannot respond himself any more.
    +
    +Therefore I put the removed links back with the explanation “controversial (see discussion)”.
    +
    +Johan – Flanders -[[User:Jvb|--Jvb]]– 12/2004
    +
    +OK. So about the links ''mister'' Johan from Flanders is trying to add here:
    +
    +* [http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/2004/11/ "Thou Shalt Not"], Friday, November 05, 2004
    +** An sequence of blog entries, none of the first entries is anyhow related to Theo VG (I haven't looked at ''all'' entries). Irrelevant (or at the very least too imprecise a link) -> removed.
    +***I fear you did not understand. This is a monthly overview. You should scroll up to Friday, November 05, 2004. Here one can read how people reacted immediately after the assassination: an artist for instance, but also the Moroccan youth and the clumsy authorities. First reactions are very important. They reveal much. So I invite you to put it back. Johan - Flanders - [[User:Jvb|--Jvb]] - 12/2004
    +****Of course I did not understand. But neither will the average person clicking on this link. I maintain it's "too imprecise a link", at best.
    +*"26,000 times a bleeding heart" (http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/comments/157/), Thursday, December 16, 2004 - controversial (see discussion)
    +** Essentially a rant against writers called Bosland and MacNab. Only passing mentions of Theo Van Gogh. Irrelevant -> removed. (Also contains such hate speech as "Maybe Macnab needs psychotherapy, he doesn’t say. He certainly exhibits all the traits associated with compulsive, bleeding-heart liberalism." : you get the idea.)
    +***No rant: you must view that in its proper context. The author defends the rights of the native Dutch who were harassed until they had to leave their homes. Something Theo Van Gogh did in his last column too. If you don’t want to understand this, you can better apply for a job at the Belgian Thought Police (the Agency for Equal Rights-Centrum voor Gelijkheid van Kansen). According to them, the Flemish should only speak about important social problems in a very scientific and non-emotional way. By the way, that’s just what they steal from us. Johan - Flanders - [[User:Jvb|--Jvb]]- 12/2004
    +****"Something Theo Van Gogh did in his last column too": too weak a relationship. I maintain this link is too remotely related to TVG to be relevant. (It's more like you're trying to push your point of view on Wikipedia's reader, than like you're trying to enlighten them on TVG.) BTW, "(if) you don't want to undestand this" and " you can better apply ..." are [[Ad_hominem#Ad_hominem_abusive|ad hominem]] attacks that have no place in a discussion between reasonable people. [[User:FvdP|--FvdP]]
    +*****I insist on the context: the Guardian only brings highly fertile imagination to prove the stand that the Dutch can better continue their sleep even after Theo Van Gogh. Btw, the longer I think about it, the more I am inclined to say that me too could advice psychotherapy to the Guardian and/or the persons they “interviewed”. This is no rant. Rant would be for instance, only because you provoke me: “what’s wrong about trying to understand the psychology of those people who gave legitimacy to the assassinations of Pim Fortuyn and Theo Van Gogh.”
    +*****Ad Hominem? Sorry lad, but it’s YOU and nobody else, who doesn’t seem to understand what the style figure of a witticism means! Neither in the text nor in my remark about you. BTW, don’t expect me to weep about the fact that in Belgium opinions are made official so that those who don’t agree can be fined or even imprisoned. Then you would say that I am melancholic. Moreover, the Belgian Thought Police is controlled by some, but not all political parties. This is the definition of being biased, because politicians will always (ab)use the power they get.[[User:Jvb|--Jvb]] Dec 24, 2004.
    +* "the weekly Standard" (http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/059darxx.asp), Saturday, December 18, 2004 - controversial (see discussion)
    +** Actual title "The Dutch rethink multiculturalism". Theo Van Gogh appears only incidentally for the first time at the 3rd paragraph of this article. mostly irrelevant thus. Reference removed.
    +***The article in the Weekly Standard is about the impact of the murder of Theo Van Gogh on thinking about multiculturalism in the Netherlands. This is also written in the leading NRC Handelsblad. See at: http://weblog.nrc.nl/index.php?user_id=5&jaar=2004&maand=12 By the way, don’t forget this is a monthly overview! Look for the title: “Weekly Standard over Nederland”. And this is Van Gogh’s legacy...why not discuss it? Johan - Flanders - [[User:Jvb|--Jvb]] -12/2004
    +* "Theo at Wikipedia and Tiscali" (http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/comments/176/), Monday, December 20, 2004 - controversial (see discussion)
    +** Personal blog entry. Mostly personal opinion rather than facts. That one is on topic though. I'll leave it to others to decide whether it's worth keeping here.
    +*** Since noone (else than jvb and me) is saying anything, I decided to remove. Contains almost no on-topic objective information anyway (where topic = Theo Van Gogh). [[User:FvdP|--FvdP]] 19:35, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
    +[[User:FvdP|--FvdP]] 18:46, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)
    +
    +(Newly removed 7 jan:)
    +* [http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/comments/249/" More and faster … the story of the radicalising Muslim youth of Holland"], Monday, January 03, 2005
    +** Again mostly jvb's opinion. Again only weakly, indirectly related to Theo Van Gogh. Again propaganda against arabic immigrants. Removed. [[User:FvdP|--FvdP]] 19:35, 7 Jan 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +::You simply don’t seem to catch that this text is the summary of THE official Dutch report written by the Interior Ministry concerning the murder of Theo Van Gogh. Already in the preface is written that this murder has the same meaning for the Netherlands as September 11 for the United States and the Madrid bombings for Spain. By removing this link, it is as if you would deny that the official American report concerning the September 11 attacks that has been discussed in Congress is worth mentioning. But perhaps you don’t speak enough Dutch to understand this? I hope I am wrong, because I meanwhile understood that you live in Flanders’ capital, surrounded by “pure” Flemish soil.
    +
    +::But after that author Mr. Johan Van Vlaams has finished the brief SUMMARY of the report by the Dutch General Information and Security Service (AIVD), then starting his two last paragraphs, he makes clear that he then continues with HIS own remarks. Of course, you don’t have to agree with him, but in that case you can make your own comments, isn’t it??? At any event, you already made your principal remark: the text is alleged to be “Again propaganda against arabic immigrants”. Well, I explicitely read the text once more and I can assure you that the text doesn’t speak about “Arabs” at all. The author only speaks about “Muslim Youth”. And I suppose to know why. As far as I know, the Dutch police report about the major gang rape problem in Holland does not differenciate among the nationalities of the perpertrators. But in Belgium, where the gang rape problem is still smaller, the differenciation in the research results is made: and in Belgium indeed, number one on the list are the Moroccan youth, number two the “blacks”. So it is YOU who made the link with the Arabs, not the author.
    +
    +::Considering all this, I think that FvdP is in a very weak position to remove the link I placed. If no one else objects, I will not accept the link to be removed.
    +
    +::[[User:Jvb|--Jvb]] Jan 10, 2005.
    +
    +:::Removed again:
    +:::* this link is not on topic, because it's not about Theo Van Gogh. That alone is a sufficient reason to remove.
    +:::* jvb, now replace "arabic" by "muslim" in my argument, and answer to that ! I stand by my claim: you are first and foremost a propagandist. Even though you're sufficiently clever to be hypocritical enough to hide it under a pretense of objectivity.
    +:::* JVB = Johan Van Vlaams. (If not, then you should display an authorisation by J V Vlaams about all his texts you have copied verbatim in this encyclopedia.)
    +:::[[User:FvdP|--FvdP]] 20:31, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +::::* About the first removed link, I already gave enough info above. About the second removed link,[http://majorityrights.com/index.php/weblog/comments/346/"An evening in Amsterdam"], Monday, January 24, 2005, I can say that everything in the story refers to Theo van Gogh. Compare for ex. “Laura Schlessinger” at Wikipedia. Complex social phenomenons need proper explanation and context information to understand.
    +
    +::::* An Arab is a person, Islam is a religion. Two completely different notions, such as “hardware” and “software” in computer technology. But the Politico-Correct people would like it to be otherwise, to label people who don’t adhere to their ideology as being “racist”, isn’t it?
    +
    +::::* You write: “JVB = Johan Van Vlaams. (If not, then you should display an authorisation by J V Vlaams about all his texts you have copied verbatim in this encyclopedia.)”. I see that you principally refer to: [[Talk:Eurabia|Talk:Eurabia]]. Answer: I can confirm you that I have the authorisation to use the texts from Mr. Johan Van Vlaams such as represented at: http://www.majorityrights.com . If you doubt about this, ask them yourself at the blog’s email: wirebiz@btinternet.com .
    +
    +:::: [[User:Jvb|--Jvb]] Jan 25, 2005.
    +
    +==06/05==
    +*the page currently says "Until his death Van Gogh was working on a movie (0605) about the assassination of Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn. The film is set for premiere on December 15, 2004 on the internet through a Dutch ISP, which also financed the movie." That time has come and gone, did it come out? the best link i can find is [http://www.0605defilm.nl/video.php this one] but since i dont speak dutch i cant tell much of what is going on. someone who does should really update that phrase and if there is an english vertion, id live to hear it. also, it appears to me that the movie is called 06/05 not 0605 but it is lost on me as to why. [[User:Cavebear42|Cavebear42]] 07:53, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +:Try this link: http://notontv.net/
    +:[[User:Jvb|--Jvb]]– Jan 10, 2005
    +
    +== English ==
    +
    +I am a native speaker of English, also fluent in Dutch. Whoever wrote this page did a very fine job, however, ocassionaly the otherwise gorgeous prose seems to suffer from a Dutchisms or two.
    +
    +I tried to correct a couple of the most blatant errors. Maybe someone should edit this stuff for style once.
    +
    +
    +Is it me or does he not look like Chrisopher Hitchens a bit?
    +
    +== Watch the Video==
    +
    +The video links don't appear to work anymore?
    +
    +
    +
    +== meaning of Submission in arabic ==
    +in the article :
    +" The title itself, "Submission", is the translation of the word "Islam" in english. "
    +
    +I don,t know what is the source of this claiming , but that is totally wrong as i speak arabic as mother language , submision is translated in arabic as : خضوع , which means to be under the role of other human being and to obey other's wills . while إسلام Islam means to go peacefully with god's will which is always the best for humans . the root of the word سلام meaning exactly the english word : Peace .... and that is why the muslim greeting is : السلام عليكم , Peace be on you .
    +
    +I think the hurry in translatins could make many misunderstanding of peoples with eachothers . --[[User:Unfinishedchaos|Chaos]] 12:58, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +: The word "submission" as english translation of the word "Islam" is widely accepted.
    +
    +: '''Islam''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{Ar|الإسلام}}; ''{{ArabDIN|al-islām}}'' ({{Audio|ar-al_islam.ogg|listen}}), "submission (to the will of [[God]])") is a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] faith, one of the [[Abrahamic religion]]s, and the world's second-largest [[religion]]. From [[Islam]] page.
    +
    +: Here are just the first results from google (searching from "islam meaning"):
    +
    +: "The Meaning of Islam. Islam is derived from the Arabic root "Salema": peace, purity, submission and obedience. "
    +: From: http://www.barghouti.com/islam/meaning.html
    +
    +: "The word Islam is an Arabic word meaning peace, submission and obedience."
    +: From: http://www.al-islam.com/articles/articles-e.asp?fname=ALISLAM_R11_E
    +
    +: "With Islam, God completed the religion He revealed and chose for humanity (5:3). Literally, Islam means submission, peace, and salvation."
    +: From: http://www.islamanswers.net/crossroads/meaning.htm
    +
    +: I don't speak arabic, I can't prove the correctness of the statements, but it's a matter of fact that it is associated with Islam.
    +: The title of Theo's film is clearly a reference to that.
    +
    +: The discussion about the meaning (if any) should be moved to Wikipedia's Islam page. You should notice, anyway, that the matter of discussion is not the "meaning of Submission in arabic" - as you state - but whether the word islam means submission. There's a great difference, you totally missed the point.
    +
    +: Since the reference to Islam is clear (and obvious thinking about Van Gogh's critic), the sentence is readded.
    +: Please before editing again, post here. --[[User:Lasah]] 12:04, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +I think this sentence : The film's title is a direct translation of the word "[[Islam]]". .. represents nopv and mistake in the translation .
    +
    +actually arabic language has another world for Submission which is الخضوع ... I have explained that many times ... Isalm means exactly is to go freely and peacefully with god's will ... إسلام is derived from the word "سلام" which means "Peace".
    +
    +when u say : Islam is derived from the Arabic root "Salema": peace, purity, submission and obedience. " then this world carries all of these 4 meanings together so that should be clarified . --[[User:Unfinishedchaos|Chaos]] 17:33, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== The Hofstadgroup not radicals ? ==
    +
    +The dutch government, law enforcement agencies and the national news seem to differ:
    +
    +http://www.nos.nl/nieuws/artikelen/2005/2/7/ledenhofstadgroepvoorderechter.html
    +
    +(in Dutch)
    +
    +quote: "Leden van de Hofstadgroep zouden ook contact hebben gehad met Mohammed B., de verdachte van de moord op Theo van Gogh.
    +
    +Twee van de '''radicale moslimjongeren''' werden een week na die moord in het Haagse Laakkwartier opgepakt. Dat gebeurde na een belegering door de politie, die de hele dag duurde."
    +
    +You might be interested in this letter, written by the Dutch ministers of Justice and the Interior:
    +http://www.regering.nl/Images/briefplusbijlagen_tcm42-50573.doc
    +
    +(In Dutch) , I do not think there is any reason to revisit this point. --[[User:Isolani|Isolani]] 19:15, 10 March 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Submission film==
    +
    +Cut from article:
    +
    +:The movie was perceived by the Islamic community as an inaccurate perception of Islamic teachings.
    +
    +According to whom? And more to the point, '''which elements''' of the [[Islamic community]] formed this perception? And which Islamic teachings did these people say van Gogh inaccurately portrayed in the film?
    +
    +As is, this statement is unattributed POV masquerading as fact.
    +
    +Secondly, what was the point of van Gogh's film?
    +*that the Koran tells Islamic people it's okay to "abuse" woman (by Western standards); or,
    +*that men in Islamic societies (i.e., men who ostensibly follow the Koran's teachings) abuse women '''despite''' Koranic teachings; or,
    +*that regardless of what the Koran may or may not teach, women are getting badly mistreated?
    +
    +My personal impression is that Islamic society is selfish and violent, and that anyone who exposes this self-centered violence is liable to be bullied into submission. But the question for us Wikipedia contributors here is, how to describe Islam's reaction to van Gogh's criticisms. Was he murdered for branding Islamic men as murderous, womanizing bullies? (Ironically, proving his point!) Or what? Let's be as objective as we can in this article, please. --[[User:Ed Poor|Uncle Ed]] 14:17, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
    +:My impression was that it was the first option, as he utilized actual Koranic verses to make his point. [[User:TheKaplan|TheKaplan]] 14:30, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Passive vs Active Voice==
    +While I understand the reasoning behind changing the wording to the active voice in order to emphasize the murderer Bouyeri, it seems to me that the passive voice is more appropriate to an artile about Theo van Gogh, because he is the subject of the sentences. Consider: "Theo van Gogh was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri." This focuses on Van Gogh, as the article should. Next: "Mohammed Bouyeri murdered Theo van Gogh." This focuses on Bouyeri, and seems more appropriate for his own article. [[User:TheKaplan|TheKaplan]] 03:44, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +==Removed Major Dutch Cities/Washington Times claim==
    +
    +I really don't think the far-right-wing Moonie-controlled Washington Times is a credible source in any situation, let alone this case as regards the supposed "majority of under-14's in major Dutch cities are Islamic" and similar claims, especially as according to the CIA World Factbook Muslims make up only 5.5% of the total Dutch population. The Washington Times article in question is a commentary piece and quotes statistics without reference to any sort of study. This is thoroughly unencyclopaedic. Unless this claim can be substantiated by a more impartial and mainstream source it should not be in the article. [[User:JF Mephisto|JF Mephisto]] 02:28, 5 July 2006 (UTC) 2013-04-08 23:44:40 91859714 KLBot2 EmausBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q5357929]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,410 +1,71 @@\n
    -__NEWSECTIONLINK__
    -{{/How to ask and answer|[[WP:RD/M]] or [[WP:RD/MISC]]}}
    +==Welcome==
    +Hey, I noticed that nobody had said 'hello'. Your Penrith UDC article was well written; I hope you continue to contribute to the various Cumbria articles!

    -{{Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2006 November 18}}
    +:Thankyou. I have also been contributing to some articles in the Thomas The Tank Engine category:[[User:Penrithguy|Penrithguy]] 20:53, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

    -{{Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2006 November 19}}
    -= November 20 =
    +'''Welcome!'''

    -== football ==
    +Hello, {{PAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
    +*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
    +*[[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:How to write a great article|How to write a great article]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
    +I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Where to ask a question]], ask me on my talk page, or place '''{{helpme}}''' on your talk page. Again, welcome! 

    -What was the name of Jim Nance's younger brother, who played football at University of Buffalo in late 60s or early 70s?...thanx!{{unsigned|Hooper49}}
    +[[User:Robdurbar|Robdurbar]] 20:16, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

    -:Given where buffalos live, I assume you mean American football, but that's just a guess. Please specify. [[User:DirkvdM|DirkvdM]] 08:35, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

    -::Buffalos are from africa or asia, america has Bison, which they like to call buffalos. However the place Buffalo is the name of various places in the US. [[User:Philc_0780|Philc]] [[User talk:Philc_0780|T]][[User:Philc 0780/Esperanza|E]][[Special:contributions/Philc_0780|C]][[User:Philc_0780/Improve me|I]] 23:01, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +== Tots TV vandal ==

    -:::Dirk, if you know who [[Jim Nance]] is and what the [[University of Buffalo]] is, you know which football he's talking about. If those names don't mean anything to you, you won't have the answer anyway. It's true that sometimes American users sometimes fail to be geographically specific, but there's no reason to be scornful of someone when it's not really relevant. -- [[User:Mwalcoff|Mwalcoff]] 01:18, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    +I've blocked the latest incarnation of the vandal, forcing him to find yet another IP. As an extra step this time I have also semi-protected his two favorite targets, [[Tots TV]] and [[Rainbow (television)]]. The good news is this should stop him cold. The bad news is that pages cannot remain semi-protected forever. I'm thinking of leaving them protected for 3-4 days, and then unprotecting them. If he immediately returns, I'll repeat. I'm hopeing that being blocked from his targets may encourage him to move on once and for all. We shall see. - [[User:TexasAndroid|TexasAndroid]] 16:36, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

    -::::Suppose I were a football fan, then I'd waste time reading the question and trying to figure out what it is about, based on the title. Sorry about the buffalo-mistake. That was stupid. [[User:DirkvdM|DirkvdM]] 07:57, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    +I hope it does stop him or her though Ive a feeling its a him.
    +[[User:Penrithguy|Penrithguy]] 16:59, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

    -== Dislike of nudity ==
    +:I've undone the semi-protection on [[Tots TV]] and [[Rainbow (television)]]. While the protection test was a success (no edits at all during the time protected), pages generally cannot remain protected or semi-protected indefinitely. The ToTs TV vandal did strike at least once during the blocked time, and he just rampaged on other pages.
    +:Given that he only attacked each page once, or maybe twice a day, I'm inclined to say we all should just continue to revert him on sight. His edits are fairly obvious, as he makes the same changes every time. If he strikes again, feel free to drop a message on my talk page and I'll give him a short block when I see the message. I've yet to see him return to an IP once blocked, so short (24 hours) blocks appear to generally stop him for the day. Also feel free to list him at [[WP:AIV]], again asking for a short block. If you list it up there, give a description something like "ToTs TV returning, IP hopping vandal need short block to force him to seek new IP/stop for the day". This will hopefully let the responding admin know there's little point in warning him, as he's seen and ignored plenty of warning on his old IPs. - [[User:TexasAndroid|TexasAndroid]] 19:47, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

    -Why is nudity such a social taboo throughout most of the world? What is it about the human body that people fundamentally don't like? I wear clothes like most other people because it's the social norm, clothes look good too, and it keeps me warm -- but, why are people so hostile towards eg nude images? --[[User:Lightspeaker|Lightspeaker]] 00:11, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +== [[Stagecoach in Manchester]] ==

    -::The articles on [[nudity]] and [[indecent exposure]] explore that topic. I'm with you, I find it abhorrent that the so called conservatives find images of war and murder more socially acceptable then love and nudity. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 00:26, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +Can I thank you for starting this page - I've been unsure whether or not it was worthy of its own page, and I've been pretty unsure on what to put on it. :) -- [[User:9cds|9cds]][[User_talk:9cds|(talk)]] 17:00, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

    -:::I notice that this is your first post ever as [[User:Lightspeaker|Lightspeaker]]. Please excuse me if I doubt the sincerity of your question. If you indeed have contributed to this project with a different identity (username) then please let us know so that we can make some judgment as to your sincerity. The nature of your question does not seek a factual answer so much as to encourage controversy. That kind of inquiry is not welcomed at this RD, we are doing our best to answer factual questions and not to encourage controversial dialogue. Get it? --[[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 00:32, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +Thats no probelm the reason I did it was because the North West and Manchester disivisions are run seperatly [[User:Penrithguy|Penrithguy]] 17:39, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

    -::::Hardly a reason to discourage them from starting, and even though it could be a controversial subject, it does seem like a valid question. --[[User:Wirbelwind|Wirbelwindヴィルヴェルヴィント]] ([[User_talk:Wirbelwind|talk]]) 00:40, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +== Choosing admins ==

    -:::::I agree. It seems like every day someone is calling for deleting a question because it borders on trolling. I firmly believe they should only be deleted in extremely rare circumstances. The questioner might want anonymity and questions that seem to be trolling may have a genuine lack of knowledge behind them. -[[User:THB|THB]] 00:45, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +Hi PenrithGuy, I saw your comments to FelixCheng about his wish to become an admin. I agree that there is approximately a zero chance that he could become one. However your statement that because you're not an admin you don't have any influence over how admins are chosen isn't quite right. The [[WP:RFA|admin selection debates]] are open to you and any all other registered Wikipedia users. We welcome your input on who should be made an admin; its definitely not the current admins alone who decide that.

    -::::::Fine. Please have a go at answering the ''question'' then. --[[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 00:51, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +By the way, thanks for all your help with Felix. I've been trying to work with him for several weeks now. He seems to go through periods of very strange behavior. However his intentions are basically good and he has added some work of value, so I'm reluctant to block him again. Still, it can be tiring cleaning up some of his more enthusiastic edits... All the best, [[User:Gwernol|Gwernol]] 21:17, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

    -I'm sorry but although I realised this is a controversial subject (enough that I did get a different account), I did try to ask as best I could. I will try to rephrase the question more simply: what are the main reasons a majority of cultures throughout the world find nudity taboo, and what is it about nakedness they specifically dislike?
    +== From one fan, to another ==

    -Is this more acceptable? Maybe I tried to explain myself too much before. Also, thanks for the links, the first one in particular had some pertinent stuff :) --[[User:Lightspeaker|Lightspeaker]] 01:02, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Just a quick question: which is your favorite Star Wars movie? Mine is Episode 6. [[User:AndonicO|AndonicO]] 17:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

    -:Thanks for getting back to us and I apologize for my harsh commentary above. I have no quarrel with legitimate inquiry. --[[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 01:11, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Probably because of its sexual connotations. [[User:Cbrown1023|Cbrown1023]] 01:13, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::My faovurite is Episode 5: The Empire Strikes Back [[User:Penrithguy|Penrithguy]] 21:42, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

    -:::No, not at all. The question ''Why is nudity such a social taboo throughout most of the world?'' is a subject of debate and not a question that could be responded to with a factual reply. I agree that the debate would be fascinating and lengthy but such questions are in the category of debate rather than exactness or factualness. --[[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 01:22, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +== Help fight systematic bias ==

    -::::Sorry about that, I was referring to his question, not your comment. [[User:Cbrown1023|Cbrown1023]] 01:34, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +Dear Penrithguy,

    -:I wish to make it clear that [[User:Lightspeaker]] is of course not me! I would have chosen a ''completely'' different name from my own 8-)--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 01:15, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +I would like to draw your attention to the discussion currently ongoing at [[Talk:Popsicle]]. If you are interested in helping to [[WP:CSB|counter systematic bias]] towards North America, and instead establish Wikipedia as an international website, then please feel welcome to contribute with your opinions. Thank you. [[User:Eurosong|EuroSong]] [[User_talk:Eurosong|talk]] 13:22, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

    -::Why Lc! Why would you think that any newcomer with ...''light''... in its name would be thought to be you, no matter how clever or witty? --[[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 01:29, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +==Cumbria articles==
    +Hi - I hope this finds you well! Just to say thanks for correcting me on various issues the [[Carlisle Airport]] article - there's only so much you can do via web reserach! Can I ask a favour, and that you check out the [[Crosby-on-Eden]] article in a similar effort? Thanx! And at some point in time, I will get a picture of a lorry for the Eddie Stobart article. Best Rgds, - [[User:Trident13|Trident13]] 14:18, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

    -:::[[Mystery shopper]] (I havent been spotted yet!) 8-)--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 01:35, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Hi I have tidied up the Crosby on Eden article and added a little bit of info though I do not know the village very well if indeed at all. But just want to say I have never heard of Carlisle Airport (which is really regarded locally as a bit of a joke and white elephant) as being called Lake District Airport. [[User:Penrithguy|Penrithguy]] 17:28, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

    -:Possibly (guessing here) because the '''people in power''' are often fat old and ugly and so acquisition of fine clothes was prized over ''natural'' talents like attractive naked bodies. Perhaps when we are ruled by hollywood celebrities will will achieve naked utopia. [[User:MeltBanana|meltBanana]] 01:50, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::Thanx - much better! And as a Private Pilot, I can confirm that Carlisle Airport is currently both horrible, as well as a joke - in many, many aspects, not least the landing fee's. Mind you, the free tea is pretty good - and it needs to be! Rgds, - [[User:Trident13|Trident13]] 18:16, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

    -Some universal reasons:
    +== Kendal=South Lakeland and Westmorland=Eden ?==

    -*Because your level of sexual arousal becomes apparent, especially for males, if naked. It would be equivalent to saying "I'd like to have sex with your wife" or "I'd like to have sex with you" whenever your excitement to meet a husband and wife seems rather excessive.
    +I notice you added an edit to [[Westmorland]] implying that the modern division between [[South Lakeland]] and [[Eden, Cumbria|Eden]] is the same as the old barony border? I wonder if you know how closely this corresponds. I tried working it out but got rather stuck. [[User:Morwen|Morwen]] - [[User_talk:Morwen|Talk]] 16:05, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

    -*Because of hygiene concerns, especially diarrhea and menstruation.
    +:I didnt mean that is the exact same border but it will be roughly very similar as South Lakeland comprises the parishes that were in the Kendal and Lonsdale wards give or take a few boundary changes in the 20th century. [[User:Penrithguy|Penrithguy]] 19:10, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

    -Note that those reasons only concern covering the genitals and anus, they don't apply to toplessness, showing ankles, or anything else considered "nudity" for purely cultural reasons. Also, the first reason doesn't apply to young children, so public nudity in that age range (like baby butts) is sometimes considered more acceptable. Hygiene, of course, is a concern at any age (except menstruation). [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 04:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::oh, yeah, sure, i'm not talking about the exact meterage, just whether the parishes are the same. [[User:Morwen|Morwen]] - [[User_talk:Morwen|Talk]] 19:12, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

    -"If God had meant for us to be nudists, we all would have been born buck naked." [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 04:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +== WikiProject LGBT studies ==

    -::Haha:) I like it! Yes, you can explain your ''universal'' reason to the thousands of nudists that get by quite happily without clothes. Nudity as taboo is purely a phenomenon of society, it has nothing to do with hygiene or arousal, for one, male arousal is a result of the taboo, remove the taboo and the arousal is removed too, or do you think the Kalahari bushmen constantly walk around with erections because their women go about topless?[[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 04:36, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::No, the problem is that men, and especially teenage boys, get erections all the time. When they are hidden, it's not a problem, but when exposed, it creates a situation. For this reason, and for hygiene, adults almost always have their crotches covered, in all societies. As I said, those reason do NOT apply to toplessness, that is a purely social taboo. As for the hygiene issue, primitive societies with total nudism didn't know about how diseases spread, so didn't worry much about hygiene. As a result, they had much higher death rates, particularly among children. [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 04:44, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Hmm thats interesting about the childrens death rates. IDKT. Do you have any refs?--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 01:33, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -My guess is that it is evolutionary and that one of the main things that separate humans from animals is their ability to refrain from sex and make mroe conscious decisions about reproduction. To that end, nudity works against that discipline and societies that didn't refrain died out through natural selection. Whence the social taboo is s surival mechanism. --[[User:Tbeatty|Tbeatty]] 05:05, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I don't agree. Many other animals are amazingly picky about mates, even without clothes. [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 08:09, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I don't find that a very convincing explanation. In contexts where nudity is commonplace, it quickly ceases to be a sexual trigger. You may still be turned on by a ''person'', of course, but she'd turn you on in a burqa, if all you ever saw were women in burqas. I remember someone (not an expert, maybe a sci-fi writer, but it was pretty convincing) arguing that clothing serves precisely the ''opposite'' purpose -- the fashion cycles of more- and less-revealing clothes, he claimed, had the precise scope of keeping sexual interest high by stimulating the imagination. --[[User:Trovatore|Trovatore]] 05:12, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::No, I still don't agree, ok, granted the topless thing, but there are nudist societies where having or seeing an erection is obviously not the end of the world, THAT is also a social taboo. I really don't believe men cover their crotches to hide their erections, and I'm sure they also don't have massive hygiene problems with diarrhoea or menstruation, I do the laundry for myself and my partner and I can't remember ever having to wash blood or faeces from out underclothes.. ahem.. As to conscious decision about reproduction, well, that's arguable, but I really don't think nakedness has anything to do with that. Again, I cite evidence in the thousands of people who participate in nudist societies who manage not to spend the majority of their time copulating as you would suggest they would since they are shamelessly derobed a large amount of the time. [[User:Vespine|Vespine]] 05:19, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::The hygiene problem may be somewhat reduced by modern technology, but in primitive societies people had a harder time keeping clean (without toilet paper, running water, feminine hygiene products, etc.). With the exception of tampons, the other feminine hygiene products require wearing panties to keep them in place. Also note that sitting on an apparently clean bench another nude person sat on might be enough for you to pick up a parasite egg; it isn't necessary for there to be a big steaming pile or a bloody mess. [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 08:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I, for one, am surprised that religion hasn't been mentioned. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all (AFAIK) have taboos with regards to nudity and that covers most people on earth as far as religion goes. [[User:Dismas|Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|(talk)]] 07:35, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::But religion typically just reflects the social views of a culture, it rarely changes those views. [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 08:06, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I have no actual data, but it can start like this: people wore clothing for warmth. So after a while clothing became the normal state. And thus ''not'' wearing clothing became odd, with all the taboos you refer too.
    -:I'll give you a modern example: shoes. In america if you walk barefoot, you will be looked at oddly. Why? Because most of the time people wear shoes, so not wearing them becomes taboo. So why is it not a universal taboo like clothing is? Because in some contexts (swimming, etc) it's normal to not wear shoes. The resulting taboo 'level' exactly matches how common it is to wear, or not wear shoes. In other countries (or in times past) going barefoot was normal, so no taboo resulted.
    -:You can apply the same reasoning to wearing pajamas outside. Would you be comfortable with that in an office? It's not nudity, but most people would be embarassed, but in the proper context it's fine. In many bath houses in europe people sit nude in mixed company without being embarassed, yet would not dream of doing it in a different context.
    -:Basically what I'm saying is that many taboos are the result of what's usual, and any variation from that eventually becomes taboo.
    -:[[User:Ariel.|Ariel.]] 10:01, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -Hmm ok so its either (or a mix of) sex or social taboo then? Thanks for the info --[[User:Lightspeaker|Lightspeaker]] 23:07, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Male nudity will never be generally accepted until women can view a (male) erection without getting scared or offended! --[[User:Light current|Light current]] 23:11, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Also will not be accepted till women can view a man from '''behind''' when he bends over! 8-((--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 00:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Name of a game ==
    -
    -There's a board game I know as [[fox and geese]], but it is quite different to the game described in our article on the subject. Played on the white squares of a chess board, one player has four pieces which move as draughts pieces except that they cannot jump or become kings; the other has one piece which moves as a draughts "king" except that it also cannot jump. Starting from the first rank, the player with one piece (the "fox") attempts to reach the furthest rank. The other player attempts to use the four pieces (the "geese") to put the fox in a position where it is unable to move.
    -
    -Does anyone else know this game, and if so, does it have another name? thanks, [[User:Warofdreams|Warofdreams]] ''[[User talk:Warofdreams|talk]]'' 00:49, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I think I played a variant of this game using a checkerboard and pieces, but I can't remember the name. '''''[[User:Bibliomaniac15|bibliomaniac]][[User talk:Bibliomaniac15|1]][[WP:EA|5]]''''' 01:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -The game is '''Fox and Hounds'''. The objective of the "Hounds" is to trap the Fox; the "Fox," obviously, is attempting to evade the Hounds and reach the other side of the board.
    -
    -The game is "unfair" in that one side should always win. However, with proper play by the other side, it can be made very difficult. So much so, that I'm not going to tell you which side is which. [[User:B00P|B00P]] 07:38, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I've always known it as Fox and Geese too, but privately thought Fox and Hounds would be a better name... Is there likely to be a source we can use to provide a link from [[fox and geese]] to [[fox and hounds]]? [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 17:45, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Don't bother. I'll add a section to [[Fox games]] in a day or two. [[User:B00P|B00P]] 19:12, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I've seen the board game before, and I think it's called Hounds and Hare. [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 20:35, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Thanks for the information! If no-one else get there first, I'll try writing something on it. [[User:Warofdreams|Warofdreams]] ''[[User talk:Warofdreams|talk]]'' 04:15, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Red turning blue ==
    -''Moved to [[WP:HD#Red turning blue]] by [[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 03:02, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*Clearly a question ''about using'' WP and not a question for the RD. [[User:Hydnjo|hydnjo]] [[User talk:Hydnjo|talk]] 03:14, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*Yes you are quite right! [[Mea culpa]]! Sorry!--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 03:19, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Glad you explained it, I was thinking it was about red US states (Republican) voting blue (Democrat) in the last election. [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 03:52, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:...and I was thinking it was something to do with acids, alkalis, and litmus paper! [[User:Grutness|Grutness]]...''[[User_talk:Grutness|wha?]]'' 05:49, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::...and I was thinking it was to do with [[Red vs. Blue]]! [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 17:43, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Saudi Arabia and UAE country info articles contradict ==
    -
    -UAE article says:
    -Many churches are present in the UAE, as all other Muslim countries, being tolerant of other religions.
    -Compare this with the Saudi Arabia view of christianity.
    -
    -Dunno how to fix...
    -Thought leave it with someone with more time then myself to sort out!
    -Cheers
    -
    -:Saudi Arabia isn't in the UAE. --[[User:Wooty|'''''Wo''''']][[User:Wooty/b|'''o''']][[User:Wooty|'''''ty''''']] [[User talk:Wooty|'''Woot?''']] [[Special:Contributions/Wooty|'''contribs''']] 02:23, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::You would be best to ask that on the talk pages of the articles. That way editors that are invested in those articles can address your concern or help you fix it. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 03:26, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::The [[Portal:Middle_East|Middle East Portal]] might also be a good place to reconcile this. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 03:37, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I suspect the misunderstanding is that the governments are tolerant of other religions (as burning Christians alive likely wouldn't help them out in international relations). On the other hand, substantial portions of the population are dedicated to eradicating Christianity. Of course, many Sunni are also dedicated to eradicating the Shia and vice-versa, so this should be portrayed as a general attitude of religious intolerance, not just intolerance against Christianity. But, again, remember that most governments don't participate in overt oppression, but prefer to keep it as subtle as possible, at least until they get enough military and political power so they no longer have to worry about world opinion. [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 03:48, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: StuRat, you say that "substantial portions of the population ''(of Muslim countries)'' are dedicated to eradicating Christianity". Do you know this for a fact ? What evidence do you have for this assertion ? [[User:Gandalf61|Gandalf61]] 11:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Here is a poll result from the US, where presumably more moderate Muslims live than in many Islamic nations [http://phibetacons.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NzI5NWFiNzU0ZGQzNjBkMzM2ZTliOTYzMmQ5NzQ5YTg=]:
    -
    -:::In answer to the question, "If you learned about a plot by Muslims to attack targets inside America, would you tell law enforcement authorities," 234 said yes, but 39 said no, and 34 were undecided.
    -
    -::[[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 11:50, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Is that your ''only'' evidence for your assertion ? That poll states that it is non-scientific [http://muslimsforasafeamerica.org/?p=48#more-48]; it sampled delegates at the annual convention of the Islamic Society of North Amrerica who visited a particular booth; and it has no questions about the attitude of Muslims to Christianity. How does a non-scientific poll of self-selected Muslim activists in the US allow you to draw widespread conclusions about the attitude of average people in different countries to a completely different question ? [[User:Gandalf61|Gandalf61]] 12:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::No, that's just one of many polls. However, scientific polls are rare in the Muslim world. Here's a poll on firing rockets into Israel (so about murdering Jews, not Christians, but still the same general idea):
    -
    -:::::"Some 42.4% of the respondents rejected firing rockets at Israeli targets from the Gaza Strip, and nearly the same number said it damaged the Palestinian cause." (So, some 57.6% do not reject firing rockets at Israeli civilians.)
    -
    -::::Do you have a poll that shows 99.9% of Muslims worldwide oppose terrorism ? [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 19:42, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::StuRat, if 42.4% of respondents to some poll reject a proposition you cannot conclude that 57.6% of respondents support the proposition - you don't tell us what other responses were available. Could there have been some "don't know"s, for example ? Since you don't give a source for your second poll, we cannot tell. In any case, this poll still does not back up your assertion that "substantial portions of the population ''(of Muslim countries)'' are dedicated to eradicating Christianity". As you do not seem to be able to support your extraordinary claim with evidence, I can only conclude that you do not have any. I have no problems with you putting forward your ''opinion'' that the majority of Muslims are dedicated to eradicating Christianity (even though I profoundly disagree with it), but please do not present it as if it were a fact. [[User:Gandalf61|Gandalf61]] 20:24, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== crocodiles ==
    -
    -Do crocodiles sneeze?? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:219.117.179.3|219.117.179.3]] ([[User talk:219.117.179.3|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/219.117.179.3|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
    -:[http://www.anapsid.org/sneeze.html This page] concerns reptile sneezing and yawning, and as [[crocodile]]s are reptiles, I suppose they do sneeze as well. –[[User:Mysid|mysid]][[User talk:Mysid|☎]] 08:15, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Perhaps you could ask one.[[User Talk:martianlostinspace|martianlostinspace]] 16:45, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:If you don't speak crocodilish, just tickle one. –[[User:Mysid|mysid]][[User talk:Mysid|☎]] 17:43, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Crocodiles also sneeze right before they vomit. -[[User:THB|THB]] 22:11, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Do you speak from personal experience (smile). Hope you were wearing rubber boots! --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 01:48, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Moving forward with the Metric System ==
    -
    -I have always wondered, why do Americans still use the non-metric (avoirdupois?) systems of measurement such as pounds and yards and miles, when the rest of the world has moved on to metric (grams and metres) a long time ago? It is surely easier to perform arithmetic using a decimal based system rather than any other? Why bother to remember how many yards in a mile? At the risk of controversy, surely the technological superpower of our world should move on from such colonialist quagmires? [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 09:29, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Well, that is probably the reason: only a superpower can afford to defy common sense, ignore the rest of the world and engage in colonialist quagmires. [[User:Skarioffszky|Skarioffszky]] 09:40, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::You may be interested in reading [[metrication in the United States]]. It is not true to say that "the rest of the world moved on to metric a long time ago". e.g. you won't find any roadsigns in the UK marked in kilometres.--[[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]] 09:46, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::But all of the scientific community use metric (and everything else, miles is the only non metric unit we use, everythings in kilos, litres and metres otherwise, were definately not imperial). And it makes sense, it removes lots of nasty constants. Plus when NASA got lent some data for one of their probes they left in km, instead of converting to miles which they curiously do everything in, a crashed it into mars. So really its in their intrests aswell. [[User:Philc_0780|Philc]] [[User talk:Philc_0780|T]][[User:Philc 0780/Esperanza|E]][[Special:contributions/Philc_0780|C]][[User:Philc_0780/Improve me|I]] 22:56, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It's called [[social inertia]]. People tend to stick with what they are already doing. ☢ [[User:Kieff|Ҡ''i''∊''ff'']]⌇[[User_talk:Kieff|↯]] 10:12, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::It's kind of off the subject and I'll be accused of picking nits but most Americans who actually know how long a mile is, don't think of it in yards. We think of it as 5,280 ft. [[User:Dismas|Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|(talk)]] 10:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::: Ah yes "feet" - I should have said 'caveman quagmires' - has a better ring to it :) [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 11:51, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: I wanted to get corrected on that 'rest of the world' statement - wanted to know which other backward countries there are - apparently this is rife in the "west" :) [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 11:51, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It might also be a matter of nationalistic pride. The USAns are obsessed with the idea of living in a free country, so they resist adaption of international standards for the sheer sake of resistance. "You will only take our miles and pounds away when you pry them from our cold, dead fingers". [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 12:11, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::What? It has almost nothing to do with nationalism, and everything to do with the system Americans were raised in. Since our parents learned feet and ounces, from a young age we are socialized into feet and ounces. Although we learn the wonders of the metric system in school, we don't have an intuitive sense for the units. If you as someone raised in the American Standard how long a foot is, they have qualitative and quantitative answers to estimate it - our thumbs are "about an inch" to the first knuckle, a yard or 100 yards can be estimated by a football field, a quarter mile is the distance between two bus stops. Switching over to metric isn't as easy as changing the labels on products. Now the distance between bus stops is 0.402 kilometers? Our thumb is 2.54 centimeters to the first knuckle? The 49ers have the ball on 3rd and 9.144? This is why metrification is difficult. [[User:Sthomson06|sthomson]] 16:26, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Those figures you give appear to have [[false precision]]. This might also be a factor why Americans are so reluctant to change to metric - they fear that when they do, they must start measuring everything with greater precision than they are used to. People will have to start carrying measuring tape to find how far a bus stop is from their home, and have to use a letter scale, an eyedropper and tweezers to get the correct ingredients for cooking a meal. This perceived fear is false, as no such increased precision is required or expected. (Perhaps this is also a result of the total lack of intuition about metric measurements.) I would state the measurements you gave above as "400 metres", "2.5 centimetres" and "9.1". Even though your maths teacher says 1 foot is 304.88 mm, you don't have to carry a measuring tape and a magnifying glass when measuring how far you walk. Instead, you can use an approximation that 1 foot is 30 cm. It's what we Europeans do. [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 16:49, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Exactly. We in [[South Africa]] converted way back in 1961 along with our British currency, and people adapted quickly. Sure my parents still talk in the old way such as "I am 6 feet tall", but in other ways they have adapted, such as knowing a ruler is 30 cm or using a 5 metre measuring tape and never using the opposite side which shows inches. Using metric we have learned to either approximate ("I am about 1.8m tall") or use precision when needed. Now the only thing left is to convert time to use base 10 instead of 6... just kidding! [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 08:04, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: That says a lot, as does the Metrication article. Good to know there is an ''effort'', which like any change has a certain amount of resistance. Thanks people. [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 12:20, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Metrication is allegeldy not complete in three countries, the US, Liberia and Myanmar/Burma. I think Liberia and Myanmar also use some kind of imperial/avoirdupuis system, but the articles on the countries don't tell... [[User:Wakuran|惑乱 分からん]] 14:04, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Liberia uses the American system. Myanmar uses its own system. Also, there are many countries where the government is totally metrified but the people still use whatever "old" system they used before metric came along. In some countries the level of metrication among the populace varies wildly from region to region. Quebec is much more metrified, for instance, than British Columbia. --[[User:Charlene.fic|Charlene]] 16:42, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Where can I find more info about the Myanmar system? [[User:Wakuran|惑乱 分からん]] 17:12, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -And if you American-types ever go Metric (about the time when the British drive on God's side of the road), then don't get suckered into 'whole degree' Celsius thermostats! They stink! You're always too hot or too cold! --[[User:Zeizmic|Zeizmic]] 18:21, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Who would wnat to drive on the right side of the road, it's wrong and wierd! Are all bus stops in America the same distance apart? How is that possible or practical? [[User:Englishnerd|Englishnerd]] 18:44, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Many American cities are built on a grid plan with every road intersection spaced a certain number of yards from the previous one. The house numbering will go up by 100 within that distance. Strange to English eyes, but there we go. [[User:Marnanel|Marnanel]] 20:51, 20 November 2006 (UTC) (English living in the US)
    -
    -Boy, the government really tried to force a conversion to metric in the 1970s and I was all for it. I still carry in my wallet a little plastic metric conversion card from the U.S. Department of Commerce that I got in 1976. And then one day they switched all the speed limit signs back to mph... -[[User:THB|THB]] 22:09, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Did government give a reason why? [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 08:04, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -sthomson's post about being socialized into feet and ounces and not having an intuitive sense for the units etc, is true for ''any'' country that decides to change from one system to another. It does take a while for those alive during the transition to change their mind set. But hundreds of countries have changed without a negative impact on life. Australia did it in stages (currency 1966, weights and measures by the end of the 80s), and we didn't really blink an eyelid. The issue is that the USA is now lagging behind the rest of the world; they all did it and now the USA is out of step. [[User:JackofOz|JackofOz]] 23:54, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: So very true. Being from austria I naturally grew up with the metric system. Upon starting to play [[Warhammer 40k]] which only uses inches and feet I had a hard time measuring exact distances in the game with the hand and/or eye. However after a while playing I was able to measure 6" almost exactly with my eyesight and fingerspan. It is really just a matter of adaptation. [[User:Aetherfukz|Aetherfukz]] 00:05, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Let me give my two cents as an American. I use feet, pounds, ounces and degrees Fahrenheit. I learned the metric system in school. (in the early 80s, all the math word problems were in metric -- if Johnny has 9 kilograms of apples, etc.) I do not feel that my life suffers in one bit because I don't use the metric system. I know that metric has advantages in some ways, like how 1 liter of water is 1 kg., and of course I know all about the powers of 10 thing. When the metric system is used, such as for big bottles of soda or in science, I have no problem with it. But when I think about how far something is, I think of feet. When I think about how heavy it is, I think in pounds. This is how things have been measured my whole life, and in my parents' life, and their parents' life, and so on. Trying to change it would take a tremendous amount of effort and likely coercion, as we found in the 70s. So why should we do it? Because people in Malawi and Mozambique and Thailand use the metric system? Good for them. But that doesn't mean we should go along with them. We Americans are perfectly happy using the system we've used for 200 years, and unless you can show me that my life somehow suffers because of it, I don't plan on changing. -- [[User:Mwalcoff|Mwalcoff]] 00:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::You mention Malawi and Mozambique and Thailand, but failed to mention Mexico and Canada, or Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, India, Israel, Russia .......... If you lived in isolation from these countries, maybe it wouldn't matter a jot what they do. But you trade with these countries, you provide aid to them, you have diplomatic relations with them, and so on. You sometimes even invade them. There will inevitably come a time when staying with the imperial system just doesn't serve your interests any more. If you're going to have to bite the bullet before too long, why wait? Get it over and done with sooner rather than later. [[User:JackofOz|JackofOz]] 00:47, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Well, the military's been using metric for decades (they even have their own word for a kilometer -- a "klick"). Some consumer products, such as soda, are already measured in metric; more may be as globalization continues. But that's happening voluntarily. There's no reason to try to force people to use one system or the other. -- [[User:Mwalcoff|Mwalcoff]] 01:10, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::There ''is'' a reason to force people to use one system or another; it allows consumers to make reasonable comparisons between what people are offering, it avoids cheating and makes sure things are compatible with each other. That last point is probably a driving force in itself for people to ''choose'' to use a set system, but in the mean time you can get all sorts of confusion. The first is a simple principle of consumer protection; if I can use any system I want, I can tell you apples are 30p a pound, where 'pound' is in fact short for 'Skittle-pound' being equal to 12 ounces. Or I can sell you things in 'moog' measures, and you won't be able to work out if I'm selling cheaper than my competitor or not. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 01:41, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::I was referring to individual consumers, not companies. Obviously, there has to be a standard set of weights and measures for consumer protection. At the moment, consumer goods must show their contents in American measurements. Thus, a "2 liter" of soda will say "67.6 ounces" on it somewhere. This is to keep companies from taking advantage of consumers' ignorance of the metric system. (Several decades ago, a cigarette company advertised, "It's a millimeter longer than the others," not telling people a millimeter is 1-25th of an inch.) Eventually, the government will allow companies to use only metric. -- [[User:Mwalcoff|Mwalcoff]] 02:01, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:"Metrication"? Metrication is not an American English word. Try "metrification". Who says "metricate"? It's "metrify". [[User:Zoe]]|[[User talk:Zoe|(talk)]] 03:31, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Actually, "metrication" is correct. Wikipedia even has [[:Category:Metrication]]. -[[User:THB|THB]] 04:24, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Whether it is nationalism or a system in which you grew up, surely this is *against* independance and freedom. You celebrate 4 July with such fervour, yet this is for independance from British rule. So why still adopt the imperial British system of weights and measures? Scientists have adapted. Athletes have adapted. Americans should move forward with metrication as a symbol of globalization and willingness to be part of a world community. [[User:Sandman30s|Sandman30s]] 08:04, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:I thought the UK was making more progress in metrification than the USA? Or am I mistaken? [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 08:32, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Uh, yes, possibly because of all the trade with the rest of the EU. [[User:Wakuran|惑乱 分からん]] 13:48, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Law ==
    -
    -"Law is a command in the hand of the mighty people in a state." If you agree, make a debate on it. If you disagree, explain?
    -:When is it due? [[User:Skarioffszky|Skarioffszky]] 12:44, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:You wiil need to define [[Law]], Law in regard to a command and Law in regard to the state. You will need to define mighty people in the state. The question asked seems to be wether Law serves the "people" or if it is just a tool at the disposal of the "mighty people". Have a good time finding the arguments. The best way to go about would be to present your arguments for each side (serves the ppl vs. serves the mighty) then drawing your own nuanced conclusions [[User:Keria|Keria]] 13:02, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Do your own homework. We can help, but please don't give someone a whole question. For example, you could ask if your definition of "law" is correct, for example. Would here help? http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/ [[User Talk:martianlostinspace|martianlostinspace]] 16:43, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::This question reminds me of a debate between [[Sir Thomas More]] and Will Roper, his son-in-law, in Robert Bolt's play, [[A Man for All Seasons]]. I'm having to pull this up from deep memory, so please forgive me for any misquotation.
    -
    -::ROPER. ''Now you give the Devil benefit of law!
    -''
    -::MOORE. ''Yes, what would you do? Cut a road through the law to get to the Devil?
    -''
    -::ROPER. ''Yes, I'd cut down every law in England.''
    -
    -::MOORE. ''And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned on you, where would you hide, Roper, all the laws being flat? This country is planted with laws from coast to coast, man's laws, not God's; and if you cut them down, and you are just the man to do it, do you really think that you could stand upright in the wind that would blow then? Yes, I give the Devil benefit of law for my own safety's sake.'' [[User:Clio the Muse|Clio the Muse]] 00:31, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Wikipedia is not the place to "make debates". [[User:Zoe]]|[[User talk:Zoe|(talk)]] 03:32, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::It is not 'making debate', for the love of God. It's a quoted extract from a work of literature, relevant to the point under examination. If you are unable to understand this it would be best for your own self-esteem simply to remain silent. [[User:Clio the Muse|Clio the Muse]] 06:17, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Clio, if you look at the OP, Zoe is responding to her/his request to 'make a debate' on the topic. Please [[WP:AGF|assume good faith]] of your fellow editors. [[User:Anchoress|Anchoress]] 06:31, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Thank you for that clarification, Anchoress. My apologies, Zoe, for the misunderstanding. In my own defence I should add I have seen some very poor quality editorial comments in the brief time I have been here. But on this occasion I am pleased to confess my error. [[User:Clio the Muse|Clio the Muse]] 07:01, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Yes, if you look at the level of indents (correct in this case) you will see that Zoes comment is indeed addressed to the OP. Whereas mine and Anchoresss are addressed to you 8-)--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 06:35, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Shares ==
    -
    -If I bought shares of a company in one country can I sell them in another thus not paying exchange fees? ps. I don't know much about how it actually works so please pardon my ignorance [[User:Keria|Keria]] 12:56, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: A share on a company is traded on a specific [[stock exchange]]; you can only buy and sell it at that exchange (and that exchange is located in only one county, and deals in only one currency). So no. A ''few'' companies are traded in multiple exchanges, but they issue different stock into those different markets, so you still have to go back to the same exchange to sell a given share. -- [[User:Finlay McWalter|Finlay McWalter]] | [[User talk:Finlay McWalter|Talk]] 14:06, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Of course. That makes sense. Thank you. [[User:Keria|Keria]] 14:13, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Exchange fees are not your main concern - ''taxes'' are. You need to speak to an accountant before you do this. Also, not all stocks are publicly traded; privately traded stocks (those in companies not on the stock exchange - that covers ca. 99% of companies) may have their own rules. Some can be traded simply by signing a contract with a purchaser; others have to be redeemed by the company. Check with a lawyer. --[[User:Charlene.fic|Charlene]] 16:38, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I'm not sure where you are, but in the U.S. many foreign companies trade as [[American Depository Receipt|ADR]]s so it wouldn't work. -[[User:THB|THB]] 21:58, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== 1 Chronicles 21 ==
    -
    -_Why_ is it a sin to take a census of Israel? [[User:64.198.112.210|64.198.112.210]] 17:09, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:It has been discussed [http://www.mountainretreatorg.net/faq/davidcensus.shtml here] and [http://www.biblestudy.org/question/census.html here]. –[[User:Mysid|mysid]][[User talk:Mysid|☎]] 17:41, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::[[Rashi|Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi]] in his bible commentary ([http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=9891&showrashi=true Exodus 30:12]) explains based on earlier sources that it is forbidden to count the Jewish people individually and that they can only be counted by everyone giving a half-shekel and the counting the amount received. [[User:Jon513|Jon513]] 17:56, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::As both methods will give the exact same result in the same number of steps, I do not know how one can be a sin and the other not. But then by using the Rabbi's method, the census taker ends up quite a lot richer. =) [[User:JIP|JIP]] | [[User talk:JIP|Talk]] 18:08, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::The method was used for fund raising for public temple services. The advantage of not counting people directly is that you don't objectify people by assigning them a number. [[User:Jon513|Jon513]] 19:34, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::But I bet there are poor people in Israel who don't ''have'' a half-shekel (however much or little that is in modern currency) to spare. [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 20:43, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Half a shekel is about a dime. --[[User:Wooty|'''''Wo''''']][[User:Wooty/b|'''o''']][[User:Wooty|'''''ty''''']] [[User talk:Wooty|'''Woot?''']] [[Special:Contributions/Wooty|'''contribs''']] 00:11, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:One opinion in the [[Talmud]] is that it is illegal to literally count all the Israelites because the book of [[Hosea]] says "the number of the children of Israel was like the sands of the sea, which can’t be measured." In other words, the Bible says you can't count all the Israelites, so don't try. [http://www.jafi.org.il/education/torani/nehardeah/bamidbar.html] -- [[User:Mwalcoff|Mwalcoff]] 00:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Then I think the past tense "was" is important, meaning the population exceeded the counting ability of the institutions of its day. It ''wasn't'' possible way back when, but it may be now. And even if you change that "was" to an "is," I think this is one of those types of statements in the Bible that can go out of date. [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 01:02, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Not sure if this is relevant to current Israeli politics but [[Edwin Black]] makes the argument that without IBM census machines (and a previously-created German census) the Nazis would have had an impossible time trying to round up all of the Jews in Germany. I never thought to connect that with this sort of Talmudic approach before, myself, but I could see how one could make the connection. --[[User:24.147.86.187|24.147.86.187]] 01:27, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Specialized Programs ==
    -
    -I am asked to find "Specialized Programs" for the university Cornell. Can anyone direct me to a site with a list of all the specialized programs of Cornell University? Thanks. [[User:Hustle|Hustle]] 18:25, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Try [http://www.cornell.edu/academics/centers_about.cfm this page] where the second sentence reads "They provide a means for faculty and staff to share expensive, '''specialized''' research facilities and equipment". The link at the bottom leads to the lists. [[User:Seejyb|Seejyb]] 22:54, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:: So what is a specialized program? [[User:Jamesino|Jamesino]] 23:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Website sisterhood ==
    -
    -[[dmoz.org]] lists Wikipedia among its sister sites, but Wikipedia doesn't list dmoz, or any of the others dmoz claims, among its sisters. Am I to conclude that website sisterhood is non-commutative and non-transitive, or are Wikipedia and dmoz using different definitions of "sister site?" [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 20:29, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:It is easy to see how dmoz and WP differ. dmoz is owned by Netscape. Who owns WP ? (no cabal). --[[User:Harvestman| DLL ]] [[User talk:Harvestman | .. T]] 21:09, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Where "Netscape" means "Time Warner" these days. [[User:Marnanel|Marnanel]] 21:18, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Can you shoot us the link to the "sisterhood" claim so we know what you are refering to? --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 00:51, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:::It appears on the inside pages of the directory, such as http://dmoz.org/Reference/. [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 00:59, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Oh, that is weird, isn't it? I don't see dmoz on [[Wikipedia:Sister projects]]. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 01:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -Left [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2005-March/002648.html This] is funny; dmoz as the evil stepsister. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 01:10, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Run [http://www.google.com/search?&q=sister+dmoz+site%3Awikipedia.org&btnG=Search this search]. Needs a bit of culling but it seems the sisterhood is one-sided and self-declared. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 01:14, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::I guess under that logic you are my brother editor. Can I hold $20, bro? --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 01:16, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Author/artist's share of book/CD sales ==
    -
    -How much of the price of a book or CD typically goes to the author or artist, if it's published in the U.S. by a major publisher/label and I buy it in Canada? [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 20:50, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::New or used? -[[User:THB|THB]] 21:53, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::It would depend on the contract negotiated, but royalties on books generally amount to about 8% of the cover price. That's what I get anyway! [[User:Clio the Muse|Clio the Muse]] 00:03, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::New. [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 01:03, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Self-published books (vanity publisher) can pay much, much more. -[[User:THB|THB]] 04:15, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Hacksaw blade==
    -Thank you to everyone for help with the hacksaw blades/cutting the metal sofa frame in half issue. It took a couple of hours, and I got a blister, but I now have two manageable halves instead of a giant metal frame. One of the oval pipes actually had a solid 5/8" rod inside of it. I can barely lift each half, but now they'll fit in the elevator. Thanks again. -[[User:THB|THB]] 21:52, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:How are you going to put it back together? [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 05:12, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::It's scrap metal now! -[[User:THB|THB]] 07:13, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Hmmm. It looks like so-fa so good, but not much further! --[[User:Light current|Light current]] 05:43, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==General body info==
    -What is the difference between high biological value protiens and low biological value protiens? I can't make any sense of our article on [[Biological Value]], so I have no idea. Also, why exactly do the dietary requirements of male and femals differ? Is it something to do with body weight? And how it is normally seen that men are more active than women? Cheers. [[User:81.131.60.129|81.131.60.129]] 23:10, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, this is new to me but after looking at the article: Apparently some proteins are better assimilated by the body than others, i.e. a greater percentage of some proteins is used by the body for cell building and repair vs. passing through the body and being excreted. The way they determine the BV is by looking at nitrogen; all proteins contain nitrogen so if you can track how much goes in vs how much comes out then you can figure how much of the protein was used by the body. I would not want to be the chemist. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 23:27, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:Try [[Wikipedia:Reference desk/Science]]. [[User:NeonMerlin|Neon]][[User talk:NeonMerlin|Merlin]] 01:05, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Taxes ==
    -
    -If I am an American citizen who filed taxes already for 2005 and recieved a refund from my w-2s. But because of a ss # error in a general contractor job. I never reported income on a 1099 for the wages paid. But then filled out a w-9 for the employer to give them the right ss #. How do I go about paying those taxes... Plain and simple. I didnt file for a general contracting job because they had the wrong social security number, but now the IRS has the right info. I am sure it is only a matter of time before I get a letter. Will they ever find out? How can I fix this problem and get them their money? Can I still write off any of it? And no... Going to the irs website is even more confusing! THANKS!
    -:You should be able to file an amended return and pay any taxes due then wait and see if they assess interest and penalties. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 02:44, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Much better to go ahead and calculate and pay the interest so it won't keep accumulating at a high rate. They will definitely want the interest, at least. (This is on the Federal level. Although the IRS communicates things like this to states, some states are inconsistent with gettting their $$$.) -[[User:THB|THB]] 04:30, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Consult a tax preparer, they can tell you what form to use. [[User:RJFJR|RJFJR]] 14:23, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::It's a 1040X. See: [http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc308.html IRS Topic 308:Amended Returns]. -[[User:THB|THB]] 15:18, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== mountain range ==
    -
    -what is the name of the mountain range that surrounds the valley of [[Las Vegas]] [[Nevada]]? thank you. Anne Wilson
    -
    -:Could be one of these! [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges_of_Nevada]--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 01:39, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::The [[Spring Mountains]] are to the west. -[[User:THB|THB]] 04:38, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Las Vegas is located in the [[Las Vegas Valley]], a desert surrounded by the Spring Mountains and the [[Sierra Nevada (US)|Sierra Nevada]].[http://www.theusaonline.com/cities/lasvegas.htm]  --[[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 08:31, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Second Life ==
    -
    -What is it and can you kill people in it?
    -
    -:[[Second Life]] is a "privately owned, partly subscription-based 3-D virtual world". Unsure of second question. [[User:Jpeob|Jpe]][[User talk:Jpeob|ob]] 03:37, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I believe that you can die/be killed if your health bar goes low enough, but then you just respawn in your house. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 03:50, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -*Wonders about the homeless people...- [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|[[User talk:MacGyverMagic|(talk)]] 09:15, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -**I think, like in the Wild West, everyone gets a plot of land when they start. It just isn't necessarily very nice. [[User:Skittle|Skittle]] 15:11, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Editing a Wiki ==
    -
    -Dear Sirs,
    -I am enrolled in a graduate class at the University of SC in Columbia, SC. Our class has a "classwiki" with such information as the syllabus, assignments, notes, etc. One of my assignments for the semester was to reorganize the Class Wiki so that it would be easier to use and allow room for growth. There are several things I suggested doing to the page that I don't know if they are possible or not. They are as follows:
    -* Putting links in a two-column format. (I have looked and looked and tried to play around w/ doing this, but I can’t figure it out. Maybe it’s not possible?)
    -* I think adding some color would be good if possible. It looks a little dull. I know that doesn’t matter, but aesthetics are important up to a point right?
    -* How about a scrolling message bar at the top for important announcements, like our upcoming online meeting for example?
    -
    -Thanks for any info you can give me.
    -
    -Sincerely,
    -Mary Catherine Carroll
    -Lexington, SC
    -:Well, this wiki can be coded in standard [[HTML]] in addition to its own [[markup language]]. Take some lessons in HTML and go from there. --[[User:Justanother|Justanother]] 03:04, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Why do you assume that all of us here are "sirs"? [[User:Zoe]]|[[User talk:Zoe|(talk)]] 03:35, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::Everybody on the internet is assumed to be a man, silly. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mac_Davis X] '''[[[User:Mac Davis|Mac Davis]]]''' ([[User:Mac_Davis/Desk|DESK]]|[[User_talk:Mac_Davis/Improvement|How's my driving?]]) 05:11, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:::[http://www.unc.edu/depts/jomc/academics/dri/idog.html ''On the Internet, Nobody Knows You're a Dog''].  --[[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 08:36, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::As we in /b/ like to say, "there are no womenz on teh internets". --[[User:Wooty|'''''Wo''''']][[User:Wooty/b|'''o''']][[User:Wooty|'''''ty''''']] [[User talk:Wooty|'''Woot?''']] [[Special:Contributions/Wooty|'''contribs''']] 05:29, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Spelling. Probably meant to say Dears [[Cur]]s 8-)--[[User:Light current|Light current]] 05:40, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:To try and answer your questions, for the first, see [[Help:Tables]]. Many articles here have columns in them, e.g. [[List of people in Playboy 2000-present]]. Color is possible using standard HTML markup. I'm not sure if there's any wiki code for colors. And depending on your wiki software, blinking or scrolling text may be disabled. I know it is here and thus I'm not sure how you would go about using it on your wiki. [[User:Dismas|Dismas]]|[[User talk:Dismas|(talk)]] 06:37, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -::A scrolling banner could be realized within the limits imposed here as an [[animated gif]].  --[[User:Lambiam|Lambiam]][[User talk:Lambiam|Talk]] 08:41, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Animated GIFs are hard to update. In any case one should generally ''not'' use a scrolling banner — they are cheesy, hard to read, and generally ineffective at getting attention. With a Wiki it is better to use a box with a strong text color, like the one a user sees when they have messages on their talk page. --[[User:24.147.86.187|24.147.86.187]] 15:08, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== The Nutcracker ==
    -
    -How tall does the Christmas Tree grow in the Grand Rapids Ballet's version of "The Nutcracker"? —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:24.11.115.97|24.11.115.97]] ([[User talk:24.11.115.97|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/24.11.115.97|contribs]]) {{{2|}}}.
    -
    -:Ask them: [http://www.grballet.com/gr_ballet/contact.aspx contact info]. -[[User:THB|THB]] 15:16, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -= November 21 =
    -
    -== Custom username styling in Wikipedia ==
    -
    -I notice that in Talk pages such as this, some users have their usernames styled differently to others (eg using colours / borders / talk and contrib links etc) I've tried looking for information on how to do this but to no avail. Can someone point me to an article about how to do it? [[User:Sp0ng|Sp0ng]] 12:40, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Check out [[WP:SIG]] and [[WP:SIGHELP]]. It also helps to look at the markup that other folk use. People copy from each other quite freely. --[[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]] 12:47, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Also look at [[Help:Wikitext examples]] for details of markup. Don't forget to ensure your user name remains clearly legible.--[[User:Shantavira|Shantavira]] 12:54, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -===How do they do it?===
    -Do they cut and paste their signature every time? -[[User:THB|THB]] 15:13, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:No, you just paste the HTML code into the Signature field of your user profile, and check the Raw Signature box. --[[User:Richardrj|Richardrj]] [[User talk:Richardrj|talk ]][[Special:Emailuser/Richardrj|email]] 15:20, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    -:(edit conflict) Nope. Although you should read the links too, the short answer is that it replaces our ~~~~ and is set in [[Special:Preferences|my preferences]]. --[[User:Wirbelwind|Wirbelwindヴィルヴェルヴィント]] ([[User_talk:Wirbelwind|talk]]) 15:21, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
    +Hello! I noticed that your userpage mentions that you are interested in LGBT issues. Would you be interested in joining [[Wikipedia:WikiProject LGBT studies|WikiProject LGBT studies]]? The WikiProject's been a bit inactive recently and some of us are trying to get it going again. We'd love to have you on board! [[User:Dev920|Dev920]] (Have a nice day!) 21:37, 3 December 2006 (UTC) 2013-03-12 17:19:59 89819797 Addbot EleferenBot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q237729]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1 +1,4 @@\n
    -#REDIRECT [[Geographic information system]]
    +[[Category:Albums by artist]]
    +[[Category:American albums]]
    +[[Category:Hard rock albums]]
    +[[Category:Proto-punk albums]] 2013-03-17 09:28:58 90600769 Addbot PixelBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q606960]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,336 +1 @@\n
    -{{Otheruses4|our solar system|other [[planetary system]]s or [[star system]]s|extrasolar planet}}
    -
    -{{currentrelated|2006 redefinition of planet}}
    -
    -[[Image:Solar sys.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Major features of the Solar System (not to scale): [[Sun|The Sun]], the [[Planet|eight planets]], the [[asteroid belt]], the dwarf planet [[Pluto]], and a [[comet]].]]
    -
    -The '''Solar System''', or '''solar system''', is the [[star system|stellar system]] comprising the [[Sun]] and the retinue of [[astronomical object|celestial objects]] [[gravity|gravitationally]] bound to it: the eight [[planet]]s, their 162 known [[natural satellite|moon]]s {{cite web| title= The Jupiter Satellite Page|author=Scott S. Sheppardi | work=University of Hawaii|url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~sheppard/satellites/|accessdate=2006-07-23}}, three currently identified [[dwarf planet]]s and their four known moons, and thousands of [[small solar system body|small bodies]]. This last category includes [[asteroid]]s, [[meteoroid]]s, [[comets]], and [[interplanetary dust cloud|interplanetary dust]].
    -
    -The principal component of the Solar System is the [[Sun]] ([[astronomical symbol]]
    -[[Image:Sun symbol.svg|10px|{{unicode|☉}}]]); a [[main sequence]] [[stellar classification|G2]] [[star]] that contains 99.86% of the system's known [[mass]] and dominates it gravitationally. {{cite web | author= M Woolfson| title=The origin and evolution of the solar system| work=University of York| url=http://www.oso.chalmers.se/~michael/astrobiologi-2003/j.1468-4004.2000.00012.x.pdf
    -| accessdate=2006-07-22}}     Because of its large mass, the Sun has an interior [[density]] high enough to sustain [[nuclear fusion]], releasing enormous amounts of [[energy]], most of which is [[Radiant energy|radiated]] into space in the form of [[electromagnetic radiation]], including visible [[light]]. The Sun's two largest [[orbit]]ing bodies, [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]], account for more than 90% of the system's remaining mass. (The currently hypothetical [[Oort cloud]], should its existence be confirmed, would also hold a substantial percentage). {{cite web| title=Estimates of mass and angular momentum in the Oort cloud|author=Marochnik, Leonid S.; Mukhin, Lev M.; Sagdeev, Roal'd. Z.| work=Institut Kosmicheskikh Issledovanii, Moscow|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...242..547M|accessdate=2006-07-23}}
    -
    -In broad terms, the charted regions of the Solar System consist of the Sun, four rocky bodies close to it called the [[terrestrial planets]], an inner belt of rocky [[asteroid]]s, four [[gas giant]] planets, and an outer belt of small, icy bodies known as the [[Kuiper belt]]. In order of their distances from the Sun, the planets are [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] ( [[Image:Mercury symbol.svg|8px|{{unicode|☿}}]] ), [[Venus]] ( [[Image:Venus symbol.svg|8px|unicode|♀}}]] ), [[Earth]] ( [[Image:Earth symbol.svg|8px|{{unicode|⊕}}]] ), [[Mars]] ( [[Image:Mars symbol.svg|10px|{{unicode|♂}}]] ), [[Jupiter]] ( [[Image:Jupiter symbol.svg|10px|{{unicode|♃}}]] ), [[Saturn]] ( [[Image:Saturn symbol.svg|8px|{{unicode|♄}}]] ), [[Uranus]] ( [[Image:Uranus symbol.svg|8px|{{unicode|♅}}/[[Image:X - Uranus B.png|8px]]]] ), and [[Neptune]] ( [[Image:Neptune symbol.svg|10px|{{unicode|♆}}]] ). All planets but two are in turn orbited by [[natural satellite]]s (usually termed "moons" after Earth's [[Moon]]), and every planet past the [[asteroid belt]] is encircled by [[planetary ring]]s of dust and other particles. The planets, with the exception of Earth, are named after gods and goddesses from [[Greek mythology|Greco]]-[[Roman mythology|Roman]] [[mythology]].
    -
    -From 1930 to 2006, [[Pluto]] ( [[Image:Pluto symbol.svg|8px|{{unicode|♇}}]] ), one of the largest known [[Kuiper belt]] objects, was considered the Solar System's ninth planet. However, in 2006 the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU) created an official [[2006 redefinition of planet|definition of the term "planet"]][http://www.iau2006.org/mirror/www.iau.org/iau0603/index.html IAU Resolutions, including 5a - Definition of a planet]. Under this definition, Pluto is reclassified as a [[dwarf planet]], and there are eight planets in the Solar System. In addition to Pluto, the IAU currently recognizes two other [[dwarf planet]]s: [[1 Ceres|Ceres]] ( [[Image:1 Ceres (2).png|8px|Old symbol of Ceres]] ) , the largest asteroid, and [[136199 Eris|Eris]], which lies beyond the Kuiper belt in a region called the scattered disc. Of the known dwarf planets, only Ceres has no moons.
    -
    -For many years, the Solar System was the only known example of planets in orbit around a star. The discovery in recent years of many [[extrasolar planet]]s has led to the term "solar system" being applied generically to all [[stellar system]]s. Technically, however, it should strictly refer to Earth's system only, as the word "[[solar]]" is derived from the Sun's [[Latin]] name, ''[[Sol]]''. Other [[stellar system]]s or [[planetary system]]s are usually referred to by the names of their parent star; "the [[Alpha Centauri]] system" or "the [[51 Pegasi]] system".
    -
    -[[Capitalization]] of the name varies. The IAU, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies [http://www.iau.org/SPELLING_OF_NAMES.240.0.html capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects] ('''Solar System'''). However, the name is commonly rendered in lower case ('''solar system''') including in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/solar%20system ''Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary''], and [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110143 ''Encyclopædia Britannica''].
    -
    -==Layout==
    -[[Image:solarsystem.jpg|thumb|200 px|The ecliptic viewed in sunlight from behind the Moon in this [[Clementine mission|Clementine]] image. From left left to right: Mercury, Mars, Saturn]]
    -Most objects in orbit round the Sun lie within the same shallow plane, called the [[ecliptic]], which is roughly parallel to the Sun's equator. The planets lie very close to the ecliptic, while [[comets]] and [[kuiper belt objects]] often lie at significant angles to it. All of the planets, and most other objects, also orbit with the Sun's rotation in a counter-clockwise direction as viewed from a point above the Sun's north pole. There is a direct relationship between how far away a planet is from the Sun, and how quickly it orbits. Mercury, with the smallest orbital circumference, travels the fastest, while Neptune, being much farther from the Sun, travels more slowly.
    -
    -A planet's distance from the Sun varies in the course of its year. Its closest approach to the Sun is known as its [[perihelion]], while its farthest point from the Sun is called its [[aphelion]]. Though planets follow nearly circular orbits, with perihelions roughly equal to their aphelions, many comets, asteroids and objects of the Kuiper belt follow highly elliptical orbits, with large differences between perihelion and aphelion.
    -
    -Astronomers most often measure distances within the solar system in [[astronomical unit]]s, or AU. One AU is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, or roughly 149 598 000 km (93,000,000 mi). [[Pluto]] is roughly 38 AU from the Sun, while [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] lies at roughly 5.2 AU.
    -
    -Informally, the Solar System is sometimes divided into separate "zones"; the first zone, known as the '''inner Solar System''', comprises the '''inner planets''' and the main asteroid belt. The [[outer solar system]] is sometimes defined as everything beyond the asteroids; however, it is also the name often given to the region beyond Neptune, with the gas giants as a separate "middle zone."
    -
    -[[Image:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.jpg|thumb|200 px|The orbits of the bodies in the solar system to scale (clockwise from top left)]]
    -One common misconception with regards to the Solar System is that the orbits of the major objects (planets, Pluto, and asteroids) are equidistant. Due to the vast distances involved, many representations of the Solar System tend to simplify these orbits, with equal spacing between each object. However, with certain exceptions, it can generally be stated that the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the greater the distance between it and the previous orbit. For example, [[Venus]] is approximately 0.33 AU farther out than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], whereas [[Jupiter]] lies 1.9 AU from the farthest extent of the [[asteroid belt]], and Neptune's orbit is roughly 20 AU farther out than that of Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a correlation between these distances (see [[Bode's Law]]) but to date there is no accepted theory that explains the respective orbital distances.
    -
    -== Planets, dwarf planets, and small solar system bodies ==
    -[[Image:UpdatedPlanets2006.jpg|right|400px|thumb|Planets and Dwarf Planets of the solar system.]]
    -{{Main|Planet|Dwarf planet|Small solar system body}}
    -{{Further|[[2006 redefinition of planet]]}}
    -A '''[[planet]]''', according to the recent definition passed by the [[International Astronomical Union]] General Assembly on August 24, 2006, is any body in orbit around the Sun that a) has enough mass to form itself into a spherical shape and b) has cleared its immediate neighborhood of all smaller objects. Eight objects in the Solar System currently meet this definition; they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
    -
    -'''[[Dwarf planet]]''' is a newly defined classification for stellar objects. The key difference between planets and dwarf planets is that while both are required to orbit the Sun and be of large enough mass that their own gravity pulls them into a nearly round shape, dwarf planets are not required to [[Clearing the neighborhood|clear their neighborhood]] of other celestial bodies. Three objects in the solar system are currently included in this category; they are [[Pluto]] (formerly considered a planet), the asteroid [[1 Ceres|Ceres]], and the [[scattered disc]] object [[136199 Eris|Eris]]. The IAU will begin evaluating other known objects to see if they fit within the definition of dwarf planets. The most likely candidates are some of the larger asteroids and several Trans-Neptunian Objects such as [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]], [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]], and [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]].
    -
    -The remainder of the objects in the Solar System were classified as '''[[small solar system bodies]]'''. A small solar system body ('''SSSB''') is a term [[2006 redefinition of planet|defined in 2006]] by the [[International Astronomical Union]] to describe Solar System objects which are neither [[planet]]s nor [[dwarf planet]]s.
    -:''All other objects ... orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" .... These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies.''[http://www.iau2006.org/mirror/www.iau.org/iau0602/index.html Definitions as voted on]
    -
    -As of 2006, the IAU considers the following bodies to be SSSB's:
    -# all [[asteroids]] except [[1 Ceres|Ceres]]
    -# all [[Centaur (planetoid)|centaur]]s
    -# all [[trans-Neptunian objects]], including [[Kuiper belt]] & [[Scattered disc]] objects, with the exception of [[Pluto]] and [[136199 Eris|Eris]]
    -# all [[comets]]
    -
    -==Formation==
    -[[Image:Ra4-protoplanetary-disk.jpg|thumb|300 px|Artist's conception of a [[protoplanetary disc]]]]
    -{{main|Formation and evolution of the solar system}}
    -The current hypothesis of Solar System formation is the [[nebular hypothesis]], first proposed in 1755 by [[Immanuel Kant]] and independently formulated by [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]]. {{cite web |year=1909| title= The Past History of the Earth as Inferred from the Mode of Formation of the Solar System|work= American Philosophical Society|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-049X%28190901%2F04%2948%3A191%3C119%3ATPHOTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U&size=LARGE|accessdate=2006-07-23}} The nebular theory holds that the Solar System was formed from the gravitational collapse of a gaseous cloud called the [[solar nebula]]. It had a diameter of 100 [[Astronomical Unit|AU]] and was 2–3 times the mass of the Sun. Over time, a disturbance (possibly a nearby [[supernova]]) squeezed the nebula, pushing matter inward until gravitational forces overcame the internal gas pressure and it began to collapse. As the nebula collapsed, conservation of [[angular momentum]] meant that it spun faster, and became warmer. As the competing forces associated with gravity, gas pressure, magnetic fields, and rotation acted on it, the contracting nebula began to flatten into a spinning [[protoplanetary disk]] with a gradually contracting [[protostar]] at the center.
    -
    -From this cloud and its gas and dust, the various planets formed. The inner solar system was too warm for volatile molecules like water and methane to condense, and so the planetesimals which formed there were relatively small (comprising only 0.6% the mass of the disc) and composed largely of compounds with high melting points, such as [[silicate]]s and [[metal]]s. These rocky bodies eventually became the [[terrestrial planets]]. Farther out, the gravitational effects of [[Jupiter]] made it impossible for the protoplanetary objects present to come together, leaving behind the [[asteroid belt]]. Farther out still, beyond the [[frost line (astrophysics)|frost line]], [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] developed as large [[gas giants]], while [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] captured much less gas and are known as ice giants because their cores are believed to be made mostly of ice, that is, hydrogen compounds.
    -
    -The gas giants were massive enough to retain a "primary atmosphere" of hydrogen and helium captured from the surrounding solar nebula. The terrestrial planets eventually lost their retained hydrogen and helium, and subsequently generated their own "secondary atmospheres" via volcanism, comet impacts, and, in Earth's case, the evolution of life.
    -
    -After 100 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the centre of the collapsing nebula became great enough for the [[protostar|protosun]] to begin [[thermonuclear fusion]], which increased until [[hydrostatic equilibrium]] was achieved.
    -The young Sun's [[solar wind]] then cleared away all the gas and dust in the [[protoplanetary disk]], blowing it into interstellar space, thus ending the growth of the planets.
    -
    -==Sun==
    -{{main|Sun}}
    -[[Image:The sun1.jpg|thumb|200px|The Sun as seen from Earth.]]
    -The [[Sun]] is the Solar System's parent star, and far and away its chief component. It is classed as a moderately large [[yellow dwarf]]. However, this name is misleading, as on the scale of stars in our galaxy, the Sun is rather large and bright. Stars are classified based on their position on the [[Hertzsprung-Russell diagram]], a graph which plots the brightness of stars against their surface temperature. Generally speaking, the hotter a star is, the brighter it is. Stars which follow this pattern are said to be on the [[main sequence]], and the Sun lies right in the middle of it. This has led many astronomy textbooks to label the Sun as "average;" however, stars brighter and hotter than it are rare, whereas stars dimmer and cooler than it are common. The vast majority of stars are dim [[red dwarfs]], though they are under-represented in star catalogues as we can observe only those few that are very near the Sun in space.
    -
    -The Sun's position on the [[main sequence]] means, according to current theories of stellar evolution, that it is in the "prime of life" for a star, in that it has not yet exhausted its store of hydrogen for [[nuclear fusion]], and been forced, as older [[red giants]] must, to fuse more inefficient elements such as [[helium]] and [[carbon]]. The Sun is growing increasingly bright as it ages. Early in its history, it was roughly 75 percent as bright as it is today.{{cite journal| last=Kasting| first=J.F.| coauthors=Ackerman, T.P.| year=1986| title=Climatic Consequences of Very High Carbon Dioxide Levels in the Earth’s Early Atmosphere| journal=Science| volume=234| pages=1383-1385}}Calculations of the ratios of hydrogen and helium within the Sun suggest it is roughly halfway through its life cycle, and will eventually begin moving off the main sequence, becoming larger, brighter and redder, until, about five billion years from now, it too will become a red giant.
    -
    -The Sun is a [[Metal-rich|population I]] star, meaning that it is fairly new in galactic terms, having been born in the later stages of the universe's evolution. As such, it contains far more elements heavier than hydrogen and helium ("[[Metallicity|metals]]" in astronomical parlance) than older [[Stellar classification|population II]] stars such as those found in [[globular clusters]]. Since elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, the first generation of stars had to die before the universe could be enriched with them. For this reason, the very oldest stars contain very little "metal", while stars born later have more. This high "metallicity" is thought to have been crucial in the Sun's developing a [[planetary system]], because planets form from accretion of metals. {{cite web| title=An Estimate of the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe: Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect|author=Charles H. Lineweaver |work=University of New South Wales|date=2000|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0012399
    -| accessdate=2006-07-23}}
    -
    -[[Image:Heliospheric-current-sheet.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[heliospheric current sheet]]]]
    -The Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles, a [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] known as [[solar wind]], ejecting it outwards at speeds greater than 2 million kilometres per hour, creating a very tenuous "atmosphere" (the [[heliosphere]]), that permeates the solar system for at least 100 AU. This environment is known as the [[interplanetary medium]]. Small quantities of [[cosmic dust]] (some of it arguably [[interstellar]] in origin) are also present in the [[interplanetary medium]] and are responsible for the phenomenon of [[zodiacal light]]. The influence of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium creates the largest structure in the solar system, the [[heliospheric current sheet]]. {{cite web| title=Artist's Conception of the Heliospheric Current Sheet| work=Wilcox Solar Observatory | url=http://quake.stanford.edu/~wso/gifs/HCS.html| accessdate=2006-06-22}}
    -
    -Earth's [[magnetic field]] protects its atmosphere from interacting with the solar wind. However, Venus and Mars do not have magnetic fields, and the solar wind causes their atmospheres to gradually bleed away into space.
    -
    -==Inner planets==
    -{{main|Terrestrial planet}}
    -[[Image:Terrestrial planet size comparisons.jpg|thumb|300 px|The inner planets. From left to right: [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Earth]], and [[Mars]] (sizes to scale)]]
    -The four '''inner''' or [[terrestrial planet]]s are characterised by their dense, [[rock (geology)|rocky]] composition, few or no moons, and lack of ring systems. They are composed largely of minerals with high melting points such as [[silicates]] to form the planets' solid [[crust (geology)|crusts]] and semi-liquid [[mantle (geology)|mantle]]s, and metallic dust grains such as [[iron]], which forms their [[planetary core|cores]]. Three of the four inner planets have atmospheres. All have [[impact crater]]s, and all but one possess tectonic surface features, such as [[rift valley]]s and [[volcanoes]]. The term ''inner planet'' should not be confused with '''[[inferior planet]]''', which designates those planets which are closer to the Sun than the Earth is (i.e. Mercury and Venus).
    -
    -The four inner planets are:
    -
    -===Mercury===
    -'''[[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]''' (0.4 AU), the closest planet to the Sun, is also the least massive of the planets, at only 0.055 Earth masses. Mercury has a very thin atmosphere consisting of atoms blasted off its surface by the solar wind. Because Mercury is so hot, these atoms quickly escape into space. Thus in contrast to the Earth and Venus whose atmospheres are stable, Mercury's atmosphere is constantly being replenished. {{cite web |year= 2006| author= Bill Arnett| title=Mercury| work=The Nine Planets| url=http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html
    -| accessdate=2006-09-14}}     Mercury is surrounded by an extremely small amount of helium, hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium. This envelope of gases is so thin that the greatest possible atmospheric pressure (force exerted by the weight of gases) on Mercury would be about 0.000000000002 kg/cm² (0.00000000003 psi). The atmospheric pressure on the Earth is about 1.03 kg/cm² (14.7 psi). {{cite web |year= 2006| author= NASA| title=NASA - Mercury| work=NASA World Book| url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/mercury_worldbook.html
    -| accessdate=2006-09-14}}     It has no [[natural satellite]], and, to date, no observed geological activity save that produced by [[impact event|impact]]s. Its relatively large iron core and thin mantle have not yet been adequately explained. Hypotheses include that its outer layers were stripped off by a giant impact, and that it was prevented from fully accreting by the Sun's gravity. The [[MESSENGER]] probe should aid in resolving this issue when it arrives in Mercury's orbit in 2011.
    -
    -===Venus===
    -'''[[Venus]]''' (0.7 AU), the first truly terrestrial planet, is of comparable mass to the [[Earth (planet)|Earth]] (0.815 Earth masses), and, like Earth, possesses a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, as well as a substantial [[Celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere]] and evidence of one-time internal geological activity, such as [[volcanoes]]. However, it is much drier than Earth and its atmosphere is 90 times as dense and is composed overwhelmingly of [[carbon dioxide]] and [[sulfuric acid]]. Unlike Earth, evidence suggests that Venus's crust is not divided into [[tectonic plates]] but instead comprises a single very thick rind. {{cite web |year= 2006| author= Paul Rincon| title=Doubt cast on Venus catastrophe| work=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4815230.stm
    -| accessdate=2006-07-01}}     Venus has no natural satellite. It is the hottest planet, despite being farther from the sun than Mercury, with temperatures reaching more than 400 degrees [[Celsius]]. This is most likely due to the amount of [[greenhouse gases]] in the atmosphere.
    -
    -===Earth===
    -The largest and densest of the inner planets, '''[[Earth]]''' (1 AU) is also the only one to demonstrate unequivocal evidence of current geological activity. Earth is the only planet known to have intelligent life. Its liquid [[hydrosphere]], unique among the terrestrials, is probably the reason Earth is also the only planet where multi-[[plate tectonics]] has been observed, because water acts as a lubricant for [[subduction]]. {{cite web|title=Shear stresses on megathrusts: Implications for mountain building behind subduction zones| work=Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK|url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005JB003916.shtml| accessdate=2006-07-23}} Its atmosphere is radically different from the other terrestrials, having been altered by the presence of life to contain 21 percent free oxygen. Its [[natural satellite|satellite]], the [[Moon]], is sometimes considered a terrestrial planet in a co-orbit with its partner, because its orbit around the Sun never actually loops back on itself when observed from above. {{cite web | title=The Origin of Our Moon|author=Lance May| work=Journal of Theoretics|url=http://www.journaloftheoretics.com/Articles/6-1/commentary6-1.pdf| accessdate=2006-07-23}} The Moon possesses many features in common with other terrestrial planets, though it lacks an iron core.
    -
    -===Mars===
    -'''[[Mars]]''' (1.5 AU), at only 0.107 Earth masses, is less massive than either Earth or Venus. It possesses a tenuous atmosphere of carbon dioxide. Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes and rift valleys such as [[Valles Marineris]], shows that it was once geologically active and recent evidence {{cite web |year= 2004| title= Modern Martian Marvels: Volcanoes?|author=David Noever |work=NASA Astrobiology Magazine|url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1360&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0| accessdate=2006-07-23}} suggests this may have been true until very recently. Mars possesses two tiny [[natural satellite|moon]]s ([[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]] and [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]]) thought to be captured [[asteroid]]s.
    -
    -==Asteroid belt==
    -{{main|Asteroid belt}}
    -[[Image:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|256px|thumb|Image of the main asteroid belt and the Trojan asteroids.]]
    -'''[[Asteroid]]s''' are mostly [[small solar system bodies]] that are composed in significant part of rocky, non-volatile minerals.
    -
    -The main '''[[asteroid belt]]''' occupies the orbit between Mars and Jupiter, between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun. It is thought to be the remnants of a small terrestrial planet that failed to coalesce due to the gravitational interference of Jupiter. Asteroids range in size from hundreds of kilometers to as small as dust. All asteroids save the largest, [[1 Ceres|Ceres]], are classified as [[small solar system bodies]]; however, a number of other asteroids, such as [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] and [[10 Hygeia|Hygeia]], could potentially be reclassed as [[dwarf planets]] if it can be conclusively shown that they are spherical. The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands - and potentially millions - of objects over one kilometre in diameter. {{cite web |year= 2002| title= New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed| work=ESA| url=http://www.alphagalileo.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=readRelease&Releaseid=9162| accessdate=2006-06-23}} However, despite their large numbers, the total mass of the main belt is unlikely to be more than a thousandth of that of the [[Earth]]. {{cite web | title= Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt|author= Krasinsky G.A., Pitjeva E.V., Vasilyev M.V., Yagudina E.I.|url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://ap/is/2002/00000158/00000001/art06837&unc=| accessdate=2006-06-23}} In contrast to its various depictions in [[science fiction]], the main belt is very sparsely populated; spacecraft routinely pass through without incident. Asteroids with a diameter of less than 50 m are called [[meteoroids]].
    -
    -===Ceres===
    -[[Image:Ceres_Hubble_sing.jpg|left|thumb|120px|Ceres]]
    -'''[[1 Ceres|Ceres]]''' (2.77 AU) is the largest astronomical body in the asteroid belt and currently its only [[dwarf planet]]. It has a diameter of over 1000 km, large enough for its own gravity to pull it into a spherical shape. Ceres was considered a planet when it was discovered in the nineteenth century, but was reclassified as an asteroid as further observation revealed additional asteroids. {{cite web | title= History and Discovery of Asteroids | author=NASA | work=NASA | url=http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/DawnClassrooms/1_hist_dawn/history_discovery/Development/a_modeling_scale.doc | accessdate=2006-08-29}}
    -
    -===Asteroid groups===
    -Asteroids in the main belt are subdivided into [[asteroid group]]s and [[:Category:Asteroid groups and families|families]] based on their specific orbital characteristics. [[Asteroid moon]]s are asteroids that orbit larger asteroids. They are not as clearly distinguished as planetary moons, sometimes being almost as large as their partners. The asteroid belt also contains [[main-belt comets]] {{cite web |year= 2006| author= Phil Berardelli | title= Main-Belt Comets May Have Been Source Of Earths Water| work=SpaceDaily | url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Main_Belt_Comets_May_Have_Been_Source_Of_Earths_Water.html| accessdate=2006-06-23}} which may have been the source of Earth's water.
    -
    -[[Trojan asteroid]]s are located in either of Jupiter's [[Lagrange point|L4 or L5 points]], (gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing a planet in its orbit) though the term is also sometimes used for asteroids in any other planetary Lagrange point as well.
    -
    -The inner solar system is also dusted with rogue asteroids, many of which cross the orbits of the inner planets.
    -
    -==Outer planets==
    -{{main|Gas giant}}
    -[[Image:Gas giants in the solar system.jpg|thumb|200 px|From top to bottom: [[Neptune]], [[Uranus]], [[Saturn]], and [[Jupiter]] (sizes not to scale).]]
    -The four '''outer planets''', or [[gas giant]]s, (sometimes called [[Jovian planet]]s) are so large they collectively make up 99 percent of the mass known to orbit the Sun. [[Jupiter]] and [[Saturn]] are true giants, at 318 and 95 Earth masses, respectively, and composed largely of hydrogen and helium. [[Uranus]] and [[Neptune]] are both substantially smaller, being only 14 and 17 Earth masses, respectively. Their atmospheres contain a smaller percentage of hydrogen and helium, and a higher percentage of “ices”, such as [[water]], [[ammonia]] and [[methane]]. For this reason some astronomers suggested that they belong in their own category, “Uranian planets,” or “ice giants.” All four of the gas giants exhibit orbital debris rings, although only the ring system of Saturn is easily observable from Earth. The term ''outer planet'' should not be confused with '''[[superior planet]]''', which designates those planets which lie outside [[Earth]]'s orbit (thus consisting of the outer planets plus [[Mars]]).
    -
    -===Jupiter===
    -'''[[Jupiter]]''' (5.2 AU), at 318 Earth masses, is 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets put together. Its composition of largely [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]] is not very different from that of the Sun. Jupiter's strong internal heat creates a number of semi-permanent features in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the [[Great Red Spot]]. Three of its 63 [[natural satellite|satellites]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], [[Io (moon)|Io]], and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] share elements in common with the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating. Ganymede has a larger diameter than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].
    -
    -===Saturn===
    -'''[[Saturn]]''' (9.5 AU), famous for its extensive [[planetary ring|ring system]], has many qualities in common with Jupiter, including its atmospheric composition, though it is far less massive, being only 95 Earth masses. Two of its 49 moons, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]], show signs of geological activity, though they are largely made of ice. Titan, like Ganymede, is larger than [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]; it is also the only satellite in the solar system with a substantial atmosphere.
    -
    -===Uranus===
    -'''[[Uranus]]''' (19.6 AU) at 14 Earth masses, is the lightest of the outer planets. Uniquely among the planets, it orbits the Sun on its side; its [[axial tilt]] lies at over ninety degrees to the [[ecliptic]]. Its core is remarkably cold (compared with the other gas giants; it is still several thousand degrees Celsius) and radiates very little heat into space. Uranus has 27 moons, the largest being [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]], [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]], [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]] and [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]].
    -
    -===Neptune===
    -'''[[Neptune]]''' (30 AU), though slightly smaller than Uranus, it is denser and slightly more massive, at 17 Earth masses, and radiates more internal heat than Uranus, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn. Its peculiar ring system is composed of a number of dense "arcs" of material separated by gaps. Neptune has 13 moons. The largest, [[Triton (moon)|Triton]], is geologically active, with geysers of [[liquid nitrogen]].
    -
    -
    -==Kuiper belt==
    -[[Image:Kuiper oort.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Artist's rendering of the Kuiper Belt and hypothetical [[Oort cloud]].]]
    -The area beyond Neptune, often referred to as the [[outer solar system]] or simply the "[[trans-Neptunian objects|trans-Neptunian region]]", is still largely unexplored.
    -
    -This region's first formation, which actually begins inside the orbit of Neptune, is the '''[[Kuiper belt]]''', a great ring of debris, similar to the asteroid belt but composed mainly of ice and far greater in extent, which lies between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. This region is thought to be the place of origin for short-period [[comet]]s, such as [[Halley's comet]]. Though it is composed mainly of [[small solar system bodies]], many of the largest Kuiper belt objects could soon be reclassified as dwarf planets. There are estimated to be over 100,000 [[Kuiper belt object]]s with a diameter greater than 50 km; however, the total mass of the Kuiper belt is relatively low, perhaps barely equalling the mass of the Earth. {{cite web |year= 2003| author= SCOTT J. KENYON, JANE X. LUU| title= ACCRETION IN THE EARLY KUIPER BELT. I. COAGULATION AND VELOCITY EVOLUTION| work=Harvard University| url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJ/journal/issues/v115n5/970467/970467.text.html?erFrom=7640058044023721618Guest| accessdate=2006-06-23}} Many Kuiper belt objects have multiple satellites and most have orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic.
    -
    -The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into two regions: the "resonant" belt, consisting of objects whose orbits are in some way linked to that of Neptune (orbiting, for instance, three times for every two Neptune orbits, or twice for every one), which actually begins within the orbit of Neptune itself, and the "classical" belt, consisting of objects that don't have any resonance with Neptune, and which extends from roughly 39.4 AU to 47.7 AU. {{cite web |year=2005| author= M. W. Buie, R. L. Millis, L. H. Wasserman, J. L. Elliot, S. D. Kern, K. B. Clancy, E. I. Chiang, A. B. Jordan, K. J. Meech, R. M. Wagner, D. E. Trilling|work=Lowell Observatory, University of Pennsylvania,
    -Large Binocular Telescope Observatory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Hawaii, University of California at Berkeley|title=Procedures, Resources and Selected Results of the Deep
    -Ecliptic Survey|url=http://www.citebase.org/fulltext?format=application%2Fpdf&identifier=oai%3AarXiv.org%3Aastro-ph%2F0309251|accessdate=2006-09-07}}
    -
    -===Pluto and Charon===
    -[[Image:Plutonianmoons.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Pluto, Charon, and their two known moons]]
    -'''[[Pluto]]''' (38 AU average), is the largest known object in the [[Kuiper belt]] and was previously accepted as the smallest planet in the Solar System. It has now been reclassified as a [[dwarf planet]] by the Astronomers Congress organized by the International Astronomers Union (IAU). This decision was made on August 24, 2006.{{cite web| url=http://www.iau2006.org/mirror/www.iau.org/iau0603/index.html|title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes|accessdate=2006-09-02|date=2006-08-24|publisher=IAU}} Pluto has a relatively eccentric orbit inclined 17 degrees to the ecliptic plane and ranging from 29.7 AU from the Sun at [[perihelion]] (within the orbit of Neptune) to 49.5 AU at [[aphelion]]. Prior to the [[2006 redefinition of planet|2006 redefinitions]], [[Charon (planet)|Charon]] was considered a moon of Pluto, but in light of the redefinition it is unclear whether Charon will continue to be classified as a moon of Pluto or as a dwarf planet itself. Charon does not orbit Pluto, but rather both bodies orbit a [[barycenter]] of gravity in empty space, making Pluto-Charon a [[binary system]]. Two much smaller moons, Nix and Hydra, orbit Pluto and Charon.
    -
    -Those Kuiper belt objects which, like Pluto, possess a 3:2 orbital resonance with Neptune (ie, they orbit twice for every three Neptunian orbits) are called [[Plutino]]s. Other Kuiper belt objects have different [[orbital resonance|resonant orbits]] (2:1, 4:7, 3:5 etc) and are grouped accordingly. The remaining Kuiper belt objects, in more "classical" orbits, are classified as [[Cubewano]]s.
    -
    -==Comets==
    -
    -[[Image:Comet c1995o1.jpg|right|thumb|100 px|Comet Hale-Bopp]]
    -'''[[Comet]]s''' are [[small solar system bodies]] (usually only a few kilometres across) composed largely of volatile ices, which possess highly eccentric orbits, generally having a [[perihelion]] within the orbit of the inner planets and an [[aphelion]] far beyond Pluto. When a comet approaches the Sun, its icy surface begins to sublimate, or boil away, creating a [[coma (cometary)|coma]]; a long tail of gas and dust which is often visible with the naked eye.
    -
    -There are two basic types of comet: short-period comets, with orbits less than 200 years, and long-period comets, with orbits lasting thousands of years. Short-period comets are believed to originate in the [[#Kuiper belt|Kuiper belt]], while long period comets, such as [[Hale-Bopp]] (pictured), are believed to originate in the [[Oort Cloud]]. Some comets with [[hyperbola|hyperbolic]] orbits may originate outside the solar system. Old comets that have had most of their volatiles driven out by solar warming are often categorized as asteroids.
    -
    -'''[[Centaur (planetoid)|Centaur]]s''' are icy comet-like bodies that have less-eccentric orbits so that they remain in the region between Jupiter and Neptune. The first centaur to be discovered, [[2060 Chiron]], has been called a comet since it has been shown to develop a coma just as comets do when they approach the sun. {{cite web |year= 1995| author=Patrick Vanouplines | title= Chiron biography| work=Vrije Universitiet Brussel| url=http://www.vub.ac.be/STER/www.astro/chibio.htm| accessdate=2006-06-23}}
    -
    -==Scattered disc==
    -[[Image:TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg|thumb|right|200px|Black: scattered disc; blue: classical Kuiper belt; green: resonant KBOs inc. Pluto.]]
    -Overlapping the Kuiper belt but extending much further outwards is the '''[[scattered disc]]'''. Scattered disc objects are believed to have been originally native to the Kuiper belt, but were ejected into erratic orbits in the outer fringes by the gravitational influence of Neptune's outward migration (''see [[Formation of the solar system]]''). Most scattered disc objects have perihelia within the Kuiper belt but aphelia as far as 150 AU from the Sun. Their orbits are also highly inclined to the ecliptic plane, and are often almost perpendicular to it. Some astronomers, such as Kuiper belt co-discoverer [[David Jewitt]], consider the scattered disc to be merely another region of the Kuiper belt, and describe scattered disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects." {{cite web |year= 2005| author= David Jewitt| title=The 1000 km Scale KBOs| work=University of Hawaii| url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/kb/big_kbo.html| accessdate=2006-07-16}}
    -
    -===Eris===
    -[[Image:Xenaandgabrielle.jpg|left|thumb|180px|Eris and its moon [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]]]]
    -'''[[136199 Eris|Eris]]''' (68 AU average) is the largest known [[#scattered disc|scattered disc object]] and was the cause of the most recent debate about [[Definition of planet|what constitutes a planet]] since it is at least 5% larger than Pluto with an estimated diameter of 2400 km (1500 mi). It is now the largest of the known [[dwarf planet]]s. {{cite web |year= 2005| author= Mike Brown| title=The discovery of 2003 UB313 Eris, the 10th planet largest known dwarf planet.| work=CalTech| url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/| accessdate=2006-09-15}} It has one moon, [[Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]].
    -
    -The object has many similarities vagina with Pluto: its orbit is highly eccentric, with a [[perihelion]] of 38.2 AU (roughly Pluto's distance from the Sun) and an [[aphelion]] of 97.6 AU, and is steeply inclined to the ecliptic plane, at 44 degrees, more so than any known object in the solar system except the newly-discovered object {{mpl|2004 XR|190}} (also known as "Buffy"{{cite web |year= 2005| author= Francis Reddy| title=Tenth planet discovered | work=Astronomy Magazine| url=http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=3401| accessdate=2006-07-01}}) and is believed to consist largely of rock and ice. {{cite web |year= 2005| author= Mike Brown | title=Dysnomia, the moon of Eris | work=CalTech| url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/planetlila/moon/index.html| accessdate=2006-09-15}}
    -
    -==Farthest regions==
    -The point at which the solar system ends and interstellar space begins is not precisely defined, since its outer boundaries are delineated by two separate forces: the [[solar wind]] and the [[Sun]]'s [[gravity]]. The solar wind extends to a point roughly 130 AU from the Sun, whereupon it surrenders to the surrounding environment of the [[interstellar medium]]. It is generally accepted, however, that the Sun's gravity holds sway to the '''[[Oort cloud]]'''. This great mass of up to a trillion icy objects, currently hypothetical, is believed to be the source for all long-period [[comets]] and to surround the solar system like a shell from 50,000 to 100,000 AU beyond the [[Sun]], or almost a quarter the distance to the next star system. The vast majority of the solar system, therefore, is completely unknown; however, recent observations of both the solar system and other star systems have led to an increased understanding of what is or may be lying at its outer edge. {{cite web |year= 2006| author= Bill Arnett | title= The Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud| work=nineplanets.org| url=http://www.nineplanets.org/kboc.html| accessdate=2006-06-23}}
    -
    -[[Image:Copy of Sedna.jpg|left|thumb|200px|An artist's conception of Sedna]]
    -===Sedna===
    -'''[[90377 Sedna|Sedna]]''' is a large, reddish Pluto-like object with a gigantic, highly elliptical orbit that takes it from about 76 AU at perihelion to 928 AU at aphelion and takes 12,050 years to complete. [[Michael E. Brown|Mike Brown]], who discovered the object in 2003, asserts that it cannot be part of the [[scattered disc]] or the [[Kuiper Belt]] as it has too distant a [[perihelion]] to have been affected by Neptune's migration. He and other astronomers consider it to be the first in an entirely new population, one which also may include the object {{mpl|2000 CR|105}}, which has a perihelion of 45 AU, an aphelion of 415 AU, and an orbital period of 3420 years. {{cite web |year= 2004| author= David Jewitt | title= Sedna - 2003 VB12| work=University of Hawaii| url=http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/kb/sedna.html| accessdate=2006-06-23}} Sedna is very likely a dwarf planet, though its shape has yet to be determined with certainty.
    -
    -===Heliopause===
    -[[Image:Voyager 1 entering heliosheath region.jpg|right|thumb|200 px|The Voyagers entering the heliosheath]]
    -The heliosphere expands outward in a great bubble to about 95 AU, or three times the orbit of [[Pluto]]. The edge of this bubble is known as the [[termination shock]]; the point at which the solar wind collides with the opposing winds of the [[interstellar medium]]. Here the wind slows, condenses and becomes more turbulent, forming a great oval structure known as the [[heliosheath]] that looks and behaves very much like a comet's tail; extending outward for a further 40 AU at its stellar-windward side, but tailing many times that distance in the opposite direction. The outer boundary of the sheath, the [[heliopause]], is the point at which the solar wind finally terminates, and one enters the environment of interstellar space. {{cite web |year= 2005| title= Voyager: The Interstellar Mission| work=NASA/JPL| url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html| accessdate=2006-06-23}} Beyond the heliopause, at around 230 AU, lies the [[bow shock]], a plasma "wake" left by the Sun as it travels through [[the Milky Way]]. {{cite web |year= 2002| author= P. C. Frisch | title= The Sun's Heliosphere & Heliopause | work=University of Chicago| url=http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020624.html| accessdate=2006-06-23}}
    -
    -==Galactic context==
    -[[Image:local_bubble.jpg|200 px|thumb|Artist's conception of the Local Bubble]]
    -The solar system is located in the [[Milky Way]] [[galaxy]], a [[barred spiral galaxy]] with a diameter estimated at about [[1 E20 m|100,000]] [[light year]]s containing approximately 200 billion stars. Our Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the [[Orion Arm]] or [[Local Spur]].{{cite web|title=A comparison of cosmic-ray energy spectra in Galactic spiral arm and interarm regions|author=M J Rogers, M Sadzinska, J Szabelski, D J van der Walt and A W Wolfendale|work=Dept. of Phys. Durham Univ., UK|year=1988|url=http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0305-4616/14/8/017|accessdate=2006-07-23}} The immediate galactic neighborhood of the solar system is known as the [[Local Fluff]], an area of dense cloud in an otherwise sparse region known as the [[Local Bubble]], an hourglass-shaped cavity in the [[interstellar medium]] roughly 300 [[light-years]] across. The bubble is suffused with high-temperature plasma that suggests it is the product of several recent supernovae.{{cite web|title=Near-Earth Supernovas|work=NASA|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/06jan_bubble.htm| accessdate=2006-07-23}}
    -
    -Estimates place the solar system at between 25,000 and 28,000 light years from the [[galactic center]]. Its speed is about 220 [[kilometre per second|kilometres per second]], and it completes one revolution every [[1 E15 s|226 million years]]. The apex of solar motion--that is, the direction in which the Sun is heading--is near the current location of the bright star [[Vega]]. {{cite web |year= 2003| author= C. Barbieri | title=Elementi di Astronomia e Astrofisica per il Corso di Ingegneria Aerospaziale V settimana|work=IdealStars.com|url=http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:IBMIgYfbtzcJ:dipastro.pd.astro.it/planets/barbieri/IngAeroAnnoA2004-05/5_LecturesAstroAstrofIng04_05QuintaSettimana.ppt+%22apex+of+solar+motion%22+vega&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=2| accessdate=2006-06-23}} At the galactic location of the solar system, the [[escape velocity]] with regard to the gravity of the Milky Way is about 1000 km/s.
    -[[Image:Milky_Way_Spiral_Arms.png|200px|right|thumb|Presumed location of the solar system within our galaxy]]
    -The solar system appears to have a very remarkable orbit. It is both extremely close to being circular, and at nearly the exact distance at which the orbital speed matches the speed of the compression waves that form the spiral arms. The solar system appears to have remained between spiral arms for most of the existence of life on Earth. The radiation from [[supernova|supernovae]] in spiral arms could theoretically sterilize planetary surfaces, preventing the formation of large animal life on land. By remaining out of the spiral arms, Earth may be unusually free to form large animal life on its surface. The solar system also lies well outside the star-crowded environs of the galactic centre. The opposing gravitational tugs from so many close stars within the galactic centre would have prevented planets from forming. {{cite web |year= 2001| author= Leslie Mullen|title=Galactic Habitable Zones| work=Astrobiology Magazine|url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=139| accessdate=2006-06-23}}
    -
    -Recent studies of [[extrasolar planet|Extrasolar]] systems neighboring Earth's have shown that our system's configuration might not be common, as the vast majority so far discovered have been found to be markedly different. For instance, many extrasolar planetary systems contain a "[[hot Jupiter]]"{{cite web |year= 2000|title=The migration and growth of protoplanets in protostellar discs|author=Richard P. Nelson, John C. B. Papaloizou, Frédéric Masset and Willy Kley |work=Royal Astronomical Society|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03605.x| accessdate=2006-07-23}}; a planet of comparable size to Jupiter that nonetheless orbits very close to its star, at, for instance, 0.05 AU. It has been hypothesised that while the giant planets in these systems formed in the same place as the gas giants in Earth's solar system did, some sort of migration took place which resulted in the giant planet spiralling in towards the parent star. Any terrestrial planets which had previously existed would presumably either be destroyed or ejected from the system. On the other hand, the apparent prevalence of hot Jupiters could result from a [[sampling error]], as planets of similar size at greater distances from their stars are more difficult to detect.
    -
    -==Discovery and exploration==
    -{{main|Geocentric model|Heliocentrism|Space exploration}}
    -
    -For many thousands of years, people, with a few notable exceptions, did not believe the solar system existed. The Earth was believed not only to be stationary at the centre of the [[universe]], but to be categorically different from the divine or ethereal objects that moved through the sky. The conceptual advances of the 17th century, led by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Johannes Kepler]], and [[Isaac Newton]], led gradually to the acceptance of the idea not only that Earth moved round the Sun, but that the planets were governed by the same laws that governed the Earth, and therefore could be similar to it.
    -
    -===Telescopic observations===
    -[[Image:Galileo's telescope.jpg|thumb|150 px|Galileo's telescope]]
    -The first exploration of the solar system was conducted by telescope, with astronomers learning that the Moon and other planets possessed such Earthlike features as craters, ice caps, and seasons.
    -
    -[[Galileo Galilei]] was the first to notice the physical nature of our solar system. He discovered that the [[Moon]] was cratered, that the Sun was pocked with sunspots, and that Jupiter had four satellites in orbit around it. [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] and [[Christian Huygens]] followed on from Galileo's discoveries by discovering the rings of Saturn, and Saturn's moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], respectively.
    -
    -In 1682, [[Edmund Halley]] realised that repeated sightings of a [[comet]] were in fact recording the same object, returning regularly once every 75-6 years. This proved once and for all that comets were not atmospheric phenomena, as had been previously thought, and was the first evidence that anything other than the planets orbited the Sun.
    -
    -In 1781, [[William Herschel]] was looking for binary stars in the constellation of [[Taurus]] when he observed what he thought was a new comet. In fact, its orbit revealed that it was a new planet, [[Uranus]], the first ever discovered.
    -
    -In 1802, [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] discoverd [[1 Ceres|Ceres]], a small world between Mars and Jupiter that was initially considered a new planet. However, subsequent discoveries of thousands of other small worlds in the same region led to their eventual separate reclassification: [[asteroid]]s.
    -
    -In 1846, discrepancies in the orbit of Uranus led many to suspect a large planet must be tugging at it from farther out. [[Urbain Le Verrier]]'s calculations eventually led to the discovery of [[Neptune]].
    -
    -Further discrepancies in the orbits of the planets led [[Percival Lowell]] to conclude yet another planet, "[[Planet X]]" must still be out there. After his death, his Lowell Observatory conducted a search, which ultimately led to [[Clyde Tombaugh]]'s discovery of [[Pluto]] in 1930. Pluto was, however, found to be too small to have disrupted the orbits of the outer planets, and its discovery was therefore coincidental. Like Ceres, it was initially considered to be a planet, but after the discovery of many other similarly sized objects in its vicinity it was eventually reclassified as a [[Kuiper belt object]].
    -
    -===Observations by spacecraft===
    -Since the start of the [[space age]], a great deal of exploration has been performed by [[unmanned space missions]] that have been organized and executed by various space agencies. The first probe to [[Landings on other planets|land on another solar system body]] was the [[Soviet Union]]'s ''[[Luna 2]]'' probe, which impacted on the Moon in 1959. Since then, increasingly distant planets have been reached, with probes landing on [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] in 1965, [[Mars (planet)|Mars]] in 1976, the asteroid [[433 Eros]] in 2001, and [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] in 2005. Spacecraft have also made close approaches to other planets: ''[[Mariner 10]]'' passed [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] in 1973.
    -
    -[[Image:Lander small.jpg|thumb|200px|The planned [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] Mars lander]]
    -The first probe to explore the outer planets was ''[[Pioneer 10]]'', which flew by [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]] in 1973. ''[[Pioneer 11]]'' was the first to visit [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]], in 1979. The [[Voyager program|''Voyager'']] probes performed a grand tour of the outer planets following their launch in 1977, with both probes passing Jupiter in 1979 and Saturn in 1980 – 1981. ''[[Voyager 2]]'' then went on to make close approaches to [[Uranus (planet)|Uranus]] in 1986 and [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] in 1989. The ''Voyager'' probes are now far beyond [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]]'s orbit, and astronomers anticipate that they will encounter the [[heliopause]] which defines the outer edge of the solar system in the next few years.
    -{{cite web |year= 2005| title=Voyager Interstellar Mission| Author=NASA/JPL| url=http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.html| accessdate=2006-07-01}} {{cite web |year= 2002| title= Time Line of Space Exploration| Author= Randy Culp| url=http://my.execpc.com/~culp/space/timeline.html| accessdate=2006-07-01}}
    -
    -All planets in the solar system have now been visited to varying degrees by spacecraft launched from Earth, the last being Neptune in 1989. Through these unmanned missions, humans have been able to get close-up photographs of all of the planets and, in the case of landers, perform tests of the soils and [[Celestial body atmosphere|atmospheres]] of some.
    -
    -No [[Kuiper belt object]] has been visited by a man-made spacecraft. Launched in [[19 January]], [[2006]], the ''[[New Horizons]]'' is currently enroute to becoming the first man-made spacecraft to explore this area. This [[Unmanned spacecraft|unmanned mission]] is scheduled to fly by Pluto in July 2015. Should it prove feasible, the mission will then be extended to observe a number of other Kuiper belt objects. {{cite web |year= 2006| title= New Horizons NASA's Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission| url=http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/| accessdate=2006-07-01}}
    -
    -==See also==
    -* List of solar system objects: [[List of solar system objects|By orbit]]—[[List of solar system objects by mass|By mass]]—[[List of solar system objects by radius|By radius]]
    -* [[Attributes of the largest solar system bodies]]
    -* [[Titius-Bode law]]
    -* [[Hypothetical planets]]
    -* [[Astronomical symbols]]
    -* [[Geological features of the solar system]]
    -* [[Numerical model of solar system]]
    -* [[Solar nebula]]
    -* [[Table of planets and dwarf planets in the solar system|Table of planetary attributes]]
    -* [[Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites]]
    -* [[Timeline of solar system astronomy]]
    -* [[Solar system model]]
    -* [[Space colonization]]
    -* [[Solar system in fiction]]
    -* [[Celestia]] - Space-simulation on your computer (OpenGL)
    -
    -{{Solar_system_table}}
    -
    -==References==
    -

    -
    -

    -
    -==External links==
    -{{sisterlinks|Solar system}}
    -* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/index.cfm NASA's Solar System Exploration site]
    -* [http://space.jpl.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Simulator]
    -* [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/solar_system NASA/JPL Solar System main page]
    -* [http://www.nineplanets.org/ The Nine Planets - Comprehensive solar system site by Bill Arnett]
    -* [http://www.krysstal.com/solarsys_planets.html Planetary data]
    -* [http://www.solstation.com/habitable.htm SolStation: Stars and Habitable Planets]
    -* [http://www.space.com/solarsystem/ SPACE.com: All About the Solar System]
    -* [http://www.wired.com/news/technology/space/0,71605-0.html?tw=wn_index_5 A Wired News article about the proposed 3 new planets to be voted on on August 24, 2006]
    -* [http://space.wikia.com/wiki/Solar_system Space Wiki entry]
    -* [http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2701/es2701page01.cfm?chapter_no=27 Illustration of the distance between planets]
    -
    -[[Category:IAU planet debate]]
    -[[Category:Astronomy]]
    -[[Category:Solar system]]
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    @@ -1,62 +1,10 @@\n
    -'''Carbon''' is [[Apple Computer]]'s procedural [[Application programming interface|API]] for the [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] [[operating system]], which permits a good degree of forward and backward compatibility between [[source code]] written to run on the older and now dated [[Mac OS 9]], and the newer [[Mac OS X]]. It is one of five major [[Application programming interface|API]]s available for Mac OS X; the others are [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]], [[Macintosh Toolbox|Toolbox]] (for the [[Classic (Mac OS X)|Classic]] environment), [[POSIX]] (for the [[Berkeley Software Distribution|BSD]] environment), and [[Java platform|Java]]. (Environments such as [[Perl]] and [[Python programming language|Python]] are considered minor environments because they are not generally used for full-fledged application programming).
    +'''PNE''' can be used to abbreviate the subatomic particles, [[Proton]], [[Neutron]] and [[Electron]], when referring to them ''en masse''.

    -==Overview==
    -The Carbon APIs are published and accessed in the form of [[C programming language|C]] [[header file]]s and a dynamically linkable [[software library|library]] (called '''CarbonLib''' on Mac OS). The implementation of the APIs is different in the two systems, but this difference is shielded from the [[executable]]. This permits code that conforms to the Carbon APIs to run unchanged and natively on both operating systems.
    +'''PNE''' as an acronym could refer to:

    -Without Carbon, applications written solely using the older APIs can only be run in the Classic Environment on Mac OS X.
    -
    -The Carbon APIs have been designed to include as many of the older [[Macintosh Toolbox|Toolbox]] APIs as possible, to permit easy porting of most [[legacy code]] to Mac OS X. Such porting is known in Mac programming parlance as ''Carbonization''. Carbon also adds new APIs to make up some of the deficiencies in the older APIs. For example, in the classic APIs, many [[data structure]]s were exposed and code was expected to manipulate or query fields within these structures directly. In Carbon, most such structures are now fully opaque, and so new APIs have been added to allow the same queries and manipulations to be done. Such changes require legacy [[source code]] to be slightly modified, but the result is usually cleaner and less error-prone code. Carbon does not include some of the older APIs that deal with now-obsolescent technology, such as the Palette Manager. On OS X, it also includes additional APIs for new technologies which were never part of the original Mac OS — applications requiring these cannot run on the older Mac OS.
    -
    -Carbon is often seen as a transitional or legacy technology, but in fact it is unlikely that large legacy codebases (e.g., Adobe [[Photoshop]], etc.) ever will be completely rewritten for Mac OS X, and so it will necessarily remain a core part of the OS X operating system indefinitely. In addition, [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]] relies on Carbon for some of its lower level services, and some services that don't fit the Cocoa design approach only have Carbon APIs. What is likely is that software vendors will quickly drop support for running under [[Mac OS 9]].''x'' using Carbon, since that operating system has already been officially retired by Apple. This is already happening — there are numerous applications which, while written using the Carbon APIs, will only run on OS X. Examples include [[iTunes]] 3.''x'' and later, and [[Microsoft]] Office v.X.
    -
    -Carbon is lower level and accessible by a range of [[programming language]]s, it is also closer in style to the [[Win32]] APIs of [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], and therefore may be a better choice for [[cross-platform]] development. In fact, the Carbon project at Apple was developed from the Quicktime for Windows codebase which has included a substantial subset of the classic Mac OS APIs since the early 1990s. QuickTime was one of the first Apple software components ported to the [[Rhapsody (OS)|Rhapsody]] operating system as it was designed to be portable. Its Mac OS emulation code was then generalized and expanded to form the first release of Carbon.
    -
    -Carbon is often confused and/or compared with [[Cocoa (API)|Cocoa]], but the two are complementary and are solving different problems. In general, Carbon is the lower level APIs, whereas Cocoa is a higher level [[application framework]]. While a software project may exclusively use one or the other, in practice it is often necessary to use elements of both. Carbon is more versatile in that it may be accessed using [[C programming language|C]], [[C++]], [[Pascal programming language|Pascal]], [[Ada programming language|Ada]], or any other language with suitable interface headers, whereas Cocoa exclusively uses [[Objective-C]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]. A higher level approach may be taken with Carbon by using an application framework built on it, for example [[MacApp]], [[PowerPlant|Metrowerks PowerPlant]] or [[MacZoop]].
    -
    -Following Apple's announcement of a switch to the [[Intel]] processor to begin in [[2006]], the company [[CEO]], [[Steve Jobs]], discussed the projected effort required to port various types of apps to the new architecture. Cocoa apps require "a few minor tweaks", Carbon apps written in [[Xcode]] require "more tweaks", and Carbon apps written in [[CodeWarrior]] must first be moved to Xcode.
    -
    -==Architecture==
    -Carbon descends from the [[Macintosh Toolbox|Toolbox]], and as such, is composed of "Managers". Each Manager is a functionally-related API, defining sets of data structures and functions to manipulate them. Managers are often interdependent or layered.
    -
    -Newer parts of Carbon tend to be much more object-oriented in their conception, most of them based on [[Core Foundation]]. Some Managers, such as the HIView Manager (a superset of the Control Manager), are implemented in [[C++]], but Carbon remains a [[C programming language|C]] API.
    -
    -Some examples of Carbon Managers:
    -
    -* File Manager — manages access to the file system, opening closing, reading and writing files.
    -* Resource Manager — manages access to resources, which are predefined chunks of data a program may require. Calls File Manager to read and write resources from disk files. Examples of resources include icons, sounds, images, templates for widgets, etc.
    -* Font Manager — manages [[Typeface|font]]s. Deprecated since [[Mac OS X v10.4]] because it is part of QuickDraw in favor of Apple Type Services (ATS).
    -* [[QuickDraw]] — 2D graphics primitives. Deprecated since [[Mac OS X v10.4]] in favor of Quartz 2D.
    -* [[Quartz (graphics layer)|Quartz]] (OS X only) — 2D graphics.
    -* Carbon Event Manager — converts user and system activity into events that code can recognise and respond to.
    -* HIObject — a completely new object-oriented API which brings to Carbon an OO model for building GUIs. This is available in [[Mac OS X v10.2]] or later, and gives Carbon programmers some of the tools that Cocoa developers have long been familiar with. Starting with [[Mac OS X v10.2]], HIObject is the base class for all GUI elements in Carbon. HIView is supported by [[Interface Builder (Mac OS X software)|Interface Builder]], part of Apple's developer tools. Traditionally GUI architectures of this sort have been left to third-party application frameworks to provide. Starting with Mac OS X v10.4, HIObjects are NSObjects and inherit the ability to be serialized into data streams for transport or saving to disk.
    -* HITheme — uses QuickDraw and Quartz to render [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) elements to the screen. HITheme was introduced in [[Mac OS X v10.3]], and Appearance Manager is a compatibility layer on top of HITheme since that version.
    -* HIView Manager — manages creation, drawing, hit-testing, and manipulation of controls. Since Mac OS X v10.2, all controls are HIViews. In Mac OS X v10.4, the Control Manager was renamed HIView Manager.
    -* Window Manager — manages creation, positioning, updating, and manipulation of windows. Since Mac OS X v10.2, windows have a root HIView.
    -* Menu Manager — manages creation, selection, and manipulation of menus. Since Mac OS X v10.2, menus are HIObjects. Since Mac OS X v10.3, menu content may be drawn using HIViews, and all standard menus use HIViews to draw.
    -
    -==Event handling==
    -Toolbox's Event Manager originally used a [[polling]] (also known as "pull") model for application design. The main [[event loop]], which is in the application, asks the Event Manager for an event. If there was an event in the queue, the Event Manager passes it back to the application, and it is handled; otherwise, either the call "blocks" for a specified interval, or it returns immediately.
    -
    -The polling mechanism worked well in the original Mac OS, when whatever application was running was guaranteed to be the ''only'' application running. In a [[preemptive multitasking|preemptively-scheduled]] [[operating system]] like Mac OS X, however, this is inefficient; the tight [[event loop]] means that the application is "[[Busy waiting|busy-waiting]]", executing its loop when it shouldn't be executing anything at all.
    -
    -Carbon introduces a replacement system, called the Carbon Event Manager (the original Event Manager still exists, though it is deprecated). Carbon Event Manager provides the event loop for you (based, in the current implementation, on Core Foundation's CFRunLoop); you set up event handlers and enter the event loop in your main function, and wait for Carbon Event Manager to bring the events to you.
    -
    -However, one easy trick for legacy code to take advantage of the newer approach without major changes to its source code is simply to set the sleep parameter passed to ''WaitNextEvent'' to a very large value - on OS X, this puts the thread to sleep whenever there is nothing to do, and only returns an event when there is one to process. In this way, the polling model is quickly inverted to become equivalent to the callback model, with the application performing its own event dispatching in the original manner.
    -
    -==Timers==
    -
    -In the classic Mac OS, there was no operating system support for application level timers (the lower level Time Manager was available, but was essentially an interrupt-based service). Timers were usually left to application developers to implement, and this was usually done by counting elapsed time during the ''idle'' event - that is, an event that was returned by ''WaitNextEvent'' when any other event wasn't available. In order for such timers to have reasonable resolution, developers could not afford WNE to delay too long, and so low "sleep" parameters were usually set. On OS X, this results in highly inefficient behaviour, since the thread will not sleep for very long, instead repeatedly waking to return these idle events. Apple added timer support to Carbon to address this problem - by implementing timers outside of the application's main loop, much greater efficiency can result. Depending on application design, converting code to use the modern approach can be straightforward.
    -
    -==External links==
    -* [http://developer.apple.com/carbon/ Apple Developer Connection: Carbon]
    -* [http://carbondev.com/ Carbon Dev]
    -
    -{{Mac OS X}}
    -
    -[[Category:Mac OS X APIs]]
    -
    -[[da:Carbon (programmering)]]
    -[[de:Carbon (Apple)]]
    -[[it:Carbon]]
    -[[ja:Carbon]]
    -[[zh:Carbon (API)]]
    +*[[Pacific National Exhibition]] - an exhibition in Vancouver, British Columbia.
    +*[[Preston North End F.C.]] - a football (soccer) club based in Preston, Lancashire that is in the Football League Championship.
    +*[[Peaceful Nuclear Explosion]] - a nuclear explosive set off for peaceful reasons, such as Operation Plowshare.
    +*[[PNe]] - the abbreviation for [[Planetary nebula]].
    +* [[Parokya ni Edgar]] - a Filipino rock band.
    +{{3CC}} 2013-03-16 13:04:06 90457855 Addbot Xqbot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3423508]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,209 +1,60 @@\n
    -'''Kanjani∞''' (関ジャニ∞) ("kan - jya - ni - 8") is a [[Johnny's Entertainment]] (JE) unit formed in 2002, an eight-man singing/entertainment group hailing from the Kansai-region of Japan. Their earliest singles featured a fresh new sound dubbed 'modern enka'. Their subsequent releases exhibit a range of other styles as well - from pop and rock, to ballad and even comedy - '''Sukiyanen, Osaka''', one of their popular tunes, incorparates funny talking bits as part of the song. During performances, the members will tell jokes or perform gags while introducing themselves by name.
    -Kanjani∞ project a strong image of being funny and loud - the stereotypical Kansai-jin (person from [[Kansai]]) or more specifically Osaka-jin (6 of the members are from [[Osaka]]). In fact, 'Osaka' is a recurrent theme in many of their songs - '''Sukiyanen, Osaka''' proclaims their love for the city, while in '''∞saka Obaachan Rock''', they sing about Osaka older ladies/mothers.
    -While fulfilling the JE-idol prerequisites of being able to sing and dance, the individual members also exhibit talents in speaking, hosting TV shows, song-writing, acting, playing musical instruments, and even [[Manzai]].
    +{{House (TV series) episode
    +| episode_name = Fools for Love
    +| episode_no = HOU-305
    +| airdate = [[October 31]] [[2006]]
    +| writer = [[Peter Blake]]
    +| director = David Platt
    +| guest_star = [[David Morse (actor)|David Morse]] as Detective Tritter
    [[Scott Rinker]] as Bobby
    [[Jurnee Smollett]] as Tracy
    [[Ricky Ullman]] as Jeremy
    +| image = [[Image:House s03e05.png|275px]]
    +| season = 3
    +}}

    +'''Fools for Love''' is the fifth episode of the third season of ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'', and the fifty-first episode overall.

    -==Members==
    -*[http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Yokoyama_Yu '''Yokoyama You''' ] (横山裕) May 9th, 1981 (real name Yokoyama Kimitaka)
    -*[http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Shibutani_Subaru '''Shibutani Subaru''' ] (渋谷すばる) September 22nd, 1981
    -*[http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Murakami_Shingo''' Murakami Shingo''' ] (村上信五) January 26th, 1982
    -*'''Maruyama Ryuhei''' (丸山隆平) November 26th, 1983
    -*[http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Yasuda_Shota '''Yasuda Shota''' ] (安田章大) September 11th, 1984
    -*[http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Nishikido_Ryo '''Nishikido Ryo''' ] (錦戸亮) November 3rd, 1984
    -*'''Ohkura Tadayoshi''' (大倉忠義) May 16th, 1985
    -*'''[http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Uchi_Hiroki Uchi Hiroki]''' (内博貴) September 10th, 1986
    +==Plot Overview==
    +A young man and his wife, an interracial couple, are among the victims of a diner robbery. Jeremy, the husband, attacks both robbers when they threaten his wife, Tracy. Almost immediately after, Tracy's airways begin to close and she is unable to breathe. Upon their arrival at the hospital, Cameron informs House that although Tracy experienced anaphylaxis, she did not have an allergic reaction. House, however, is distracted by the sight of Dr. Wilson chatting to an attractive new nurse in the hallway. He immediately intervenes, and attempts (successfully) to break up their conversation. Wilson denies that he is involved with the nurse, but House is unconvinced. Following her tox screen, it is revealed that Tracy and her husband have been using marijuana. Dr. Chase suggests that the drugs could have been tainted with salmonella. With no better theory to go on, House orders treatment.

    +House sees a clinic patient called Michael Tritter. The patient requests that House take a swab of a rash he is experiencing on his genitals, which House initially dismisses as merely being dehydration resulting from the patient's consumption of nicotine gum. When House attempts to leave without doing the test, the patient kicks his cane out from under him, causing him to trip. House performs the test, but before he leaves he tells the patient he needs to take his temperature with a rectal thermometer. Tritter bends over, and House inserts the thermometer and then leaves the room.

    ->>>''Nishikido Ryo and Uchi Hiroki are also members of [[NewS]]''
    +Tracy has a reaction to the antibiotics the team is administering for salmonella. House decides to change the diagnosis to exercise-based anaphylaxis. He believes that the anxiety of being the victim of a robbery caused Tracy to secrete too much adrenaline, which caused her heart to race. He has Tracy run on a treadmill in order to replicate the adrenaline level she experienced during the robbery. As Jeremy watches Foreman initiate the procedure, he becomes angry and then begins experiencing symptoms himself in the form of chest and stomach pain.

    -==Sub-goups==
    -Kanjani∞ has several sub-units within the group. Most came about organically as the members collaborated and mesh their talents together:
    +As they discuss this new development, House leads his team into the locker room where he breaks into the locker of the new nurse he saw Wilson chatting with. He discovers several novels, one blue shoe, and a flyer for a jazz festival taking place that weekend. However there are no CDs or any other kind of music in the locker, leading House to believe that she is feigning interest because Wilson likes jazz. He bets Foreman $200 that the nurse and Wilson are involved. Cameron, more interested in the case than in House's jealous obsession with Wilson's speculative love life, points out that Jeremy and Tracy could have caught the disease they are suffering from from an environmental source. House orders the team to check out their apartment.

    -*'''V.WEST''' - Uchi Hiroki, Maruyama Ryuhei, Yasuda Shota, Ohkura Tadayoshi
    -**Pre-existing band from their Jr days(more info under History)
    +During the search, Chase discovers a box of condoms in Jeremy's jacket. Foreman tells him to ignore them, knowing that House will immediately deduce that Jeremy has been cheating and subject the couple to an STD test. However Chase brings the condoms back to the hospital, and House orders genital testing. Tracy later informs them that she already knew about the condoms - she and Jeremy recently experienced a pregnancy scare, and were simply being cautious. The STD test is clean, but Tracy's abdominal pain continues to worsen. House removes her from the steroids she is on, knowing that if she develops a fever the problem is an infection, and if not it must have an environmental cause. However Tracy instead experiences a hallucination of Jeremy's father, who was violently opposed to their relationship, attempting to break her husband's arm. She screams, summoning Foreman. Looking at her eyes, he realises that fluid is leaking from the blood vessels in her brain, causing swelling. Tracy lapses into a dissociative coma.

    -*'''SubaruBand''' - Shibutani Subaru (vocals, guitar), Yasuda Shota (guitar), Maruyama Ryuhei (bass), Ohkura Tadayoshi (drums)
    -**Song: ONE (lyrics: Shibutani Subaru, music: Yasuda Shota)
    +After comparing Tracy's MRI to Jeremy's earlier chest x-ray, House suspects that sarcoidosis is a possibility. He consults with Wilson, a specialist on the disease, who disagrees. House tells his team otherwise, and tells them to treat the sarcoidosis and perform a brain-stem biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. The team is concerned about the risks of this procedure, and Cameron goes to Cuddy to inform her of House's plan. Cuddy refuses to allow House to speak to Jeremy, knowing that he will simply browbeat the patient into allowing the test on his wife. House instead asks Wilson to present Jeremy with his options. Jeremy requests that they perform the biopsy on him instead, since both he and his wife share the same disease. When Wilson tells him this is not an option because Jeremy's condition has not worsened as far as Tracy's, he requests that his treatment be stopped so that his symptoms can present. Frustrated, House injects Jeremy with naloxone, a drug that will cause intense pain. He hopes that Jeremy will believe the pain is a symptom, and consent to the biopsy being done on Tracy so that he can resume his treatment. However the pain only seems to strengthen his resolve.

    -*'''Kanjimi3/OhYamada''' - Yasuda Shota, Maruyama Ryuhei, Ohkura Tadayoshi
    -**Due to their relative lack of participation on the show Mugendai no Gimon, they were teasingly dubbed Kanjimmi3 ("jimmy" - Japanese slang for plain) which was later 'switched' to OhYamada (an acronym for their names)
    -**Coincidentally, the trio also making up Kanjani∞'s core-band, frequently playing their instruments during Kanjani∞ concerts
    +Cuddy calls House to her office. Michael Tritter, his former clinic patient, is waiting there for him. Tritter demands an apology from House, although he admits that what he really wants is for House to be humiliated so that he thinks twice about his actions in future. House flatly refuses to apologize, and leaves the office.

    -*'''SanKyoudai''' (3 brothers)- Yuu(Yokoyama You), Chipa(Yasuda Shota), Baru(Shibutani Subaru)
    -**An [[acoustic]] group. Yuu writes the lyrics, Chipa composes and plays the guitar [[accompaniment]], and Baru sings
    -**Songs: Ame-chan, Purin, Mikan, Onigishi
    +Meanwhile, Jeremy's condition has worsened. But instead of brain swelling from sarcoidosis, his intestines have begun to rot. House speculates that perhaps he and Tracy do not share the same disease after all. He orders that Tracy be treated for porphyria, and that Jeremy's dead bowel be biopsied. Foreman performs the procedure, and discovers that Jeremy's bowels are not rotting at all. Thinking back to the beginning of the diagnosis, House remembers Jeremy mentioning that he and Tracy grew up as neighbors and ran off at twenty to get married in an attempt to escape Jeremy's racist father (Tracy is black). House muses that perhaps Jeremy's father was not racist - perhaps he simply didn't want his son to be seeing Tracy in particular. He notes that the couple both have the same green eyes.

    -*'''Yamada''' - Yasuda Shota, Maruyama Ryuhei
    -**Kanjani∞'s own [[Manzai]] group. Maruyama plays the [[boke]] while Yasuda is the tsukkomi.
    +Jeremy and Tracy share hereditary angioedema, which prevents their bodies from producing a vital protein. Jeremy's father had an affair with Tracy's mother, which produced Tracy. She and Jeremy are half-siblings. House orders Foreman to tell them. Reluctantly, Foreman does so. Tracy reacts badly, and requests her own hospital room. Jeremy is devastated.

    -*'''8 Renja ("Eight - ranger")''' - all 7 members excluding Uchi Hiroki
    -**Kanjani∞'s latest 'sub-group', akin to "[[Super Sentai]]"/"[[Power Rangers]]"; first appearance at Kanjani∞ Xmas Party 2005 (after Uchi's suspension)
    -** 8 Renja even have their own theme(introductory) song
    -** Each Renja is referred to by the color of his costume:
    -*** "Black" - Yokoyama You
    -*** "Red" - Shibutani Subaru
    -*** "Green" - Ohkura Tadayoshi
    -*** "Orange" - Maruyama Ryuhei
    -*** "Blue" - Yasuda Shota
    -*** "Yellow" - Nishikido Ryo
    -*** "Purple" - Murakami Shingo (sometimes called "Nasu-renja" ("Nasu" = eggplant))
    +Later on that evening, Chase asks if Foreman can cover his clinic hours over the weekend, however Foreman reveals that he is going out of town. House realizes that he is going to a jazz festival - with the new nurse. Wilson isn't dating her at all. Reluctantly paying Foreman the $200 he bet him (although he insists it's unfair to bet when you already know the outcome), he speeds home on his motorcycle. As he is driving, House is pulled over by a police officer. The officer turns out to be his clinic patient, Michael Tritter. Instead of giving him a ticket, Tritter reminds House of the vicodin he took while he was examining him. He searches House's pockets and discovers a handful of vicodin. When House fails to produce a prescription for the pills, Tritter arrests him for possession of narcotics.

    -==History==
    +===Diagnoses===
    +The team assumes, yet does not reveal [[Angioedema]], a fatal allergy that attacks the muscles. The disease is hereditary, which leads the doctors to assume that both the patients had the same father, but a final, definitive answer is never revealed, though ample evidence is presented.

    -Most of Kanjani∞ entered JE around 1996-1997. They were part of the 'golden era' of Jrs. It was the height of popularity and activity for [[Johnny's Jrs]], then led by top junior [[Takizawa Hideaki]] (Takki).
    -The future members of Kanjani∞ soon made themselves known:
    +===Clinic patients===
    +Detective Michael Tritter ([[David Morse (actor)|David Morse]]), who is examined by House. House is his usual self, only this patient will not tolerate it, and begins a confrontation by tripping House. He wants an apology from House for his attitude, but House refuses; perhaps spurred on by the patient's attitude which is at least as bad as House's. House learns the hard way that not everyone is lenient to cripples. House is in a jail in the next episode, and gets into more trouble when Tritter finds a lot of Vicodin in his apartment.

    -*'''Shibutani Subaru''' stood out for his impressive singing and intriguing persona. He rose straight to the top and, at his peak as a Jr., it was "Takki of the East, Subaru of the West".
    -*'''Yokoyama You''''s comic talents (he was seen as a natural [[boke]]) and gift of the gab emerged. He also received many acting jobs.
    -*'''Murakami Shingo''' too had a talent for speaking. His sharp follow-ups were developing into the 'tsukkomi' skills he is known for today (tsukkomi, the opposite of [[boke]], is the straight man in [[Manzai]])
    -*'''Nishikido Ryo''' was singled out early on for many singing opportunities showcasing his clear high-pitched voice. He became known as Ryo-chan ('chan' = little/kiddo) not least due to his prolonged tiny stature. It is a nickname that has endured to today.
    -Since work was mostly in Tokyo, they had to commute to and from Tokyo regularly. To facilitate a rising career, Shibutani moved to Tokyo. He was later followed by Yokoyama and Murakami.
    +==Notes==

    +===Medical Terms===
    +*[[Sarcoidosis]] is House's guess in the middle of the episode.
    +*[[Angioedema]] is the final diagnoses, a hereditary allergy.

    -A little after Uchi Hiroki entered JE in 1999, a new Kansai Jr unit was formed; a band called V.WEST:
    -*'''Uchi Hiroki''' = vocals
    -*'''Yasuda Shota''' = guitar
    -*'''Maruyama Ryuhei''' = bass
    -*Mizuno Kiyohito = guitar
    -*Imayama Toru = drums
    +===Music===

    -V.WEST had a regular TV show, Weekly V.WEST, shown on Kansai TV. The band was also popular enough to hold its own live concert. Imayama Toru(今山透) and later, Mizuno Kiyohito(水野清仁), left V.WEST and JE for other pursuits before Kanjani∞ was ever formed.
    +Closing Montage:
    +"Walter Reed" - [[Michael Penn]]

    -Ohkura Tadayoshi, the 8th Kanjani8 member, had actually been invited to play drums for V.WEST before its formation. But he had wanted to dance and thought that an instrument would tie him down. So he declined the position, which he later regretted. He got a second offer to be V.WEST's drummer again when Johnny Kitagawa wanted an 8th member to form Kanjani8 (reportedly because their TV show was being aired on channel 8!).
    +==Arc Advancement==
    +In the closing [[montage]], Dr. Cuddy is shown taking a pregnancy test which turns out negative. Dr. Wilson is also revealed to have been living alone in a hotel room, presumably since moving out of Grace's apartment.

    -Circa 2001, Kansai Jrs suffered a period of neglect. Before they knew it, their activities had dwindled to a trickle. '''Shibutani, Yokoyama''' and '''Murakami''' returned to Osaka. It was a difficult period and future prospects seemed very dim. They got part-time jobs elsewhere. During this time, '''Shibutani''' later admitted to being lost. However, during this time, he managed to reaffirm his passion and calling for singing. Similiarly, '''Nishikido''', once on the super-elite Johnny's course, suffered a blow. Reflecting on his past faults, he regretted taking previous opportunities for granted. It seemed to late now. Still, they persisted.
    +===References===
    +*'''[[Safe (House)|Safe]]''': When Wilson is talking to the nurse, House mentions the time Wilson sabotaged his cane. After House plays several pranks on Wilson in this episode, Wilson files halfway through his cane in the middle of the night and it breaks while House is walking.

    -
    '''''Another'', 2002'''
    -
    -''Another'' is a stage play/musical the Kansai Jrs put on in the summer of 2002. Nishikido once said in a later interview that he had been contemplating quitting JE when ''Another'' came along and saved him from making a decision.
    -The play that brought the Kansai Jrs back, was a success. Since then, Kanjani8, supported by the Kansai Jrs, have put on a summer stage play every year.
    -
    -Soon after ''Another'', the top Kansai Jrs got to host their own TV show - ''Weekly V.WEST'' was reborn as ''J3Kansai''. In December 2002, two big announcements were made on the show; they introduced '''Ohkura Tadayoshi''' who had become the new drummer for V.WEST. They also announced that he was to be the 8th member of a new official JE unit they were going to form - Kanjani∞.
    -
    -The happy 'comeback' year ended resoundingly with a Christmas concert, another event Kanjani∞ will go on to hold every year, until 2005.
    -
    ->>The summer stage play is known as the ''Summer Special''.
    -The Christmas concert is known as ''X-mas Party.''
    -Both are held each year at [http://www.octb.jp/english/search/detail.cgi?id=00137&func=course&cls0=true&cls1=6&cls2=2 Osaka Shochiku-za Theater].<<
    -
    -
    '''NewS'''
    -
    -Although Kanjani∞ was still a new unit, the many years working together as Jrs and the bleak period of 2001, made them a tight-knit and ever more determined group. They were already developing close bonds. Then, in 2003 came the unexpected news, or rather [[NewS]]. Without prior indication, two of Kanjani∞,''' Nishikido Ryo''' and '''Uchi Hiroki''' were suddenly called to Tokyo to be part of this new JE unit. Each member was naturally unsettled by this turn of events and worried about the future of Kanjani∞. However, they accepted the change and the rest supported the pair who from now had to shuttle back and forth between 2 groups.
    -
    -
    '''2004 - 2005'''
    -
    -While there was no shortage of work for the Kanjani∞ boys now, their activities were still largely concentrated in the Kansai region. The [http://www.octb.jp/english/search/detail.cgi?id=00137&func=course&cls0=true&cls1=6&cls2=2 Shochiku-za] became somewhat of a 'home' venue. In the 1003-capacity theater, they charmed their cozy audiences and built a loyal Kansai fanbase that would soon spread.
    -
    -August 25th, 2004 saw the release of their debut single, '''Naniwa Iroha Bushi'''. Originally intended as a Kansai-only release, the single's popularity led to a nationwide release (Sept 22nd, 2004), following a huge meet-the-fans handshake event held at Zepp Osaka (Sept 18 2004) where 40,000 fans turned up. They had their first Tokyo live, 'Kansha ni ∞ in Tokyo' concert, on November 11st, 2004.
    -
    -In December 15th, 2004, Kanjani∞ released their first mini-album '''Kansha ni ∞'''. Their christmas concert that year was filmed and released as their first concert DVD ('''Excite!!''') the following year.
    -
    -They appeared in the musical ''DREAM BOY'' that starred [[Takizawa Hideaki]] in 2004 and also featured [[KAT-TUN]]. The 2 groups headlined the musical in its subsequent runs in 2005 and 2006.
    -
    -By 2005, the group had made big strides and picking up more momentum. '''Osaka Rainy Blues''', their second single was released on March 2nd, 2005 and debuted near the top of the Oricon charts. On September 14th, their third single, '''Sukiyanen!Osaka''', not only made it to #1 but also beat Ayumi Hamasaki's coinciding release to it.
    -
    -However, 2005 was a bittersweet year. That year, Kanjani∞ put on its first major concert at [[Osaka-jo Hall]](the final show was filmed and made into a 2nd DVD - Spirits!!). It was a definite milestone for this inseparable group. But they had to do it with one member less.
    -
    -
    '''Uchi Hiroki'''
    -
    -While on location, filming a [[J-dorama]] series ([http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Ganbatte_Ikimasshoi Ganbatte Ikimasshoi]) with fellow member '''Nishikido''', '''Uchi Hiroki''' was caught for drunken and disorderly behaviour in public. Apparently he had been invited out to drink by an older Fuji TV presenter. Being 18 and underaged for drinking at that time, he was promptly 'suspended from public eye'. So far, JE have not offered any concrete news about Uchi's return to either of his groups.
    -
    -Due to the strict enforcement of Uchi's punishment, ''Yakusoku'', a drama special starring all the members of Kanjani∞ together for the first time, was not aired on [[Kansai TV]] as scheduled, although filming had already ended.
    -
    -Although they were not allowed to even mention his name in public, they managed to let Uchi, and the fans, know that they were "waiting for him"; through veiled comments, 'coded' messages, an album cover illustration, and leaving a gap between two members during the group-bow at the end of concerts.
    -
    -
    -
    '''2006'''
    -
    -2006 sees their continued ascent. Their first album, KJ1 F.T.O. (Funky Town Osaka), was released March 15th, 2006. This album contained many new songs with a new slicker feel and a poppier sound. Following that, the boys released another single, ∞saka Obachan Rock (which came with the long-awaited Osaka Romanesque) on June 6th. Kanfuu Fighting, their 5th single, is scheduled for release on December 13th.
    -
    -Their first concert tour during the summer, F.T.O.N. (Funky Town Osaka Nagoya), was a huge success, and resulted in "Heat Up!", a 3rd concert DVD (which fans have come to expect from these entertaining showmen) as well as a tour extension. Their first nationwide tour ended in October, after 36 shows in 11 venues. A second nationwide tour will begin on December 2nd with 16 shows in 6 venues.
    -
    -Another sign of their popularity are the solo concerts. Nishikido Ryo held his earlier in the year. Shibutani Subaru and Ohkura Tadayoshi held theirs together as 'Shibutani Subaru with Ohkura Band', just before the start of the Fall tour. Concert dates were added in September due to overwhelming response in applications to the first shows.
    -
    -In December, 3 more members - Yasuda Shota, Maruyama Ryuhei and Murakami Shingo - will each hold a solo concert at the Shochikuza Theater.
    -
    -Kanjani∞`s members, individually as well as collectively, have also acted in dramas (TV-series), most notably [http://wiki.d-addicts.com/Nishikido_Ryo Nishikido Ryo]. Ohkura Tadayoshi made his acting debut in the drama special "Cinderella ni Naritai". While both Yokoyama You and Ohkura Tadayoshi have each starred in their own 4-part Gekidan Engimono series.
    -
    -Maruyama Ryuhei and Yasuda Shota will co-star in a drama special "Jitensha Shounen Ki".
    -
    -Kanjani∞ members will appear together in 3 separate drama specials on [[Kansai TV]] called the 関ジャニ∞青春ドラマシリーズ (KanJani8 Seishun Drama Series):
    -* "Dive to the Future" - Murakami Shingo, Yasuda Shota, Nishikido Ryo
    -* "Double" - Shibutani Subaru, Maruyama Ryuhei, Ohkura Tadayoshi, Yasuda Shota
    -* "Kemarishi" - Yokoyama You, Ohkura Tadayoshi, Nishikido Ryo
    -
    -== Discography ==
    -
    -'''''Albums'''''
    -
    -* '''Kansha ni ∞''' (Dec 15th, 2004) - debut mini-album
    -* '''KJ1 F·T·O''' (March 15th, 2006) - 1st Full Album
    -
    -
    -'''''Singles'''''
    -
    -* '''Naniwa Iroha Bushi''' (Aug 25th, 2004 - Limited, [[Kansai]] region release), (Sept 22nd, 2004 - Nationwide release)
    -* '''Osaka Rainy Blues''' (March 2nd, 2005)
    -* '''Sukiyanen, Osaka / Oh! Enka / Mugendai''' (Sept 14th, 2005)
    -* '''∞SAKA Obachan Rock / Osaka Romanesque''' (June 7th, 2006)
    -* '''Kanfuu Fighting''' (Dec 13th, 2006)
    -
    -== Filmography ==
    -'''''Concert DVDs'''''
    -*'''Excite!!''' (March 29th, 2005)
    -
    -* '''Spirits!!''' (Nov 23rd, 2005)
    -
    -* '''Heat Up!''' (Sept 6th, 2006)
    -
    -
    -'''''Other'''''
    -*'''Dream Boys 2006''' (June 28th, 2006)
    -
    -==Activities==
    -
    -'''''Variety Shows'''''
    -*Honjani
    -*Suka J
    -*Mugendai no Gimon (ended)
    -*Urajani (ended)
    -*J3Kansai (ended)
    -
    -
    -
    -'''''TV Dramas'''''
    -*Yakusoku (production ended- Fall 2005)
    -
    -
    -'''''Stage'''''
    -*Magical Summer Special:
    -**Another (2002)
    -**Douton Boys (2003)
    -**Summer Storm (2004)
    -**Magical Summer (2005)
    -**Another's Another (2006)
    -
    -*Hey!Say!Dream Boy(2004)
    -*Dream Boys(2005)
    -*Dream Boys 2006
    -
    -==Other==
    -'''''CMs'''''
    -*Sukiyanen Instant Ramen
    -*Oronamin C (Nishikido Ryo & Ohkura Tadayoshi only)
    -
    -
    -'''''Soundtrack:'''''
    -*'''"Mugendai"''' for [[Robots (film)]] OST (Japan release)
    -*'''"Oh! Enka"''' for [[Nintama Rantarou]] (Ending theme)
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.teichiku.co.jp/artist/kan8/ Teichiku Official Site]
    -*[http://www.johnnys-net.jp/artist/info/youandj.html Johnny's Entertainment Official You&J Site] Kanjani8's Official Johnny's site (shared with [[NewS]] and [[KAT-TUN]])
    -*[http://jweb85.blog48.fc2.com/ Johnny's J-Web Translations]
    -
    -[[Category:Japanese musical groups]]
    -[[ms:Kanjani8]]
    -[[ja:関ジャニ8]]
    -[[sv:Kanjani-8]]
    -[[zh:關西傑尼斯8]]
    +==Footnotes==
    +
    +[[Category:House episodes]] 2013-03-17 12:56:49 90624482 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1173138]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,132 +1,184 @@\n
    -== Vietnam? ==
    -Regarding the entry for Brock Sampson:
    -"The day after he'd been cut from the football team, he may have seen that his future in civilian life was shot, so he left to voluntarily enlist in the US Army during the Vietnam War."
    +{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width:246px; text-align:center; clear:right;"
    +|- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Mehmed-paša Sokolović
    +|-
    +| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[image:Sokullupasa.jpg|222px]]
    +|-
    +! style="text-align:center;" | '''Born''' :



    +| [[1506]]
    Ravanci, Sokolovići, [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia Province]][[Mehmed-paša Sokolović#Notes|1]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
    +|-
    +! style="text-align:center;" |'''Died''' :


    +| [[1579]]
    [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
    +|}
    +'''Mehmed-paša Sokolović''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: '''Sokollu Mehmet Paşa''') (born [[1506]], ''Sokolovići''[[Mehmed-paša Sokolović#Notes|1]] - died [[1579]], [[Istanbul]]) was an important 16th century [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statesman of [[Bosnian Serbs|Bosnian Serb]] origins. Born in a [[Serbia|Serbian]] [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]Kočan, Ismet (Dec. 21, 2005). [http://www.novosti.co.yu/code/navigate.php?Id=16&status=jedna&datum=2006-02-03&feljton=4972 Mit i stvarnost - Mehmed-paša Sokolović]. Večernje Novosti Online. village in southeast Bosnia, Sokolović was taken away at an early age as part of the [[devshirmeh]] system in order to be raised as a [[janissary]]. Through the course of his career he rose through the ranks of the Ottoman imperial system, variously holding positions as commander of the imperial guard ([[1543]]-[[1546]]), High Admiral of the Fleet ([[1546]]-[[1551]]), [[Governor]]-[[General]] of [[Rumelia]] ([[1551]]-[[1555]]), Third [[Vizier]] of the [[Porte]] ([[1555]]-[[1561]]), Second [[Vizier]] of the [[Porte]] ([[1561]]-[[1565]]) and the [[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Porte]] ([[1565]]-[[1579]]) to three Sultans: [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], [[Selim II]], and [[Murad III]].Imamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod. ISBN 9958-815-00-1 He was assassinated in 1579, ending a 15-year reign as the ''de facto'' absolute ruler of the Ottoman Empire.

    -There's two things wrong with this.
    -First, the events shown as flashbacks in the episode "Past Tense" take place in the early 1980's, maybe the late 70's at the earliest. The hairstyles, cultural references are clearly from this era. Mr. White even makes mention of running a New Wave college radio station. In any event, long after the Vietnam War.
    +== Biography ==
    +=== Early years ===
    +Little is known for certain about Mehmed-paša's birth and early life - [[Turkey|Turkish]] chroniclers and historians only took significant notice of him after he had attained great standing in the Ottoman hierarchy. The facts regarding his youth may further be obscured by popular myths from later ages, making it difficult for historians to separate them.

    -Second, the show never states of what branch of the military Brock served in before being an agent of Office of Secret Intelligence.
    +It is generally agreed that Mehmed-paša was born into an [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Serb]] family in the hamlet of Sokolovići, near modern-day [[Rudo]], around 1506. Said to have come from a modest shepherd family,Samarčić, Radovan (2004). Sokollu Mehmet Paşa (3rd edition). Istanbul: Aralik. ISBN 975882362-0 Mehmed-paša's surname presumably derives from his place of birth. Other sources allege that the Sokolović family was descended from feudal Bosnian nobility{{fact}}. However, this was a common myth regarding the pre-eminent families of the time. Research into the roots of Ottoman Bosnia's aristocratic families seems to discredit this thesis.

    +Mehmed-paša's birth name was probably ''Bajica'', while his father was named Dimitrije. He had two brothers and a sister, as well as at least one uncle. However, details about his family and relations are disputed on two major counts. One is his relationship to [[Makarije Sokolović]]. Traditionally identified as his brother, today some historians consider him to have been either a nephew or distant relative. The second is the matter of Mehmed-paša's uncle. By some accounts, his uncle was a monk at the [[Mileševa]] monastery who had his two nephews, Bajica and Makarije (taken to be brothers according to this view), educated there. On the other hand, alternative sources suggest that his only uncle converted to [[Islam]] early.

    -I am quite sure that the name of the german character with the metal jaw is spelled Unterbeit, and I have attempted to change all instances of it in this article. --[[User:Brkmyr|brkmyr]] 05:47, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)
    +In [[1516]], an Ottoman expedition that set out to recruit Christian children as part of the [[devshirmeh]] system reached Sokolovići. According to folklore, Bajica was either simply taken from his father's home or, due to a reputation as a gifted child, specifically requested for by the commanding Ješildže Mehmed-beg. The story further holds that his uncle unsuccessfully appealed to the authorities, even offering vast sums of gold for the child's return.

    -This article notes that Sasquatch is not in a sexual/ marital relationship with Steve Summer. I believe that it was implied from the episode that they were more than "just friends". But I would like other imput before changing this. --[[User:Brkmyr|brkmyr]] 05:58, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)
    +=== Janissary education ===
    +In [[Istanbul]], the young conscript converted to [[Islam]] and received the name Mehmed.

    -According to the credits in every episode that the Baron is in, his name is spelt Baron Ünderbheit. I don't know where you get "Unterbeit" from, but I have only checked out the credits for proper spelling. If there was a part in one or some of the episodes where it states that "Unterbeit" is the correct spelling, then so be it. [[User:Slof|Slof]] 05:16, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +Mehmed's education was to be chosen next. The Chief [[Eunuch]] split the young Janissaries into two different groups. Mehmed was sent with the first group which was sent at once to the Imperial Quarters. His education was split into three phases:

    -As for your other comment, you may be right, but, like you, I'd appreciate another opinion. [[User:Slof|Slof]] 05:16, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +* In the first, Mehmed shared a room with his fellow companions, where they studied together reading, writing and Islam taught by high-skilled teachers.

    -According to the home page, it is "Ünderbheit." For verification check the episode guide and "past Tense" and it has his name there. As for Steve Summer, I believe it was established that it was sexual. He alludes to it when he talks of falling in love, and even touches the sasquatch on his thigh. Also, given Brock’s reaction to finding out that the sasquatch was a male, I would say that it was established that it was a sexual relationship. However, this was one of the earlier shows and I might be remember incorrectly.
    -Shouldn’t how the kids died in the season finally be pointed out as a clear reference to Easy Rider. Of course, this show is so full of references to shows that it is hard to know where to start. For example the one with Pirates had a verse of “a space oddity” verbatim. So pointing out all of the references could be superfluous.[[User:Headrattle|Headrattle]] 04:17, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +* In the second, he learned [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and also [[Latin]], as well as [[martial arts|martial skill]]s such as [[archery]], spear-throwing, manual labour and gymnastics. This part of the education lasted for four years.

    -In "Trial of the Monarch" Phantom Limb doesn't go crazy, the guild was trying to capture the Trial Lawyer. That is why they dragged him out. It was all a plan to both destroy the Monarch and kidnapp the trial Lawyer. You know, the one taken from Total Recall. I like this show and watch it as least twice a week due to the nature of Adult Swim. [[User:Headrattle|Headrattle]] 04:30, 12 Nov 2004 (UTC)
    +* In the third phase, Mehmed had to repeat all of his former studies. There, he was also taught to work for the [[government]].

    -I concede the point on Underbheit and have returned all instances to the original spelling. As for Phantom Limb "going crazy", I agree his actions are a well calculated plan not a crazy rampage. --[[User:Brkmyr|brkmyr]] 07:02, Nov 12, 2004 (UTC)
    +As proclaimed in [[Baghdad]] on [[13 March]] [[1535]], Mehmed was sent to be one of the seven servents of the Imperial Treasurer ''Iskander-çelebi''. Iskander died very soon after, so Mehmed returned to the Imperial Court. In the court men like him were needed - as he was a man of great skill and knowledge - speaking fluently [[Serbian language|Church Slavonic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Italian language|Venetian-Italian]] and [[Latin|Neo-Latin]]. There, he started his career.

    -Far be it (farbeit?) from me to state opinion as fact, but isn't it more accurate to say that The Venture Bros. is less a direct parody of Johnny Quest and more a parody of what Quest's future would have been like? "Rusty Venture" Is more of a JQ, from the way things are described, and the whole irony is that being a wunderkind isn't so great past 40.
    +=== Career ===
    +Sokolović first became an Imperial Chamberlain and then the head of the Sultan's [[squires]]. Throughout these offices, he became very close to [[Sultan]] Suleyman and learned from him.

    -I see someone took out my note that one of the recurring Monarch henchmen is voiced as someone's amusing impression of Ray Romano. What's the reasoning for removing it? --[[User:Atario|Atario]] 20:00, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)
    +As a young soldier, Sokolović excelled in the [[Battle of Mohács]] and the [[Siege of Vienna]]. In [[1546]], the old High [[Admiral]] of the [[Naval fleet|fleet]], captain-pasha [[Barbarossa Khair ad Din Pasha|Heiradin Barbarossa]] died - and Mehmed was given his post. He commandeered the young imperial navy and subsequently built up it's almost non-existent arsenal. For full 5 years did Mehmed serve as the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s Captain-pasha.

    -: I don't know. I guess it is because your comment seemed like a POV.
    -::Why would it be? It sounds like a bad impression of Ray Romano to me.[[User:136.182.2.222|136.182.2.222]] 05:42, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)
    +Mehmed became the Governor-General (''[[Beylerbey|beglerbeg]]'') of [[Rumelia]] in [[1551]], seated in [[Sophia]]. While he was visiting the area where he was born, his mother recognized him by the [[birthmark]] on his face and once again embraced her child after more than thirty years. A civil war was tearing apart the faltering [[Kingdom of Hungary]], and the [[Habsburg]] [[Emperor]] had laid claims to [[Transylvania]] - which was controlled by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. The [[Sultan]] ordered Mehmed to move immediately to [[Hungary]]. Mehmed Sokolović assembled an Army of 90,000 soldiers and 54 cannons and subsequently embarked for Hungary. Mehmed also mustered the [[Pasha]]s of [[Smederevo]], [[Vidin]] and [[Nicopolis]]. His forces reached [[Slankamen]] in [[Srem]]. A Transylvanian viceroy, [[Monk]] Đorđe Utješenović, begged Mehmed not to attack Transylvania, claiming that it loyal to the Ottoman Emperor. All peace conferences were decisively refused by Mehmed, so Mehmed led the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces forwards and they soon captured [[Bečej]], [[Bečkerek]], [[Csanád]], [[Linova]], as well as 12 more cities - proceeding to [[Transylvania]]. Đorđe Utješenović responded by raising a rebellion in Transylvania - mustering one soldier from every household. Governor-General Mehmed had to fall back and once again laid siege on [[Temišvar]] on [[14 October]] with the main part of his army and 50 cannons. Mehmed asked the City's commander to surrender, but he replied with a recommendation for Mehmed's return to Rumelia. According to folklore, Mehmed then said:

    -#24 wasn't killed by the Monarch- he appears in the last episode. This series pays great attention to continuity, so they wouldn't bring him back without an explanation - the henchman who died was just one of the numberless ones.
    +: ''Prije će, dakle, laki jelen u vazduhu pasti''
    +: ''I more gole ribe na obali ostaviti.''

    -::Where did that come from? I know the guy Brock killed in the very first episode actually was referred to by name, not number.... seriously, what are you talking about? [[User:MasterXiam|MasterXiam]] 15:22, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
    +Mehmed's forces besieged the city up to [[28 October]], but couldn't seize it - so he fell back to [[Belgrade]], where he continued the peace negotiations with Monk-Viceroy Đorđe Utješenović. Đorđe was assassinated on [[17 December]] [[1551]] and all peace talks ended. This made Mehmed renew his military attempt in [[1552]], during which he not only seized [[Temišvar]], but also [[Hollakö]], [[Bujak]], [[Ságh]], [[Gürmath]], the whole of [[Banat]] and [[Szolnak]]. Mehmed's forces then joined with that of Ahmet-pasha advancing towards [[Eger]]. Mehmed's army assembled on the Hill of Egid, but the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] could not take the City itself.

    -:::yeah, he was like skipper or scooter or something. he didn't have wings, so i assume that ment he wasn't numbered yet. and 24 wasn't killed. i think the last two of his henchmen were always involved in the incedents and were never shown dead, although only one of them looked different.--[[User:Jadenguy|JadenGuy]] 04:58, 20 February 2006 (UTC)
    +In [[1553]], despite the losses in Europe to the west, Sultan Suleyman declared war on [[Persia]]. He dispatched Mehmet Sokollu to spent the winter in [[Tokata]] in [[1553]]/[[1554]] to take charge over the war against Persia. In June [[1554]], Mehmed's Army joined that of the Sultan in the field near [[Ssuschehri]]. Sokollu achieved a reputation for heroism on the battlefields.

    -::::For the record, the henchman who was still a fledgling and "this close to getting his wings", as The Monarch puts it, was named Speedy. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 07:33, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
    +==== Vizier ====
    +===== Third Vizier =====
    +The Sultan was impressed by Mehmed, do he awarded him the seat of [[Vizier]]. Mehmed Sokolović became the Third Vizier of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[1555]]. His seat of the General-Guvernor of Rumelia was given to a [[Serb tribes|Herzegovinian]] [[Janissary]] aga – Pertev-pasha; Mehmed's old companion while they served for Iskander-çelebi.

    -== Episode summaries ==
    -I think the length of the episode summaries/synopses need to be standardized - some are short, some are too long. I would cut down some of the longer entries, but for the "don't delete" rule we try to practice here on Wikipedia.
    +Immediately after Mehmed assumed the position of a Vizier, he had to quell a rebellion around [[Thessalonika]]. The rebellion was raised by Mustafa-beg, the Sultan's son who the Sultan had previously executed. Mustafa raised the rebellion against his father in revenge. Mehmed Sokolović took 4,000 [[horsemen]] and 3,000 [[Janissaries]] and quelled the rebellion. Mustafa-beg was hanged.

    -What do people want to do about this, if anything?
    -- [[User:Lampbane|Lampbane]]
    +Mehmed-pasha's brother, Topuzli-Makarije was an Iguman of the Serb [[Hilandar|Chilandar]] monastery on [[Athos]]. Makarije Sokolović payed a visit to his brother's Palace in [[Istanbul]] in [[1557]]. Mehmed discussed with his brother the possibilities of renewing the [[Serb Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Church]]. Later that same year, Vizier Mehmed-pasha issued an edict (''Ferman'') declaring the restoration of the [[Peć]] [[Patriarchate]] with Makarije Sokolović as [[Patriarch]] Makarije I. The edict also guaranteed the rights and religious freedom of all inhabitants of the [[Ottoman Empire]], as well as brought the deceison to atend to all of the peoples' complains to the state.

    -I think the episode summaries should be removed once the second season starts, otherwise the section will be way too large. You can provide a link to them from www.tv.com. --[[User:Cholmes75|Cholmes75]] 23:58, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
    -:tv.com basicaly sucks right now, keep the episode summaries here on wiki.[[User:71.110.94.111|71.110.94.111]] 01:02, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
    +Numerous changes in the authoroties happened. The former Grand Vizier – Ahmed-pasha was deposed and hanged. He was replaced by Rustem-pasha Opuković, who hade numerous enemies. Lala-Mustafa was one of them. Lala-Mustafa had made the Sultan's second son, Bayezid, the Viceroy of Karamania, to raise a rebellion against his brother Selim the Sot – who was to inherit the Imperial Throne instead of Bayezid. Mehmed Sokolović mustered an Army and went to [[Iconium|Konia]], where he defeated Bayezid's forces decisively in May [[1559]]. Bayezid fled to [[Persia]]. Mehmed remained in [[Asia]] and spent the winter negotiating with the Persian [[Shah]] regarding Bayezid's extradition. After long negotiations, the Shah extradited Bayezid and his four sons, who were subsequently executed.

    -You know, you could just relocate it to an Episode Summaries section.
    +===== Second Vizier =====
    +The Grand Vizier Rustem-pasha died in [[1561]]. His post was given to the Second Vizier – Semiz-Ali-pasha of [[Prača]]. Mehmed in turn became the Second Vizier, while Mehmed's post was asserted by Pertev-pasha from Herzegovina.

    -===Separate section for episodes===
    -Can we have a separate section for episodes? just like how the ones on [[Boondocks]] are done? see here.... [[List of The Boondocks episodes]] for an example [[User:Omoo|Omoo]]
    +Mehmed married Sultan Suleyman's granddaughter – Prince [[Selim II]]'s daughter, Ismihan, on [[17 August]] [[1562]]. Mehmed spent the followering years in peace, governing and administrating the realm. Even his wife, Ismihan became jelous of Mehmed's fame.

    -== Race Banner's Last Words ==
    -“... Tell Jonny...” references [[The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun]] by [[Julie Brown]]. (click H in the [http://www.juliebrown.com/index.htm Julie Brown] video browser thing) .
    +In [[1564]], Mehmed's nephew, Mustafa-beg Sokolović, became Viceroy of [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia]].

    -:Er... I think it was intended more as a reference between a love affair between the two characters. -[[User:DynSkeet|DynSkeet]] [[User talk:DynSkeet|(talk)]] 11:58, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
    +===== Grand Vizier =====
    +Mehmed would not be fully satisfied until he gained the highest position within the [[Ottoman Empire]] – the seat of Grand Vizier. In June [[1565]], Grand Vizier Semiz-Ali-pasha died. Prince Selim II, had much confidence to his son-in-law, so he granted him that position. The [[Ottoman Empire]] under Mehmet Sokollu ranged from the [[Caucas]] and the [[Caspian sea]] to the [[Atlas Mountains]] in [[Africa]] and from the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] capital of [[Budim]] to [[Baghdad]].

    -::Hey, you never know, it could have been, "Tell Johnny, I love... pie." [[User:MasterXiam|MasterXiam]] 15:22, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
    +At the end of [[1565]] and the beginning of [[1566]], tensions between [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II]] and Sultan [[Suleyman]] grew. Maximilian wanted the cities previously taken by Gazi-Hassan-pasha Predojević restored. All negotiations failed, so Emperor Maximilian declared war on the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Grand Vizier Mehmet Sokollu immediately ordered his nephew, Mustafa-beg Sokolović of [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia]] to advance against Maximilian. Mustafa managed to capture the cities of [[Krupa]] and [[Dvor na Uni]]. Sultan Selim II immediately declared war against the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and Grand Vizier Mehmed immediately started the preparations for their army. Mehmed went in front, preparinf for the Sultan's arrival, who was leading the main part of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces. After 50 days, they arrived in [[Belgrade]].

    -==The Slashed Throat Thing==
    -Dr. Girlfriend having a slashed throat.
    -Where did anyone hear this? I have not heard this rumor before. -TwoLittleDolls
    -4:29, 08 July 2005
    +After passing through [[Zemun]], one part of the army crossed [[Varadin]] and struck [[Egar]], proceeding to [[Vienna]]. Croatian-Hungarian nobleman [[Nikola Šubić Zrinski|Nikola Zrinni]] had defeated sanjak-beg Tirhal Mohammed, executing him and his son and stealing 17,000 [[ducat]]s of his. This incurred the Sultan's wrath, so he dispatched Mehmet's forces to besiege [[Szigetvár|Szigetvár/Siget]]. The Sultan was resting in [[Harsang]] in the meantime. [[Budim]]'s commander, Arslan-pasha lost the cities of [[Palota]], [[Vesprim]] and [[Tata]]. The Sultan was furious, so he sent a platoon of 15 troopers led by one of his finest commanders to bring him Arslan-pasha's head. It turned out that Arlsan left his forces three days ago and was on his way to the Sultan already. The Sultan showed to Mehmed a letter in which Arslan insulted Mehmet openly. On [[3 August]], Arslan reported to Mehmed's tent with 15 heavily armed horsemen. Mehmed Sokolović criticized Arslan-pasha for his poor actions, accused him for treason and officially deposed Arslan-pasha from his post. Mehmed gave Arslan's office in [[Budim]] to the [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnian]] Governor-General, Mustafa-beg Sokolović. The Sultan finally arrived with Mehmed-pasha's sons, Kurt-beg and Hassan-beg, to [[Pécs|Pécs/Pečuj]]. Finally, the large [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] force laid [[Battle of Szigetvár|assault on Siget]]. The vast Ottoman Army numbered 90,000 soldiers and 300 cannons. Siget finelly fell after a long siege – but both Nikola Zrinni and Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent lost their lives in the battle.

    -According to Jackson Publick, it's a "a total super-lie." -68.69.249.37, 1 August 2005
    +Mehmed-pasha Sokolović had all witnesses to the Sultan's death executed, and claimed that Suleyman was too sick to perform his duties and that he would be healing in Szigetvár/Siget, while Mehmed would be temporarily replace him. Mehmed awarded all those who were involved in the capture of Siget and raised the soldiers' wages greatly. He sent a part of the army to capture [[Baboča|Bobovac]]. The [[Tartars]], unfortunately, spread the news of the Sultan's death; and so did Mustafa-beg Sokolović write to Prince Selim about his father's death. Selim II marched immediately towards [[Srem]]. Upon his arrival in [[Vukovar]], Mehmed-pasha informed him through a letter that it would be best if he went to [[Belgrade]] to greet his army for a more formal and effective take-over of the Empire. Selim fell back to Belgrade and Mehmed ordered the Army in the name of deceased Suleyman to march towards Belgrade. 40 days after the Sultan's death, in October the same year, the Army embarked for Belgrade. On the fourth station on the path to Belgrade, 48 days after Suleyman's death, Mehmed-pasha announced the Sultan's death ceremonially, during the traditional reading of the [[Koran]]. Mehmed had Suleyman's body enbalmed and encouraged the Army to proceed to meet the new Sultan in Belgrade. After three marches, the Army arrived to [[Sremska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]]. Mehmed reminded [[Selim II]] to send gifts to the Viziers, Pashas and the Army, but Selim's advisors convinced the new Sultan not to do so. Mehmed-pasha Sokolović came to Belgrade and accepted Selim II as his Sultan, keeping the position of Grand Vizier.

    -== legal issue? ==
    +Two years after Selim's accession, Mehmed-pasha succeeded in concluding at [[Constantinople]] an honourable treaty with [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Maximilian II]], whereby the emperor agreed to pay an annual "present" of 30,000 [[ducat]]s ([[February 17]], [[1568]]).

    -The most recent edit added a note that "Past Tense" has not aired since last October due to a pending legal issue. Where is there more information on this? -[[User:DynSkeet|DynSkeet]] [[User talk:DynSkeet|(talk)]] 11:57, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
    +Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha had expected a mutiny amongst the military ranks, so he immediately had Suleyman's body sent to Istanbul to restore order amongst the Janissaries and other officials who now demanded more rewards as a compensations for their previous efforts. Sultan Selim II immediately hailed a council while he was still in Belgrade, as even his closest officials were openly mocking him. He was convinced by Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha that Mehmed will handle everything. Mehmed immediately dispatched gifts amongst the military ranks, rewording them handsomly and re-assuring their loyalty.

    -Here you go. Jackson Publick's journal:
    -[http://www.livejournal.com/users/jacksonpublick/8506.html?thread=421434#t42143]
    +On the 5th day of their stay in [[Belgrade]], Mehmed went with the Army, the Sultan and other officials for Istanbul. Before they managed to return to the Empire's capital, a mutiny broke out and the road to the city was blocked. Mehmed-pasha and Ahmed-pasha had to bribe their way into the city. Order was restored after Mehmed convinced the unexperienced Sultan to promise to send handsome gifts and higher wages to the Janissaries. The next morning, each [[Janissary]] was given standard 40 [[ducat]]s and additional 20 more as a gift. Soon, other ranks of the military demanded higher wages – Spachies and mercaneries. Mehmed arrested and replaced their Agas at once, finally stopping all dissident factions.

    -Apparently he's not allowed to go into too much detail, but the speculation is that it has to do with the design of the Lesliebots. -68.69.249.37, August 18, 2005
    +Mehmed-pasha had little success against [[Russia]], and the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and her future northern rival gave presage of the disaster to come. A plan had been devised at Constantinople for connecting the [[Volga]] and [[Don River, Russia|Don]] by a canal, and in the summer of [[1569]] a large force of [[Janissaries]] and [[Cavalry]] were sent to lay siege to [[Astrakhan]] and begin the canal works, while an Ottoman fleet besieged [[Azov]]. However, a sortie of the garrison of Astrakhan drove back the besiegers; a 15,000 [[Russia]]n relief army attacked and scattered the workmen and the [[Tatar]] force sent for their protection; and, finally, the Ottoman fleet was destroyed by a storm. Early in [[1570]] the ambassadors of [[Ivan the Terrible]] concluded at Constantinople a treaty which restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the [[tsar]].

    -By the way, they might've aired the episode once more in November, during the time that the season was re-run during the week. I'm not sure, though. Does anyone remember?
    +[[Sultan]] [[Selim II]] was a very weak ruler, so Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokollu had all the real power in the administration, thanks to the reforms of Selim's predecessor, Suleyman the Magnificent. Although the government was weakening, Mehmed-pasha managed to expand the borders of the Ottoman Empire greatly. In [[1570]] He dispatched Sinan-pasha, an Ottoman convert of Serbian origin to conquer [[Arabia]]. Sinan-pasha solemnly declared the reign of Sultan Selim II in [[Mecca]] upon the finishing of his military campaign in [[Hejaz]] and [[Yemen]].

    -It would be interesting to know how this will affect the DVD release currently scheduled for early next year. [[User:Pulpculture|Pulpculture]] 04:59, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
    +In the period of [[1571]]-[[1572]], architect Sinan built the '''''Sokollu Mosque''''' - a small, but delightful [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] monument by the old [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[hippodrome]] by the order Mehmed's wife, Ismihan. [http://www.peraair.net/en/index.asp?baslikno=4&pageno=17]. ([http://newmanservices.com/turkey/thumbs.asp?sokollu photos])

    -He says that it will surely be included on the DVD. Still no word on what they're doing to resolve the issue, though. [[User:68.69.249.37|68.69.249.37]] 08:40, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
    +One example of naval expansions in the reign of Mehmed-pasha is the conquest of [[Cyprus]] in [[1571]] from [[Venetia]]. Goverency over Cyprus was given to Mehmed's old friend, the [[Arab]] Ahmed-pasha. This led to a [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]]-[[Spain|Spanish]]-[[Knights of Malta|Maltese]] coalition led by the heroic [[John of Austria|Don Juan of Austria]] that defeated the Ottoman fleet in the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] in September the same year. Mehmed, however, supplied the Fleet's High Admiral with all the necessary material and succeeded in restoring the empire's shattered fleets.

    -Last week, Jackson said that the issue's been resolved and the episode will be airing again. So I'll go ahead and remove the note. [[User:68.234.239.109|68.234.239.109]] 11:24, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
    +In July [[1572]], the Ottoman Fleet numbered already 250 fully-equipped warships. The [[Ottoman Empire]] was at war with the Holy Alliance of the [[Venetia|Republic of Venetia]], the [[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]] and the [[Papacy]]. Mehmed-pasha managed to sign peace treaties with Spain and Venetia, as well as lengthen for 8 more years the peace treaty with [[Austria]]. In the meantime, he also maintained good relations with [[France]], [[Poland]] and [[Russia]]. Mehmed-pasha prepared for a fresh attack on [[Venetia]], when the Sultan's death on [[12 December]] [[1574]] cut short his plans.

    -Yep, see [http://www.livejournal.com/users/jacksonpublick/10632.html?thread=614792#t614792 here] for Jackson's confirmation. "Past Tense" is scheduled to air next Sunday, October 9. [[User:TacoDeposit|Taco Deposit]] | [[User talk:TacoDeposit|Talk-o to Taco]] 13:15, 3 October 2005 (UTC)
    +Mehmed-pasha's wealth reached its peak around [[1573]]. The worth of his personal property (cash, goods, accounts, objects) amassed 18,000,000 [[ducat]]s. Mehmed-pasha had the standard Grand Vizier's wage of 20 [[ducat]]s every day. His wealth increased greatly thanks to the gifts and taxes of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] officials: anyone who became a [[Vizier]] in the [[Porte]] had to pay Mehmed-pasha 50,000-60,000 [[ducat]]s and every Governor-General had to pay 15,000-20,000 or even sometimes 30,000-40,000 [[ducat]]s upon assending to office. Pasha Mohammed of [[Cairo]] dispatched 100,000 [[ducat]]s to the Grand Vizier every year alone.

    -== Cleanup ==
    +On [[30 August]] 1574, Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokollu implaced his nephew as the new [[Orthodox Christian]] [[Archbishop|Achepiscope]] of [[Ohrid|Ochryd]]. Mehmed-pasha's nephew, Antonije Sokolović, was the [[Orthodox Christian]] [[Bishop|Metropolitan]] of [[Herzegovina|Hum]]. On [[23 October]] the same year, upon Peć Patriarch Makarije's death, Antonije became the new [[Serb Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Christian]] [[Patriarch]] of [[Peć]]. Antonije died soon, in [[1575]], and was replaced by yet another nephew of Mehmed-pasha Sokollu – Gerasim Sokolović.

    -What was the reason for the cleanup tag? Nothing appears here in the discussion. --[[User:Oneoclockbird|Oneoclockbird]]
    +Mehmed-pasha Sokolović again hid the Sultan's death until the Selim's oldest son, Murad arrived from [[Magnesium]]. Mehmed-pasha bowed to the new Sultan, [[Murad III]], remaining Grand [[Vizier]] of the [[Porte]]. Mehmed had to share his power with the Sultan's mother, a Venetian noblewoman from the House of [[Baffo]]. Sultan Murad III was fed up with the Grand Vizier's dominance within the Empire, so Mehmed-pasha's power in the [[Porte]] began to rapidly drop.

    -== Unencyclopedic Edits ==
    +Mehmed-pasha Sokollu was involved in the [[Poland|Polish]] Crown's succession disputes in [[1576]] and [[1577]], but this did not reach greater measures.

    -If you truly beleive that Dr. Venture wants Brock dead, keep it to yourself. There is nothing in the show that indicates this (if you ask me). The very first episode (excluding the pilot) should prove to you that Dr. Venture not only does not want Brock dead, but truly needs him. When he finds the shrine/burial ground to Brock after the Monarch's henchmen have "supposedly" killed him, he totally flips out, cries, and starts drinking (whilst not having either of his livers). If you still beleive that he wants Brock dead, fine... but dont add it here. In my opinion, that is less than speculation. So knock it off. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 23:45, 4 March 2006 (UTC)
    +Mehmed-pasha Sokolović has signed numerous treaties of friendship with [[Venetia]], [[Florence]], [[Spain]], [[England]] and [[Switzerland]]. He also managed to force numerous European states to pay taxes to him. [[Austria]] payed 9,000 [[ducat]]s; [[Transylvania]] 3,000; [[Wallachia]] 7,000; [[Moldavia]] 3,000; and eventually even [[Venetia]] had to pay him 4,000 [[ducat]]s annually. This altogether gave him an annual income of 31,000 [[ducat]]s in [[gold]].

    -*Agreed. --[[User:Cholmes75|Cholmes75]] 00:18, 5 March 2006 (UTC)
    +Sultan [[Murad III]] began to limit Sokolovic's unlimited powers by slowly removing his men from high offices. Sokolovic was known to have an opposition to a war with [[Iran]] which started in [[1578]]. The state secretary, Feridun, Sokolovic's veteran from the assault on [[Siget]], was sent to [[Belgrade]], away from [[Istanbul]]. Mehmed-pasha's faithful [[Arab]] friend, Governor-General of [[Cyprus]] was lynched by dissident soldiers. Sokollu's greatest rivals, Hamid-efendia and Pijale-pasha had soon executed the Grand Vizier's protector, Michael Cantakuzines. Suddenly, on [[10 October]] [[1578]], Mehmed-pasha's nephew, Governor-General of [[Budim]], Mustafa-beg Sokolović, was assassinated. On [[10 october]] [[1579]], Mehmed-pasha marked the date by having his servant Hassan-beg read him the [[Battle of Kossovo]]. The next day, on [[11 October]], a mentally unstable dervish demanded to see the Grand [[Vizier]]. Mehmed-pasha allowed the dervish to enter his quarters, only to see the dervish taking out a hidden knife from his dress. The dervish stabbed the Grand Vizier with that knife, wounding him mortally. After three hours, Mehmed-pasha Sokollu died. The government was informed of his death by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] viceroy the next morning, on [[12 October]]. Many [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] were produced after this event.

    -== General Timeframe? ==
    +Compared to other Ottoman rulers, Mehmed was calm and pacifist in external affairs. He preferred strategic moves to brutal ones; He conquered only strategic points like [[Cyprus]] and [[Rhodes]]. He started grand works on [[Suez|Suez Canal]] and [[Volga-Don Canal]]; if his dreams had came true, [[Renaissance]], [[Colonization]], [[Europe]] and [[Russia]] would have been highly affected. After his death, the religious freedom which he gave to the inhabitants of the [[Ottoman Empire]] was re-guaranteed.

    -Have there ever been any statements from the creators as to when the Venture Brothers takes place? I'm curious to know simply based on the information presented in the show itself. There is one episode that specifically would state that it is the late 1990's. Episode 6, "Ghosts of the Sargasso" has 'The Action Man' talking to a dead Major Tom on the communicator wristwatch and stating that "It was sure good times we had back then, but that was almost 30 years ago".
    +== Heritage and legacy ==
    +[[Image:Visegrad-bridge-1900.jpg|thumb|right|Visegrad bridge, Mehmed's most famous endowment]]
    +Mehmed-pasha is remembered among South Slavic peoples for his architectural endowments in the area. He renewed the [[Serb Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox Church]] in the [[Patriarchate|Peć Patriarchate]] during his tenure as third vizier and member of the imperial council in [[1557]] and instantiated his brother [[Makarije Sokolović]], as a [[Patriarch of Serbia]].

    -Considering at the beginning of the episode it shows that Major Tom's spaceship crashes into the Bermuda Triangle in 1969, this would of course, appear to put the show somewhere near 1995 or possibly as late as 1998. The show had its original run in 2004 (save for the pilot in 2003), which leaves a gap of 5-10 years. Anyone know of any stated reasons for this? It seems curious, simply because the technology presented to us in the show appears to be on par (of not much more advanced) than what we currently have in the real world.
    +His most renowned endowment is an eleven-arched [[bridge]] in his home town [[Višegrad]]. Building and history of the Višegrad bridge is the topic of the well-known book by [[Ivo Andrić]] - [[The Bridge on the Drina]], for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for literary achievements. His life also interested [[Meša Selimović]]. There were numerous [[Serbs|Serbian]] legends on the bridge's construction. According to one, Mehmed-pasha built the bridge in his son's name. Another is present through [[Ivo Andrić]]'s "Bridge on the Drina". It tells the tale of Rade the Architect who built the bridge.

    -Thanks in advance. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 13:22, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
    +In his native village of Sokolovići he has built a [[mosque]], [[meqteb]], musafirhana and plumbing; today, only the plumbing remains. His foundations are spread over [[Edirne]], [[Halep]], [[Medina]], [[Bečkerek]], [[Belgrade]] and alongside [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia]], where he is especially remembered for his bridges. [[Mecca]] and [[Istanbul]] contained numerous [[mosques]] alone. Apart from the Višegrad bridge, ''Arslanagić bridge'' in [[Trebinje]], ''Vizier's bridge'' in [[Podgorica]], the bridge on [[Žepa]] and ''Kozja ćuprija'' in [[Sarajevo]] are attributed to his name. Between [[Višegrad]] and [[Sarajevo]], on [[Glasinac]], he built a Road of four paces and a castle. Of the castle, only a drinking-fountain remained – the ''Mehmed Sokolović's han''.

    -== Dr. Venture's Drug Habit ==
    +Every summer in the palace in [[Istanbul]], Mehmed-pasha prepared the choire's performations.

    -From watching the first season I was under the impression that Dr. Venture was also taking downers, I can't recall every piece of info that led me to that, but here are two. In "Dia de Los Dangerous!" we see Dr. Venture picking up his "prescriptions" from a Mexican pharmacy. The Mexican doctor says something along the lines of, "I can't prescribe you all these drugs! Some of them have completely opposite effects". Thus suggesting that Dr. Venture is taking both uppers and downers. This is perhaps further supported in the episode where Pete White makes a reference to Venture taking "Mother's Little Helper", which is a very popular term used for Valium or other benzos and downers, as seen in the Rolling Stones song of the same name. Any input? [[User:12.214.163.67|12.214.163.67]] 20:16, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
    +Mehmed-pasha's life became the subject of numerous Serbian and [[Islamic]] [[legend]]s, [[poem]]s and [[narrative|tales]].

    -== Ray Romano-esque Henceman ==
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box |
    + title=Commander of the Imperial Squires|
    + before= |
    + after= |
    + years=[[1543]]–[[1546]]
    +}}
    +{{succession box |
    + title=High Admiral of the Fleet |
    + before= [[Barbarossa (Ottoman admiral)|Heyradine Barbarossa]] |
    + after= |
    + years=[[1546]]–[[1551]]
    +}}
    +{{succession box |
    + title=[[Beglerbey|Governor-General]] of [[Rumelia]] |
    + before= |
    + after= Pertev-pasha |
    + years=[[1551]]–[[1555]]
    +}}
    +{{succession box |
    + title=Third [[Vizier]] of the [[Porte]] |
    + before= |
    + after= |
    + years=[[1555]]–[[1561]]
    +}}
    +{{succession box |
    + title=Second [[Vizier]] of the [[Porte]] |
    + before= Semiz-Ali-pasha |
    + after= Pertev-pasha |
    + years=[[1561]]–[[1565]]
    +}}
    +{{succession box |
    + title=[[Grand Vizier]] of the [[Porte]] |
    + before= Semiz-Ali-pasha |
    + after= |
    + years=[[1565]]–[[1579]]
    +}}
    +{{end box}}

    -I'm not going to remove that information again, but if you are going to state in your edit that "Jackson [Christopher McCulloch] has stated that he intended it to sound like Romano", then I need to see that cited if i'm going to allow it to be left in. I personally read his LJ blog and have never seen him state that, so I want to know where you got this "reputable" information from. Thanks. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 00:33, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    +== Notes ==
    +# {{note|1}} Some sources alternatively claim he was born in the hamlet of Ravanci near Sokolovići instead.

    -:He said it on Voucher Ankles: [http://urbaniak.livejournal.com/20656.html?thread=445360#t445360] [[User:69.169.74.209|69.169.74.209]] 01:03, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    +== References ==
    +
    +4. [http://www.rastko.org.yu/istorija/mvuk_muslimani.pdf Знаменити Срби Мусломани] (pdf) - ''Famous Serbs Muslims'' by Milenko. M. Vukićević, [[1906]], [[Belgrade]], Davidović new Printing Press

    -::Excellent, now if anyone decides to remove that information we have that here, out in the open. Thanks for the link! [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 01:45, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    +=== General references ===
    +* {{1911}}

    -== Star Wars Kid reference ==
    +== External links ==
    +*[http://www.novosti.co.yu/code/navigate.php?Id=16&status=jedna&datum=2006-02-03&feljton=4972 "Myth and Reality – Mehmed Pasha Sokolović", Ismet Kočan, feuilleton in Večernje Novosti] (in Serbian).
    +*[http://newmanservices.com/turkey/thumbs.asp?sokollu Photos of Sokollu Mehmet Pasa Mosque]

    -Actually, "Number 21" is a parody of the [[Star Wars Kid]]. In the episode - Tag Sale, Your It! - the henchmen does a shortened, but almost step for step copy of what we have seen in the Star Wars Kid video. So [[User:Thumperward|Thumperward]], your removal has no merit. I will leave it up to other editors to come to a consensus on putting it back (it's not terribly important information anyway). But I just wanted to let you know that you are incorrect. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 01:24, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Category:1505 births|Sokolovic, Mehmed Pasha]]
    +[[Category:1579 deaths|Sokolovic, Mehmed Pasha]]
    +[[Category:Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]]
    +[[Category:Pashas|Sokolovic, Mehmed Pasha]]
    +[[Category:Soldiers from Bosnia and Herzegovina|Sokolovic, Mehmed Pasha]]

    -:Actually its really only in that one episode where we see Number 21's Star Wars fixation, and the one sequence in that episode parodys the Star Wars Kid, but that doesn't necessarily mean the character is based on him. -[[User:Th1rt3en|th1rt3en]] 02:44, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::The information he removed didnt refer to him being a "Star Wars Fanatic" that remains. The information [[User:Thumperward|Thumperward]] removed stated that he was a parody of the [[Star Wars Kid]]. So if we go off what you state than we should reverse that info, because he did in fact parody Star Wars Kid, but he may, or may not be a Star Wars fan. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 03:18, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I understand what Th1rt3en is saying. The fact that that ''scene'' was a reference to the Stars Wars Kid does not make the ''character'' a parody of the Star Wars Kid. [[User:69.169.74.209|69.169.74.209]] 09:41, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::I dunno. I think the fact that he is obviously spoofing the [[Star Wars Kid]], should also indicate that at least for the duration of "Number 21"'s fight with Brock (I say fight, but mean the lack thereof) he is a parody of the Star Wars Kid. It's at least a notable mention in a few words, considering it has to do with popular culture, and "The Venture Bros." have always been on the ball with that kind of thing. [[User:Captbananas|captbananas]] 18:41, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::However, the [[Star Wars Kid]] is not the only thing the character has spoofed. The end of "Return to Spider Skull Island" had the two henchmen spoofing a scene from ''[[Easy Rider]]'' ([http://tviv.org/The_Venture_Bros./Return_to_Spider-Skull_Island http://tviv.org/The_Venture_Bros./Return_to_Spider-Skull_Island]). So I believe the character, other then the one scene, really has nothing to do with the Star Wars Kid. -[[User:Th1rt3en|th1rt3en]] 20:34, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Well, if you think the scene is notable enough to include in the article, then I think it really belongs in a "trivia" section (along with stuff like the Easy Rider reference, David Bowie lyrics, etc.).[[User:69.169.74.209|69.169.74.209]] 21:25, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    +[[bs:Mehmed-paša Sokolović]]
    +[[fr:Mehmed pacha Sokolović]]
    +[[hr:Mehmed-paša Sokolović]]
    +[[hu:Szokoli Mehmed]]
    +[[nl:Sokollu Mehmet Paşa]]
    +[[sr:Мехмед-паша Соколовић]]
    +[[tr:Sokollu Mehmet Paşa]] 2013-03-17 09:52:20 90603426 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3006521]] NaN 2013-03-18 23:19:45 90792355 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 4 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q415469]] NaN 2013-03-17 10:46:53 90609374 Addbot EdoBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3366392]] --- \n
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    +Please don't delete this page. My friend worked so hard to get the forums up and running and getting the Wikipedia site to go up. They pretty much spend their whole summers on it. 2013-03-17 01:34:13 90554073 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q39163]] --- \n
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    -'''Drinking games''' are [[game]]s which involve drinking [[beer]] or other [[alcoholic beverage]]s. These games take place usually among friends, at [[fraternities]] or [[sororities]], at house parties, or at public bars or [[pubs]]. The objective of these games is either simply to drink competitively for speed, or alternately to make your opponent drink more than you do, so that they become [[drunk]]. Participants are primarily college students or young adults.
    -{{Drinking games}}
    -
    -==History of drinking games==
    -[[Image:Symposiumnorthwall.jpg|thumb|300px|'''Symposium scene'''
    Fresco depicting an early drinking party from the Tomb of the Diver. 475 BCE. Paestum Museum, Italy.]]
    -According to Dr. Rupert Thompson of the [[University of Cambridge]], the earliest reference to drinking games in Western literature is from [[Plato]]'s [[Symposium]] (‘The Drinking Party’). The game was simple: fill a bowl with [[wine]], drink it, and pass it on to the next person
    -
    -[[Kottabos]] is one of the earliest known drinking games. It involves skill in pouring a small quantity of wine into a large vessel. A modern variant is "Cottabus", also known as [[Arrogance (game)|Arrogance]], which requires that players take turns to add as much beer or wine as they like to a central jug before correctly predicting the result of the flip of a coin. Failure to call the coin toss correctly (or dropping it, which becomes a real possibility during the later stages of the game), means the unlucky player must drink the entire contents of the central jug.
    -
    -==Basic drinking games==
    -The simplest drinking games are endurance games in which players compete to out-drink each other. Players take turns taking shots, and the last person standing is the winner. Some games have rules involving the "cascade" or "waterfall", which encourages each player to drink constantly from their cup so long as the player before him does not stop drinking. Such games can also favor speed over quantity, in which case players race to drink a beer the fastest.
    -
    -===Games to decide who buys the next round===
    -* [[Jug Game|The Jug Game]]
    -* [[Freckles (game)|Freckles]]
    -* [[Spoof (game)|Spoof]]
    -* [[Swing Low Sweet Chariot]]
    -
    -In the [[U.S.]] [[military]], a [[challenge coin]] is frequently used to determine who buys the next round. Usually the person with the coin of the lowest rank (meaning the [[officer]] or [[NCO]] who awarded the coin) has to buy the next round. However, a coin challenge can also be decided on speed, meaning the last person to show a coin when a group is challenged has to buy the next round.
    -
    -==Drinking Games involving Speed and not quantity==
    -Many pub or bar games involve competitive drinking for speed and not necessarily quantity consumed. The object of these games may not be [[inebriation]], but may involve simply "bragging rights" or wagers of cash which benefit the fastest drinker.
    -
    -===World Records for Speed Beer Drinking===
    -[[Image:Guinness_beer_record2.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Steven Petrosino, during his successful June 1977 Guinness World record attempt at the Gingerbreadman Pub in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He established records for ¼ liter (0.137 seconds), and for ½ liter (0.4 seconds), but Guinness accepted only the record for 1 [[liter]]. ]]
    -The [[Guinness Book of Records]] began to list world records for speed drinking in this category in the early 1960s. These early drinking records involved drinking [[beer]] from challenging vessels such as the [[yard of ale]] glass, which, if not correctly mastered, resulted in the user receiving a blast of beer in his or her face. The 1969 edition of the Guinness Book lists Lawrence Hill (age 22) of [[Bolton]] Lancashire England as having consumed a 2.5 [[pint]] yard of ale in 6.5 seconds on December 17, 1964. The 1974 edition lists Jack Boyle, age 52, of [[Barrow-in-Furness]] England as having consumed a 3 pint yard of ale in 10.15 seconds on May 14, 1971. In the mid 1970s, Guinness began to list speed records achieved using any drinking vessel. The 1977 edition dropped the earlier records established by Hill and Boyle and listed a 2.5 pint yard record by "R.A.F. [[Upper Heyford, Oxfordshire]]" in 5.0 seconds and a 3 pint yard record established at "Corby Town, S.C., Northamptonshire on January 23, 1976 in 5.5 seconds". The 1977 edition listed the new world record established at the Gingerbreadman Pub by Steven Petrosino (age 25) of [[New Cumberland]] [[Pennsylvania]] on June 22, 1977. Petrosino drank 1 [[liter]] of beer in 1.3 seconds. [http://www.nutritionadvisor.com/BeerDrink5k.mov Video: ¼ liter in 0.18 seconds].
    -Petrosino approached the challenge scientifically and used 2 [http://www.beerrecord.com/guinness_world_record_technique.html specially designed half-liter drinking vessels to establish this world beer record]. The 1977 edition also lists Peter G. Dowdeswell of [[Earls Barton]], Northampton England for drinking 2 pints (one liter) of beer from a single vessel in 2.3 seconds on June 11, 1975 and 2 liters in 6.0 seconds on 7 Feb, 1975. These records were all dropped from the Guinness book in 1991 due to concerns about [[litigation]].
    -
    -===Games of speed consumption===
    -* [[Funneling]]
    -* [[Power Hour]] and Centurion
    -* [[Case race]]
    -* [[Shotgunning]]
    -* [[Strawpedo]]
    -* [[Edward Forty-Hands]]
    -* [[Boat Race (game)|Boat Race]]
    -* [[Yard (beer)|Yard]]
    -* [[Gargle]]
    -* Snakebite Challenge
    -* Ballroom
    -
    -==Drinking games involving memory, the power of observation, or intellectual skill==
    -Games that involve creative thinking (i.e. naming a sports player whose name begins with a particular letter) might be played under a "drink while you think" rule in which a player must consume his beverage until he can come up with an answer.
    -
    -Numerous drinking games are based on popular [[film|movie]]s, [[television]] shows, or [[book]]s. The rules for these games usually require that the players drink when some event occurs, such as a character speaking a [[catch phrase]] in [[comedy|comedies]], or the use of a particular technology in [[science fiction]]. Typically the size of the drink is [[inversely proportional]] to the frequency of the event — an event that happens rarely can call for downing one's current drink. These games might have simple, easily remembered rules, or they might have detailed rules, often available on the [[Internet]].
    -
    -In games involving the powers of observation, each player may be assigned the name or number of a football player, and must drink when that name or number is mentioned by the commentators or shown on the screen. Current events such as the [[State of the Union]] address, the [[Oscars]], [[Eurovision Song Contest]], and the [[Rod Allen Drinking Game]] have become targets of such drinking games, often as a means of injecting humor into long or monotonous events. Variants of this theme may penalize participants who fail to observe an expected event.
    -
    -In drinking games involving memory, each player must repeat a series of events, and then add to it. If a player repeats the series incorrectly, he or she must take a drink. Another variation on this memory theme is a game that is played while drinking with the non-dominant hand (left hand if you're right-handed, and vice versa). If a player accidentally picks up their glass with the wrong hand, they have to finish their drink. Such games are not difficult at the onset, but become much more challenging as the game continues as players become [[inebriated]] and their coordination and memory deteriorate.
    -
    -===Drinking games of skill, memory or repetition===
    -* [[Drink while you think]]
    -* [[21 (drinking game)|21]]
    -* [[Beer Checkers|Beer Checkers]] (also known as shotglass checkers)
    -* [[Beer-In-Hand]] - a modification to any pocket billiards game
    -* [[Buffalo (game)|Buffalo]]
    -* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/classic/A702794 Bunnies drinking game]
    -* [[Caps (drinking game)|Caps]]
    -* [[Categories game]]
    -* [[Captain Paf]] or ''Cardinal Puff''
    -* [[Disassociation/Association]] - a simple word game in the vein of Simple Simon.
    -* [[FizzBuzz]]
    -* [[Fuzzy Duck]]
    -* [[Matchboxes]]
    -* [[Mexican]] - a dice game of bluff
    -* [[One fat hen]]
    -* [[Polish Horseshoes]]
    -* [[Roman Numerals (game)|Roman Numerals]] - ''also known as Poo Bum Dickie''
    -* Rumble
    -* [[Ten Minute Warning (drinking game)|Ten Minute Warning]]
    -* [[Touch The Cup]]
    -* [[Who Shit]]
    -[http://www.bingbongtables.com Beer Pong]
    -
    -==Drinking games involving coordination==
    -Some drinking games, such as [[Quarters]], involve performing certain skills, which become more difficult as the level of [[intoxication]] increases.
    -
    -A very popular drinking game in [[Germany]] is '''Flunkyball''': You need two teams, one ball and a certain amount of empty beer cans/bottles plus one beer for every player. The teams form up on one line each aprox. 10 Meters apart, in the middle the empty bottles/cans are lined. Now one teams throws the ball at the bottles/cans in the middle. If a bottle/can is hit and falls the other team now has to run to the bottle, pick it up and put it on its original place, pick up the ball, get back to their line and yell "stop". As long as that didn't happen the other team is allowed to drink the beer. Then it is the other teams turn, also if no bottle was hit. Spilling the beer, continue to drink after a "stop" and other rules violations a punished with a new, full beer. If a player finished his beer he yells "Tot (dead)", lifts the bottle up and turns it upside down for everyone to see that there is nothing left but foam. He still has to throw the ball when it is his turn and he can still run, but he doens´t have to drink. The team which has finished all beers first won this round. There where Championships in 2005 and 2006
    -[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUJ9dRdAvbs]
    -[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDOAcYC0ma4]
    -[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBOi1kXQHRg]
    -
    -==Wizz Bonk==
    -This game is best played with 8+ people. All players sit in a circle. The first person uses both hands to pass an imaginary ball to the person to their left/right. When the ball is passed the person passing it has to say "wizz" the ball will travel around in a circle until it is reversed by the receiver saying "Bonk". The person who receives can either Wizz, Bonk or Kick the ball to anyone in the circle by pointing at the person and saying "Kick!". The person who receives the imaginary ball has to hold up both arms and yell "Safe!" or "A little to the Left/or a Little to the Right". If the person who was "kicked" to says "Safe" they are free to wizz the ball left or right. If they say "a little to the left" the person to their left has to yell "What a Beaut!!" if the person who was kicked to says "A little to the Right" the person on the right has to shake their head and say "Awwwww". Then the Kicker does what they want with the ball.
    -
    -Of course, whenever a player makes a mistake they must take a drink.
    -
    -==Drinking Rules==
    -Many drinking games have their own set of governing rules. While a drinking game is in progress, or between games, [[International Drinking Rules]] may be in force.
    -
    -==Other drinking games==
    -===Card games===
    -* [[Circle of Death (drinking game)|Circle of death]]
    -* [[Cross the River]]
    -* [[Hi-Lo]]
    -* [[Horserace (drinking game)|Horserace]]
    -* [[The Good, The Bad and The Ugly (game)]]
    -* [[Kings (drinking game)|Kings]]
    -* [[President (game)|President]] (also known as Asshole, Presidents & Assholes, or P & A)
    -* [[Ride the Bus]] (also known as Drunk Driver)
    -* [[Ring of Fire (drinking game)]]
    -* [[Up And Down The River (drinking game)|Up and Down the River]]
    -* [[Dark Lord (drinking game)|Dark Lord]]
    -* [[Chick Swetzel]]
    -* [[Fuck the Dealer]]
    -* [[UNO]](Just like the regular game; drink whenever you draw a card)
    -
    -===Dice games===
    -* [[Beer Die]]
    -* [[Kinito]]
    -* [[Liar's dice]] (Mexican)
    -* [[Mr. Three]]
    -* [[Pounce!]]
    -* [[Seven-Eleven Doubles]]
    -* [[Tablero da Gucci]]'''
    -* [[Thunderdome (drinking game)]]
    -
    -===Quarters Games===
    -* [[Arrogance]]
    -* [[Beirut (drinking game)|Beirut]]
    -* [[Quarters]]
    -* [[Robopound]]
    -* [[Land Mine]]
    -* [[Touch cup (drinking game)]]
    -* [[Bouncing coins]]
    -Other Drinking Games
    -1-2-3 drink. A person proclaims 1-2-3 drink, and if you dont drink you are out of the game.
    -
    -===Movies, television, music, etc.===
    -
    -*Jackass- While watching Jackass The Movie take a drink every time someone says fuck or any body part excluding ass. An alternative is every time you hear Steve-O's distinctive laugh. Another alternative is every time someone vomits but that is less common due to less vomiting as opposed to use of the word Fuck or body part.
    -* [[Lord of the Rings]] marathon. This should not be attempted by anyone. Watch all three LOTR films back to back. Every time someone says the word 'ring'or 'rings' take a sip of beer. For the opening prologue the word ring or ring is used 15 times. Alternative LOTR games include drinking everytime Frodo or Sam do or say something vaguely homoerotic.
    -* [[Hot doctor|Hot Doctor]] is a popular drinking game based on the TV show [[Grey's Anatomy]]: Take a drink every time Izzie is seen on screen, two drinks every time she is not wearing scrubs and four drinks every time she is wearing sexy clothes (like underwear or a bikini). There are some variations based on the stereotypes of the other characters.
    -* [[Beerfest]] is a 2006 comedy glorifying drinking games, many of which are mentioned on this page.
    -* The [[DVD]] for the comedy movie ''[[Eurotrip]]'' ([[2004]]) has a full-length audio commentary wherein the directors play a drinking game to their own movie.
    -* "Hi, Bob": a sip is taken whenever a character on ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' says the name "Bob," and the entire drink is consumed when the sentence "Hi, Bob" is spoken.
    -* Banzai, a [[DVD game]] based on the [[Banzai (game show)]].The game DVD is packed with lots of the best clips from the actual show and uses plastic sushi pieces as the main betting and winning device. Players must use chopsticks to transfer four types of wacky sushi characters into the main community betting bowl. Whoever transfers the most for that round gets to put down a numbered or lettered betting card in conjunction with the "Banzai" clip in the hopes of getting it right and winning all the sushi in the community bowl. The player with the most sushi wins the game
    -* Jamming: Whenever the word "Jamming" is sung in the song Jamming by Bob Marley, a drink is taken. This leads to large quantities of liquor being imbibed during the middle section.
    -* [[Army of Darkness]] & [[Evil Dead II]], take a drink every time Bruce Campbell is hit in the head.
    -* [[Roxanne (drinking game)|Roxanne]]
    -* [[Withnail and I drinking game|Withnail and I]], drink the same type and quantities of alcohol as the main characters as the film progresses.
    -* ''Deadwood'' (everyone drinks every time a character says "cocksucker")
    -* ''The Matrix'' (everyone drinks when the word "matrix, or It" are spoken)
    -* ''Pulp Fiction'': Whenever a character in the film ''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]'' says the word "fuck", a sip is taken. Due to the word's frequent utterance in the film most players will need to pause the film several times to catch up on the sip count. The word is used 271 times in the film.
    -* ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'': In the same vain as in Pulp Fiction described above. Whenever a character in the film ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' says the word "fuck", a sip is taken. Although the word "fuck" is used only a mild 252 times during the film, this game is deemed to be more hardcore as the film is much shorter; Reservoir Dogs clocks in at 99 minutes.
    -* ''Office Space'': Whenever Bill Lumbergh says the word "yeah", a drink is taken. The answering machine scene often results in a run to the package store. The word is used 19 times in the film.
    -* Pirates: Whenever someone in the film the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' says the word "Pirate", you take a sip of Malibu. If someone says the word "Pearl", you take a swig from the bottle.
    -* "[[Thunder (song)|Thunder]]": while listening to [[AC/DC]]'s "Thunderstruck" (preferably the live version), after someone begins to drink, every time the word "Thunder" is said, that person stops drinking and another begins. The challenge of this game occurs during the verse and solo, where the drinker must continue to drink until "Thunder" is said. The same has been said and played of AC/DC's "Safe In New York City"
    -* ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'': A drink of some sort is consumed every time Peter 'O' Toole says the word 'yes'. Alternatively, a drink when a man wearing eyeliner appears on screen.
    -* ''[[A Knight's Tale]]'': A drink is consumed for every point that is scored by the jousters during the movie (1 for body, 2 for head, 3 for unhorsing).
    -* The DVD for ''[[Wild Zero]]'' features a drinking game wherein a drink is taken whenever someone says 'Rock and roll,' something explodes, something burns, a zombie's head it blown off, or someone combs their hair. At several times throughout the film two or three drinking symbols appear on-screen.
    -*The [[England|English]] [[comedian]] [[Bill Bailey]] explains that [[Dallas (TV series)|Dallas]] was a TV show that he would frequently drink along with, saying "Every time they have a drink on Dallas, you have a drink!".
    -* The ''[[Manowar (band)|Manowar]]'' Drinking Game: for fans of Heavy Metal band Manowar, known for the extensive use of certain words in their lyrics. Every time Eric sing "steel", "blood" or "kill", take a drink. Even using just beer you'll be wasted after 2-3 songs. If you use dude you'll die. Seriously, do not do it.
    -* [[Veronica Mars]] Drinking Game: Sip every time someone says 'Veronica' and chug every time someone says 'Veronica Mars.' Invented by creator Rob Thomas.
    -*[[The Simpsons]] Drinking Game: 1 shot (4 oz) of beer at the beginning (a toast to ''The Simpsons''); 1 shot every minute; 1 additional shot for double numbers (that is, 11 minutes, 22 minutes); 1 shot for every instance of [[Duff Beer (The Simpsons)|Duff Beer]]; 1 shot for every "D'oh!"; 1 shot for the ending.
    -*Alternatively, down a shot each and every time [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] falls down in an episode.
    -
    -*[[Futurama]]: Each person has to take a shot everytime they hear a robot speak. Note: This game should be only attempted by extremely experienced drinkers due to the large amounts of robots actually talking throughout a typical episode.
    -
    -* "The Baseball Drinking Game" is a drinking game in which the participants bet on every pitch in a given drinking game. There are three options: Ball, Strike, or Contact (foul ball counts as contact, not strike). If you guess incorrectly, you drink. In addition, players can make risky bets (ie homerun) on any pitch for whatever amount of drinks are determined in the wagering process. Traditional rules are a bet of one full beer given/taken for the correct/incorrect bet of "homerun".
    -
    -* "[[Boondock Saints]]" Drinking Game: (Perfect St Patty's day activity. Have Guinness around for the Irish car bombs but use a less filling beer for the rest.) Drink every time they say the word "fuck," and chug every time Rocco goes on a rant screaming "fuck" repeatedly. Do an Irish car bomb when they drop the toilet and when they drop through the ceiling. Take a shot of whiskey when Rocco shoots the cat. Waterfall during the firefight. Other alternatives to this drinking game (which should NEVER be attempted!!) include taking a drink of beer everytime the brothers fight, everytime someone curses, everytime someone is seen smoking, and when the cat is killed, you kill a beer.
    -
    -*[[Diggnation]]: A drink is taken every time Kevin or Alex mention certain things like Alex's girlfriend or if they go off topic.
    -
    -*"C-SPAN Drinking Game" - A drink is taken every time congress appropriates a quarter of a million dollars. When military leaders address either house of congress, two drinks are taken. When Dick Cheney or the House Leader addresses represenatives, you take two shots, and one subsequent shot after every ten second pause in speaking (which can result in heavy drinking). Many variations on this game are played throughout the country depending on whether the state is democratic or republican, or how big/small the drinkers' tolerance is to politics on TV.
    -
    -*"The State of the Union Drinking Game" - a topical drinking game based on keywords in the presidential address
    -
    -*"Strange Brew": Watch "Strange Brew" and drink (preferably beer) every time Bob or Doug McKenzie say "[[eh]]" or "[[hoser]]".
    -
    -*"[[The Usual Suspects]]": Take a drink each time the words "Keyser" or "Söze" are spoken.
    -
    -*"[[Family Guy]]": Each person drinks when a flash back scene is shown ("remember the time I...").
    -
    -*"[[Mean Girls]]": Each person takes two drinks whenever there is a good view of breasts. Each person takes one drink when there is a good view of a backside. One drink can also be taken if there is a shot of a really hot girl, too.
    -
    -*"The [[Lebowski]] Challenge": While watching [[The Big Lebowski]], a [[White Russian]] is consumed everytime The Dude drinks a White Russian. A [[Spliff|joint]] is also smoked every time The Dude lights up.
    -
    -*"[[Grandma's Boy]]": Each person drinks every time somebody says the word "roommate(s)". Take one shot every time somebody or a group of people smoke weed (only once per scene). Shotgun twice during the huge party.
    -
    -*"The [[40 Year-Old Virgin]] Challenge": One shot of [[beer]], preferably [[Coors Light]], is consumed each time they say the word "virgin", everytime David mentions Amy, and for every condom Andy tries on. Shotgun during the crazy drinking night. One game of flip cup is played after Andy gets in the car crash, during the "Date-A-Palooza" scene, and during the argument between Jay and the [[African-American]] customer. Shotgun when Andy has sex for the first time and smoke a [[joint]] once he starts singing. For a bonus beer: if anybody in the group notices the numbers "10" and "16" in that order, e.g. 10:16 p.m., chapter 10 and scene 16, etc.
    -
    -*"Arrested Development": Each person drinks everytime a character has a look of disgust or surprise, and whenever there is an awkward silence.
    -
    -*"[[My Name is Earl]]": there are a few games you can play with this show:
    -** "Earl, Crabman" - Every time Earl and Darnell greet each other with "Hey Earl . . . Hey Crabman!" - Take a drink for each name
    -** "Flashbacks" - Take a drink every time there is a flashback
    -** Take a drink every time Earl touches, or refers to "the List"
    -** Take a drink every time there is a refrence to Kenny, The Day Hooker or the One Legged girl
    -** Drink the length of the time you see Earl and Randy in bed together at the end
    -
    -*[[The Office]]: Take a drink every time a cast member looks at the camera, also take a drink any time somebody says something that may be considered sexual harrasment.
    -
    -*"[[Saturday Night Live]]":
    -** Every time the Host is in the opening sketch.
    -** Every time the musical guest is in a sketch.
    -** Every time a weekend update joke bombs.
    -** Every time a sketch is ruined by "Live" Problems (laughing, etc.)
    -** Every time a Moustache falls off a cast member.
    -** Every time a non-host celebrity appears in a cameo.
    -** Every time a recurring cast member shows up.
    -
    -*"[[The Sure Thing]]": Follow the alcohol and food consumption of the protagonist. This includes six cans of beer (three of which are drunken with the [[shotgunning]] technique), a double shot of [[bourbon]], a [[tequila]]-egg-nog, half a chewing gum and [[Cheetos]] ad libitum.
    -
    -*[[Strange Brew]]: Any time Doug or Bob say "eh."
    -
    -* [[Friends (TV series)|Friends]]
    -** game for 6 people, everyone chooses a character out of phoebe, rachel, monica, chandler, joey and ross.
    -** play an episode of friends and every time your chosen character speaks you have to drink for as long as their speaking. best alcohol to use is alcopops or beer, unless you want the game to be more difficult in which case you can opt for stronger drinks like spirits.
    -
    -===Other party and pub games===
    -* [[We Three Beers]] In this game, everyone starts out with three beers. Then everyone drinks them.
    -* [[Beer Hunter]] where one beer of a six pack is shaken and 2 contestants play russian roulette while opening a can under the nose. The loser (he who gets nasalized) must drink all beers that have been opened.
    -* [[Beer Pong]] or [[Beer Pong|Lob pong]] (a drinking game requiring the use of [[ping pong]] balls)
    -* [[The Shot Train]] a drinking activity where two or more contestants race to finish a row of shots, typically six shots.
    -* [http://www.chopperreadthegame.com Chopper The Game]
    -* [http://www.avantgord.com/death-ludo/ Death Ludo]
    -* [[You Drink]]
    -* [[Bottle polka]], also known as Hi-Ho!, Pass the bottle, etc
    -* [[Flip Cup]]
    -* [[The Gauntlet Drinking Game|The Gauntlet]]
    -* [[Georgings|Georging]]
    -* [[Goon of Fortune]]
    -* [[Kong]] (Kings and beer pong mixed)
    -* [[Liar's poker]] (Similar to [[Liar's Dice]], but played with a dollar bill rather than cards or dice)
    -* [[Pub golf]]
    -* [[Pennying]]
    -* [[Sink the Titanic]]
    -* [[Smashy Canny]]
    -* Snow White and the Seven Dwarves
    -* [[Truth or Dare]]
    -* Landmines
    -* [[I Never|I have never...]] (also: I never, Never have I ever)
    -* Beersketball (a game based on [[BASEketball]] and [[Beer Pong]])
    -* [http://www.worldstump.com Stump]
    -* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizbeer Frizbeer]
    -
    -===Conversion of other games===
    -Almost any [[game]] of skill or chance that does not traditionally involve drinking can theoretically be converted into a drinking game. In some games, conversion could be as easy as letting the winner distribute shots to the other players, while in more complicated games, shots can be forced upon players for specific events in the game.
    -
    -For example, in the game of [[chess]], players may have to take drinks when one of their pieces are captured (or perhaps the opposite, where they have to drink upon capturing a piece), as portrayed in the checkers-game scene of [[Our Man in Havana]] (in which the pieces are replaced with mini-whisky bottles). In a popular variant of [[baseball]] called '''Beer Ball''', players have to drink some beer every time they reach a base.
    -
    -The Cambridge University [[Tiddlywinks]] Club have experimented with ways of converting many existing games into drinking games, and have frequently invented their own as a consequence. It has often been found that some quite complex algorithms are required to produce a good fining system. Those trying to convert an existing game into a drinking game should therefore not give up easily.
    -
    -Players should exercise caution before choosing to add drinking to any [[sport]] that could be dangerous under intoxication.
    +{{Redirect|Alice in Wonderland}}
    +{{Unreferenced}}
    +{{Infobox Book
    +| name = Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
    +| image =
    +| image_caption =
    +| author = Chares "Lewis Carroll" Dodgson
    +| illustrator = John Tenniel
    +| country = Great Britain
    +| language = English
    +| genre = Children's Fiction
    +| publisher = Macmillan
    +| release_date = 1865
    +| media_type = Print
    +| followed_by = Through the Looking Glass
    +}}
    +[[Image:Alice par John Tenniel 25.png|thumb|right|250px|[[John Tenniel]]'s illustration for "A Mad Tea-Party", 1865]]
    +[[Image:Rackham Alice.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Illustration by [[Arthur Rackham]]]]
    +[[Image:Alice's Adventures Under Ground, by Lewis Carroll - facsimile page - Project Gutenberg eText 19002.jpg|thumb|Facsimile page from ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'']]
    +'''''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''''' is a work of [[children's literature]] by the [[England|English]] mathematician and author, Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, written under the pseudonym [[Lewis Carroll]]. It tells the story of a girl named Alice who falls down a rabbit-hole into a [[fantasy]] realm populated by talking playing cards and [[anthropomorphic]] creatures.
    +
    +The tale is fraught with [[satire|satirical]] allusions to Dodgson's friends and to the lessons that British schoolchildren were expected to memorize. The Wonderland described in the tale plays with [[logic]] in ways that has made the story of lasting popularity with children as well as adults.
    +
    +The book is often referred to by the abbreviated title '''''Alice in Wonderland'''''. This alternate title was popularized by the numerous film and television adaptations of the story produced over the years. Some printings of this title contain both ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and its sequel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There]]''.
    +
    +==History==
    +''Alice'' was first published on [[4 July]] [[1865]], exactly three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend [[Robinson Duckworth]] rowed in a boat up the [[River Thames]] with three little girls:
    +
    +*Lorina Charlotte Liddell (aged 13) ("Prima" in the book's prefatory verse)
    +*[[Alice Liddell|Alice Pleasance Liddell]] (aged 10) ("Secunda" in the prefatory verse)
    +*Edith Mary Liddell (aged 8) ("Tertia" in the prefatory verse)
    +
    +The journey had started at [[Folly Bridge]] near [[Oxford]], England and ended five miles away in a village of Godstow. To while away time the Reverend Dodgson told the girls a story that, not so coincidentally, featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure.
    +
    +The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. He eventually did so and on [[26 November]] [[1864]] gave Alice the manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground''. Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate there was an earlier version that was destroyed later by Dodgson himself when he printed a more elaborate copy by hand (Gardner, 1965), but there is no real evidence to support this.
    +
    +According to Dodgson's diaries, in the spring of 1863 he gave the unfinished manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' to his friend and mentor [[George MacDonald]], whose children loved it. On MacDonald's advice, Dodgson decided to submit ''Alice'' for publication. Before he had even finished the MS for Alice Liddell he was already expanding the 18,000-word original to 35,000 words, most notably adding the episodes about the Cheshire Cat and the Mad Tea-Party. In 1865, Dodgson's tale was published as ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' by "[[Lewis Carroll]]" with illustrations by [[John Tenniel]]. The first print run of 2,000 was shelved because Tenniel had objections over the print quality; a new edition, released in December of the same year but carrying an 1866 date, was quickly printed.
    +
    +The entire print run sold out quickly. ''Alice'' was a publishing sensation, beloved by children and adults alike. Among its first avid readers were young [[Oscar Wilde]] and [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. The book has never been out of print since. ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' has been translated into over 50 languages, including [[Esperanto]]. There have now been over a hundred editions of the book, as well as countless adaptations in other media, especially theatre and film (see below).
    +
    +===Publishing highlights===
    +[[Image:ALI.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Folio Society]] Edition (1962)]]
    +* 1865: ''Alice'' has its first American printing. {{cite book
    + | last = Carroll
    + | first = Lewis
    + | authorlink = Lewis Carroll
    + | title = The Complete, Fully Illustrated Works
    + | publisher = Gramercy Books
    + | date = 1995
    + | location = New York
    + | id = ISBN 0-517-10027-4 }}
    +
    +* 1871: Dodgson meets another Alice during his time in London, Alice Raikes, and talks with her about her reflection in a mirror, leading to another book ''[[Through the Looking-Glass|Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There]]'', which sells even better.
    +* 1886: Carroll publishes a facsimile of the earlier ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' manuscript.
    +* 1890: He publishes ''[[The Nursery "Alice"]]'', a special edition "to be read by Children aged from Nought to Five."
    +* 1908: ''Alice'' has its first translation into [[Japanese language|Japanese]].
    +* 1960: [[United States|American]] writer [[Martin Gardner]] publishes a special edition, ''[[The Annotated Alice]]'', incorporating the text of both ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]''. It has extensive annotations explaining the hidden allusions in the books, and includes full texts of the [[Victorian era]] [[poem]]s parodied in them. Later editions expand on these annotations.
    +* 1961: The [[Folio Society]] publication with 42 illustrations by [[John Tenniel]].
    +* 1998: The suppressed first edition of the book (that is, the edition nixed by Tenniel) is sold at auction for $1.5 million USD, becoming the most expensive children's book ever traded. (Only 23 copies of the 1865 first edition are known to have survived; 18 are owned by major [[archive]]s or [[library|libraries]], such as the [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]], while the other five are held in private hands.)
    +
    +==Plot summary==
    +{{spoiler}}
    +A girl named [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]] is bored while on a picnic with her older sister. She finds interest in a passing [[White Rabbit|white rabbit]], dressed in a waistcoat and muttering "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be too late!", whom she follows down a rabbit-hole, floating down into a dream underworld. As she attempts to follow the rabbit, she has several adventures. She grows to gigantic size and shrinks to a fraction of her original height; meets a group of small animals stranded in a sea of her own previously shed tears; gets trapped in the rabbit's house when she enlarges herself again; meets a baby which changes into a pig, and a cat which disappears leaving only his smile behind; goes to a never-ending [[tea party]]; goes to the shore and meets a [[Griffin|Gryphon]] and a [[Mock Turtle]]; and attends the trial of the Knave of Hearts, who has been accused of stealing tarts. Eventually, Alice wakes up back with her sister.
    +
    +===Major themes===
    +[[Image:Alice par John Tenniel 30.png|thumb|right|200px|"The chief difficulty [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]] found at first was in managing her flamingo"]]
    +[[Image:Alice 05a-1116x1492.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Caterpillar]] using a [[hookah]]; an illustration by [[John Tenniel]]]]
    +*[[Pun]]s
    +*[[Parody]] and [[satire]]
    +*[[Games]] and [[riddles]]
    +*[[Nonsense]]
    +*[[Dream]]s and [[nightmare]]s
    +*[[In-jokes]] about the Liddell family and the [[Oxford]] community
    +*[[Parable]]
    +*asymmetrical logic
    +
    +==Characters in order of appearance==
    +*[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]
    +*Alice's Sister
    +*[[White Rabbit|The White Rabbit]]
    +*Alice's Cat, Dinah
    +*The Mouse
    +*The Duck
    +*[[Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Dodo]]
    +*[[Lory|The Lory]]
    +*[[Eaglet (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Eaglet]]
    +*[[Bill the Lizard]]
    +*[[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Caterpillar]]
    +*The Fish-Footman
    +*The Frog-Footman
    +*[[Duchess (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Duchess]]
    +*The Baby
    +*The Cook
    +*[[Cheshire cat|The Cheshire Cat]]
    +*[[March Hare|The March Hare]]
    +*[[Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|The Hatter]]
    +*The Dormouse
    +*Two, Five & Seven (cards)
    +*[[The King of Hearts]]
    +*[[Queen of Hearts (Alice character)|The Queen of Hearts]]
    +*The Executioner
    +*[[The Knave of Hearts]] ... wearing club patterns on his clothes ...
    +*[[Griffin|The Gryphon]]
    +*[[Mock Turtle|The Mock Turtle]]
    +*The Jurymen
    +
    +===Character allusions===
    +The members of the boating party that first heard Carroll's tale all show up in Chapter 3 ("A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale") in one form or another. There is, of course, Alice herself, while Carroll, or Charles Dodgson, is caricatured as the Dodo. The Duck refers to Rev. Robinson Duckworth, the Lory to Lorina Liddell, and the Eaglet to Edith Liddell.
    +
    +Bill the Lizard may be a play on the name of [[Benjamin Disraeli]]. One of Tenniel's illustrations in ''Through the Looking Glass'' depicts a caricature of Disraeli, wearing a paper hat, as a passenger on a train. The illustrations of the Lion and the Unicorn also bear a striking resemblance to Tenniel's ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' illustrations of [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstone]] and Disraeli.
    +
    +The Hatter is most likely a reference to Theophilus Carter, a furniture dealer known in [[Oxford]] for his unorthodox inventions. Tenniel apparently drew the Hatter to resemble Carter, on a suggestion of Carroll's.
    +
    +The Dormouse tells a story about three little sisters named Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie. These are the Liddell sisters: Elsie is L.C. (Lorina Charlotte), Tillie is Edith (her family nickname is Matilda), and Lacie is an [[anagram]] of Alice.
    +
    +The Mock Turtle speaks of a Drawling-master, "an old conger eel," that used to come once a week to teach "Drawling, Stretching, and Fainting in Coils." This is a reference to the art critic [[John Ruskin]], who came once a week to the Liddell house to teach the children ''drawing'', ''sketching'', and ''painting in oils''. (The children did, in fact, learn well; Alice Liddell, for one, produced a number of skilled watercolours.)
    +
    +The Mock Turtle also sings "Turtle Soup." This is a parody of a song called "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star," which was performed as a trio by Lorina, Alice and Edith Liddell for Lewis Carroll in the Liddell home during the same summer in which he first told the story of Alice's Adventures Under Ground (source: the diary of Lewis Carroll, August 1, 1862 entry).
    +
    +==Contents==
    +[[Image:AliceOnMushroom.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Alice in Wonderland sculpture in [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]] ]]
    +
    +*Chapter 1 -- Down the Rabbit-Hole
    +*Chapter 2 -- The Pool of Tears
    +*Chapter 3 -- A Caucus-race and a Long Tale
    +*Chapter 4 -- The Rabbit Sends in a Little Bill
    +*Chapter 5 -- Advice from a Caterpillar
    +*Chapter 6 -- Pig and Pepper
    +*Chapter 7 -- A Mad Tea-party
    +*Chapter 8 -- The Queen's Croquet Ground
    +*Chapter 9 -- The Mock Turtle's Story
    +*Chapter 10 -- The Lobster Quadrille
    +*Chapter 11 -- Who Stole the Tarts?
    +*Chapter 12 -- Alice's Evidence
    +
    +===Poems and songs===
    +*"All in the golden afternoon..." (the prefatory verse, an original poem by Carroll that recalls the rowing expedition on which he first told the story of Alice's adventures underground)
    +*"How doth the little crocodile..." (a parody of [[Isaac Watts]]' nursery rhyme, "How doth the little busy bee")
    +*[http://bootless.net/mouse.html The Mouse's Tale] (an example of [[concrete poetry]])
    +*"[[Wikisource:You Are Old, Father William|You Are Old, Father William]]" (a parody of [[Robert Southey]]'s "The Old Man's Comforts and How He Gained Them")
    +*The Duchess' lullaby: "Speak roughly to your little boy..."(a parody of David Bates "Speak Gently")
    +*[[Twinkle_twinkle_little_bat|"Twinkle, twinkle little bat..."]] (a parody of [[Twinkle twinkle little star]])
    +*The Lobster Quadrille (a parody of [[Mary Botham Howitt]]'s "The Spider and the Fly")
    +*"’Tis the voice of the lobster, I heard him declare..." (a parody of "Tis the voice of the Sluggard")
    +*Turtle Soup (a parody of [[James M. Sayles]]' "Star of the Evening, Beautiful Star")
    +*"The Queen of Hearts..." (an actual nursery rhyme)
    +*"They told me you had been to her..." (the White Rabbit's evidence)
    +
    +===Tenniel's illustrations===
    +[[John Tenniel]]'s illustrations of Alice do not portray the real Alice Liddell, who had dark hair and a short fringe. Carroll sent Tenniel a photograph of Mary Hilton Badcock, another child-friend, but whether Tenniel actually used Badcock as his model is open to dispute.
    +
    +===Famous lines and expressions===
    +The term "[[Wonderland]]," from the title, has entered the language and refers to a marvellous imaginary place, or else a real-world place that one sees as "like a dream come true!" It is widely referenced in popular culture— books and film (see below) and pop music. To note just one example, there is a book by the [[Japan|Japanese]] novelist [[Haruki Murakami]] entitled ''[[Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World]]''.
    +
    +"Down the Rabbit-Hole," the Chapter 1 title, has become a popular term for going into an adventure to the unknown. In the film ''[[The Matrix]]'', [[Morpheus (The Matrix)|Morpheus]] says to [[Neo (Matrix character)|Neo]]: "I imagine that right now you're feeling a bit like Alice. Tumbling down the rabbit hole?" He also says, "You take the red pill and you stay in Wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit-hole goes." In [[computer gaming]], a "rabbit hole" may refer to the initiating element that drives the player to enter the game.
    +
    +In an [[Alternate Reality Game]], the rabbit hole is the first puzzle, or first event signaling the beginning.
    +
    +A "[[white rabbit]]" has similar connotations, as a signal to the start of an adventure. In ''The Matrix'', Neo's adventure begins after a message on his computer urges him to "Follow the white rabbit." Episodes of [[Star Trek]] and [[Lost]] also referenced the white rabbit. It is also, coincidentally or not, a street name for heroin.
    +
    +In Chapter 6, the Cheshire Cat's disappearance prompts Alice to say one of her most memorable lines: "...a grin without a cat! It's the most curious thing I ever saw in all my life!" There is a [[France|French]] film called ''[http://www.frif.com/new2001/grin.html A Grin Without a Cat]'' ([[1977]]), directed by [[Chris Marker]].
    +
    +In Chapter 7, the Hatter gives his famous [[riddle]] without an answer: "Why is a [[raven]] like a writing desk?" Although Carroll intended the riddle to have no solution, in a new preface to the 1896 edition of ''Alice'', he proposes several answers: "Because it can produce a few notes, tho they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!" Note the spelling of "never" as "nevar"—turning it into "raven" when inverted. This spelling, however, was "corrected" in later editions to "never" and Carroll's pun was lost. Puzzle maven [[Sam Loyd]] offered these solutions: because the notes for which they are noted are not noted for being musical notes; [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]] wrote on both; bills and tales are among their characteristics; because they both stand on their legs, conceal their steels (steals), and ought to be made to shut up. Many other answers are listed in ''[[The Annotated Alice]]''.
    +
    +Arguably the most famous quote is used when the Queen of Hearts screams "Off with her head!" at Alice (and everyone else she feels slightly annoyed with). Possibly Carroll here was echoing a scene in [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'' (III, iv, 76) where Richard demands the execution of [[Lord Hastings]], crying "Off with his head!"
    +
    +==Cinematic adaptations==
    +*''[[Alice in Wonderland (1903 film)]]'' - the first Alice movie by Cecil M. Hepworth. Parts of the movie are lost but what remains is available as a bonus feature on the 1966 BBC DVD
    +*''[[Alice in Wonderland (1966 film)]]''
    +
    +[[Image:Movie alice in wonderland flowers.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Alice in [[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Disney's animated version]]]]
    +*[[The Walt Disney Company|Disney's]] ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' animated feature, released in 1951, remains the most popular cinematic adaptation of the Alice books. It popularized the iconic image of Alice as a pretty blonde little girl in a white [[pinafore]] and blue dress. Other characters made icons by the film include the Cheshire Cat, the White Rabbit, the Mad Hatter, and the Caterpillar. The character designs owe much to the original Tenniel illustrations. The Disney feature combines story elements from both Alice books. It is notable for its distinctly psychedelic visual feel.
    +
    +Other cinematic adaptations of ''Alice'' include:
    +*''[[Alice in Wonderland (1933 film)]]'' - motion picture
    +*Alice in Wonderland (1951 film) - motion picture produced by [[Lou Bunin]], blending live actors with [[stop-motion]] animated puppets, nicknamed "the lost Alice." Suppressed by Disney to avoid competition with their release the same year
    +*''[[Alice of Wonderland in Paris]]'' - 1966 animated movie
    +*''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972 film)]]'' - motion picture
    +* ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1976 film)]]'' - X-Rated musical comedy
    +*''[[Alice in Wonderland (1985 film)]]'' - motion picture
    +*''[[The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland]]'' - 1987 animated adaptation from [[Nelvana Limited]]
    +*''[[Alice (1988 film)]]'' - animated motion picture by [[Jan Švankmajer]]
    +*''[[Alice in Wonderland (1999 film)]]'' - made for television movie
    +*''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' - An action/sci-fi based on a video game series of the same name. The film centres on a girl named Alice who travels underground to face a supercomputer known as "The Red Queen".
    +*''[[Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll]]'' - 2006 yet-unrated short-film series by [[Marilyn Manson (person)|Marilyn Manson]]
    +*''[[Alice (2007 film)]]'' - based on the horror video game ''[[American McGee's Alice]]'', in which Alice ([[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]) appears in a nightmare world
    +*''[[Malice in Sunderland]] - this 2007 film stars [[Mischa Barton]] as an embittered, adult version of Alice.
    +
    +[http://www.alice-in-wonderland.fsnet.co.uk/film_tv_intro.htm This webpage] has a considerable list of cinematic adaptations with appropriate reviews. [http://www.freewebs.com/mcgeesjabberwock/alicereviews.htm This webpage] has short reviews of various movies and books that the Alice books have spawned.
    +
    +==Live Performance==
    +Lewis Carroll's most famous work has also inspired numerous live performances, including [[play]]s, [[opera]]s, [[ballet]]s, and traditional English [[pantomime]]s. These works range from adaptions which are fairly faithful to the original book to those which use the story as a basis for new works. A good example of the latter is ''The Eighth Square'', a murder mystery set in Wonderland. This goth-toned rock musical premiered in 2006 at the New Theatre Royal in [[Portsmouth]], [[England]].
    +
    +With the immediate popularity of the book, it didn't take long for live performances to begin. One early example is ''Alice in Wonderland'', a musical play by [[H. Saville Clark]] (book) and [[Walter Slaughter]] (music), which played in 1886 at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]] in [[London]].
    +
    +Over the years, many notable people in the performing arts have been involved in "Alice" productions. One of the most well-known American productions was [[Joseph Papp]]'s 1980 staging of ''[[Alice in Concert]]'' at the [[Public Theater]] in [[New York City]]. [[Elizabeth Swados]] wrote the book, lyrics, and music. Based on both ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and ''Through the Looking Glass'', Papp and Swados had previously produced a version of it at the [[New York Shakespeare Festival]]. [[Meryl Streep]] played Alice, the White Queen, and Humpty Dumpty. The cast also included [[Debbie Allen]], [[Michael Jeter]], and [[Mark Linn-Baker]]. Performed on a bare stage with the actors in modern dress, the play is a loose adaption, with song styles ranging the globe.
    +
    +Similarly, the 1992 operatic production ''Alice'' used both "Alice" books as its inspiration. However, it also employs scenes with Charles Dodgson, a young Alice Liddell, and an adult Alice Liddell, to frame the story. Paul Schmidt wrote the play, with [[Tom Waits]] and [[Kathleen Brennan]] writing the music. Although the original production in [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]], received only a small audience, Tom Waits released the songs as the album ''[[Alice (album)|Alice]]'' in 2002, to much acclaim.
    +
    +In addition to professional performances, school productions abound. Both high schools and colleges have staged numerous versions of Alice-inspired performances. The imaginative story and large number of characters are well-suited to such productions.
    +
    +==Criticism==\t
    +The book, although broadly and continually received in a positive light, has also caught a large amount of derision for its strange and random tone (which is also the reason so many others like it). One of the best-known critics is fantasy writer [[Terry Pratchett]], who has openly stated that he dislikes the book [http://www.lspace.org/books/apf/words-from-the-master.html]. [[L. Frank Baum]], the author of the [[Wizard of Oz]] series, likewise disliked having his stories compared to Carroll's, saying his books were fantasy "with purpose" while the ''Alice'' stories were just "nonsense". {{fact}}
    +
    +The book was [[List of banned books|banned]] in China in 1931 because the talking animals were considered blasphemous to Chinese beliefs.{{cn}}
    +
    +===Genre: fantasy or horror?===
    +: "Children are put off by Alice’s underground adventures not because they cannot understand them; in fact, they frequently understand them too well. Indeed they often find the book a terrifying experience, rarely relieved by the comic spirit they can clearly perceive."
    — [[Donald Rackin]], ''Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass Nonsense, Sense, and Meaning''
    +
    +The most common perspective on ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' is that it is a whimsical [[fantasy]]. However, there is disagreement with this perspective. To a number of people, the book does not characterize whim and fantasy, but rather [[Horror fiction|horror]] and self-sustaining [[Kafkaesque]] [[insanity]]. The [[comedy]] of the book, while clearly visible, does not mitigate the fact, but rather causes it to stand out by perverse contrast.
    +
    +Taken from this perspective, the novel (as well as ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'') is a sinister, pernicious world characterized by persons who exist fully by a self-sustaining logic that exists without reference to outside influence, including the influence of a sane, rational, and moral mind. By this perspective, at its essence, ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' is not a dream but a surreal nightmare involving loss of control, inability to communicate or [[reason]], rampant uncontrolled change of one's self and everything around, and a total inability to gain any foundation in the world. Some scholars have pointed out, however, that many of these 'nightmarish' incidents and feelings notably resemble the confusion and lack of control a young child experiences at the hands of adults (well-meaning or not).
    +
    +It is noteworthy that in both novels, people suffer for no reason. The White Rabbit has an air of deposed aristocracy, the [[Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Queen of Hearts]] orders executions for no reason other than her own irritation and enjoyment, the [[Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Hatter]] exists in a never ending tea party because he got in a fight with Time and it imprisoned him in six o'clock, etc. Many of these are parables for the society of the time. For instance, from ''Through the Looking-Glass'', the parable of ''[[The Walrus and the Carpenter]]'' appears to be a parable about the treatment of children and child-labor.
    +
    +Thus, the very thing that produces appeal and wonder in the book for many people terrifies others. It is a world that exists in different cells, each with internally consistent rules that don't conform to any of the others, each continuing on its way with anything running from apathy to malice, and each able to persist in its state indefinitely. From a child's perspective, if one were to fall down a rabbit hole today one could easily encounter the very same terrifying Wonderland Alice did, changed in only the most vestigial of ways.
    +
    +[[American McGee]], a video and computer [[game designer]], released in the year 2000 a horror game entitled [[American McGee's Alice]]. In an interview, American McGee defended his dark interpretation of the novels, claiming that ''Alice in Wonderland'' is a very dark tale to begin with.
    +
    +==Works influenced==
    +{{main|Works influenced by Alice in Wonderland}}
    +Alice and the rest of Wonderland continue to inspire or influence many other works of art to this day—sometimes indirectly; via the [[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Disney movie]], for example. The character of the plucky yet proper Alice has proven immensely popular and inspired similar heroines in literature and pop culture, many also named Alice in homage.
    +it has also influenced many Japanese manga comics, most notable [[Miyuki-chan in Wonderland]], by [[CLAMP]].
    +
    +==Culture and collecting==
    +''Alice'' continues to be a cultural phenomenon today, spawning hundreds of collectors' items, websites, and works of art.
    +
    +There is a vast ''Alice''-collecting cottage industry, which has recently burgeoned due to the [[Internet]]. There are often more than 2500 items up for auction via [[eBay]] at any given time, from rare books to more recent commissioned art. Just about every kind of Alice merchandise imaginable is available, from clocks to earrings to pillow cases. They are not always easy to locate, but can often be found in so-called "Alice shops". In [[England]], such shops include ''The Rabbit Hole'' in [[Llandudno]] and ''Alice's Shop'' in [[Oxford]]. Smaller ones can be found in Halton [[Cheshire]] and in [[Bournemouth]] where there is an Alice Theme Park. In the [[United States]] they include ''The White Rabbit'' in [[California]]. In fact, there is Alice merchandise in America that is not available elsewhere. One of these is a book called ''Sherlock Holmes and the Alice In Wonderland Murders''.
    +
    +== Media ==
    +{{multi-listen start}}
    +Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, read aloud by the [[LibriVox]] project:
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 1.ogg|title=Chapter 1|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 2.ogg|title=Chapter 2|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 3.ogg|title=Chapter 3|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 4.ogg|title=Chapter 4|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 5.ogg|title=Chapter 5|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 6.ogg|title=Chapter 6|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 7.ogg|title=Chapter 7|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 8.ogg|title=Chapter 8|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 9.ogg|title=Chapter 9|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 10.ogg|title=Chapter 10|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 11.ogg|title=Chapter 11|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen item|filename=Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, chapter 12.ogg|title=Chapter 12|description=}}
    +{{multi-listen end}}
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[Alice in Wonderland syndrome]]
    +*[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]
    +*[[White Rabbit (song)|Jefferson Airplane's 'White Rabbit']]
    +
    +==References==
    +*[http://www.alice-in-wonderland.fsnet.co.uk/ Website devoted to Alice in Wonderland and its derivations]
    +*[http://www.theeighthsquare.co.uk/ Website for ''The Eighth Square'' theatrical production]

    ==External links==
    -*[http://www.drink101.com Drink101.com How-To's, Drinking Games, Drinking Product Reviews]
    -*[http://www.powerhour.tuckwat.com myPowerHour - Play power hour with iTunes and Winamp!]
    -*[http://www.cutwc.net/pub/home/ The Cambridge University Tiddlywinks Club]
    -*[http://www.drinkinggamesfor.us Drinking Games For Us]
    -*[http://cocktailfun.com/drinking_games.php Fun Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.lazydork.com Lazydork's Movie Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.drinkswap.com DrinkSwap: 700+ Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.beerrecord.com World Beer Record]
    -*[http://BeerCheckers.com Beer Checkers beer drinking game]
    -*[http://www.barmeister.com/games.html BarMeister: Online Guide to Drinking]
    -*[http://www.rapidfish.org/joan/mwwdlsc/drinkinggame.html The Screen Savers drinking game]
    -*[http://www.avalon.net/~matrix/drink/cops.html The Cops drinking game]
    -*[http://planetofthegeeks.com/trek/beertrek/ BeerTrek - Star Trek Drinking Game]
    -*[http://www.welkmusicalfamily.com/drinkinggame.html The Lawrence Welk Show Drinking Game]
    -*[http://www.geocities.com/TelevisionCity/Set/7200/drinking.htm The Ultimate Drinking Game page]
    -*[http://www.budpong.com/ Beer Pong, Flip Cup and Baseball Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.webtender.com/handbook/games/ The Webtender - Bartender's Handbook - Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www/jorgedrunk.com/1 JorgeDrunk.com]
    -*[http://www.ringthis.com/tvdrink/tv.php Ring This... TV and Movie Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.tarfumes.com Tarfumes.com - Movie and TV Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.bingbongtables.com Ultimate Drinking Games]
    -*[ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/culture/beer/misc/drinking_games/ Collection at nic.funet.fi]
    -*[http://compare-stuff.com/party-game.shtml Web-based drinking/party game at compare-stuff.com]
    -*[http://www.funwithbeer.com/ Beer Fun and Reviews]
    -*[http://www.audioracle.com/Articles/drinking.php Music Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.brewthis.com/drinking-games/ Index of Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.webtender.com/handbook/games/ The Webtender: Drinking Games]
    -*[http://www.rileymartindrinkinggame.com/ The Riley Martin Drinking Game]
    -*[http://www.beerdiegame.com/ Official Beer Die Page]
    -*[http://www.crunkmastersonline.com/ Crunk Masters Online! - Enhance the Party!]
    -*[http://www.drinkinggame.us/ State of the Union Drinking Game]
    -
    -[[Category:Drinking games| ]]
    -
    -[[de:Trinkspiel]]
    -[[fr:Jeu à boire]]
    -[[la:Ludus potatorius]]
    -[[nl:Bierspel]]
    -[[no:Drikkelek]]
    -[[fi:Juomapeli]]
    -[[sv:Dryckesspel]]
    +{{wikiquote}}
    +{{wikisource}}
    +{{commons|Alice's Adventures in Wonderland}}
    +'''Online book locations'''
    +* GASL.org: [http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Carroll__Alice_1st.pdf The Complete Works]
    +* GASL.org: [http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Carroll__Alice_1st.pdf First editions of ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' and ''Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There''] With 92 Illustrations by Tenniel, 1866/1872.
    +* British Library:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html Original manuscript and drawings by Lewis Carrol (requires Flash)]
    +* University of Adelaide:[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/c/carroll_l/alice/ Text with illustrations by Tenniel]
    +* Art Passions: [http://rackham.artpassions.net/aliceinwonderland.html Text with illustrations by Arthur Rackham]
    +* [http://public-domain.zorger.com Scans of illustrations by Gordon Robinson]
    +* DocOzone: [http://www.bugtown.com/alice/ Illustrations by Arthur Rackham] ([[1907]])
    +* [[Project Gutenberg]]:
    +**[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19033 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland] - 1920 New York publication, [[HTML]]
    +**[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/11 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland] - plain text
    +**[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19002 Alice's Adventures Under Ground] - HTML with facsimiles of original manuscript pages, and illustrations by Carroll
    +* Indiana.edu: [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/metastuff/wonder/wonderdir.html Text only]
    +* GASL.org: [http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Carroll__Wonderland.pdf Text with illustrations by Tenniel] (PDF, coloured edition in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library])
    +* Duchs.com: [http://alice.duchs.com Text only] (RSS version)
    +* PublicLiterature.org: [http://alicesadventuresinwonderland.publicliterature.org/ Chapter indexed, Searchable text]
    +* Sabiana: [http://www.sabian.org/alice.htm Text with illustrations by Tenniel], with a commentary by Dr. Marc Edmund Jones
    +* DjVu editions: [http://www.leoyan.com/global-language.com/BOOKS/Carroll.html Alice's Adventures in Wonderland] (color illustrations, searchable, several formats)
    +
    +[[Category:1865 novels]]
    +[[Category:Alice in Wonderland]]
    +
    +[[cs:Alenka v říši divů]]
    +[[da:Alice i eventyrland]]
    +[[de:Alice im Wunderland]]
    +[[el:Η Αλίκη στη Χώρα των Θαυμάτων]]
    +[[es:Alicia en el País de las Maravillas]]
    +[[eo:Alico en Mirlando]]
    +[[fa:آلیس در سرزمین عجایب]]
    +[[fr:Alice au pays des merveilles]]
    +[[ko:이상한 나라의 앨리스]]
    +[[io:Alice-adventuri en marvel-lando]]
    +[[is:Lísa í Undralandi]]
    +[[it:Le avventure di Alice nel paese delle meraviglie]]
    +[[he:הרפתקאות אליס בארץ הפלאות]]
    +[[nl:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]
    +[[ja:不思議の国のアリス]]
    +[[pl:Alicja w Krainie Czarów]]
    +[[pt:Alice no País das Maravilhas]]
    +[[ru:Алиса в стране чудес (роман)]]
    +[[fi:Liisan seikkailut ihmemaassa]]
    +[[sv:Alice i Underlandet]]
    +[[ta:ஆலிஸின் அற்புத உலகம்]]
    +[[zh:爱丽丝梦游仙境]] 2013-06-01 03:32:02 93656882 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2743701]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,21 +1,60 @@\n
    -[[Image:Sovietchampagne.jpg|thumb|200px|A 1952 poster advertising Soviet champagne.]]
    -'''''Sovetskoye Shampanskoye''''' (Советское Шампанское, 'Soviet [[Champagne (beverage)|Champagne]]') is a [[generic brand]] of [[sparkling wine]] produced in the [[Soviet Union]] and successor states.
    +{{Infobox Wrestling event
    +|name=WrestleMania X
    +|image=Logo-wm10.jpg
    +|promotion=[[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]]
    +|date=[[March 20]], [[1994]]
    +|venue=[[Madison Square Garden]]
    +|city=[[New York City|New York, New York]]
    +|attendance=19,444
    +|lastevent=[[Royal Rumble (1994)|Royal Rumble 1994]]
    +|nextevent=[[King of the Ring#1994|King of the Ring 1994]]
    +}}

    -"Soviet Champagne" is still beeing produced in [[Russia]] today.
    +'''WrestleMania X''' was the tenth annual [[WrestleMania]] [[professional wrestling]] [[pay-per-view]] event from the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]]. It took place at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City|New York, New York]] on [[March 20]], [[1994]]. The commentators for the event were [[Vince McMahon]] and [[Jerry Lawler|Jerry "The King" Lawler]]. The event featured two taglines: "Ten Years in the Making" and "Back on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]]."

    -==See also==
    -* [[Ukrainian wine]]
    -* [[Stolichnaya vodka]]
    +The two WWF Championship bouts at this event came about as a result of [[Lex Luger]] and Bret Hart being declared co-winners of the [[1994 Royal Rumble]]. The plan was to have one man face off against reigning [[WWE Championship|WWF Champion]] [[Rodney Anoa'i|Yokozuna]] while the other wrestled “suitable competition” in a separate bout earlier on the card. The person who emerged from the first WWF Championship bout as WWF Champion would then face off against the other wrestler (regardless of whether he won or lost) in the second WWF Championship bout of the evening. Approximately one month prior to the event, a ([[kayfabe]]) coin toss was won by Lex Luger, granting him the opportunity of having the first title shot. Had Bret Hart won the coin toss, Lex Luger’s first match would have been against [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Crush]] instead.
    +
    +==Results==
    +*'''[[Dark match]]: [[The Heavenly Bodies]] ([[Jimmy Del Ray]] and [[Tom Prichard]]) (w/[[Jim Cornette]]) defeated [[The Bushwhackers]] ([[Brian Wickens|Luke Williams]] and [[Robert Miller (wrestler)|Butch Miller]])'''
    +**Del Ray pinned Butch.
    +*'''[[Owen Hart]] defeated [[Bret Hart]] (20:21)'''
    +**Owen pinned Bret by sitting down on a [[Professional wrestling holds#Victory roll|Victory Roll]] attempt from Bret.
    +*'''[[Scott Bigelow|Bam Bam Bigelow]] and [[Gertrude Vachon|Luna Vachon]] defeated [[Doink the Clown]]([[Ray Apollo]]) and [[Claude Giroux (wrestler)|Dink]] in a "Mixed Tag Team match" (6:09)'''
    +**Bigelow pinned Doink after a [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving headbutt|Diving Headbutt]].
    +[[Image:WMXyokozuna.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Yokozuna vs. Lex Luger for the WWF Championship]]
    +*'''[[Randy Savage]] defeated [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Crush]] (w/[[Harry Fujiwara|Mr. Fuji]]) in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Falls Count Anywhere Match|Falls Count Anywhere Match]] (9:49)'''
    +**Savage won the match when he [[hogtie]]d Crush to a [[winch]] backstage in the Garden, preventing him from returning to the ring within 60 seconds.
    +*'''[[Debra Miceli|Alundra Blayze]] defeated [[Leilani Kai]] to retain the [[WWE Women's Championship|WWF Women's Championship]] (3:20)'''
    +**Blayze pinned Kai with a [[Suplex#German Suplex|Bridging German Suplex]].
    +*'''[[Men on a Mission]] ([[Nelson Frazier, Jr.|Mabel]] and [[Robert Horne (wrestler)|Mo]]) (w/Oscar) defeated [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF Tag Team Champions]] [[The Quebecers]] ([[Jacques Rougeau|Jacques]] and [[Carl Ouellet|Pierre]]) (w/[[Scott Levy|Johnny Polo]]) by count-out (7:41)'''
    +**The Quebecers were counted-out after Polo pulled Jacques out of the ring, deliberately causing a count-out, to prevent a title change.
    +*'''[[Rodney Anoa'i|Yokozuna]] (w/[[Harry Fujiwara|Mr. Fuji]] and [[Jim Cornette]]) defeated [[Lex Luger]] (w/[[Curt Hennig|Mr. Perfect]] as [[Professional wrestling match types#Special Referee|Special Guest Referee]]) by disqualification to retain the [[WWE Championship|WWF Championship]] (14:40)'''
    +[[Image:WMXmichaels.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Razor Ramon vs. Shawn Michaels for the Intercontinental Championship]]
    +**Mr. Perfect disqualified Luger for shoving him after Perfect refused to count one of Luger's pinfall attempts.
    +*'''[[John Tenta|Earthquake]] defeated [[Bryan Clark|Adam Bomb]] (0:32)'''
    +**Earthquake pinned Bomb after a [[Professional wrestling attacks#Butt drop|Earthquake Splash]].
    +**[[John Tenta|Earthquake]]'s opponent was originally supposed to be [[Tony Halme|Ludvig Borga]].
    +*'''[[Scott Hall|Razor Ramon]] defeated [[Shawn Michaels]] in a [[Ladder match]] to retain the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|WWF Intercontinental Championship]] (18:47)'''
    +**Ramon climbed the ladder and retrieved both belts after Michaels became entangled in the ring ropes.
    +**There were two belts because Michaels had been claiming he was still IC Champion despite having been stripped of the title several months earlier.
    +*'''[[Bret Hart]] defeated [[Rodney Anoa'i|Yokozuna]] (w/[[Harry Fujiwara|Mr. Fuji]] and [[Jim Cornette]]) (w/[[Roddy Piper]] as [[professional wrestling match types#Special Referee|Special Guest Referee]]) to win the [[WWE Championship|WWF Championship]] (10:38)'''
    +**Hart pinned Yokozuna after he collapsed due to exhausation and fell off the middle rope.
    +**Many of the company's top faces and officials entered the ring to celebrate with Hart after his win, including [[Lex Luger]], [[Randy Savage]], [[Scott Hall|Razor Ramon]], [[Chris Chavis|Tatanka]], [[Pat Patterson]], [[Gorilla Monsoon]] and [[Vince McMahon]].
    +
    +==Notes==
    +[[Image:Wmxhitman.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bret Hart winning the WWF Championship]]
    +*[[Little Richard]] sang a reindition of ''"[[America the Beautiful]]"'' before the show.
    +*This was the last WrestleMania to use the "Titan Sports" WWF logo used since the first WrestleMania.
    +*This is the final WrestleMania appearance of referee [[Joey Marella]], who died on [[July 4]], [[1994]] in a car accident.
    +*Celebrity guests in attendance for WrestleMania X included [[Rhonda Shear]], [[Little Richard]], [[Donnie Wahlberg]], [[Burt Reynolds]], and [[Jennie Garth]].
    +
    +==References==
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm10/factsstats/ WrestleMania X Facts/Stats]

    ==External links==
    -* [http://www.aeroflot.ru/eng/service.asp?ob_no=3251&d_no=3253 The Essential Sparkle]
    -* [http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1295010 Soviet champagne]
    -* [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2004/03/30/046.html Trademark Battles Rage Over Top Soviet Brands]
    +* [http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm10/ The Official Website of WrestleMania X]

    -{{Wine-stub}}
    -{{Product-stub}}
    -{{Soviet-stub}}
    -[[Category:Wine]]
    -[[Category:Soviet brands]]
    -
    -[[uk:Шампанське Советское]]
    +{{WrestleMania}}
    +[[Category:1994 in sports]]
    +[[Category:Sports in New York City]]
    +[[Category:WrestleMania|WrestleMania 10]] 2013-04-09 15:20:31 91897770 KLBot2 JackieBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q3269211]] NaN 2013-03-14 16:01:20 90146246 Addbot MerlIwBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2503841]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,188 +1,11 @@\n
    -[[User_talk:Netkinetic/Archive1|Archival record for Jan 2006-May 2006]]
    +'''Varman''' is a village in [[Sirohi District]] in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].It is 45 km from [[Abu Road]].Its's old name is Brahmana.

    -Greetings and welcome. For any compliments, concerns, constructive critiques...or just to say hello, please feel free to use this forum at your discretion. I ask only that you practice courteous [[WP:CIV|civility]], and uncivil comments will be immediately archived. Let's work together to build a better resource for those whom come after us. [[User:Netkinetic|Netkinetic]] 06:43, 22 April 2006 (UTC) P.S. Barnstars are welcome!!!! ;)
    +It was a prosperous town in the past.The place was famous for Sun-temple known as Brahmana Svamin.The temple is also called Surya Narayana and was built in the seventh century .It was a marvellous temple.

    -============================================================================================
    +During the reign of Paramara ruler Vikramasimha of [[Chandravati]] the temple was rebuilt in 1299 AD by Lalitadevi, wife of paratihara Raja Vinnada.

    -== My RfA ==
    +There is a Jain temple and also the temple of Varmesvara ( Shiva) .Brahmanaka gachchha originated from this place.

    -{| style="background-color: #e7efef; border: solid 1px darkcyan;"
    -| [[Image:Lutherbibel.jpg|100px|]]
    -| style="background-color: #e0e0f0; padding: 1em; border: solid 1px darkcyan;" | Thank you for voting at [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/CTSWyneken|my RFA]]. Even though you did not vote for me, your counsel was appreciated. In the next few months, I intend to work on expanding my involvement in other namespaces and try a few different subjects than in the past. - [[User:CTSWyneken|CTSWyneken]][[User talk:CTSWyneken|Talk]]
    -|}
    -
    -== Thanks ==
    -
    -Thanks for reverting the vandalism to my userpage. [[User:HighwayCello|H]][[User:HighwayCello/Esperanza|ig]][[User:HighwayCello|hway]] [[User talk:HighwayCello|Rainbow Sneakers]] 11:15, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Filipino writers==
    -
    -It's news to me that this is even expected. All I've ever been told before today was that "subst" was a specific ''part'' of some templates and not others. [[User:Bearcat|Bearcat]] 06:49, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Thanks for your message. Do kindly help me since I am doing a constructive edit. I am having problems how to properly do it the wikipedia way since I am relatively new here.
    -
    -"Filipino writers" as a category is problematic since it is ambiguous. it may refer to the Philippines national language "Filipino."
    -
    -The problem is, the Philippines has at least 80 languages and many of these languages have their own literatures. Using "Filipino" to describe writers and literatures from the Philippines can be controversial, ambiguous and politically incorrect. Writers in the other Philippine languages may be offended.
    -
    -What I did was to move what was previously under "Filipino writers" and transfer these names under the category "Writers from the Philippines."
    -
    -"Writers from the Philippines" is a more appropriate category to embrace all writers from the Philippines -- whether they are writing in that country's various literary languages: English, Filipino, Spanish, Tagalog, Ilocano, Bikol, Kapampangan, Hiligaynon, Cebuano, Kiniray-a and several others. This category does not offend those who are writing in the other Philippine languages.
    -
    -There is a strong resentment towards "Filipino" language since the language was largely derived from "Tagalog." The Philippine government implemented this as a policy in 1935 during the period of Philippine Commonwealth under the United States. The creation of "Tagalog" as "Pilipino" (and later, as "Filipino") as a national language marginalized the other Philippine languages. many of these other languages in the countryside are now either dying or extinct.
    -
    -Feel free to ask further questions. I am actually a scholar working on Southeast Asian Cultures and Societies so I am very familiar with the subject.
    -
    -Many thanks for your concern and kind attention. - [[User:7258|7258]] 16:50, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Thank you very much ==
    -
    -Thanks. I am just struggling to learn edit summary. I was a bit confused since I discovered that writers from the Philippines and other items related to Philippine literature are quite disorganized. I am trying to find a way to make coherent and structured categorizations. There's still a lot to learn and I can only thank people like you for being around to help me. I also have very strong convictions against vandalism. I understand your concern. Thanks so much and do keep in touch should there be a need for me to be reminded or instructed further. - [[User:7258|7258]] 16:58, 14 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Speedy deletion of templates ==
    -
    -If you nominate a template for speedy deletion, please use ... tags around the {{tl|db}}. Otherwise all pages carrying the template will end up in [[CAT:CSD]]. I disagree with speedily deleting the template you nominated, I suggest you go through [[WP:TFD]] to have it deleted in the normal non-speedy way. Happy editing, [[User:Kusma|Kusma]] [[User_talk:Kusma|(討論)]] 00:05, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Ruud van Nistelrooy ==
    -
    -My apologies. I removed a redundant list of the clubs he played for. My mistake not to state that in the summary.
    -
    -== WWE Draft==
    -Should'nt Kane be deleted from that list because he was drafted to SD
    -
    -== [[Loose Change (video)]] ==
    -
    -Fighting vandals is appreciated, but do not use vandalproof for British/American spelling issues. The correct spelling is "center" not "centre" in this instance. - [[User:RoyBoy|Roy]][[User talk:RoyBoy|'''Boy''']] [[User:RoyBoy/The 800 Club|800]] 04:46, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==VandalProof 1.2 Now Available==
    -

    -[[Image:Vandalprooflock.jpg|right|180px]]
    -After a lenghty, but much-needed Wikibreak, I'm happy to announce that version 1.2 of VandalProof is now ''available for download!'' Beyond fixing some of the most obnoxious bugs, like the persistent crash on start-up that many have experienced, version 1.2 also offers a wide variety of new features, including a stub-sorter, a global user whitelist and blacklist, navigational controls, and greater customization. You can find a full list of the new features [[WP:VandalProof#Suggestions Being Considered|here]]. While I believe this release to be a significant improvement over the last, it's nonetheless nowhere near the end of the line for VandalProof. Thanks to [[User:Robchurch|Rob Church]], I now have an account on [http://test.wikipedia.org test.wikipedia.org] with SysOp rights and have already been hard at work incorporating administrative tools into VandalProof, which I plan to make available in the near future. An example of one such SysOp tool that I'm working on incorporating is my [[User:AmiDaniel/SHM|simple history merge]] tool, which simplifies the process of performing history merges from one article into another. Anyway, if you haven't already, I'd encourage you to [[WP:VandalProof#Download|download and install version 1.2]] and take it out for a test-drive. As always, your [[User talk:AmiDaniel/VP/suggestions|suggestions]] for improvement are always appreciated, and I hope that you will find this new version useful. Happy editing! --[[User:AmiDaniel|AmiDaniel]] ([[User talk:AmiDaniel|talk]]) 02:57, 21 May 2006 (UTC)
    -

    -
    -== [[Nightwing]] // [[Dick Grayson]] ==
    -Please vote in this [[Talk:Dick_Grayson#Survey|Discussion]] --[[User:Neodammerung|Neodammerung]] 00:17, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Nero ==
    -
    -Curious: Why did you move Nero (comics) to Nero (DC Comics)? [[User:ChrisGriswold|Chris Griswold]] 11:16, 17 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== User:Apostrophe ==
    -
    -He's left anyway, but I don't need to report him: I'm an admin and I could just block him. I wouldn't, however. [[User:1ne|1ne]] 23:55, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
    -==Image copyright problem with Image:Mr_Scarlet.jpg==
    -Thanks for uploading [[:Image:Mr_Scarlet.jpg]]. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate [[WP:ICT|copyright tag]], it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.
    -
    -For more information on using images, see the following pages:
    -*[[Wikipedia:Image use policy]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:Image copyright tags]]
    -
    -This is an automated notice by [[User:OrphanBot|OrphanBot]]. For assistance on the image use policy, see [[Wikipedia:Media copyright questions]]. 07:27, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Superman==
    -
    -Superman ability to absorb solar energy is based on his Krypontian Hertiage. [[User:T-1000|T-1000]] 04:27, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Thank you, I ask that you keep an eye on the Superman and Superman's power pages, to revert Cystalb4's edits, as it is already proven that Superman has regenerative abilities. [[User:T-1000|T-1000]] 04:33, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Dispute resolution process ==
    -
    -Okay, basically, in this edit, [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lesfer&diff=79589402&oldid=79587800] you don't really keep within the bounds of our [[WP:CIV|civility policy]. It's not best practise to threaten people, and you shouldn't really ban people from your talk page, it isn't conducive to smoothing a situation out. If you do have a problem with a user, you should seek guidance straight away. Sometimes it is possible to get frustrated when editing Wikipedia, and in those circumstances it is best to try and keep [[WP:COOL]]. An approach is to write a response, and instead of posting it, walk away for five minutes and then come back and rewrite it. Frustration is the hardest part about contributing to Wikipedia. Disputes occur frequently, especially in areas where the situation may not seem clear cut to both parties. The best advise is to stop acting, keep a cool head and keep talking. However, if that fails, rather than find yourself in a position where you lose your temper and say something you shouldn't, you should walk away. You should also consider extending a sincere apology when you have lost your temper. An apology does not have to mean you accept you were wrong in your position, only that the way you put that position across was perhaps ill-judged. We do have a [[WP:DR|dispute resolution]] process, and if you need help in working through the steps don't hesitate to contact me for help. Your contributions are valuable, but bear in mind all parties in an [[WP:EW|edit war]] must be treated equally. [[User:Steve block|Steve block]] [[User talk:Steve block|Talk]] 14:03, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Regarding your reverts==
    -I suggest you check consensus in [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics#Categories]] before reverting my work. Thanks. —[[User:Lesfer|Lesfer]] [[User talk:Lesfer|(t]]/[[Special:Contributions/Lesfer|c]]/[[Special:Emailuser/Lesfer|@)]] 18:37, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Yes, because that's the page where discussion takes place and decisions (like this particular one above) are made. —[[User:Lesfer|Lesfer]] [[User talk:Lesfer|(t]]/[[Special:Contributions/Lesfer|c]]/[[Special:Emailuser/Lesfer|@)]] 18:44, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I understand your point of view, I really do because I used to edit following this line. What I didn't think before but I do now as I was convinced about it, is that the most reasonable thing to do is checking one by one in order make decisions. Each case is a case. The line you follow (and I myself used to) creates doubled characters within categories while my work right now focus in eliminating this kind of thing.
    One thing we do have in common is that we both work for improving the Project and related articles. Enough of foolishness, this is history. Peace. —[[User:Lesfer|Lesfer]] [[User talk:Lesfer|(t]]/[[Special:Contributions/Lesfer|c]]/[[Special:Emailuser/Lesfer|@)]] 19:09, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== RE: Spectre ==
    -
    -I know this might be a moot point given the team categories are up for deletion, but...
    -
    -The article covers the entirety of the Spectre, not just Hal's period as host. Since it includes the period for Corrigan as host, during which the character was a member of the All-Star Squadron and the JSA, the cats were correctly applied.
    -
    -As a side note: the continuity of this one creates a small mess. IIUC, up until Gaiman's ''Books of Magic'', the character was nothing more than Corrigan's ghost empowered by on high. For lack of better terms, "The Spectre" was a codename used by the character Jim Corrigan. That changed with Gaiman's story. The Spectre became a character separate to Corrigan, but bound to him. It predated it's host and, with Hal and Crispus, has been shown to exist after the host has moved on.
    -
    -Any way... the team cats should stick with this article, at least until the cats themselves go. — [[User:J Greb|J Greb]] 18:56, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Categories==
    -(crossposting to both talk pages) I respectfully request that you both put a moratorium on (in other words, stop) adding/removing characters to/from categories, at least until the Superhero-team CfD has completed. Thank you. : ) - [[User:Jc37|jc37]] 21:28, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Jc37, sure not a problem. [[User:Netkinetic|NetK]] 23:48, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Thank you. Have a great day : ) - [[User:Jc37|jc37]] 23:54, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==WikiProject Disambiguation Talk Request==
    -This is a form message being sent to all WikiProject Disambiguation participants. I may have found your page based on your contributions or your link repair user box on your user page. If you are not a member, please consider including your name on the project page. I recently left a [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Disambiguation#Adopting_Pages_and_Link_Repair_Banner|proposed banner idea on the WikiProject Disambiguation talk page]] and I would appreciate any input you could provide. Before it can be approved or denied, I would prefer a lot of feedback from multiple participants in the project. So if you have the time please join in the discussion to help improve the WikiProject. Keep up the good work in link repair and thanks for your time. [[User:Nehrams2020|Nehrams2020]] 23:11, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Aquaman ==
    -
    -Before you go splitting characters off into separate articles, please review [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics)]]. Phrases like "Golden Age" and "Silver Age" are specifically mentioned as terms to avoid. [[User:CovenantD|CovenantD]] 02:12, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Huntress, Robotman, Johnny Quick, etc ==
    -I see what you're doing now, splitting them up by character and not just code name, and wholeheartedly agree with this approach. [[User:CovenantD|CovenantD]] 02:54, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Are you sure you know what you're doing? Superman doesn't need to be made into more articles. It was fine the way it is. And now I don't like it. [[User:Brian Boru is awesome|Brian Boru is awesome]] 23:33, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I'm divided about this. I think Hero (alias) is okay, but ... I would have liked if we'd talked about it on a comics-proj page or something first. I'm all for being bold, but this one has massive ramifications for all the hero pages and it's a heck of a lot of work. A consensus, and maybe someone with AWB to help out would have been nice. -- '''[[User:Ipstenu|Ipstenu]]''' ''([[User talk:Ipstenu|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Ipstenu|contribs]])'' 13:11, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*This way needs more discussion. We only just discussed this and couldn't come to an agreement. We do have a [[WP:NCC|naming convention]] which all these moves is violating, so it would be best to discuss the issue before we implement it. [[User:Steve block|Steve block]] [[User talk:Steve block|Talk]] 13:20, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -*Also, I'm just looking at the mechanics of what you have done and it appears you have violated the [[GFDL]], the license under which all work is contributed. When you move information, or split information, you have to leave links from where in the edit summary so contributions can be attributed properly. That's why it's best to discuss ideas best, so people can point up problems and offer solutions. [[User:Steve block|Steve block]] [[User talk:Steve block|Talk]] 13:23, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    Steve block,
    -
    -I agree conversation would be advantegeous. I noticed Lesfer has made a series of such moves of which you have not commented on, and I simply did the same. If we are to treat each Flash as different, we should treat each Robin and Superman as different by also providing them their own article. DC Comics lists them separately, why are we different?
    -
    -You had mentioned two guidelines which I was violating. I'm sorry but I fail to see a precise example of this relating to the free license, I've extracted material to produce adjacent articles but I don't believe I disgarded any contributions from fellow users. However I will review the guidelines in more depth, as they are always beneficial to incorporate into our contributions.
    -
    -If there have been any violations, please WP:AGF that I was unaware of the precise mechanics involved in these guidelines as it applies to recent edits.
    -
    -Additionally, you are asking that we handle each article as a separate case, however you have previously sighted the "No Rules" guideline, yet by saying we should treat each article as separate is...in fact...a rule in and of itself. If they are to be handled as exceptions, then why have a comicbook project to lend suggestions across the board?
    -
    -That said, I agree that more conversation should be involved, and would ask you also invite Lesfer and others who have also follow the same naming convention I have utilized into the dialogue. Thank you for your time.

    -
    -*You've violated the GFDL by cutting and pasting information without providing a link. The requirements of the license mean we have to provide a history of who contributed what. By cutting and pasting information without providing a link in the edit summary you have removed the contributions from their history. I know you did this because you were unaware of how to do it, that doesn't mean I can't point out to you what you have done so that you know better next time. And I can't be everywhere, I hope you will appreciate that. This was brought to my attention, hence my comments. Forgive me if I fail to get into a semantical argument as to what constitutes a rule. And don't forget to sign your comments. [[User:Steve block|Steve block]] [[User talk:Steve block|Talk]] 14:04, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:*Here's the guidance on splitting a page, [[Wikipedia:Summary style]]. Note that ''Whenever you break up a page, please note the split (including the page names between double square brackets) in the edit summary.'' [[User:Steve block|Steve block]] [[User talk:Steve block|Talk]] 15:01, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Robin==
    -Please do not consider this as a part of a "pile-on". : )
    -
    -[[Robin (comics)]] is on my watchlist. I notice that you created [[Robin (Dick Grayson I)]].
    -
    -Several concerns:
    -* 1.) Roman numerals are a contrary to [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics)|naming conventions]]
    -* 2.) There is no indication that this Robin ''only'' existed pre-crisis. (And "golden-age" is another term that should be avoided, as far as I know.)
    -
    -I realise that you're trying to disambiguate between Robins for team membership, but doing this with this character causes several problems anyway:
    -*1.) The Robin of "earth-2" (AKA Robin I, or the golden-age Robin) no longer exists in DC Universe continuity. As such, he was '''never''' a member of any DCU teams.
    -*2.) Creating categories based on characters who no longer exist in a current chronology requires citations/sources at the very least, which means that it deserves a list, not a category.
    -*3.) The article is merely a copy of the [[Robin (comics}]] article.
    -
    -So for the above reasons, I suggest that you {{tl|db-author}} [[Robin (Dick Grayson I)]]. I'll undo the change to the [[Robin (comics)]] article for you.
    -
    -Please feel free to make a list pre-crisis differences in golden-age teams' make-up. I think that that would be a '''great''' article. However, before you do, drop a note on the WikiProject to see if anyone can come up with a good name for it (I can't think of one right now). - [[User:Jc37|jc37]] 17:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Your enthusiasm is wonderful. It's really great to see, but you're making some big changes without knowing what the existing Wikipedia conventions are for these things. One thing you MUST do is become more familiar with [[WP:CMC/EG|Comic articles editorial guidelines]]. Invoking IAR is not usually appropriate until after you know the rules well enough to understand the logic behind them. You need to follow the guidelines for quite some time before understanding when to deviate from them. And when you want to try something really creative, test it with just one or two articles to get broader feedback before doing it repeatedly. Otherwise, you're sometimes going to generate resentment from the people who see themselves as wasting a lot of time "cleaning up" after you. Believe me, I've been bolder than I should have about a few things and felt embarrassed afterward. Have fun. Direct your efforts for a while in line with how those more familiar with Wikipedia are doing them, and you'll really get in the swing of things. [[User:Doczilla|Doczilla]] 00:04, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Hey, I inadvertently rubbed a couple important comics contributors wrong myself not long ago, also operating on the BE BOLD principle. I didn't cause quite as big a stir as you just caused, but that's just a matter of luck. If I hadn't had the chance to backtrack and undo my own work quickly, it might have been just as big a problem. The incident, which actually only drew a couple of people's attention before it got cleaned up, is part of what set off the most recent batch of our numerous ongoing discussions about overcategorization. I hated a category and went through ripping it up. Some people disagreed in a big way. (I still think "Fictional Americans in DC Comics" is a stupid category, but now I'll just let the process take its time while everybody weighs in on the issues. There's no hurry.) Anyway, I feel for you. You had the best of intentions. Don't worry about it. That said, nice to make your "acquaintance" (such as it is in Wiki-cyberspace). [[User:Doczilla|Doczilla]] 05:09, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Unified discussion==
    -Moved several related discussions to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject comics/Disambiguation discussion]]. (Feel free to revert if you wish.) - [[User:Jc37|jc37]] 19:27, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Re: Dialogue ==
    -I know you had good faith, and I can totally get behind the Superman edits (Kal-L etc). That's an even more headache-generating mess than Nightwing. I may have jumped the gun a bit with Dick, and if so I apologize. We went through a big hassle about having him at Dick Grayson and not Nightwing, since Dick is still 'Robin' to a lot of people, and Nightwing used to be Superman (that whole drama's [[Talk:Dick_Grayson/Archive01|archived]] if you're in one of those moods where you find yourself reading eeeeverything - maybe that's just me). Anyway, I think you've got a good idea with a lot of the renamings, but lets take it case by case :) Hey, maybe 'Richard Grayson' for E-2 Dick? -- '''[[User:Ipstenu|Ipstenu]]''' ''([[User talk:Ipstenu|talk]]|[[Special:Contributions/Ipstenu|contribs]])'' 13:52, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Re:Thanks==
    -No problem ;) —[[User:Lesfer|Lesfer]] [[User talk:Lesfer|(t]]/[[Special:Contributions/Lesfer|c]]/[[Special:Emailuser/Lesfer|@)]] 04:17, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== My RfA ==
    -
    -

    -[[Image:Cigar box.jpg|81px|left]][[Image:HumanNewborn.JPG|169px|right]]
    '''Announcement: It's an administrator!'''

    -----
    -'''Netkinetic,''' thanks for your support on my [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/ChrisGriswold|request for adminship]].
    -
    -The final outcome was a robust 62/1/1, so I am now an [[WP:ADMIN|administrator]]. If you ever have any questions about my actions, please do not hesitate to [[User talk:ChrisGriswold|contact me]].
    -
    -
    '''Thanks again, [[User:ChrisGriswold|Chris Griswold]]'''
    -

    -
    -==CfD==
    -Please sign your CfD nomination on those groups. We want to show exactly how many of us think that. [[User:Doczilla|Doczilla]] 07:40, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Category:Villages in Rajasthan]]
    +{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}
    +[[Category:Sirohi district]] 2013-03-13 00:26:21 89893795 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3180659]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,535 +1,413 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_University
    -|name = University of California, Irvine
    -|motto = Fiat lux (Let There Be Light)
    -|image =[[Image:Ucirvine-seal.png|150px|UCI Campus Logo (Trademark of UC Regents)]]
    -|established =[[1965]]
    -|type =[[Public university|Public]]
    -|endowment =147 million (FY 2004)
    -|staff =
    -|faculty =1,453
    -|chancellor =[[Michael V. Drake, M.D.]]
    -|undergrad =18,837
    -|postgrad =4,891
    -|doctoral =
    -|city =[[Irvine, California|Irvine]]
    -|state =[[California]]
    -|country =USA
    -|campus =[[Suburban]], 1,489 acres (6 km²)
    -|mascot =[[Anteater]]
    -|nickname =
    -|affiliations =
    -|website =[http://www.uci.edu www.uci.edu]
    -|logo =[[Image:ucirvine_logo.gif|150px]]
    +{{cleanup|November 2006}}
    +{{otheruses4|the Marvel Comics character}}
    +{{dablink|"Peter Parker" redirects here. For other uses, see [[Peter Parker (disambiguation)]]''.}}
    +{{Superherobox|
    +|image=[[Image:Spiderman50.png|250px]]
    +|caption=Cover for ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man|Amazing Spider-Man]] Vol. 2'' #50.
    Pencils by [[J. Scott Campbell]], inks by Tim Townsend.
    +|character_name=Spider-Man
    +|real_name=[[Peter Parker]]
    +|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]
    +|debut=''[[Amazing Fantasy]]'' #15 (Aug. 1962)
    +|creators=[[Stan Lee]]
    [[Steve Ditko]]
    +|alter_ego =
    +|species =
    +|homeworld =
    +|alliances =[[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]], ''The [[Daily Bugle]]'', [[Black Cat (comics)|Black Cat]], [[Defenders (comics)|Secret Defenders]], [[Fantastic Four#Temporary Replacement Members|"New Fantastic Four"]]
    +|aliases = [[Ricochet (comics)|Ricochet]], [[Dusk (comics)#Dusk II|Dusk]], [[Prodigy (comics)|Prodigy]], [[Hornet 1 (comics)#Hornet II|Hornet]], [[Captain Universe]]
    +|supports=
    +|powers = Superhuman strength, speed, reflexes, and agility, ability to stick to solid surfaces, clairvoyant "spider-sense", night vision, toxic stingers that extend from forearms, accelerated healing, ability to produce both [[biotic material|organic]] and [[synthetic fiber|synthetic]] spider-webbing.
    }}
    -
    -The '''University of California, Irvine''' is a public research university situated in suburban [[Irvine, California]]. It is one of ten [[University of California]] campuses and is commonly known as '''UCI''' or '''UC Irvine'''. UC Irvine is named after the [[Irvine Company]], which donated 1,000 acres (4 km²) and sold another 500 acres (2 km²) to the University of California in [[1959]]. Together, the University of California and the Irvine Company planned out a city around the campus, which was later incorporated as the city of Irvine in [[1971]].
    -
    -In the forty years since its establishment, UCI has grown exponentially to become a prestigious top ten public research university, with a vision of becoming a flagship campus within the University of California. Specializing in the sciences, arts, and humanities, UC Irvine hosts a number of internationally-recognized, award-wining departments and faculty members that have made a significant impact in the academic community. [[UC Irvine Anteaters]] participate in Division I [[NCAA]] tournaments and has fielded many excellent athletics programs. Serving [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], UCI also maintains the [[UC Irvine Health Sciences]] system (with its flagship [[UCI Medical Center|Medical Center]] in [[Orange]]), the [[University of California, Irvine, Arboretum|UCI Arboretum]], and a portion of the [[University of California Natural Reserve System]].
    -
    -==History==
    -===Early Years===
    -During the 1950s, the [[University of California]] saw the need for new campuses to handle both the large number of college-bound [[World War II]] veterans (largely due to the [[G. I. Bill of Rights|G. I. Bill]]) and the expected increase in enrollment from the [[Post-World War II baby boom|post-war baby boom]]. One of the new campuses was to be in the Los Angeles area; the location selected was Irvine Ranch, an area of land bisecting [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] from north to south. This site was chosen to accomodate the county's growing population, complement the growth of nearby [[UCLA]] and [[UC Riverside]], and allow for the construction of a master planned community in the surrounding area{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Site Selection | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=early_years&function=selection }}.
    -
    -Irvine was one of three new campuses established in the 1960s under the [[California Master Plan for Higher Education]], the others being [[University of California, San Diego|San Diego]] and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]].{{cite conference| last=Olin| first=Spencer C.| year=2005| title=Designing UC Irvine| booktitle=Designing UCI| editor=Jackie M. Dooley (ed.)| pages=3–12| publisher=The UC Irvine Libraries| location=Irvine, CA}} In 1960, [[The Irvine Company]] sold one thousand acres of the Irvine Ranch to the University of California for one dollar. This was done as a result of a Company policy prohibiting the donation of property to a public entity{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Site Selection | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=early_years&function=selection }}. The University purchased an additional 510 acres in 1964 for housing and commercial developments. During this time, the University also hired Pereira and Associates as the Master Planner of the Irvine Ranch area. [[William Pereira]] intended for the UC Irvine campus to complement the neighboring community, and the two grew in tandem. Soon after UC Irvine opened in 1965, the City of [[Irvine]] became incorporated and established in 1971 and 1975, respectively{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Site Selection | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=early_years&function=selection }}.
    -
    -On [[June 20]], [[1964]], President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] dedicated UC Irvine before a crowd of 15,000 people{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Site Dedication | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=early_years&function=dedication }}, and on October 4, 1965 the campus began operations with 1,589 students, 241 staff members, 119 faculty, and 43 teaching assistants{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: First Day of Classes | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=early_years&function=firstday }}. However, at this point many of UCI's buildings were still under construction and landscaping was still in progress, with the campus only at 75% completion{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Maps | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=maps }}.
    -
    -UC Irvine's first Chancellor, Daniel G. Aldrich, developed the campus' first academic plan around a College of Arts, Letters, and Science, a Graduate School of Administration, and a School of Engineering. The College of Arts, Letters, and Science was composed of twenty majors in five "divisions": Biological Sciences, Fine Arts, Humanities, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences (which transformed into the present-day "schools"){{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Academic Programs | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=academic }}. Aldrich was also responsible for implementing the wide variety of flora and fauna on the campus that fit the local Mediterranean climate zone, feeling that it served an "aesthetic, environmental, and educational [purpose]."{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Landscaping | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=architecture&function=landscaping }}
    -
    -By [[June 25]], [[1966]], UCI held its first Commencement with fourteen students, which conferred ten Bachelors of Arts, three Masters of Arts, and one Doctor of Philosophy degree{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: First Graduating Class | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=early_years&function=firstgrad }}. Since then, the campus has grown exponentially, with UCI conferring 6,759 degrees in 2005{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Then and Now | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=then_now }}. Ongoing construction efforts can be seen throughout the campus, making a popular translation of the abbreviation "UCI" as "Under Construction Indefinitely."
    -
    -===Present Day===
    -[[Image:Downtown Irvine overhead.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A view of suburban [[Irvine]]. The white tower in the foreground is part of [[University Town Center]], and everything to its left is part of UCI.]]At the time UC Irvine was established, Orange County truly lived up to its name as a haven for agriculture enterprises and livestock. However, today the local economy is vibrant, and provides jobs in all ranges of skills and earnings, from unskilled service work to skilled professions. The area surronding UCI has grown exponentially just as the university itself, both of which have received national acclaim in academia and entertainment (with shows such as [[Laguna Beach]] and [[The OC]] attempting to portray the lifestyle UCI students enjoy. UC Irvine is a central component of southern California's [[Tech Coast]], and its development as a planned campus reflects its growth in a region identified mainly by planned communities.
    -
    -UC Irvine currently hosts a strong Physical Sciences faculty. In 2004, [[Irwin Rose]], a researcher at UC Irvine, received the [[Nobel Prize]] in chemistry for his work. He joins UCI's other two Nobel laureates,[[F. Sherwood Rowland]] and [[Frederick Reines]]; the former is known for helping to discover [[CFC]]s and their harmful effects on the [[ozone layer]]; the latter is known for his work in discovering the [[neutrino]]. Interestingly, UCI is the only university to have two Nobel laureates (Rowland and Reines) who received their prizes in the same year (1995). Additionally, UCI's current strengths (and its claim to fame among many students) is its School of Biological Sciences, which has talents in cancer research, genetics, and neuroscience.
    -
    -As the second-largest employer in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], UCI contributes an annual economic impact of $3.3 billion.
    -
    -For official information about current events at UC Irvine, click [http://www.today.uci.edu/ here]. UCI's student newspaper of record, the [http://www.newu.uci.edu/ New University], is a useful source for student news and campus issues.
    -
    -===Future Growth===
    -{{see also|UCI Medical Center}}
    -As part of its long-term effors to become a flagship UC campus (to rival [[UCLA]] and [[UC Berkeley]], which informally hold that status), UC Irvine is expected to implement a number of construction projects that will accelerate the campus build-out and employ the remainder of the university's land grant. Many long-awaited construction projects, such as more undergraduate student housing, and a new Humanities building and Social Sciences building (to replace aging trailer classrooms), will have significant positive dividends for the university when they are completed. Such capital projects, particulary the renovation of the UCI Student Center, have been delayed due to the recent state budget crisis and the rising cost of construction materials.
    -
    -A major capital improvement, recently voted for by a majority of UCI students, is a plan to upgrade and renovate the university's shuttle system. Unique among other UC schools, the ASUCI student shuttle is maintained and operated by the campus student government. The recent vote allows for the phased retirement of the old buses, to be replaced with environmentally-friendly alternatives. It also expands the shuttle system markedly and allocates funds for more permanent bus stops (including amenities such as benches and shaded waiting areas)
    -
    -For a PDF list of in progress and proposed campus projects, [http://www.designandconstruction.uci.edu/documents/Capital_Projects.pdf click here]. For a map of proposed campus construction areas, click [http://www.ceplanning.uci.edu/lrdpmap.html here] (keep in mind that currently, the southern and western portions of the campus along Bonita Canyon Road and the San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor are mainly empty fields).
    -
    -
    -===The Anteater as Mascot===
    -[[Image:Uci_mascot.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The UCI mascot is the [[anteater]]. This 430-pound statue is a gift of the class of 1987, and was designed by the same sculptor who created the famous UCLA Bruin Bear.]]A question that perplexes many students and visitors alike is the motivation behind having an [[anteater]] as UCI's mascot. The anteater was chosen in 1977, when UCI administrators opened the mascot selection process by allowing students to submit potential candidates which would be voted on in a campus election.
    -
    -An undergraduate named Schuyler Hadley Basset III is credited with choosing the anteater and designing a cartoon representation, having been disappointed with other mascots such as a roadrunner, unicorn, and golden bison{{cite website | title=Peter, the Anteater: History of the Mascot (Zot) | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine | url=http://www.admissions.uci.edu/mascot.html }}. The anteater was inspired by the [[Johnny Hart]] comic strip, "[[B.C.]]" since it was "original and slightly irrelevant." The anteater became the mascot of UC Irvine after winning 56% of the student vote.
    -
    -It is also a lesser-known fact that the anteater is considered a distant relative of the [[bear]]. Thus, the selection of the anteater as UCI's mascot is in line with the University of Californa's traditional bear mascots (with UC Berkeley, UCLA, and UC Riverside sharing various bears as their mascots).
    -
    -According to UCI tradition, the anteater makes a "Zot" sound (allegedly the sound an anteater makes when using its tounge to eat ants). Students often pair the sound, as in "Zot Zot," as the university's war cry. At athletic events and other campus spirit programs, the hand may also be used represent the UCI anteater by putting one's ring and middle finger on the tip of the thumb, while sticking the index and pinky fingers into the air (thus making an exaggerated reference to the anteater's snout and ears). An accompanying cheer that is interchangable with "Zot" is "Rip 'em Eaters!"
    -
    -UCI's [[Completely Insane Anteaters]] are the campus' most extreme and spirited purveyors of the UCI mascot and its heritage. The compose a strong presence at UCI athletic events, and are an active on-campus student organization that distributes free UCI gear.
    -
    -==Academics==
    -===Governance===
    -Like other [[University of California]] campuses, UC Irvine is governed by a Chancellor who has significant authority over campus academic and planning affairs. The Chancellor, in turn, is nominated by and answers to the [[Regents of the University of California]] and the UC President. Listed below are all of UC Irvine's Chancellors since its founding:
    +'''Spider-Man''' (''' aka Peter Parker''') is a [[fictional character|fictional]] [[Marvel Comics]] [[superhero]] created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist [[Steve Ditko]]. [[First appeared|First appearing]] in ''[[Amazing Fantasy]]'' #15 (Aug. 1962), he has become one of the world's most popular, enduring and recognizable superheroes.
    +
    +When Spider-Man first saw print in the 1960s, [[teenage]] characters in superhero comic books were usually [[sidekick]]s. The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring a hero who himself was an adolescent, to whose "self-obsessions with rejection, inadequacy, and loneliness" young readers could relate.Wright, Bradford W. ''Comic Book Nation''. (Johns Hopkins, 2001) p. 210 Spider-Man has since appeared in various media including several animated and live-action [[Spider-Man on television|television series]], syndicated newspaper [[The Amazing Spider-Man#Newspaper comic strip|comic strips]] and two highly successful [[Spider-Man (film)|films]], with a [[Spider-Man 3|third]] set to debut on May 4, 2007.
    +
    +Marvel has published several [[Bibliography of Spider-Man titles|Spider-Man comic book series]], the first being ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]''. Over the years, the Peter Parker character has developed from shy [[high school]] student to troubled college student to married professional.
    +
    +==Publication history==
    +[[Image:AmazingFantasy15.jpg|170px|thumb|''Amazing Fantasy'' #15 (Aug. 1962), Spider-Man's debut. Cover art by [[Jack Kirby]] (penciller) & [[Steve Ditko]] (inker).]]
    +===Creation of character===
    +There have been conflicting accounts of Spider-Man's creation, with [[Swinging Stan Lee]], [[Super Steve Ditko]] (the official creators), [[Justice of Jack Kirby]], and [[JollyJoe Simon]] claiming varying amounts of credit for the character.
    +
    +Stan Lee claimed in the 1980s that the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in teenage demand for comic books, and the desire to create a character with which teens could identify. In his autobiography, Lee cited the non-superhuman [[pulp magazine]] crime fighter [[The Spider]] as an influence. In the [[Documentary film|documentary]] ''Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters and Marvels'' and elsewhere, Lee claimed that he was inspired by seeing a [[fly]] climb up a wall. He mentioned that he has told the story of Spider-Man's origins so often that he has become unsure of whether or not it is true. Afterward, Lee approached Marvel publisher [[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]] to seek approval for the character. In a 1986 interview with the ''[[Detroit News]]'', he described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodman's objections.{{ref_label|Lee|1a|1a}}
    +
    +Jack Kirby counterclaimed in a 1982 interview that Lee had minimal involvement in the character's creation, and that it was Kirby and [[Joe Simon]] who created a character called The Silver Spider planned for the [[Crestwood]] comic ''Black Magic'' until that company went out of business. {{ref_label|Kirby1|1a|1a}}
    +
    +Simon, in his 1990 autobiography, disputed Kirby's account, asserting that the [[supernatural]] [[anthology]] ''Black Magic'' was not a factor, and that he (Simon) devised the name "Spiderman" (later changed to "The Silver Spider"), while Kirby outlined the character's story and powers.
    +
    +Comics historian [[Greg Theakston]] says that Lee, after receiving Goodman's approval for the name Spider-Man and the "ordinary teen" concept, approached Kirby. Kirby told Lee about his 1950s Silver Spider/Spiderman, in which an orphaned boy living with an old couple finds a magic ring that gives him superpowers. Lee and Kirby "immediately sat down for a story conference" and Lee afterward directed Kirby to flesh out the character and draw some pages. "A day or two later", Kirby showed Lee the first six pages, and, as Lee recalled, "I hated the way he was doing it. Not that he did it badly — it [just] wasn't the character I wanted; it was too heroic".Theakston, Greg. ''The Steve Ditko Reader'' (Pure Imagination, Brooklyn, NY, 2002; ISBN 1-56685-011-8), p. 12 (unnumbered) Joe Simon concurs that Kirby showed the original Spiderman version to Lee, who liked the idea and gave Kirby the assignment, but who ultimately disliked the results — in Simon's description, "[[Captain America]] with cobwebs".{{ref_label|Simon1|1b|1b}}
    +
    +Lee turned to artist Steve Ditko, who had originally been scheduled to ink the new character. Ditko developed a visual motif Lee found satisfactory, although Lee ironically later replaced Ditko's cover with one penciled by Kirby. As Ditko recalled:{{cquote|"The Spider-Man pages Stan showed me were nothing like the [eventually] published character. In fact, the only drawings of Spider-Man were on the splash [page, e.g., page 1] and at the end. At the end, Kirby had the guy leaping at you with a web gun. ... Anyway, the first five pages took place in the home, and the kid finds a ring and turns into Spider-Man.Ibid., page 13}}
    +
    +Joe Simon later elaborated that his and Kirby's Silver Spider became the basis for Simon's [[Archie Comics]] character [[The Fly (Archie Comics)|The Fly]], introduced in early 1959. Simon says Ditko recognized that Kirby's Spiderman was highly similar to the Fly, and designed his own original version, which Lee dubbed Spider-Man.{{ref_label|Simon2|1c|1c}} Ditko's recollections in ''[[Comic Book Artist]]'' #3 (Winter 1999) were similar. Much earlier, in a rare contemporaneous account, Ditko described his and Lee's contributions in a mail interview with Gary Martin published in ''Comic Fan'' #2 (Summer 1965): "Stan Lee thought the name up. I did costume, web gimmick on wrist & spider signal".[http://www.ditko.comics.org/ditko/artist/arcomicf.html "Steve Ditko - A Portrait of the Master."] ''Comic Fan'' #2, Summer 1965. Published by Larry Herndon Additionally, Ditko shared a [[Manhattan]] studio with noted fetish artist [[Eric Stanton]], an art-school classmate[http://www.ditko.comics.org/ditko/crea/crerstan.html Ditko Looked Up: "Ditko & Stanton"] who, in a 1988 interview with Theakston, recalled that although his contribution to Spider-Man was "almost nil", he and Ditko had "worked on storyboards together [and] I added a few ideas. But the whole thing was created by Steve on his own. ... I think I added the business about the webs coming out of his hands".Theakston, Ibid., p. 14 (unnumbered, misordered as page 16)
    +
    +===Commercial success===
    +Spider-Man was introduced in ''[[Amazing Fantasy]]'' #15, 1962. Due to positive sales and fan mail resulting from the issue, the character received his own title, ''The Amazing Spider-Man'', the following year, which became Marvel's best-selling series.Wright, pg. 211 The character quickly became a cultural icon; a 1965 ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' poll of college campuses found that college students ranked Spider-Man and fellow Marvel hero [[The Hulk]] alongside [[Bob Dylan]] and [[Che Guevara]] as their favorite revolutionary icons. One interviewee selected Spider-Man because he was "beset by woes, money problems, and the question of existence. In short, he is one of us".Wright, pg. 223 Following Ditko's departure after issue #39, [[John Romita, Sr.]] became the character's next-most-associated signature artist, penciling the character over the several following years.
    +[[Image:SpiderMan96.jpg|thumb|left|240px|''The Amazing Spider-Man''#96 (May 1971), the first of three non-[[Comics Code]] issues that prompted the Code's first update, allowing comics to show the negative effects of illegal-drug use. Note cover-blurb reference to "The last fatal trip!" Cover art by [[Gil Kane]]]]
    +An early 1970s Spider-Man story led to the revision of the [[Comics Code Authority|Comics Code]]. Previously, it was taboo to depict [[illegal drugs]], even negatively. However, in 1970 the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration's [[Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] asked Stan Lee to run an anti-drug message in one of Marvel's top-selling titles.Wright, pg. 239 Lee chose the top-selling ''The Amazing Spider-Man''; issues #96–98 (May–July 1971) feature a [[story arc]] that shows the negative effects of [[drug abuse]]. In the story, Peter Parker's friend [[Harry Osborn]] starts taking pills and becomes so ill that when Spider-Man fights the [[Green Goblin]] (Norman Osborn), Spider-Man defeats Norman by simply showing him his sick son. While the story had a clear anti-drug message, the Comics Code Authority refused to issue its seal of approval. Marvel nevertheless sold the three issues without the Comics Code Authority's approval or seal and sold so well that the industry's self-censorship was undercut.
    +
    +In 1972, a second monthly [[ongoing series]] starring Spider-Man began: ''[[Marvel Team-Up]]'', in which Spider-Man is paired with other superheroes. In 1976, his second solo series, ''[[The Spectacular Spider-Man|Peter Parker, The Spectacular Spider-Man]]'' began, running parallel to the main series; a third solo series, ''[[Web of Spider-Man]]'', launched in 1985, replacing ''[[Marvel Team-Up]]''. The launch of a fourth monthly title in 1990, written and drawn by popular artist [[Todd McFarlane]], debuted with multiple variant covers and sold in excess of three million copies of its premiere issue, an industry record at the time.Wright, pg. 279 There have generally been at least two ongoing Spider-Man series at any time, with a typical minimum of four comics starring the character published each month. Several [[limited series]], [[One shot (comic)|one-shots]] and loosely related comics have also been published, and Spider-Man makes frequent cameos and guest appearances in other comic series.
    +
    +Spider-Man has become Marvel's flagship character, and is often seen as an image representing the entire company. When Marvel became the first comic book company to be listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] in 1991, the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' announced "Spider-man is coming to Wall Street"; the event was in turn promoted with an actor in a Spider-Man costume accompanying Stan Lee to the Stock Exchange.Wright, pg. 254 When Marvel wanted to issue a story dealing with the immediate aftermath of the [[September 11th, 2001 attacks]], the company settled on the December 2001 issue of ''The Amazing Spider-Man''.{{cite web | author=Yarbrough, Beau | year=2001 | title=Marvel to Take on World Trade Center Attack in 'Amazing Spider-Man'| format=http | work=comicbookresources.com | url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/news/newsitem.cgi?id=461 | accessdate=September 29|accessyear=2006}} In 2006, Spider-Man garnered major media coverage with the revealing of the character's secret identity,{{cite web | author= | year=2006| title=Spider-Man removes mask at last | format=http | work=bbc.co.uk.com | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5084326.stm | accessdate=September 29|accessyear=2006}} an event detailed in a full-page story in the ''[[New York Post]]'' before the issue containing the story was even released.{{cite web | author= | year=2006| title=New York Post Spoils Civil War #2 | format=http | work=newsarama.com | url=http://www.newsarama.com/marvelnew/CivilWar/CivilWar2_End.html | accessdate=September 29|accessyear=2006}}
    +
    +In 1999, after a decline in sales that began with the clone storyline, [[John Byrne]] revised the origin of Spider-Man in ''[[Spider-Man: Chapter One]]'', just as he earlier reinvented Superman's origin in ''[[The Man of Steel (comic book)|The Man of Steel]]''. The changes were mentioned in the contemporary comics (which Byrne co-wrote with [[Howard Mackie]]), but the attempt was not popular and [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] writers returned to the Lee/Ditko origin.
    +
    +The publisher relaunched ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' and ''[[Peter Parker: Spider-Man]]'' with new #1 issues and canceled ''[[The Sensational Spider-Man]]'' Vol. 1 and ''[[The Spectacular Spider-Man]]'' Vol. 1.
    +
    +As of 2006, Spider-Man regularly appears in ''The Amazing Spider-Man'', ''[[New Avengers (comic book)|New Avengers]]'', ''[[The Sensational Spider-Man]]'', ''[[Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man]]'', ''[[Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane]]'', ''[[Ultimate Spider-Man]]'', ''[[Marvel Adventures Spider-Man]]'', and the [[limited series]] ''[[Beyond!]]'' and ''[[Civil War (comics)|Civil War]]''.
    +
    +==Character biography==
    +{{Mainlist|:Category:Spider-Man storylines}}
    +Unlike many other superhero comics, Spider-Man stories take pains to give a somewhat realistic portrayal of how the world would react to a super-powered crime fighter. Peter tries to do the right thing but the authorities and the public tend to view him with suspicion. Thanks to a continuous [[smear campaign]] by [[J. Jonah Jameson]], publisher of ''The [[Daily Bugle]]'', many people consider Spider-Man a menace to society. Ironically, Peter spends much of his life working as a [[freelance]] [[photographer]] for Jameson, often selling photographs of himself as Spider-Man to be used in negative articles and editorials.
    +
    +Spider-Man makes many enemies from crime fighting. Some target him as Peter Parker or attack his loved ones: the Green Goblin killed Peter's girlfriend Gwen Stacy. The stresses of Peter's dual identity often cause tension between him and his wife [[Mary Jane Watson|Mary Jane Watson-Parker]] and friends.
    +
    +===Early years===
    +Peter Benjamin Parker was born to [[Richard and Mary Parker]]. His parents worked for the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] and later as [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]] agents, and were killed on a mission involving an impersonator of the [[supervillain]] the [[Red Skull]]. The infant Peter Parker was left in the care of his [[Benjamin Parker|Uncle Ben]] and [[Aunt May]] Parker, who live in the [[Forest Hills (Queens)|Forest Hills]] neighborhood of [[Queens]], [[New York City|New York]]. The aging couple love Peter, but he grows to be unpopular among his peers. Over time, he grows to be a lonely, timid but exceptionally bright [[teenager]] who shows more interest in his studies (especially [[science]]) than in any kind of social life. He is often the target of jokes by more popular students like [[Flash Thompson]], the high school's star athlete.
    +
    +Spider-Man's origin story is told in the first 12 pages of ''Amazing Fantasy'' #15. Peter Parker attends a science exhibition where he is bitten by a [[radioactive]] spider. The spider bite gives Peter an array of [[#Powers, abilities, equipment, and costumes|spider-like powers]], including wall-crawling, superhuman strength/agility, and an extra-sensory "spider-sense". Peter initially sets out to find fame and fortune, winning a match against [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] Crusher Hogan. After quickly becoming a minor celebrity, Peter appears on a television special, but afterward allows a thief to escape the TV station, asserting that it isn't his problem. He comes to regret his inaction when he finds out that the same [[Spider-Man villains#The burglar|burglar]] subsequently killed his Uncle Ben. Realizing that he could have prevented his uncle's death, the guilt-ridden Peter commits to a life of [[crime]]fighting and lifesaving, driven by his uncle's words, "With great power there must also come great responsibility."
    +
    +In the earliest Spider-Man stories, Peter Parker attends Midtown High School. After his uncle's death, he and his aunt become desperate for money, so he gets a job as a photographer at the [[Daily Bugle]] selling photos to [[J. Jonah Jameson]]. Peter dates co-worker [[Betty Brant]] and clashes with his high school rival [[Flash Thompson]]. He encounters many of his most famous [[Spider-Man villains|enemies]] for the first time during this period.
    +
    +===College life===
    +Peter graduates from high school and enrolls at [[Empire State University]], where he meets [[Harry Osborn]] and [[Gwen Stacy]]. His aunt introduces him to [[Mary Jane Watson]], whom he dates for a short time, but Peter soon falls in love with Gwen. Meanwhile, Harry becomes Peter's roommate and best friend, but starts using [[illegal drug trade|illegal drug]]s.
    +
    +Harry's father, Norman Osborn, is revealed to be the [[Green Goblin]] and discovers Spider-Man's secret identity. After her father is killed in a battle between Spider-Man and [[Doctor Octopus]], Gwen's relationship with Peter is put on hold when she travels to England. It was later revealed that Gwen had an affair with Norman Osborn, and gave birth to two children while in Europe. Harry suffers a [[drug overdose]] shortly after she returns.
    +
    +===Death of Gwen Stacy===
    +{{main|The Night Gwen Stacy Died}}
    +In ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' #121 and #122, while Harry is ill, the Green Goblin murders Gwen, before dying in the ensuing battle with Spider-Man. Grieving her death, Peter withdraws from his social circle, only to find support from Mary Jane, who starts dating him. Harry discovers the truth about his father and later becomes the second Green Goblin. Gwen's death has another unforeseen consequence: one of her professors, [[Jackal (Marvel Comics)|Miles Warren]], [[cloning|clones]] Gwen and Peter. Both clones disappear, but Peter's clone returns years later as [[Ben Reilly]]. Mary Jane and Peter break up as she is not ready for a committed relationship.
    +
    +===Cosmic Spider-Man===
    +While pursuing his graduate studies at Empire State University, Peter Parker was bathed in unknown energies when an experimental generator exploded. The explosion also caused nearby power lines to overload dangerously. Changing into Spider-Man, Peter spotted a live wire falling toward a young couple. He instinctively caught the wire and was surprised when he wasn't harmed by the massive surge of electricity. Spider-Man's new powers had actually come from a mysterious extra-dimensional entity known as the Enigma Force. The powers it bestowed upon Spider-Man seemed to be enhanced spider-like powers, super senses, vast power blasts, being able to form shapes from his web and manipulate them, and absolute invulnerability.
    +
    +===Alien costume and Venom===
    +[[Image:Secretwar8.jpg|thumb|left|thumb|180px|The cover of ''Secret Wars'' #8, which introduced Spider-Man's black costume. Art by Mike Zeck.]]
    +:''See also: [[Symbiote (comics)|Symbiote]]; [[Venom (comics)|Venom]]''
    +During the ''[[Secret Wars]]'' [[limited series]], Spider-Man is taken to an alien planet, where he participates in a battle between Earth's greatest heroes and villains. When his suit is destroyed in the fight, Peter sets out to make himself a new one and comes across a machine which conjures him a black suit that responds to his thoughts, provides him an unlimited supply of web-fluid, and can change its appearance at his command. After he returns to Earth, however, Peter discovers that the costume is actually an alien [[Symbiote (comics)|symbiote]] bent on permanently bonding with its host. Peter eventually rejects and defeats the symbiote, but it merges with reporter Eddie Brock, becoming the villain known as [[Venom (comics)|Venom]]. Brock is imprisoned and removed from his symbiote but then escapes from prison when the symbiote returns. His cell-mate, Cletus Kasady (a [[serial killer]]), merges with an infant symbiote that Venom left behind, thus becoming another villain, [[Carnage (comics)|Carnage]].
    +
    +===Clone Saga===
    +:''Main article: [[Clone Saga]]''
    +[[Image:Web_of_Spider-Man_117.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Web of Spider-Man'' #117 (Oct. 1994), the launch of the "Clone Saga". Art by Steven Butler.]]
    +One of the most controversial story-lines of the 1990s involves the [[Scarlet Spider]], a clone of Spider-Man going by the name [[Ben Reilly]]. But later tests indicate that Reilly is the original, and Peter the clone. Mary Jane becomes pregnant with Peter's baby, while Peter retires and passes the Spider-Man identity to Reilly, who remains Spider-Man for several months until a resurrected Norman Osborn admits to having manipulated the tests. After Reilly is impaled on the Goblin's Glider while saving Peter, his body crumbles into dust, proving that he is definitively the clone. While Peter battles Osborn, the very pregnant Mary Jane is poisoned by one of Osborn's agents, and the baby seems to be stillborn. In actuality, the [[Spider-Girl#Earth-616|baby]] is alive and stolen by the agent.
    +
    +===21st-century Spider-Man===
    +During the late 1990s, in ''Peter Parker: Spider-Man'' #97, Peter learns that [[Aunt May]] was kidnapped by Osborn and that her death was a hoax. Peter rescues May, then temporarily retires as Spider-Man. Peter eventually becomes Spider-Man again while keeping it secret from Mary Jane. Shortly afterward, she is apparently murdered by a stalker.
    +
    +In early 2001, ''[[Babylon 5]]'' creator [[J. Michael Straczynski]] began writing ''The Amazing Spider-Man'', illustrated by [[John Romita Jr]]. Straczynski and writer [[Paul Jenkins]] reunite Peter and Mary Jane, but the couple temporarily separates. Peter becomes a teacher at his old high school.
    +
    +The enigmatic, wealthy CEO [[Ezekiel (comics)|Ezekiel]] suggests that the accident giving Peter his abilities might not have been a fluke, and that Peter might have a connection to a [[totem]]ic spider spirit. The [[vampire]]-like [[Morlun]], who feeds on the powers possessed by those connected to animal totems, comes to New York and severely beats Spider-Man. However, Peter injects himself with a radioactive material, making himself "impure" and weakening the villain, who is then killed by his lackey. Following a battle with the mystical [[spider wasp]] being [[Shathra]], Peter and Mary Jane reconcile.
    +
    +The companion series ''[[Peter Parker: Spider-Man]]'' was relaunched as ''[[The Spectacular Spider-Man]]'' Vol. 2. Here Spider-Man battles [[Venom (comics)|Venom]] (Eddie Brock), who is revealed to be dying of cancer. An encounter with the Green Goblin leaves Peter's friend [[Flash Thompson]] comatose with severe brain damage and results in a truce that ends when Osborn resumes his murderous ways in the series ''[[The Pulse (comics)|The Pulse]]'' and ''[[Marvel Knights Spider-Man]]''.
    +
    +After ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' Vol. 2 #58, the series returned to its original numbering at #500. Peter works as a science teacher at Midtown High School until 2004, when the character undergoes a major life change following the destruction of Peter's apartment and Aunt May's house by a deranged and super-powered former high-school classmate, Charlie Weiderman. Peter, by now a member of the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]], moves Aunt May, Mary Jane and himself into that superhero team's headquarters, [[Iron Man|Tony Stark's]] [[Stark Tower]]. Peter works as Stark's assistant while again freelancing for ''The [[Daily Bugle]]'' and continuing his work as a teacher at Midtown High School.
    +
    +===The Other===
    +:''Main article: [[Spider-Man: The Other]]''
    +In the 12-part 2005 story "The Other," which spans the three main Spider-Man titles, Spider-Man undergoes a transformation that evolves his powers (see [[#Powers and equipment|below]]), which further connect him to the spider totem and lays the foundation for further developments. After his return, Tony Stark makes him a new costume.
    +
    +===Civil War===
    +:''Main article: [[Civil War (comics)|Civil War]]''
    +{{spoilers}}
    +In the 2006 [[Fictional crossover|crossover]] ''Civil War'', the Marvel heroes find themselves divided on the issue of whether to register with the U.S. government under the [[Registration Acts (comics)|Superhuman Registration Act]]. Tony Stark ([[Iron Man]]) drafts a conflicted Spider-Man into a task-force to compel the rebel superheroes to register. Following Stark's lead, he unmasks himself at a televised news conference at the [[U.S. Capitol]].''Civil War'' #2 (June 2006) In the aftermath, J. Jonah Jameson files a lawsuit against Parker, demanding repayment of money for "fraudulent" Spider-Man photos Parker shot for the ''[[Daily Bugle]]''. After developing a growing unease about the Registration Act and Stark's motives, Spider-Man learns that the unregistered captives are being held for life in a prison built in the [[Negative Zone]] by Fantastic Four Incorporated and Stark Enterprises with a 2 billion dollar [[no-bid contract]].
    +
    +This prompts Peter to disagree with Stark's actions, but as he attempts surreptitiously to leave his home at Stark Tower along with [[Aunt May]] and [[Mary Jane]], Iron Man, discovering this, attacks him. Now revolting against Iron Man and his Pro-Registration Campaign, Spider Man flees the Stark Tower, and rushes into the sewers for temporary cover, knowing Aunt May and Mary Jane are safe, until he's ambushed by the [[Jester (Marvel Comics)|Jester]] and [[Jack O'Lantern (Marvel Comics)|Jack O'Lantern]], two of the super villians enlisted by Director of [[S.H.I.E.L.D.]] [[Maria Hill]] to hunt down the anti-registration superheroes. They are both shot dead by the [[Punisher]], who rescues Spider-Man and brings him to the headquarters of the Secret Avengers for medical treatment, knowing Spider-Man has now switched sides. As of now, Spider-Man has again gone public on television, formally announcing his reversal of support for the Registration Act and revealing the existence of the prison within the Negative Zone. Tony Stark now considers him as a traitor and has ordered his forces to hunt him down.
    +
    +==Powers and equipment==
    +{{Main|Spider-Man's powers and equipment}}
    +[[Image:SMCW.jpg|thumb|right|Promotional art for ''[[Civil War (comics)|Civil War]]'' #3 (Sept. 2006), featuring what fans call the "Iron Spider" costume. Art by [[Michael Turner (artist)|Michael Turner]].]]
    +A bite from an [[irradiated]] spider causes a variety of changes in Peter Parker's body, giving him [[List of comic book superpowers|superpowers]]. In the original [[Stan Lee|Lee]]-[[Steve Ditko|Ditko]] stories Spider-Man has the ability to cling to walls, superhuman strength, a sixth sense ("spider-sense") that alerts him to danger, perfect balance and equilibrium, as well as superhuman speed and agility. In story-lines published in 2005 and 2006, he develops additional spider-like abilities including biological web-shooters, toxic stingers that extend from his forearms, and night vision. He also developed even greater strength, speed and agility. As an example of his might, he beat every single X-man (Wolverine, Colossus, Rogue, Nightcrawler, Cyclops, and Professor Xavier) when they all attacked him at once during the [[Secret Wars]]. Following the story of [[The Other]], Spider Man developed new powers and abilities, including night vision naturally upon entering darkness, extracting 'stingers' from his wrists when threatened by or attacking an enemy, detecting noises and vibrations on one huge web, and feeling the faintest winds on his arm hairs.
    +
    +Peter Parker is highly intelligent, and uses his wits in addition to his powers. Besides outsmarting his foes, he constructs many devices that complement his powers, most notably mechanical web-shooters (ejecting an advanced adhesive compound which dissolves after two hours{{cite web| title = Spider-Man| publisher = Marvel Directory| url = http://www.marveldirectory.com/individuals/s/spiderman.htm| accessdate = 2006-10-21}}), which he develops as a teenager. Other equipment includes spider-tracers, a specially modified [[camera]], and a spider-mobile.
    +
    +Though lacking in directed training, Spider-Man is one of the most experienced superheroes in the Marvel Universe. He has worked with virtually everyone in the superhero community at one time or another.
    +
    +Spider-Man has worn many costumes over the years, ranging from his traditional red-and-blue costume to the black-and-white alien [[symbiote (comics)|symbiote]], to the technologically advanced [[Stark Armor]] costume designed by [[Iron Man|Tony Stark]].
    +
    +Spider-Man editor Axel Alonso said in a November 2006 interview that Spider-Man will again wear his black costume beginning February 2007. {{cite web | title = Spider-Man's Back in Black in February| publisher = [[CBR]]| url = http://www.comicbookresources.com/news/newsitem.cgi?id=8341|accessdate = 2006-11-06}}
    +
    +==Enemies==
    +[[Image:Spidey_run.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Cover artwork for ''The Amazing Spider-Man'' #500, featuring Spider-Man's wife, Mary Jane Watson-Parker, and many of his antagonists. Art by [[J. Scott Campbell]] & Tim Townsend.]]
    +{{main|Spider-Man villains}}
    +{{Mainlist|:Category:Spider-Man villains|Spider-Man villains}}

    +Spider-Man has one of the best-known [[rogues gallery|rogues galleries]] in comics, including the [[Hobgoblin (comics)|Hobgoblin]], the [[Lizard (comics)|Lizard]], the [[Scorpion (comics)|Scorpion]], [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)|Sandman]], [[Rhino (comics)|Rhino]], [[Mysterio]], the [[Vulture (comics)|Vulture]], [[Shocker (comics)|Shocker]] and many others. As with Spider-Man, the majority of these villains' powers originate with scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology, and they tend to have animal-themed costumes or powers as well as a predominantly green color scheme which contrasts with the red in the costume of Spider-Man.
    +
    +Spider-Man's most infamous and dangerous enemies are generally considered to be: {{cite web | title = Spider-Man villain poll| publisher = [[IGN]]| url = http://uk.comics.ign.com/articles/684/684904p5.html| accessdate = 2006-10-01}}
    +*[[Green Goblin]] – Scientist and corporate [[CEO]] Norman Osborn tested an experimental formula on himself that gave him enhanced strength but as an unexpected by-product also made him [[psychotic]]. Masked within a [[goblin]]-like costume, flying via foot-mounted [[jet packs]] of his own creation, and using hand-thrown "pumpkin bombs" as weapons, the wealthy Osborn attempted to become the New York City crime boss. When Spider-Man thwarted his plans, the Green Goblin, who eventually learned of Peter Parker's dual identity, dedicated himself to destroying Parker's life. Spider-Man likewise eventually learned of Osborn's dual identity, and his conflicted emotions over fighting his friend [[Harry Osborn]]'s father gave way to mutual animosity when the Green Goblin killed Parker's girlfriend, [[Gwen Stacy]]. The Goblin also masterminded the [[Clone Saga]]. During a time when Osborn was believed dead, his son Harry, in a psychotic state, took his place as the Green Goblin until Harry's death.
    +*[[Doctor Octopus]] – Dr. Otto Octavius is a respected scientist, one of the world's foremost experts in [[radiation]]. He used four mechanical arms in his experiments, which bond with his nervous system after an explosion. He combines physical power with mad genius.
    +*[[Venom (comics)|Venom]] – After Spider-Man rids himself of the [[Symbiote (comics)|alien symbiote costume]], it bonds with reporter Eddie Brock, who hates Spider-Man. The symbiote gives Brock all of Spider-Man's powers, immunity to Spider-Man's spider-sense, and knowledge of Peter Parker's dual identity. Later in the series, the symbiote leaves the cancer-stricken Brock to take on a new host, Macdonald "Mac" Gargan, the former [[Scorpion (comics)|Scorpion]]
    +
    +==Supporting characters==
    +{{main|Spider-Man supporting characters}}
    +Spider-Man was conceived as an ordinary person given great power, and the comics detail his civilian life, friends, family and romances as much as his super-heroic adventures.
    +
    +Some of the more important and well-known members of his extensive supporting cast include:
    +*[[Aunt May]] – Peter Parker's loving aunt, who raises him after his parents die. After the murder of her husband, Peter's [[Benjamin Parker|Uncle Ben]], May is virtually his only family, and they are very close.
    +*[[Gwen Stacy]] – Peter's college girlfriend, who is tragically murdered by the [[Green Goblin]].
    +*[[J. Jonah Jameson]] – the irascible publisher of the [[Daily Bugle]] newspaper. While he employed Peter Parker as a photographer for years, he is also Spider-Man's greatest critic and largely responsible for the public's distrust of the hero.
    +*[[Joseph "Robbie" Robertson]] – Editor-in-chief at the Daily Bugle, a moderating influence on Jameson, and a father figure to Peter.
    +*[[Mary Jane Watson]] – originally merely Gwen Stacy's competition, MJ eventually became Peter's best friend and wife.
    +*[[Flash Thompson]] – Peter Parker's high school [[bully|tormentor]], later one of his closest friends. Due to brain damage, he suffers [[amnesia]] and regresses to his bullying personality.
    +*[[Harry Osborn]] – Peter's best friend in college, who eventually followed his father's footsteps and became the second [[Green Goblin]].
    +*[[Black Cat (comics)|Black Cat, Felicia Hardy]] – a reformed cat burglar who became Spider-Man's lover and partner. Now a friend and private investigator.
    +
    +==Other versions of Spider-Man==
    +===Other Spider-Men and Women in the Marvel Universe===
    +In the comics, others use the Spider-Man identity. Some of these actually exist in the [[Marvel Universe]] ([[Earth-616]]):
    +*[[Ben Reilly]], a [[cloning|clone]] of Peter, who also fought crime as the "Scarlet Spider".
    +*[[Spider-Woman (Mattie Franklin)|Mattie Franklin]], the niece of J. Jonah Jameson assumes the role with a padded costume when Peter temporarily quits. She later becomes [[Spider-Woman]] for a time.
    +* Timespinner, a Spider-Man robot is created by [[Kang the Conqueror]] to defeat the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] (''Avengers'' vol. 1 #11). It is deactivated but later returns with the ability to drain temporal energy from people. It is destroyed by Ben Reilly and the Avengers. (''[[Marvel Team-Up|Spider-Man Team-Up]]'' #4)
    +*The villains [[Chameleon (comics)|Chameleon]], [[Mysterio]], and [[Kraven the Hunter]] have all masqueraded as Spider-Man.
    +
    +Other characters have used similar themes:
    +*Several characters have used the [[Spider-Woman]] identity: [[Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)|Jessica Drew]], Julia Carpenter (now called [[Arachne (comics)|Arachne]]), [[Spider-Woman (Mattie Franklin)|Mattie Franklin]], and [[Spider-Woman (Charlotte Witter)|Charlotte Witter]].
    +*[[Blood Spider]] is an evil version of Spider-Man created by the [[Taskmaster]] and the [[Red Skull]].
    +*The [[Doppelganger (comics)|Spider Doppelganger]] is an evil version of Spider-Man created by the [[Magus (comics)|Magus]] during the [[Infinity War]].
    +*[[Madame Web]], a precognitive ally of Spider-Man and the Spider-Women.
    +*[[Ezekiel (Spider-Man)|Ezekiel Sims]] has powers similar to those of Spider-Man, but mystical in origin. He is a member of [[the Spider Society]] and its front organization, WebCorps.
    +*[[Araña]], a young heroine with spider powers, formerly an employee of WebCorps.
    +*Joe Wade, an [[F.B.I.]] agent transformed into an evil, cybernetic [[Scarlet Spider]] by [[Lady Octopus]].
    +*[[Venom (comics)|Venom]] and his descendant symbiotes: [[Scream (comics)|Scream]], [[Phage (comics)|Phage]], [[Riot (comics)|Riot]], [[Lasher (comics)|Lasher]], [[Agony (comics)|Agony]], [[Hybrid (Venom Spawn)|Hybrid]], [[She-Venom]], and [[Carnage (comics)|Carnage]], as well as Carnage's offspring, [[Toxin (comics)|Toxin]].
    +*Other clones of Peter Parker ([[Kaine]] and [[Spidercide (comics)|Spidercide]])
    +
    +===Ultimate Spider-Man===
    +{{main|Ultimate Spider-Man}}
    +''Ultimate Spider-Man'' is a completely separate [[continuity (fiction)|continuity]]: a modernized [[Reboot (continuity)|reboot]] of the Spider-Man story, starting from the very beginning, with a plot that is inspired by, but very different from, the original continuity. The main purpose of the series is to be accessible to new and young readers, as it is free from the decades of history of the original, but it has been embraced by many longtime fans as well.
    +
    +In ''Ultimate Spider-Man'', [[Ultimate Spider-Man (character)|Peter]] is a high-school student who is bitten by a spider during a school field trip -- but instead of a radioactive spider (which reflected the [[Atomic Age]] in which Spider-Man's origin was written), it is a lab subject that has been [[Genetic engineering|genetically modified]] by [[Green Goblin|Osborn Industries]]. The themes, characterization, and setting are updated to reflect modern life. It is set in the [[Ultimate Marvel]] universe.
    +
    +===Alternate continuities===
    +Other related characters exist in [[Parallel universe (fiction)|alternate versions]] of the [[Marvel Universe]]. These include:
    +*In the "[[House of M]]", a Marvel [[fictional crossover|crossover]], the [[Scarlet Witch]] alters reality to give as many people as possible their greatest desires, and creates a seemingly perfect society for every one of them. The world is ruled by [[Mutant (fictional)|mutants]] and their leader, [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]]. In the mini-series ''[[Spider-Man: House of M]]'', Peter Parker is believed to be a mutant, and Spider-Man's identity is widely known. He is rich, famous and married to Gwen Stacy, and they have a young son named Ritchie. Aunt May and Uncle Ben are alive and in good health, and J. Jonah Jameson is Peter's often-abused publicist. Unfortunately, his life unravels when Jameson reveals to the world that Spider-Man is not a born mutant.
    +*[[Spider-Man 2099]] aka Miguel O'Hara of [[Marvel 2099]]. A [[genetics|geneticist]], Miguel gains his powers from a gene-splicing incident.
    +*Dr. Max Borne, the Spider-Man of the year 2211, first appeared in the ''Spider-Man/Spider-Man 2099'' one-shot. His daughter Robin is the [[Hobgoblin (comics)|Hobgoblin]] of 2211. He is later shot by an alternate version of [[Benjamin Parker|Ben Parker]].
    +*An alternate Spider-Man who had used his powers for fame and fortune devolves into a vicious Man-Spider, due to the removal of his [[Benjamin Parker|Uncle Ben]] from that time-line he kills a number of superheroes including The Avengers.
    +*Peter Parquagh is a counterpart to Peter in the miniseries ''[[Marvel 1602]]''. In the sequel, ''[[1602: New World]]'', he takes the identity of the Spider.
    +*In the series ''[[Exiles (Marvel Comics)|Exiles]]'', which involves inter-dimensional travel, several alternate versions appear:
    +**The Spider is an alternate-reality version of Spider-Man who has merged with the Carnage symbiote and has become a psychopathic killer. He originates from Earth-15 and is a member of [[Weapon X (Exiles)|Weapon X]]
    +**[[Mary-Jane Watson]], a.k.a. Spider-Woman, seen in ''Exiles'' issues #20-22, is part of a resistance against the [[techno-organic virus]] and heroes infected with it, including that world's Spider-Man.
    +**A Spider-Man who is a member of the Fantastic Five dies in a battle against The Spider.
    +**A version of [[Spider-Man 2099]] joins the Exiles when his identity is made public.
    +**Morph once fought a Demon Spider-Man on an alternate world, later on the Demon Spider-Man was viewed briefly by Mojo and Major Domo as it attacked a young couple in a parking complex.
    +*In the series ''[[Earth X]]'' and its sequels, Peter Parker is no longer a superhero, and has become a police officer. Three other related characters appear:
    +**The Spiders Man is an enigmatic characters who makes illusions using webs that come from his sleeves. He has lumpy red skin that resembles Spider-Man's costume, and wears a tattered cloak.
    +**Two alternate versions of [[Spider-Girl]] appear: one is called [[Venom (comics)|Venom]], and the other was raised by [[Ben Reilly]] (''Paradise X: Heralds'').
    +*In the "[[Age of Apocalypse]]", Peter Parker is executed by Apocalypse's regime simply because he is a potential ally for rebel [[Gwen Stacy]].
    +* [[Deadpool (comics)|Deadpool]] encounters a version of Spider-Man in a universe which he refers to as "an Age of Apocalypse" (not ''the'' [[Age of Apocalypse]]). That Spider-Man is Pestilence, [[Horsemen of Apocalypse|Horseman of Apocalypse]].
    +*[[Spider-Boy]] of the [[Amalgam Comics|Amalgam Universe]] is a merged character of Spider-Man and [[Superboy (Kon-El)|Superboy]] after all characters from Marvel Comics and [[DC Comics]] are merged in ''[[Marvel vs. DC]]''.
    +*Alternate versions of Spider-Man appear in a number of issues of ''[[What If (comics)|What If..?]]'' (see [[List of What If? issues]]).
    +*''[[Spider-Man: Reign]]'', which depicts an older Spider-Man in the future, similar to ''[[The Dark Knight Returns]]'' and ''[[Kingdom Come (comics)|Kingdom Come]]''.
    +
    +Spider-Man comics are also published under the [[Marvel Adventures]] (formerly [[Marvel Age]]) banner. These versions are intended for younger audiences and are not part of the regular continuity. ''[[Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane]]'' is similarly set outside of regular continuity.
    +
    +====''Spider-Girl''====
    +The ''[[Spider-Girl]]'' comic book series, originally published under the [[MC2]] [[imprint]], features May "Mayday" Parker, Peter's daughter in an alternate [[Multiverse (Marvel Comics)|continuity]]. This timeline diverged from [[Earth-616|regular continuity]] when Peter and Mary Jane's daughter is returned to them. In ''Spider-Girl'', Peter has been retired from crime fighting since his final battle with the Green Goblin, which cost him a leg. Peter has settled down to family life and works for the [[New York City Police Department]] as a [[forensics|forensic scientist]]. His teen daughter May follows in his footsteps against his wishes but Peter eventually helps her train for her calling. Peter appears in costume several times in ''Spider-Girl'', either to restrain and protect May, or to assist her. Peter is among the superheroes kidnapped by Loki in the spin-off ''[[Last Hero Standing]]''.
    +
    +In the same continuity, [[Spider-Man (Gerry Drew)|Gerald "Gerry" Drew]], the son of [[Spider-Woman (Jessica Drew)|Jessica Drew]], inherits spider-powers and poses as Spider-Man.
    +
    +===Derivatives===
    +Spider-Man has also inspired a number of derivatives:
    +*'''Yu Komori''' (小森ユウ ''Komori Yū'') in ''[[Spider-Man: The Manga]]'' by [[Ryoichi Ikegami]].
    +*'''Takuya Yamashiro''' (山城拓也, ''Yamashiro Takuya''), the Spider-Man of [[Spider-Man (tokusatsu)]], produced by [[Toei Company]].
    +*'''Pavitr Prabhakar''' in the [[India]]n adaptation of Spider-Man, ''[[Spider-Man: India]]'', published by [[Gotham Entertainment Group]].
    +*'''Peter Porker, [[Spider-Ham]]''', a porcine hero in a [[funny animal]] version of the Marvel Universe.
    +*'''The Webslinger''', in the [[heroic fantasy]] version of the Marvel Universe featured in the 2000 limited series [[Avataars: Covenant of the Shield]].
    +*'''[[Marvel Mangaverse]] Spider-Man''' is a version of the character re-imagined as a [[ninja]]. In that version, Peter Parker is a member of the Spider Clan and takes revenge on the evil ninja [[Venom (comics)|Venom]] for the murder of his sensei, [[Uncle Ben]]. He later trains [[Mary Jane Watson]] to become a ninja [[Spider-Woman]].
    +
    +==Appearances in other media==
    +===Television===
    +{{main|Spider-Man series|l1=Spider-Man on television}}
    +
    +Spider-Man has been adapted to [[television]] many times, as a short-lived live-action [[The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series)|television series]], a [[Spider-Man (tokusatsu)|Japanese tokusatsu]] series, and several animated cartoon series. There were also the "[[Spidey Super Stories]]" segments on the [[PBS]] educational series ''[[The Electric Company]]'', which featured a Spider-Man who did not speak out loud but instead used only [[word balloon]]s.
    +
    +Spider-Man's [[Spider-Man (1967 TV series)|first cartoon series]] ran from 1967-1970. It is still famous for its theme song, which began, "Spider-Man, Spider-Man, does whatever a spider can..." In 1981, there were two Spider-Man cartoons airing on television. One was the [[Television syndication|syndicated]] series titled simply ''[[Spider-Man (1981 TV series)|Spider-Man]]'' which ran for only one season, the other was the distinctly more popular ''[[Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends]]'' which aired on [[NBC]] for three seasons.
    +
    +The web-swinger's longest-running show was ''[[Spider-Man: The Animated Series]]'', which ran from 1994-1998, with 65 episodes in five seasons on [[Fox Kids]]. That series continued as ''[[Spider-Man Unlimited]]'' the following year. In 2003, [[MTV]] aired a 13-episode Spider-Man [[computer-generated imagery|CGI]] series based loosely on the [[Spider-Man (film)|film continuity]], ''[[Spider-Man: The New Animated Series]]'', developed by [[Mainframe Entertainment]]. These and the [[Spider-Man on television|other]] Spider-Man cartoons have served as the first introduction to the character for millions of people.
    +
    +===Film===
    +[[Image:Movie poster spiderman 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Movie Poster for '''''[[Spider-Man 2]]'''''.]]''
    +*''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]'': On [[May 3]], [[2002 in film|2002]], the [[feature film]] ''Spider-Man'' was released. It was directed by [[Sam Raimi]] and stars actor [[Tobey Maguire]] as Peter Parker. The film uses various [[Computer generated image|CGI]] effects to bring Spider-Man to life. Although the film adaptation took liberties with the character's history and powers—notably, he was bitten by a [[genetic engineering|genetically modified]] rather than a [[radiation|radioactive]] spider, had [[biological matter|organic]] web-shooters rather than mechanical ones, and had a long-standing crush on [[Mary Jane Watson]]—it was generally held to be true to the character and was widely embraced by the viewing public. It opened at a record US$114.8 million and earned more than [[United States dollar|US$]]403 million in the U.S. and Canada, the highest North American gross of any film released that year, though surpassed internationally (see [[2002 in film]]). The villain of this film was the [[Green Goblin]] portrayed by [[Willem Dafoe]].
    +*''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' was 2004's second-most financially successful movie in North America and third internationally (see [[2004 in film]]). It premiered in more North American movie theaters (4,152) than any previous movie. Its first-day gross (US$40.5 million) surpassed its predecessor's US$39.4 million record. ''Spider-Man 2'' was also the first motion picture released in the [[Sony]] [[Universal Media Disc]] format for the [[PlayStation Portable]], included free with the first one million PSP systems released in the [[United States]]. The villain of the film was [[Doctor Octopus]] portrayed by [[Alfred Molina]].
    Both ''Spider-Man'' and ''Spider-Man 2'' rank among the [[List of highest-grossing films|highest-grossing films]] of all time.
    +*''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' began production in 2005 under director Raimi. The studio has announced a theatrical release date of [[May 4]], 2007, on a budget reputed to be more than US$250 million. On [[February 23]], 2006, the first photo was shown on [http://www.superherohype.com SuperHeroHype.com] of Spider-Man in a black costume, confirmed later that day by the official movie website. The film will feature [[Thomas Hayden Church]] as the [[Sandman (Marvel Comics)|Sandman]] and [[Topher Grace]] as [[Venom (comics)|Eddie Brock Jr./Venom]]. [[Bryce Dallas Howard]] plays [[Gwen Stacy]].
    +
    +===Novels and books===
    +Spider-Man features in three original Marvel novels published in the 1970s by [[Pocket Books]]. In the 1990s, [[Byron Preiss]] published a series of novels based on Marvel Comics, edited by [[Keith R. A. DeCandido]], and written by various authors including [[Adam-Troy Castro]], [[Tom DeFalco]], and [[Diane Duane]]. Byron Preiss' license eventually lapsed, and the new licensee, Pocket Star (an imprint of Pocket Books), released ''Down These Mean Streets,'' by DeCandido, in 2005. In 2006, they released ''The Darkest Hours'' by [[Jim Butcher]]. Some of these novels were team-ups with other Marvel characters (including the X-Men, Iron Man, and the Hulk), while others were solo adventures. All were set in the comic book continuity, but are not [[Canon (fiction)|canonical]]. However, the Byron Preiss novels shared a common continuity and occasionally referenced events in earlier novels, while later novels included a time-line.
    +
    +A number of Spider-Man children's books have also been published, from early readers and picture books to novels. Guide books such as [[Dorling Kindersley|DK Publishing]]'s ''Spider-Man: The Ultimate Guide'', by Tom DeFalco, are also common.[http://www.spiderfan.org/comics/books.html Spider-Fan.org Book List]
    +
    +===Newspaper strip===
    +Spider-Man has long been the subject of a [[comic strip]] produced by Marvel and syndicated by [[King Features]]. The strip is known as [[The Amazing Spiderman]] and is the only official instance in which the name is not always hyphenated.
    +
    +===Stage===
    +In 2002, the company [[2MA]] produced the first live-action Spider-Man stunt show, staged in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. The same show played at [[Tussauds]] [[Thorpe Park]] in 2003 and 2004. Spider-Man has also made stage appearances in Pantomime at the Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre, UK.
    +
    +At Universal Studios in California, a musical version of Spider-Man was produced, combining singing and live action sequences. The musical re-enacted the Green Goblin arc.
    +
    +===Games and toys===
    +:''Main article: [[Spider-Man computer and video games]]''
    +[[Image:Spiderman in San Francisco.jpg|thumb|180px|Spider-Man [[float (parade)|float]] [[buildering]] in [[Mission Street]], [[San Francisco]], in May 2002 at the time of the release of the first ''Spider-Man'' movie]]
    +Dozens of [[computer and video games]] starring Spider-Man, based on comics, animation, and movies, have been released for over 15 different gaming platforms. Spider-Man editions of [[Monopoly]], [[chess]], [[pinball]], and many other games have also been made. Spider-Man has been included in every Marvel expansion of the tabletop miniature game [[Heroclix]] released to date. Spider-Man cards have been included in both the [[OverPower card game|Overpower]] and [[VS System]] card games.
    +
    +According to [[ToyFare]] magazine, more action figures of Spider-Man have been released than any other character except [[Batman]]. The first major Spider-Man toy was the 1966 [[Captain Action]] Spider-Man by Ideal, a costume made for the 12 inch Captain Action figure. It is estimated only 17-22 exist in the original box. ToyFare listed this Spider-Man as the most valuable action figure at $15,000 and up.
    +
    +Numerous other Spider-Man action figures have been produced, from the [[Secret Wars]] line from [[Mattel]], to the more recent from [[Toy Biz]], (especially in the [[Spider-Man Classics]] line, Spider-Man movie lines and the [[Marvel Legends]] line). [[Lego]] and [[Minimates]] versions have also been made. Over 5000 toys, collectibles and miscellaneous memorabilia are in existence, but many are low-quality, unlicensed [[counterfeit|knock-offs]].[http://www.spidermancollector.com/ Spidermancollector.com]
    +
    +===Real life Spider-Men===
    +Real-life "Spider-Men" include:
    +* [[Dan Goodwin|"Spider Dan" Goodwin]] climbed the glass of two [[Chicago]] skyscrapers, the [[Sears Tower]] and the [[John Hancock Center]], using [[suction cup]]s in 1981.
    +
    +* [[Alain Robert]], nicknamed ''Spiderman'', is a rock and urban climber who has scaled more than 70 tall buildings using his hands and feet, without using additional devices. He sometimes wears a Spider-Man suit during his climbs. In May 2003, he was paid approximately $18,000 to climb the 312-foot [[Lloyd's of London]] building to promote the premiere of the movie ''Spider-Man'' on the [[United Kingdom|British]] television channel [[Sky Movies]].
    +
    +* 'The Human Spider', alias Bill Strother, scaled the Lamar Building in 1921.{{cite web|last=Cobb|first=Jocelyn|title=Recalls 1921 climb of 'human spider'|publisher=The Chronicle|date=September 19th, 1999|url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/091999/opi_032-5758.shtml}}
    +
    +* [[Fathers 4 Justice]] member David Chick used a Spider-Man outfit to obtain publicity for [[fathers' rights]].{{cite web| title = In Defense of Spider-Man| url = http://www.glennsacks.com/in_defense_of_spiderman.htm| accessdate = 2006-10-01}}
    +
    +===Spider-Man in music===
    +* The catchy original [[Spider-Man (1967 TV series)|Spider-Man cartoon]] [[theme song]] has been [[Cover version|covered]] and reinterpreted by numerous musical acts, including [[The Ramones]], [[Aerosmith]], [[Michael Buble]] and [[Tenacious D]]. The 2002 and 2004 movies have featured [[busking|buskers]] performing the song; [[Jayce Bartok]] and Elyse Dinh respectively. For other versions, see: [[Spider-Man (1960s animation)]].
    +* In 1972, [[Buddah Records]] released "Spider-Man: From Beyond The Grave," a rock musical story [[Gramophone record|LP record]] with an included wordless comic strip for listeners to follow. [[Kingpin (comics)|Kingpin]] appears as the villain and [[Dr. Strange]] guest stars.
    +* In [[1975 in music|1975]] [[Ramsey Lewis]] released a single titled "What's the Name of this Funk? (Spider Man)" [''[[sic]]''].{{cite web
    + | title = Discogs: Spider-Man
    + | url = http://www.discogs.com/release/561350
    + | accessdate = 2006-10-01 }}
    +* In [[1975 in music|1975]] Marvel Comics and Lifesong Records released an album entitled, "Spider-Man: Rock Reflections of a Superhero." It contained songs of various styles altered to elucidate certain moments and feelings of Spider-Man's origin, such as "No One's Got a Crush on Peter" and "Peter Stays and the Spider-Man Goes" interspersed with narration clips by [[Stan Lee]].
    +* In [[1983]], Muse Records released [[Woody Shaw]]'s jazz version of "Spider-Man Blues", based on the television theme, on Shaw's "Setting Standards" album.
    +* In [[1992]], the Italian rock band 883 made it to the European charts with a catchy song called "Hanno ucciso l'uomo ragno" (They killed Spider-Man) from an album of the same name, describing how after the death of the superhero, the streets are being overrun by gangs of stressed accountants in double-breasted suits.[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVO7OIOjva0 clip of "Hanno ucciso l'uomo ragno"]
    +[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanno_ucciso_l'uomo_ragno Hanno ucciso l'uomo ragno on Italian Wikipedia]
    +*In Wu-Tang Clans 1993 hit "Protect Ya Neck" Spiderman was quickly referenced. "Swingin through your town like your neighborhood Spider-Man".
    +* In 1994, [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]] of [[Aerosmith]] wrote and performed the theme song for the [[Fox Kids]] [[Spider-Man: The Animated Series|Spider-Man animated series]]. Joe Perry is noted fan of Spider-Man.
    +* in [[1998]] [[Michale Graves]] wrote the song "Spider-Man" (aka The Spider-Man Song aka Spider-Man Save Me) while still in [[The Misfits]]. It is yet to be officially released, although he has played this song live in every band he's played in since. On his 2006 solo release, [[Return to Earth]], Michale again mentions Spider-Man in the song "Butchershop".
    +* In 2002 [[Nelly]] performed a song called "Spida Man," on his double album [[Sweat/Suit]].
    +* The [[2003 in music|2003]] [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] album ''[[Poodle Hat]]'' has a track entitled "Ode to a Superhero". It is a [[parody]] of the [[Billy Joel]] song "[[Piano Man (song)|Piano Man]]", and recounts the events of the [[Spider-Man (film)|2002 film]].
    +* A [[Film soundtrack|soundtrack]] album and [[film score|score]] was released with each of the two Spider-Man films. The two soundtracks were mainly songs thematically linked to the film, performed by popular [[rock music|rock]] acts. Both soundtracks included hit singles (notably "Hero" by [[Chad Kroeger]], "Bother" by Corey Taylor (of [[Stone Sour]] and [[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]), and "Vindicated" by [[Dashboard Confessional]]). The two scores were composed by [[Danny Elfman]].
    +*[[Denmark|Danish]] pop group, [[Aqua]], mention Spider-Man in the chorus of their single, ''[[Cartoon Heroes]]''.
    +
    +==Spider-Man in pop culture==
    +* On [[Halloween]] 2004, an estimated 2.15 million U.S. children dressed up as Spider-Man, making it the year's most popular costume.{{cite web| title = Good Triumphs over Evil for Most Popular Halloween Costume| url = http://www.nrf.com/content/default.asp?folder=press/release2004&file=costumes1004.htm&bhcp=1| accessdate = 2006-11-16}}
    +* In sports, [[Ecuador]]ian [[Football (soccer)|soccer]] player [[Iván Kaviedes]] used a Spider-Man-based mask to celebrate his personal goal in his team's victory in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] against [[Costa Rica]], as a dedication to his late teammate [[Otilino Tenorio]], who had celebrated his goals in that manner.
    +* In the early-to-mid 1990s, [[World Championship Wrestling]] featured the wrestler "Arachnaman", played by [[Brad Armstrong]]. He wore a costume like Spider-Man's, except rather than being blue and red, it was yellow and purple. He used a web gun to shoot a [[Silly String]]-like substance during his entrances. Marvel had the character quashed for [[trademark]] infringement.{{fact}}
    +* Former [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Champion]] [[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Mysterio]] once wore a combination of his own mask and Spider-Man's, as a tribute to the famous superhero.
    +* In the [[comic strip]] ''[[Monty (comic strip)|Monty]]'', the title character attempts to emulate Spider-Man by getting bitten by a radioactive spider, but instead is bitten by a radioactive [[ladybug]] and becomes ''Ladybugman'', with a somewhat different set of powers.
    +* The Turkish film ''[[3 Dev Adam]]'' (''Three Mighty Men'') presents a Spider-Man who is a bloodthirsty criminal mastermind. He has extremely bushy eyebrows, and his costume is green where the traditional Spider-Man costume is blue.
    +* In ''[[Walt Disney's Comics and Stories]]'' #635, [[Mickey Mouse]] is bitten by a radioactive spider and becomes the superhero ''Spider-Mouse'', but later grows four extra arms and turns into a monster.
    +* [[Darkwing Duck]] goes under a similar transformation and assumes the identity of ''Arachniduck'', in the episode ''Aduckyphobia''.
    +* [[Spider-Plant Man]] is a sketch on ''[[Comic Relief]]'' with [[Rowan Atkinson]], and is a parody of the film franchise.
    +* [[The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man]] is a ride at the [[Universal Studios]] Theme Park, [[Islands of Adventure]].
    +* Spider-Man has been referenced twice on the Fox-network animated TV series ''[[Family Guy]]''. In the episode "[[Let's Go to the Hop]]", [[Peter Griffin]] is saved by Spider-Man when he falls out off his house. A scene in the 2005 [[direct-to-video]] ''[[Family Guy]]'' film ''[[Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story]]'', Peter hangs from a clothesline dressed in a Spider-Man costume while singing the 1960s ''[[Batman]]'' TV-show theme song.
    +*In the animated TV series ''[[Transformers: Cybertron]]'' episode #28, "Assault", [[Lori (Transformers)|Lori]] recites Spider-Man's familiar mantra "with great power comes great responsibility" when she, along with [[Coby]], [[Bud (Transformers)|Bud]], and the [[Mini-Cons#Cybertron|Mini-Cons]] are given command of the [[Autobot]] base.
    +*On the TV show ''[[Spider Riders]]'', when a rider calls his spider, the character uses a hand motion similar to the one used by Spider-Man to shoot his webs.
    +* In an episode of ''[[That '70s Show]]'', Eric beats up a man at a football game. After his newly impressed father Red asks where he learned those moves, Eric replies from Spider-Man, just as quickly losing his father's respect. Eric also has a Spider-Man pillow and matching sheets. In one Episode Kitty comes into Erics room to give him lunch and a Spider-Man comic.
    +*In the TV series ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' episode "[[I, Robot... You, Jane (Buffy episode)|I, Robot ... You, Jane]]". [[Buffy Summers|Buffy]] says, "I can just tell something is wrong — my spider sense is tingling". In the episode "[[A New Man (Buffy episode)|A New Man]]", her boyfriend [[Riley Finn|Riley]] tells her, "You are strong. Like, Spider-Man strong".
    +*Similarly, [[Damon Lindelof]], co-creator of the TV series ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', expressed in a newspaper article his concern he might be concentrating too much on ''Lost'' ancillary products by saying, "There's just a Spider sense that begins to tingle".''[[The New York Times]]'' (Oct. 1, 2006): "Running the Really Big Show: 'Lost' Inc.", by Lorne Manly
    +*In an episode of the animated TV series ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'', Timmy dreams of being a character based on Spider-Man, but who has eight limbs and shoots web from his butt.
    +*In an episode of the animated TV series ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy]]'', "Spidermandy", the co-lead character Mandy gets spider-powers but then turns into a giant spider.
    +*In "[[Collision (Heroes episode)|Collision]]", the fourth episode of the TV series ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'', the character [[List of characters in Heroes#Ando Masahashi|Ando Masahashi]] asks [[Hiro Nakamura]] the rhetorical question, "Is Peter Parker cheating when he sells pictures of Spider-Man?" when Hiro expresses reservations that using his [[List of comic book superpowers#Time manipulation|time manipulation]] powers to win at a [[casino]] might be cheating.
    +*In the [[martial arts]] [[film]] [[comedy]] ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'', the character of [[Kung Fu Hustle#Donut .28.E6.B2.B9.E7.82.B8.E9.AC.BC in Traditional Chinese.2C Youtiao.22.29|Donut]] utters the famous Spider-Man mantra, "With great power comes great responsibility", in heavily accented English. Unfortunately, no one around him understood a word.
    +*In the ''[[Sopranos]]'' episode ''Mayham'', [[Silvio Dante]] quotes Spider-Man's famous moto "With great power comes great responsibility".
    +
    +==Bibliography==
    +:''Main article: [[Bibliography of Spider-Man titles]]''
    +Spider-Man [[first appearance|first appeared]] in ''Amazing Fantasy'' #15. After that, he was given his own series. Many followed, and as of July 2006, the related titles are:
    +
    +*''[[The Amazing Spider-Man]]'' #1–441, Vol. 2 #1–58, #500— (Marvel Comics; March 1963–November 1998, January 1999–December 2003, January 2004—). Currently written by [[J. Michael Straczynski]], and penciled by [[Ron Garney]].
    +*''[[Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man]]'' #1— (Marvel Comics; December 2005—), written by [[Peter David]] and penciled by [[Mike Wieringo]].
    +*''[[The Sensational Spider-Man]]'' #23— (Marvel Comics; April 2006—). Currently written by [[Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa]] and penciled by [[Angel Medina]] and [[Clayton Crain]].
    +*''[[Spider-Man Unlimited]]'' Vol. 3 #1— (Marvel Comics; March 2004—), showcasing Spider-Man in stories by new writing talent.
    +*''[[New Avengers (comic)|New Avengers]]'' #1— (Marvel Comics; January 2005—, continuation of ''Avengers'' Vol. 3), written by [[Brian Michael Bendis]] and penciled by various artists; including [[David Finch (comic book artist)|David Finch]], [[Steve McNiven]], [[Frank Cho]] and [[Mike Deodato]]. This book is not one of the official Spider-Man titles but includes him as part of the current team line-up.
    +*''[[Astonishing Spider-Man]]'' #1— ([[Panini Comics]]/[[Marvel UK]]; Unknown month 1994—). Part of Marvel UK's "Collector Edition" line, reprinting US stories from 2–3 years earlier.
    +
    +===Other continuities===
    +*''[[Ultimate Spider-Man]]'': (Marvel Comics/[[Ultimate Marvel]]; #1 October 2000—), written by Bendis and penciled by [[Mark Bagley]], set in the [[Ultimate Marvel Universe]].
    +*''[[Marvel Adventures Spider-Man]]'': (Marvel Comics/[[Marvel Adventures]]; #1 May 2005—; continuation of ''Marvel Age Spider-Man''), written by [[Sean McKeever]], set during Spider-Man's high school years, but not within regular [[Earth-616|Marvel Universe continuity]].
    +*''[[Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane]]'': (Marvel Comics, #1 December 2005—, sequel to ''Mary Jane'' and ''Mary Jane: Homecoming'' miniseries), written by [[Sean McKeever]] and illustrated by [[Takeshi Miyazawa]]. Set outside the regular Marvel Universe continuity.
    +*''[[Spider-Girl]]'': (Marvel Comics, #0 October, 1998—, sequel to [[What If (comics)|What If]] #105, February, 1998). Written by [[Tom DeFalco]] and illustrated by [[Ron Frenz]]. Set in an alternate future, starring Spider-Man's daughter. It has been cancelled at #100, and will relaunch in October 2006 as ''The Amazing Spider-Girl''.
    +
    +===Comics elsewhere===
    +From Sunday, August 27, 2006, through mid-October the online-coupon company SmartSource placed Spider-Man comic-book reprints in several U.S. newspapers. These comics are placed in ad sections primarily on Sundays though also on other days, at the discretion of individual papers. This was done in order to promote the upcoming Spider-Man film.[http://www.smartsource.com/DesktopModules/Files/ServeFile.aspx?Action=view&ItemID=1192 SmartSource Presents the Spider-Man Comic Book]
    +
    +==See also==
    +* ''[[Spider-Man (film)|Spider-Man]]'' - ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' - ''[[Spider-Man 3]]'' (Film Series)
    +* [[Spider-Man computer and video games]]
    +* [[Spider-Man on television]]
    +* [[Spider-Man supporting characters]]
    +* [[Spider-Man villains]]
    +* [[Spider-Man: India]]
    +* [[:Category:Spider-Man storylines|Spider-Man storylines]]
    +
    +==Bibliography==
    +*Wright, Bradford W. ''Comic Book Nation''. Johns Hopkins, 2001.
    +
    +==Footnotes==
    +

    +
    +

    +
    +

    +{{note_label|Lee|1a|1a}}Stan Lee, 1986: "He gave me 1,000 reasons why Spider-Man would never work. Nobody likes spiders; it sounds too much like Superman; and how could a teenager be a superhero? Then I told him I wanted the character to be a very human guy, someone who makes mistakes, who worries, who gets acne, has trouble with his girlfriend, things like that. [Goodman replied,] 'He's a hero! He's not an average man!' I said, "No, we make him an average man who happens to have super powers, that's what will make him good'. He told me I was crazy".
    +::Quoted in ''The Steve Ditko Reader'' by [[Greg Theakston]] (Pure Imagination, Brooklyn, NY; ISBN 1-56685-011-8), p. 12 (unnumbered)

    -*[[Daniel G. Aldrich]] (1962-1984)
    -*[[Jack W. Peltason]] (1984-1992)
    -*[[Laurel L. Wilkening]] (1993-1998)
    -*[[Ralph J. Cicerone]] (1998-2005)
    -*[[Michael V. Drake]] (2005-)
    -
    -After the Chancellor, the second most senior official is the Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost, which is currently Michael R. Gottfriedson{{cite website | title=UC Irvine: Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine | url=http://www.evc.uci.edu/ }}. He serves as the university's chief academic and operating officer. Every school on campus reports to the Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost through a Dean, and all other academic and administrative units report to his office through a Vice Chancellor or chief administrator. A partial list of these units includes Campus Recreation, Intercollegiate Athletics, Planning and Budget, Student Affairs, UC Irvine Libraries, UC Irvine Medical Center, and University Advancement. The Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost also governs the faculty senate.
    -
    -===Academic Units===
    -Previously, UC Irvine's academic units were referred to as Divisions; the Divisions are now known as Schools. There are eight undergraduate Schools, two graduate Schools, one Department, and one field of Interdisciplinary Studies. The remaining academic units offer accelerated or community education in the form of Summer Session and UC Irvine Extension.
    -
    -Here is a list of UCI's current academic units:
    -[[Image:social_sciences.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A picture of the School of Social Sciences from Aldrich Park.]]
    -#[[Claire Trevor]] School of the Arts
    -#School of Biological Sciences
    -#The [[Paul Merage]] School of Business
    -#Department of Education
    -#The [[Henry Samueli]] School of Engineering
    -#School of Humanities
    -#[[Donald Bren]] School of Information and Computer Sciences
    -#Interdisciplinary Studies
    -#School of Medicine
    -#School of Physical Sciences
    -#School of Social Ecology
    -#School of Social Sciences
    -#Summer Session
    -#UC Irvine Extension
    -
    -There is also an ongoing effort to establish a School of Design, School of Law, and Nursing Science program; more information can be found [http://www.evc.uci.edu/growth/index.html here].
    -
    -===Academic Structure===
    -UCI's academic year is divided into three quarters each with ten weeks of instruction and one week of finals. The university requires a minimum of 12 units a quarter (about 3 classes) to be considered full-time status to a maximum of 20 units. (The maximum can be exceeded by petition or by enrollment in the honors program.) Courses offered are usually worth between 1 to 5 quarter units. Summer courses are offered in either the quarter format of 11 weeks or two summer sessions of roughly half the time for a standard quarter.
    -
    -In total, at least 180 quarter units are required to graduate. Many of the units come from the graduation requirements of a certain major but a substantial amount come from the general education requirement called the "breadth requirement" at the university. The breadth requirement consists of seven subject categories:
    -#Writing
    -#Natural Sciences
    -#Social and Behavioral Sciences
    -#Humanistic Inquiry
    -#Mathematics and Symbolic Systems
    -#Language Other Than English
    -#Multicultural Studies and International/Global Issues
    -The first category, Writing, is separated between lower division writing (one year requirement) and upper division writing (requiring the completion of a research project). The sixth category, Language Other Than English, is usually fulfilled through taking four years of a foreign language in high school, passing an AP test on a language other than English with a 4 or 5, or scoring a 620 or better on an SAT II exam on a language other than English. The seventh category, Multicultural Studies and International/Global Issues, contains two subcategories, Multicultural Studies and International/Global Issues.
    -
    -UCI's most popular undergraduate majors are Biological Sciences (621 degrees awarded in the 2004-2005 academic year), Economics (417), Information & Computer Science (478) and Psychology and Social Behavior (324). In 2005 the university awarded a total of 5,242 bachelors degrees, 943 masters degrees, and 276 doctorates.{{cite web| author=UCI Office of Institutional Research| date=[[2005-10-11]]| url=http://www.oir.uci.edu/degrees/| title=University of California, Irvine: Degrees Granted and Credentials Recommended—2004-2005 Academic Year| work=Campus Data and Reports| accessdate=2006-05-06}}
    -
    -A complete list of majors, minors, and concentrations available at UC Irvine may be found [http://www.admissions.uci.edu/majors_minors.html here].
    -
    -===Academic Advising===
    -The large number of students that attend UCI has compelled the university to complement its professional academic advising staff with the Peer Academic Advising Program. This unique program governs the Peer Academic Advisors (also known as PAAs), who are undergraduate students that receive half a year of training in academic regulations, university resources, and counseling techniques. They are allocated to every school's academic advising office on a need basis, and support the office by taking in the majority of students who come in with minor advising issues. These PAAs are available on a walk-in basis and often assist their respective schools in developing various academic and social events. They are also members of the university's Academic Adivsory Committee, offering undergraduates a student voice in improving UCI's academic policies. However, despite being a large component of the university's academic advising structure, it is not difficult to schedule an appointment with a full-time professional academic advisor or see one on a priority need basis.
    -
    -===Rankings and Distinctions===
    -[[Image:Uc_irvine8300001.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Frederick Reines]] Hall in the School of Physical Sciences, named after one of three UCI faculty members to receive the [[Nobel prize]].]]
    -
    -In the 2007 U.S. News & World Report survey{{cite news | title=America's Best Colleges 2007 | date=2007 | publisher=U.S. News & World Report | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/rankindex_brief.php }}, UCI is ranked 4th among public universities in California, 12th among all public universities in the U.S., and 44th among all universities in the U.S., public or private. UCI is fourth in applications received in the UC system, behind UCLA, UCSD, and Berkeley, and was tied with UC Davis as the fourth-most selective UC school in freshman admissions for Fall 2005. UCI's [[Master of Fine Arts]] degree program in [[creative writing]] is ranked 6th nationally by US News and World Report, and has graduated such authors as [[Richard Ford]], [[Michael Chabon]], and [[Alice Sebold]].
    -
    -Following are the most current national rankings for UCI graduate programs by U.S. News & World Report: literary criticism and theory (2), criminology (4), behavioral neuroscience (5), creative writing (6), health care management (9), information systems (11), organic chemistry (11), drama and theater (12), third-world literature (12), cognitive psychology (13), English (16), psychology – neurobiology and behavior (16), experimental psychology (19), gender and literature (19), executive M.B.A. (20), cell biology/developmental biology (21), 19th- and 20th-century literature (22), psychology – cognitive science (22), sociology (27), aerospace engineering (29), computer science (29), chemistry (30), mechanical engineering (30), civil engineering (31), history (32), environmental engineering (34), fine arts (34), political science (35), biology (36), materials physics (38), biomedical engineering (40), engineering (40), materials science engineering (45), medicine (46), mathematics (47), psychology and social behavior (47), economics (48), business management (49) and electrical engineering (49).
    -
    -UC Irvine is a member of the [[Association of American Universities]]. In the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] [http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005Main.htm 2005]by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]’s Institute of Higher Education, UCI is ranked 35th in the U.S., 37th in the Americas and 47th in the world.
    -
    -Three faculty have been named [[National Medal of Science]] recipients. Additionally, three researchers from UCI's faculty received the [[Nobel Prize]] during their tenure at UCI: [[Frank Sherwood Rowland]] ([[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], 1995), [[Frederick Reines]] ([[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], 1995) (deceased), and [[Irwin Rose]] ([[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], 2004). Dr. Rowland's Nobel-winning research was conducted exclusively at UC Irvine, along with fellow prize-winner [[Mario J. Molina]].
    -
    -UCI's faculty are also members of the following U.S. [[learned societies]]:
    -
    -*[[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (33 members)
    -*[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] (75 members)
    -*[[American Philosophical Society]] (7 members)
    -*[[American Physical Society]] (30 members)
    -*[[American Psychological Association]] (20 members)
    -*[[Institute of Medicine]] (4 members)
    -*[[National Academy of Engineering]] (7 members)
    -*[[National Academy of Sciences]] (21 members)
    -
    -==Research Opportunities and Pre-Professional Programs==
    -===Honors and Research Programs===
    -Since 1988, UC Irvine has operated the [http://www.honors.uci.edu/ Campuswide Honors Program] (informally known as "the CHP") in an effort to attract and retain academically gifted student leaders by combining the "rigor and personal attention of a selective liberal arts college and the opportunities of a dynamic research university"{{cite website | title=Campuswide Honors Program | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine | url=http://www.honors.uci.edu/about.php }}. The CHP currently has more than 600 active students from all undergraduate majors, most of whom are consistently academically high-achieving students and well-known on-campus student leaders. Students are accepted into the program either by invitation as a high school senior (by far the most common method), or by individually applying as a current undergraduate or transfer student. Students in the program are entitled to many exclusive [http://www.honors.uci.edu/highlights.php CHP benefits] that make life at UCI more intellectually stimulating, fun, and convenient. Those who complete the CHP receive a Campuswide Honors notation on their transcript and are linked through an active alumni network. And according to the Campuswide Honors Program, approximately 90% of its graduates have gone on to complete prestigious graduate and professional degrees nationwide.
    -
    -One of the most significant requirements of the Campuswide Honors Program includes the submission of a capstone honors thesis (also known as a "senior thesis"). A honors thesis can be completed either through independent study with a professor, or through one of the 24 formal departmental honors programs on campus{{cite website | title=Campuswide Honors Program | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine | url=http://www.honors.uci.edu/honorscontact.php }}.
    -
    -These departmental honors programs are much like an independent study arrangement, but offer research seminars and faculty mentor assistance, and confer a departmental honors transcript notation upon thesis completion. It should be noted that the departmental honors programs at UC Irvine are separate from the Campuswide Honors Program and are administered by their respective academic units (e.g. the Sociology honors program is administered by the Department of Sociology under the School of Social Sciences). Therefore, all undergraduates may apply for acceptance into a departmental honors program, should it be available for their major and so long as they meet the program's admission requirements.
    -
    -Many students who wish to complete an honors thesis, or other work of research, opt to participate in the prestigious [[Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program]], which provides undergraduate students with the opportunity to gain valuable research experience. Better known on campus as UROP (pronounced you-ROP), the program provides funding and credit to undergraduate students who volunteer for faculty-mentored research projects pertaining to all academic disciplines. Launched in 1995, UROP has grown sharply in recent years and has received wide support from the faculty, including the active involvement of the UROP Faculty Advisory Board.{{cite website | title=Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program| date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine | url=http://www.urop.uci.edu/ }} Upon completion of the year-long research project, students are expected to present their findings at the school's research symposium. Although not a requirement, some students may submit their written reports (ranging from 15-25 pages) to the faculty committee in order to be considered for publication in the university's research journals. Publication in the UROP Undergraduate Research Journal is known to be extremely competitive. In many cases, students are asked to submit numerous drafts to the faculty committee for review, only to find out that their papers are later denied publication. In the past, a mere 5% of all submissions were accepted for publication in the journal. UROP is comparable to similar programs at other prestigious universities, such as the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Boston University]], and the [[University of Michigan]].
    -
    -A similar summer equivalent to UROP is the [http://www.urop.uci.edu/SURP.html Summer Undergraduate Research Program], or SURP.
    -
    -===Research Organizations===
    -To complement its mission as a research university, UCI hosts a diverse array of nationally and internationally-recognized research organizations. These organizations are either chaired by or composed of UCI faculty, frequently draw upon undergraduates and graduates for research assistance, and produce a multitude of innovations and scholarly works. Some are housed in a school or department office; others are housed in their own multimillion-dollar facilities. A few of the most notable ones include the [http://www.bli.uci.edu/ Beckman Laser Institute], [http://www.calit2.net/ California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology] (also known as Calit2), [http://www.socsci.uci.edu/gpacs/ Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies], [http://www.democ.uci.edu/ Center for the Study of Democracy], [http://www.cusa.uci.edu/ Center for Unconventional Security Affairs], [http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/cancer/ Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center], [http://www.alz.uci.edu/ Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia], [http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/ National Fuel Cell Research Center], and [http://www.reeve.uci.edu/ Reeve-Irvine Research Center].
    -
    -A complete list of UC Irvine's research organizations may be found [http://www.uci.edu/academics_research.shtml here].
    -
    -===Internship Programs===
    -While most universities have internship programs aimed towards giving students career experience, UC Irvine is unique in starting two internship programs that have become a mainstay for the whole University of Californa system. UC Irvine created the [[UCDC]] program in 1982 with four undergraduates; today, UCDC has nearly 60 UCI students in its summer program alone. UCDC encourages students to seek internships in Washington, D.C. through the assistance of the UCI Career Center. This program has since expanded to other UC campuses and may be accomplished in any quarter or during the summer (the academic year program is managed by the university's Center for International Education, while the summer program is still managed by the UCI Career Center). The [[UC Washington Center]], the University of California's Washington, D.C. campus, hosts undergraduates pursuing their internships in modern residential accomodations.
    -
    -UC Irvine is also responsible for establishing the [[Sacramento Internship Program]] (SIP), which was inspired by the success of UCDC. Started in 2000, SIP is very much like UCDC, but arranges for internships in the state capital and offers private apartment rentals through contract rather than a university facility. The UCI Career Center operates the summer internship program, while an equivalent academic year internship program, inspired by SIP, is offered by the [[UC Sacramento Center]].
    -
    -===Graduate/Professional School Preparation===
    -[[Image:merage.jpg|thumb|300px|right| The main instructional building for the [[Paul Merage School of Business]], formerly known as the Graduate School of Management until the school's current namesake made a charatible donation of $30 million dollars.]]
    -UCI hosts a number of programs aimed at encouraging students to attend graduate and professional schools. The Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate (AGEP), UC-LEADS, Summer Academic Enrichment Program, and Student Academic Advancement Services all prepare participants for competitive admission and success for advanced degree programs in the sciences and social sciences.
    -
    -Students interested in a career in business may also consider participating in the [[SAGE Scholars Program]], which offers extensive leadership and business training through courses, events, community service, and extracurricular activities. This program employs numerous networking opportunities with regional corporate leaders, has a strong working relationship with the School of Business, and also maintains a leadership theme house in Arroyo Vista for interested on-campus undergraduate residents.
    -
    -Another professional preparation program within the School of Social Sciences is the [[UCI Law Forum]]. For students interested in pursuing a career in law, this certificate program offers courses, lectures, seminars, and extracurricular activites related to the legal profession. It also allows students to develop unique advocacy, public speaking, and writing skills through a number of hands-on courses and seminars.
    -
    -==Campus==
    -[[Image:rgr.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Ring Road encircles the campus as a main artery for students and other pedestrians.]]{{see also| UCI Health Sciences | UCI Medical Center | University of California, Irvine, Arboretum | University of California Natural Reserve System}}
    -Although the campus is located in the city of Irvine, it is located very close to the city of Newport Beach; in fact, the campus itself is directly bounded by the city of [[Newport Beach]] and [[Newport Coast]] on many sides. The western side of the campus borders the San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve, through which Campus Drive connects UCI to the I-405 freeway. The northern and eastern sides of UCI are adjacent to Irvine proper, with the eastern side of the campus delineated by Culver Drive (which transitions to Bonita Canyon Road at its southern terminus). Culver Drive also connects UCI to the I-405 freeway.
    -
    -Despite the suburban environment, a variety of wildlife inhabits the University's central park and wetlands. The university has [[bobcat]]s, [[mountain lion]]s, [[hawk]]s, [[golden eagle]]s, [[great blue heron]]s, [[peregrine falcon]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[owl]]s, [[skunk]]s, [[weasel]]s, [[bat]]s, and [[coyote]]s. The [[University of California, Irvine, Arboretum]] hosts a collection of plants from California and Mediterranean climates around the world. The small rabbits in particular are very numerous and can be seen across campus in high numbers, especially during hours of low student traffic.
    -
    -===Layout===
    -[[Image:campus_aerial.jpg|thumb|325px|left|UCI's core campus and surrounding areas. Aldrich Park is the green circle in the center.]]
    -The campus is primarily composed of 1960s Modernist/[[Futurist Architecture|Futurist]] buildings set in a circle around a large central park. Satellite parking lots lie in another circle outside the main circle of buildings. The park is completely encircled by a pedestrian walkway known as Ring Road. Each school at UCI is located on its own segment of the ring (except for the School of the Arts and the Medical School). Starting from the main Langson Library and Administration building and going clockwise, Ring Road passes through [[Social Sciences]], [[Engineering]], [[Physical Science]]s, [[Biology|Biological Sciences]], and [[Humanities]].
    -
    -The campus was designed favoring large open spaces and decentralized facilities over the dense layout of older campuses. Chancellor Aldrich and fellow university planners concieved UCI as concentric circles of knowledge, with the park serving as the nucleus and academic units moving outward based on educational attainment (for instance, most undergraduate schools are on Ring Road, while graduate and professional schools are located further away){{cite web | title=Anteater Trivia | work=UCI Office of Admissions and Relations with Students | url=http://www.admissions.uci.edu/anteater_trivia.html | accessdate=2006}}. Ring Road, which measures up to a perfect mile, was created both for its aesthetic beauty and to facilitiate construction on the campus. This central pedestrian artery allows students to reach their classes across campus quickly, while underground one will find all major utilities ready to connect to new buildings on Ring Road itself.
    -
    -===Architecture===
    -[[Image:kriegerhall.jpg|thumb|300px|Murray Krieger Hall in the School of Humanities, named after an inspirational professor and an example of the [[Brutalist]] architecture of the campus.]]
    -
    -The first buildings were designed by a team of architects led by [[William Pereira]] and including [[A. Quincy Jones]] and William Blurock. The central park (now, Aldrich Park), designed by an association of three firms led by renowned landscape architect [[Robert Herrick Carter]], was modeled after [[Frederick Law Olmsted]]'s designs for [[New York City]]'s [[Central Park]]. The campus opened in [[1965]] with the inner circle and park only half-completed. There were only nine buildings and a dirt road connecting the main campus to the housing units. Only three of the six "spokes" that radiate from the central park were built, with only two buildings each. Pereira was retained by the university to maintain a continuity of style among the buildings constructed in the inner ring around the park, the last of which was completed in [[1972]]. These buildings were constructed in the California "Brutalist" style, which "stretched the limits of how concrete could be shaped."{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: William Pereria, Architect | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=architecture&function=pereira }} Construction on the campus all but ceased after the Administration building was completed in [[1974]], and then resumed in the late [[1980s]], beginning a massive building boom that still continues today. This second building boom continued the futuristic trend, but emphasised a much more colorful, [[postmodern]] approach that somewhat contradicted the earthy, organic designs of the early buildings. Architects such as [[Frank Gehry]] and [[Arthur Erickson]] were brought in to bring the campus more "up to date". As of 2005, the campus has more than 200 buildings and encompasses most of the university's 1,500 acres{{cite website | title=Anteater Chronicles: Maps | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library | url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/ucihistory/index.php?page=maps }}.
    -
    -===Libraries and Study Centers===
    -[[Image:UCILibrary.jpg|thumb|200px|right| Langson Library is the main repository for most of UC Irvine's research materials and hosts many study areas. It is one of three central libraries maintained by UC Irvine.]]
    -UCI's library system consists of four main branches: the main Jack Langson Library (which houses general media and electronic resources), the Science Library (the largest consolidated science and medical library in California), the Grunigen Medical Library at the [[UCI Medical Center|Medical Center]], and the Biomedical Library at Gottschalk Medical Plaza{{cite website | title=UCI Health System: History and Setting | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Health System url=http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/intmed/hypertext/hs.html }}{{cite website | title=UCI Libraries: Locations, Directions, and Parking | date=2006 | publisher=University of California, Irvine Library url=http://www.lib.uci.edu/libraries/locations.html }}. Nearly all departments and schools on campus also have their own reading rooms and scholarly meeting areas; these are open to students and sometimes the choice for more imtimate course lectures and graduate seminars.
    -
    -In general, most on-campus study areas can be found in the libraries and reading rooms; however, there is also the large Gateway Study Center (across from Langson Library), one of the university's original buildings. Additionally, Aldrich Park and the main plazas on Ring Road (anchored by each school) offer scenic and vibrant outdoor alternatives. The UCI Student Center, currently under renovation, will offer even more study areas and meeting rooms.
    -
    -Furthermore, as a modern research university, UCI employs technology as a central component in academic instruction. Nearly all of UCI's lecture halls and classrooms have wireless internet access, a digital podium, and a electronic presentation system. The School of Humanities maintains its Humanities Instructional Resource Center (HIRC), which is a drop-in lab specializing in language and humanities education. Additionally, UCI maintains five drop-in computer labs, four instructional computer labs, and a number of SmartClassrooms that can be reserved in advance. The drop-in labs also serve as popular study areas, as do the instructional computer labs during unscheduled usage. The School of Engineering's computer labs are one of the few that are open 24 hours.
    -
    -===Facilities and Venues===
    -[[Image:Beckman_Conference_Center%2C_National_Academies_%28USA%29.JPG|thumb|Beckman Center|300px|left|The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Conference Center, a prestigious meeting area and lecture hall.]]UCI hosts a number of specialized on-campus facilities that support its educational and cultural mission. The university hosts the ultra-modern [http://www7.nationalacademies.org/beckman/index.html Arnold and Mabel Beckman Conference Center] on its property, which is made available to UCI for events and lectures and is maintained by the National Academies of Science and Engineering. Two of the Beckman Center's annual keynote events are the Merage School's Distinguished Speaker Series, which invites Orange County's most successful CEOs for lectures and networking, and the Chancellor's Distinguished Fellows Series lectures. The Beckman Center also hosts an extensive museum exhibit including the inventions, quotes, and historical record of its benefactor, [[Arnold O. Beckman]].
    -
    -UCI also has its own performing arts center, the [http://www.thebarclay.org/ Irvine Barclay Theater], which hosts a variety of musical and performance events. It is also home to the UCI Symphony Orchestra and plays host to prestigious guest speakers as well. For instance, two recent guests hosted by the Irvine Barclay Theater were His Holiness XIV [[Dali Lama]] and former Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].
    -
    -The Claire Trevor School of the Arts hosts a number of galleries, such as the [http://beallcenter.uci.edu/ Beall Center for Art and Technology]. The school is also known for its redesigned [[Arts Plaza]], which was conceived by [[Maya Lin]] and completed in 2006. The Arts Plaza serves as a meeting place, study area, outdoor performing arts center, exhibition hall, and lecture area.
    -
    -For intimate gatherings and conferences, the UCI University Club is often made available due to its full-service banquet and dining amenities. It is also a popular place for students and faculty to have lunch, and its facilities may be rented out for formal events such as weddings or parties.
    -
    -UC Irvine also hosts a [http://www.ccc.uci.edu/ Cross-Cultural Center] (also known as "the Cross"), the first of its kind in the University of California. This facility serves as a multicultural gathering area and venue for events and programs aimed at fostering understanding between the wide variety of student and faculty cultures represented on campus. Currently, the Cross-Cultural Center is undergoing a renovation and expansion effort that will double its size and offer more venues for the seven ethnic umbrella organizations and the numerous cultural clubs that operate under them.
    -
    -Large scale events make use of the [http://www.bren.uci.edu/ Bren Events Center], UCI's largest venue and indoor sports arena. The "Bren", as it is also known, was recently the setting for the 2006 Commencement ceremonies, which had before traditionally been in Aldrich Park. The Bren Events Center is adjacent to the large Crawford Athletics Complex, where UCI's athletes train and compete in state-of-the art facilities. These facilities include a recently-renovated baseball park, track and field, and swimming complex.
    -
    -Much of the southern part of UCI is occupied by the [http://advancement.uadv.uci.edu/production/CnFR/URP/content.asp University Research Park], a 158-acre office and research property operated by The Irvine Company. The University Research Park attempts to form a synergy between UCI, 44 local technology and business interests, faculty start-up companies, and other campus offices. A partial listing of tenants includes Blizzard Entertainment, Skyworks Solutions, Cisco, Center for Educational Partnerships, and more. The property also includes a Starbucks, and is currently under expansion to 2.4 million square feet.
    -
    -It may also interest some to know that UCI also has its own [http://www.physics.uci.edu/~observat/ observatory], which is hidden in the empty fields behind [[University Hills]]. The observatory, which is operated by the Physics Department under the School of Physical Sciences, is open to the public during Visitor Nights that are held six times a year.
    -
    -Two public health organizations maintain independent facilites at UCI. The[[ American Cancer Society]] has a research complex on the corner of Campus and California Drive. The [[Food and Drug Adminstration]] recently constructed a state-of-the-art complex on the edge of UC Irvine's San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve. It houses the FDA Pacific Regional Laboratory (Southwest) and its Los Angeles District office{{cite website | title=FDA Regional Office Directory | date=2006 | publisher=Food and Drug Administration | url=http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/iom/IOMORADIR_6.html#prlsw }}.
    -
    -===Parking and Transportation===
    -Due to the facts that the city of Irvine is very suburban and on-campus housing is relatively scare for non-freshmen, the majority of students are commuters. Additionally, dorming freshmen can purchase residential parking permits. These factors have created a huge daily volume of cars, creating a severe parking shortage; methods such as stack parking have had limited success to alleviate the situation. The usage of bikes and the student-run shuttle service has helped somewhat; however, the majority of the users of these are residents of on-campus or near-campus housing and do not commute.
    -
    -The parking permits for students that exist are:
    -*R - Residential
    -*S - Student Commuter
    -*P - Student Commuter Preferred
    -*F - Freshman Commuter
    -
    -The parking permits for employees (faculty/staff) that exist are:
    -*C - Employee Commuter
    -*AR - Employee Reserved (these are similar to Employee Commuter, but have special allocated parking spaces)
    -*?? - Employee Reserved Preferred
    -*X - Executive Permit (for Deans, the Chancellor, the Executive Vice Chancellor, and other high level management positions)
    -*?? - Emeritus/Retiree
    -*CP - Carpool
    -
    -There are also permits/spaces for motorcycles, special staff, vendors, and service vehicles. A special permit called "Nobel Parking Pass" is only given to Nobel Prize recipients and has access to any parking space on campus, except for the service vehicle or disabled parking spaces. The student-run shuttle service is used by students to travel between the distantly located parts of campus; certain routes of the shuttle service cater to on-campus residents who live in communities located on the fringe of campus.
    -
    -Cars are the most popular form of transportation; motorcycles and scooters also have some popularity. In fact, the large scale of the campus, its vehicle-friendly layout, and numerous parking options makes it possible for students who live on-campus to drive to class and back during non-peak hours (at the risk of receiving a parking citation). Bicycles are used mainly by residents of on-campus or near campus housing. Public transportation is used by a few students to commute although bus fare is provided free of charge to the surrounding areas.
    -
    -Public transportation is provided by the [[Orange County Transportation Authority]] (OCTA); all the bus routes are available to the students for free. Through the U-Pass program, the student ID is used as a bus pass. This service is paid for by parking tickets at UCI. UCI is located close to [[John Wayne Airport]], a major Southern California hub.
    -
    -The city of Irvine has a train station that services both [[Amtrak]] and [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]] lines, although OCTA bus service is inconvenient. Like the Irvine Station, the Tustin Metrolink station is approximately 8 miles away, but easier to get to by bus. As a result, the [[Santa Ana, California|Santa Ana]] Depot and [[Tustin, California|Tustin]] Station are the closest train stations (in terms of bus travel time) for Amtrak and Metrolink respectively. Irvine does have a system of bicycle paths, including the [[San Diego Creek Bicycle Path]] which make bicycle transportation to and from either the Tustin or the Irvine station fun, safe, and effective.
    -
    -UCI is close to three freeways: the [[San Diego Freeway|405]] (a major artery), the [[California State Route 55|CA 55]], and the [[California State Route 73|CA 73]] (which splits off southbound from the 405 and is a [[toll road]] south of the university). The streets of Irvine have speed limits that range from 45 to 55 mph, making them conveniently fast during their non-peak hours. Traffic is notoriously endemic in the region, with peak hours consuming most of the late afternoon and early night.
    -
    -==Residential Accomodations==
    -
    -===Freshmen===
    -Freshmen are typically assigned to live in either [[Middle Earth]] or [[Mesa Court]], dormitory complexes which has a variety of recreational and dining options. Generally, Middle Earth has a reputation for being a more closely-knit housing community than Mesa Court, possibly because Middle Earth shares more centralized common areas, recreational facilities, smaller phase one dorms, and established housing traditions. This contrasts with Mesa Court, which is built on rather hilly and expansive terrain (deterring some students from travelling far distances for social events), is not directly connected to Ring Road, and has much larger residence halls (allowing for more socialization within the dormitories themselves). Residents of Middle Earth and Mesa Court are required to choose and pay for one of three meal plans to complement their monthly rent; voluntary meal plans are available to all undergraduates. These meal plans may be employed at a one of many on-campus eateries (through the use of debit ZotBucks) or in one of three dining halls (two of which are in Middle Earth). The two main dining halls, Mesa Commons and Brandywine Commons, are located in Mesa Court and Middle Earth, respectively. Middle Earth also has a second dining hall, Brandywine, which specializes in very freshly-prepared and fast food (at the expense of dining space).
    -
    -[[Image:UniHIllsSatView.jpg|thumb|University Hills|275px|left|[[University Hills]], on the southeastern side of UC Irvine. University House is on the lower left corner and the UCI Observatory is visible. The bulldozed land to the right has been developed into extensions of University Hills and [[Palo Verde]].]]
    -===Other Undergraduates===
    -Non-freshmen undergraduates live in [[Campus Village]], [[Vista del Campo]], [[Arroyo Vista]], or in one of the many apartment complexes off-campus. Campus Village, located off Ring Road next to the School of Biological Sciences, is a university apartment complex in which residents are chosen and paired together via lottery. Vista del Campo (or "VDC" for short), is a modern on-campus apartment managed by American Campus Communities, a private firm. Nearby Vista del Campo Norte is scheduled to open in fall 2006. Both complexes have modern amenities such as swimming pools, private theaters, and large recreation centers.
    -
    -Arroyo Vista is composed of houses accomodating 16, 24, or 32 residents each as of fall 2005. Prospective Arroyo Vista residents must meet the academic requirements of each house and write essays as part of the application process. The houses themselves are divided between academic themes and Greek interests. Academic theme houses are sponsored by a department or on-campus organization, and incorporate courses or events relevant to the house theme (e.g. Biology or Campuswide Honors). Greek houses are allocated to fraternities and sororities, and can be compared to the equivalent of a Greek Row. In spite of this arrangement, many fraternities and sororities advocate the development of a true Greek Row on or near the campus. Most recently, Arroyo Vista introduced an International Village, which will combine international students with undergraduates into four adjacent theme houses.
    -
    -Because of increasing enrollment in recent years, on-campus housing is only guaranteed for freshmen and transfer students. However, plans for two-year guaranteed housing are in motion and is expected to begin in the Fall 2006 quarter.
    -
    -Off-campus housing options vary widely; however, a common denominator for off-campus apartment housing in Irvine, Tustin, and parts of Newport Beach is the fact that most of these complexes are maintained by Irvine Apartment Communities, a subsidiary of [[The Irvine Company]]. The most coveniently located housing is in nearby Newport Beach, Tustin, and Costa Mesa, with rates varying on accomodations and the number of roomates who share them.
    -
    -===Graduates and Faculty===
    -Graduate students are housed at the [[Verano Place]] and [[Palo Verde]] apartments. These accomodations cater to families as well as single students, and both complexes have numerous day care and child education facilities within their premises.
    -
    -Faculty members may opt to live in [[Las Lomas]] and [[University Hills]], an on-campus apartment complex and planned housing community aimed at the university's teaching professionals. Las Lomas is at the foot of University Hills, with the former constructed in 1982 and the latter in 1986. Both share open community areas, a Montessori school, parks, and bike paths. The streets in this area are named after famous individuals in the arts and sciences. The Chancellor's residence (the Thomas T. and Elizabeth C. Tierney University House) is located at the top of University Hills.
    -
    -For more information about living on-campus, and for resources to find housing off-campus, visit [http://www.housing.uci.edu/ this website].
    -
    -==Social Activities==
    -Due to its location in a preplanned suburban community, general student apathy, reputation as an academic or suitcase school (students tend to go home on the weekends, but stay on campus during the week nights), UCI has had a reputation as a quieter college town. However, there are a number of opportunities for social outings, so long as students take the initiative (having access to a car is also useful).
    -
    -On campus, the [http://www.campusrec.uci.edu/ Anteater Recreation Center] (also known as the "ARC") is extremely popular and boasts several recreational and sporting facilities. While the ARC is free for UCI students and faculty, members may opt to participate in fee-based courses in martial arts, team sports, SCUBA diving, sailing, and more. Additionally, free club sports are open for all ARC members to join. For most students, the ARC offers a wide variety of options for sports, exercise, and recreation options, even offering a High Ropes challenge/obstacle course for teambuilding activities. The ARC currently undergoing preparations for an expansion, which will suprise many undergraduates since its facilities are quite large already (hosting three rugby/soccer fields, two baseball fields, and ample basketball, street hockey, and tennis facilities).
    -
    -[http://www.studentcenter.uci.edu/ UCI's Student Center], a focal point for activity on campus, is currently undergoing a major expansion. The project will expand the center to 300,000 sq feet nearly doubling its size. Two new food courts, a large ballroom, and several conference centers and stores are among the additions that will become part of the larger renovated center; Completion is scheduled for fall 2007.
    -
    -The [[Associated Students of UC Irvine]] (ASUCI) are also a focal point of campus social activity, particularly student governance. In addition to serving as a liasion between campus administrators and undergraduates, ASUCI also sponsors a variety of annual events and programs designed to increase campus spirit and offer recreational activities. A lesser-known counterpart to ASUCI is the Association of Graduate Students (AGS). UCI Student Housing, another large campus unit with an influential social bearing, formally sponsors a number of campus events open to all students.
    -
    -The university's Dean of Students also hosts a variety of engaging social activities. It supports nearly 350 student-run clubs and organizations on campus, representing almost every social and professional interest. This includes a very active Greek scene, of which chapters that have a house in Arroyo Vista tend to coordinate Friday parties. Additionally, the Dean of Students hosts a strong Administrative Internship Program for those interested in university governance, and numerous leadership conferences for student leaders. Its keynote conference, the All-University Leadership Conference, is held annually in Palm Springs and attended by administrative officials and students alike. The Dean of Students also sponsors an extensive Passport to the 21st Century leadership program, which allows students to earn a leadership certification by participating in a set number of leadership-themed lectures and events held throughout the year.
    -
    -[[Image:DuskatBalboa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Balboa Island]]. Ten minutes south of UC Irvine, it is host to million-dollar mansions, moored yachts, and trendy shopping.]]Off campus, [[Orange County, California|Orange County]] itself hosts a variety of attractions. For example, [[Newport Beach]], which is less than 10 minutes away, is home to a vibrant night life. It is also home to the famous [[Balboa Island]], as well as a pristine bay perfect for water sports such as rowing or sailing. The UCI Crew team headquarters its operations in the city's Upper Bay; similarly, the UCI Sailing Association operates out of in Newport Beach, holding regular regattas and classes through the ARC.
    -
    -The nearby shell-lined beaches of Newport Beach (notably its [[Balboa Peninsula]] and [[Corona del Mar]] neighborhoods), [[Huntington Beach]], and [[Laguna Beach]] are generally far less crowded and cleaner than their Los Angeles counterparts, and host small shopping boulevards nearby. Balboa Peninsula and Corona del Mar are particulary known for hosting numerous bonfire pits for late-night parties, with the Balboa Peninsula also hosting two restuarants on its historic piers. Furthermore, Balboa Peninsula itself has a boardwalk, replete with a [[Ferris wheel]] and bumper car zone, and is the launching point for trips to [[Catalina Island]]. State beaches such as [[Crystal Cove State Park]], while charging admission, offer even more secluded and tranquil retreats for the hiker as well as beachgoer. Laguna Beach in particular is noted for its pristine sea life habitats and excellent [[SCUBA]] sites at areas such as Fisherman's Cove, and also boasts a vibrant old-fashioned downtown area. Laguna Beach also has a reputation for being a mecca of fine arts; students interested in the arts should peruse the city's numerous art museums and retailers. And for students interested in scenic cliffside views and renting jetskis, [[Dana Point]] and [[San Clemente]] a short drive away from Laguan Beach, south of [[Pacific Coast Highway]].
    -
    -In terms of central shopping areas, the [[University Town Center]] has been heavily developed to provide shopping, entertainment, and dining, and is accessible from UCI via the Watson Bridge. Nearby Campus Plaza hosts many restaurants and an Albertsons that serves as the area's main grocery store. Also, the campus is within driving distance of local attractions such as the [[Irvine Spectrum Center]], [[South Coast Plaza]], [[The Block at Orange]], and local shopping centers. Additionally, the city of Irvine itself has many well-known student hangouts, such as the Irvine Lanes bowling alley, [[Boomers!]], the Verizon Amphitheater, and the local [[Target]].
    -
    -In the greater Orange County area, there are of course two of the nation's most famous amusement parks: [[Disneyland]] in [[Anaheim]] and [[Knott's Berry Farm]] in [[Buena Park]]. [[Wild Rivers]], a water-based amusement park, is located in Irvine south of UCI. Nearby Anaheim also is host to [[Downtown Disney]], [[Angel Stadium]], and the [[Arrowhead Pond]]. Furthermore, day trips to [[Los Angeles]] or [[San Diego]] are far from uncommon, and since most UC Irvine students have access to vehicular transportation, such getways are feasable and affordable. In good traffic conditions, Los Angeles is approximately one hour away, and San Diego two.
    -
    -For more information about planned campus and off-campus social events, you can consult UCI's [[student newspaper]], the [[New University]], which is published weekly. There are also two ideologically oriented student magazines, the [[Irvine Review]] and [[The Irvine Progressive]], as well as other independent publications, which from time-to-time also offer reviews of places to go and things to do. Additionally, UCI's official communications website, [http://www.today.uci.edu/ Today@UCI], regularly previews all official upcoming campus and athletic events.
    -
    -==Athletics==
    -[[Image:Uci_sign.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A prominent UCI sign at Crawford Hall, part of the Crawford Athletic Complex.]]
    -{{main|UC Irvine Anteaters}}
    -UCI's [[sports]] teams are known as the '''[[Anteaters]]'''. They participate in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s Division I, as members of the [[Big West Conference]] and the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]]. Their traditional rivals are [[California State University, Long Beach|Long Beach State]].
    -
    -UCI fields nationally competitive teams in cross country, track and field (men's throws), basketball, baseball, volleyball, water polo, soccer, swimming, rowing, and sailing.
    -
    -Unlike many traditional universities, UCI does not have a football team. An unconfirmed rumor states that in a campus election, students voted to allocate funds towards the construction of the Science Library rather than the establishment of a football program. A pragmatic and more realistic explanation is that UCI administrators tend to see a football program as not cost-effective, given the fact that a more diverse number of athletic progams may benefit from the funds required for a football program.
    -
    -==Campus Traditions==
    -{{see also|UC Irvine Anteaters}}
    -
    -A unique campus tradition is [[SPOP]], the Student-Parent Orientation Program. Held in the summer before the start of fall quarter, it invites freshmen and their parents to stay at a UCI dormitory for one or two days. Parents and students reside in separate arrangements. The program includes networking activities, workshops, and orientation programs designed to get high school graduates excited and knowledgable about college life. A close relative of this program is UCI's Stay-Over Program (SOP), which invites current high school students to stay as a guest of on-campus undergraduate residents for one or two days. Held in March, SOP's goal is to convince high school students to choose UCI through experiencing the campus itself.
    -
    -[[Welcome Week]], held each September, is a university tradition that takes place the first week of fall quarter. During the week, a plethora of academic and social events are offered. Academic programs include the Chancellor's welcome (an event specifically aimed towards freshmen) school and major orientation seminars, a campuswide open house, and ongoing campus tours. Social programs include a strong outreach effort by UCI clubs and organizations on Ring Road and during a day-long club fair (traditionally held in Aldrich Park), movie nights in the school's common areas, games and activities hosted by student housing, the ARC All-Nighter (when the Anteater Recreation Center is open all night for social activities), and the ASUCI Foam Party.
    -
    -[[Celebrate UCI]], held each April, has been the university's formal open house for the past 28 years. It is scheduled every Earth Day, and celebrates environmental awareness through a series of educational programs. However, it caters mainly towards incoming freshmen, offering day-long academic information sessions, tours of various UCI departments, and campus tours within a lively and active atmosphere.
    -
    -[[Wayzgoose]], which is also held each April during Celebrate UCI, is a popular university event. This medieval fair and open house features student organization booths, live bands, food, car show, and costumed people in the university community.
    -
    -[[Reggaefest]], which is sponsored by the Associated Students of UC Irvine (ASUCI) each June, is another popular event that hosts live bands, flea market-style shopping, free food and drinks. June is also the month when [[AIDS Walk]] Orange County is hosted at the UCI campus.
    -
    -ASUCI also sponsors a variety of other social events, such as Homecoming, a Battle of the Bands at Gateway Commons, regular Comedy Nites, free concerts at the Bren Events Center, bi-quarterly Vendor Fairs on Ring Road, and a Mardi Gras festival.
    -
    -Two historical campus traditions, often sung at athletic or spirit events, are ''Anteaters Go!'' (by class of 1985 alumni Lori White) and the ''UCI Fight Song'', which commemerates UCI's historical rivalry with the [[California State University, Long Beach]]:
    -
    -{| border="1" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width:75%"
    -|+
    -! Anteaters Go! !! UCI Fight Song
    -|-
    -|

    -Go Mighty Anteaters Go

    -Beat Each Opposing Foe

    -Oh We'll Win The Battle Tonight

    -U-C-I , Fight!

    -
    -We [a]'re Marching To Victory

    -Colors Aloft, For All To See

    -Oh How Faithful We'll Always Be

    -Oh True To The Blue and Gold

    -
    -U-C-I-Zot

    -U-C-I-Fight, Fight...

    -
    -To Alma Mater We Sing

    -Long Let Our Praises Ring

    -Oh All Hail To Irvine

    -U-C-I

    -
    -||
    We are the Sons of California,

    -Fighting for Gold and Blue

    -Palms of glory we will win

    -for Alma Mater true

    -Long Beach State will soon be rousted

    -By our dazzling "C"

    -And when we serpentine

    -Their black will turn to green

    -In honor of our victory!

    -
    -U (clap, clap, clap)

    -C (clap, clap, clap)

    -I (clap, clap, clap)

    -Fight! (clap, clap, clap)

    -
    -UCI Zot, Fight, FIght, Fight!

    -|}
    -
    -==Student Activisim==
    -Despite being located in a relatively quiet college town and having a conservative reputation, UC Irvine remains a vibrant center for ongoing student activism. A large number of lectures on campus offer thought-provoking instruction that invariably leads some students to debate with professors or teaching assistants. Events featuring controversial guest speakers (such as [[John Yoo]] and [[Viet Dinh]], co-authors of the [[USA Patriot Act]] who appeared for separate lecture events) have also been known to attract large crowds of demonstrators. All large-scale protests, sit-in, political activities, and awareness campaigns occur on the portion of Ring Road between the School of Humanities and Langson Library in an area known as the "free speech zone". Such activities tend to gravitate near the Student Center or Gateway Commons to the north of the campus. The Gateway Commons entrance faces a portion of Ring Road with a brick tile representation of a huge anteater, an alumni gift that marks the spot of many large protests. The free speech zone is also where most student clubs and organizations traditionally set up booths promoting their missions or fundraisers. It is also where, on any given day, Greek organizations will have tents and barbecues. This area of Ring Road is also popular for those seeking support for petitions, upcoming elections, and publicity for upcoming events. ASUCI famously locates a very large inflatable anteater in this area when publicizing its events.
    -
    -Some major recent and ongoing activism efforts include support for demands to increase wages and benefits for campus labor unions, support for Tagalog and Philipino Studies (TAPS), awareness for the crisis in Darfur, protests against the conflict in Iraq, ASUCI-sponsored political debates, and lectures sponsored by the Muslim Student Union.
    -
    -===Israel-Palestine Tensions===
    -Due to hostile demonstrations held by the [[Muslim Student Union]] regarding the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], some [[Jewish]] students and leaders, most prominently the [[Zionist Organization of America]], have alleged that the campus is hostile to Jews.{{cite news| first=Kimi| last=Yoshino| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-holocaust12may12,0,3027401.story?coll=la-home-local| title=Fresh Muslim-Jewish Discord on Campus| publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=[[2006-05-12]]| page=B-3| accessdate=2006-06-07}} University officials defended their hands off attitude on allowing the demonstrations by the MSU to proceed as supporting freedom of speech. It was also pointed out that other recent demonstrations on campus have included material offensive to other groups (including Muslims) such as the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons]].
    -
    -A flashpoint for this controversy began two years ago when the Muslim Student Union created a cardboard facsimilie of the Israel-Palestine wall on the Gateway Commons. The wall was later burned down at night a few days later, leading to claims of hate-motivated crime that were investigated by the FBI. This past year, a larger version of the wall was introduced onto Ring Road.
    -
    -As of 2006, UCI was under investigation by the [[U.S. Department of Education]]'s [[Office of Civil Rights]] regarding these allegations.
    -
    -===College Republicans===
    -In September 2003 and February 2004, the university's College Republicans were criticized for having a bake sale that protested affirmative action by selling cupcakes at different prices to students based on race. After some students voiced their criticism, the university officially protested the action but did not halt the bake sale, citing that the prices were quoted as "Suggested Prices". UCI's perceived inaction by bake sale opponents was severly criticized.
    -
    -It should also be noted that in general, the student-run College Republicans, Irvine Conservative Student Union, and the conservative Irvine Review newspaper have all been involved in controversy regarding their vocal conservative standpoints.
    -
    -==Controversy==
    -{{see also|UCI Medical Center}}
    -
    -===Aramark===
    -UCI administrators are under student scrutiny for allowing [[Aramark]], a food services corporation, to manage nearly all residential dining facilities and restaurants on university property. This includes UCI's three dining halls (Brandywine, Pippin Commons, and Mesa Commons) and three flagship restaurants (Phoenix Grille, B.C.'s Cavern on the Green, and Bistro by the Bridge). ASUCI, which is partially responsible for negotiating UCI's food services contract, has justified the decision to offer Aramark its business since Aramark has pledged to invest millions of dollars into the university's food service infrastructure.
    -
    -Critics argue that offering one corporation the university's food services contract is a de facto monopoly. In doing so, they note all the privately-owned restaurants that are being shut down temporarily (in the case of the Pub and Student Center food court) or permanently (with Cornerstone Cafe being replaced by a [[Starbucks Coffee]] and the Physical Sciences Cafe being shut down). It is also argued that the management of food handling by Aramark leads to low-quality food and poor customer service, and that support of Aramark condones its perceived low employee benefits and pay.
    -
    -Proponents argue that the new UCI Student Center, to be completed in 2007, will soon offer a larger food court than the former Student Center, thus opening up alternatives. UCI also points to the number of food carts and vendors that may be found on campus as existing food service alternatives. And most importantly, UCI notes the huge long-term investment Aramark is making in infrastructure that will outlast its current contract.
    -
    -===The Irvine Company===
    -This argument over corporate governance versus local management mirrors the larger campus debate over how influential [[The Irvine Company]] has historically been throughout the development of UC Irvine. In many ways, the question of The Irvine Company's role in UCI's affairs has grown to become a popular conspiracy theory among students.
    -
    -This controversy, perhaps as much rooted in fiction as it is reality, is based on these known facts and unverified claims:
    -
    -'''Facts'''
    -*UC Irvine was entirely built on [[Irvine Ranch]] land owned by The Irvine Company.
    -*[[William Pereira]], architect of UCI's master plan, was also the architect for the planned community of [[Irvine]], which inspired other like communities in what is known as the [[Irvine Ranch Master Plan]].
    -*The Irvine Company owns territory that comprises one-fifth of Orange County (including [[Irvine]], [[Newport Beach]], [[Newport Coast]], [[Tustin]], and portions of [[Laguna Beach]] and [[Costa Mesa]]), two major shopping centers ([[Irvine Spectrum]] and [[Fashion Island]]), and other county locations. In effect, UCI is nearly surrounded by Irvine Company holdings.
    -*[[Donald Bren]], the CEO of The Irvine Company and the nation's wealthiest landowner, has sponsored two of UC Irvine's most important facilities: The Bren Events Center and the Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Science. He is also one of UC Irvine's largest patron donors.
    -*The University Research Park is entirely built by The Irvine Company on land owned by the company and UCI, which the university leases to The Irvine Company.
    -'''Unverified Claims'''
    -*The planning of the interstate freeway system linking Orange County to Los Angeles and San Diego were heavily influenced by The Irvine Company, which is a holding company for the former Irvine Ranch. Its successful influence allowed the company to plan its long-term property development strategy.
    -
    -==Notable UC Irvine people==
    -{{main|List of University of California, Irvine people}}
    -As with any major public university, many UC Irvine alumni have achieved fame or notoriety after graduating. These people include athletes ([[Steve Scott]], [[Greg Louganis]] and 34 Olympians), film and television actors ([[Jon Lovitz]]), and technological innovators. UC Irvine also boasts a number of authors, such as [[Michael Chabon]], [[James McMichael]], [[Alice Sebold]], [[Richard Ford]], and [[Yusef Komunyakaa]] who earned [[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]] degrees from the school's creative writing program.
    -
    -Several members of the faculty have been honored with the [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] and [[Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer]]. Ralph Cicerone, an earth system science professor and former chancellor, is currently president of the [[National Academy of Sciences]].
    -
    -Prior to the death of [[Jaques Derrida]], best known as the creator of Deconstructionist theory, in 2004, UC Irvine was ranked number one in the nation in Critical Theory. Derrida and [[Wolfgang Iser]], best known for his Reader Response theory, are legends in the field of Critical Theory.
    -
    -[[Joseph McGinty Nichol]], of the class of 1990, is responsible for directing the [[Charlie's Angels]] films and is the executive producer of the television series [[The OC]].
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -===Student traditions and culture===
    -[[Image:UCI letters.png|frame|
    UCI Athletics logo
    ]]
    -*The OPY's (Outstanding Professors Awards) were started in 1991. Professors are voted on by the graduating senior class. Winning professors are honored at a ceremony in spring quarter.
    -
    -*One of the biggest traditions at UCI is the [[Wayzgoose]] Medieval Faire in April, which includes student organization booths, live bands, food, costumed individuals, games and rides for children, an [[Earth Day]] celebration, academic information, car show, and campus tram tours. The event is free and open to the public. The day also functions as an Open House for incoming and prospective students.{{cite web | title=Celebrate UCI | work=UCI Student Affairs | url=http://www.students.uci.edu/celebrate/ | accessdate=2006-06-10}}
    -
    -*The [[acronym]] UCI has often been jokingly claimed to stand for "Under Construction Indefinitely" (due to the recent surge of growth and construction activity on campus). It has also been said to stand for "University of Civics and Integras" because of the predilection for these two types of cars (popular as [[rice rocket]]s) among the highly Asian student population. Furthermore UCI has been called the "University of Chinese Immigrants", "Under Chinese Invasion", as well as "UCA" (UC Asia), mocking the abundance of said people.
    -
    -*Buildings in the [[Middle Earth]] student housing community are named after places and characters from the fictional world of [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], author of the [[Lord of the Rings]] fantasy novels. Additionally, although possibly unrelated, the main circular road on campus is called Ring Road.
    -
    -*During the annual [http://esc.eng.uci.edu/eweek/ E-Week] celebrations held by the Engineering Student Council, several engineering related contests are held including an egg-dropping contest from the roof of the 140-foot Engineering Tower (the tallest building on campus) and the construction of [[Rube Goldberg machine]]s.
    -
    -*During his tenure as Chancellor, [[Daniel G. Aldrich]] exclusively employed the sixth floor of the Administration building as his personal gym.{{cite web | title=UCI Trivia Contest | work=The Graduate Voice | url=http://www.rgs.uci.edu/gradvoice/articles/trivia.htm}}
    -
    -*Casa Cesar Chavez, the Chicano/Latino Studies theme house in the [[Arroyo Vista]] housing complex, is rumored to be haunted by the ghost of the deceased civil rights advocate.
    -
    -*During his first year as Vice Chancellor of Student Housing, Dr. Bill Zeller lived on-campus in a Mesa Court freshman dormitory.
    -
    -===Film and Television===
    -[[Image:apes4.jpg|thumb|left|300px|UCI as backdrop for "[[Conquest of the Planet of the Apes]]". Social Science Tower, which was brand new at the time, is in the background.]]
    -
    -*Neuroscience labs and exteriors of UCI were featured in the 1985 science fiction/comedy film [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0088960 Creator] starring Peter O'Toole, Mariel Hemingway, Virginia Madsen, David Ogden Stiers, and Vince Spano.
    -
    -*Several of the [[Futurist Architecture|Futurist]] buildings at UCI were involved in the production of the [[1973]] movie ''[[Conquest of the Planet of the Apes]]''.
    -
    -*Aldrich Park (in the middle of the campus) was shown during the wheelchair chase scene in the [[Mel Brooks]] film ''[[Silent Movie]]''.
    -
    -*The school was featured in the [[2001]] production of ''[[Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)|Ocean's Eleven]]''. In the movie, the building where the crew steals the EMP device is actually the Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility located in the College of Medicine.
    -
    -*Exterior shots of the Langson library were used in the [[1982]] film "[[Poltergeist]]".
    -
    -*UCI is frequently mentioned in the television series, "[[The O.C.]]" Its executive producer, [[Joseph McGinty Nichol]], is a UCI graduate.
    -
    -* [[Commander Chuck Street]], a helicopter pilot, traffic reporter for [[KIIS-FM]] and [[KTLA]], and local celebrity, landed in front of UCI's Gateway Commons next to the Administration building lawn to participate in 2004 Wayzgoose celebrations. This stunt was made riskier in light of an unexpected rainstorm that occured during his landing, which eventually led to the event's cancellation. Commander Chuck also made an appearance at UCI Medical Center in 2006. {{cite website | title=CommanderChuck.com | date=2006 | publisher=Commander Chuck Street | url=http://www.commanderchuck.com/pastapps.asp }}
    -
    -===Miscellaneous===
    -*[[Blizzard Entertainment]], a PC game developer, has its headquarters on UCI land.
    -
    -*[[Broadcom Corporation]], one of the top technology companies in the world, has its Irvine operations located in UCI's University Research Park.{{cite web| author=The Irvine Company| date=[[2005-01-04]]| url=http://www.irvinecompany.com/aboutus/xqs-asp-type_news-archive_-release_748-category_12-cid_-xqe-News.htm| title=The Irvine Company Announces that Broadcom Will Anchor University Research Park| accessdate=2006-05-06}}
    -
    -*There exists an official "North Campus" that consists of several small buildings and trailers and has no academic use. It is located next to the [[University of California, Irvine, Arboretum|UCI Arboretum]]; both the North Campus and the arboretum are located a considerable distance from the main campus.
    -
    -*The origin of the UCI College of Medicine predates the university by more than 60 years. The College of Medicine originated from the Pacific College of Osteopathy, established in 1896.
    -
    -*A series of tunnels beneath Ring Road were the subject of much rumor and debate; some believing they functioned as a sort of emergency escape passage. However, they were as maintenance tunnels containing utility pipes from the central plant to be used for any future expansion of the university.{{cite news | first=Daniel | last=Hoffman | title=A Hidden Legend Materializes | date=2002 | publisher=[[New University]] | url=http://www.newuniversity.org/plain_article.php?id=3392 }}
    -
    -*In October 1970, a Bank of America branch across from campus was burned down as part of an apparent string of California bank arsons that year. The arsonists left radical slogans on graffiti and signs. Student and faculty public reaction was uniformly negative.{{fact}}
    -
    -*The Department of Chemistry operates a 250 kilowatt steady-state Mark I [[TRIGA]] reactor, used for radiochemistry research.{{cite web | title=UCI Nuclear Reactor | publisher=UCI Dept. of Chemistry | url=http://chem.ps.uci.edu/~gemiller/reactor.html | accessdate=2006-06-15}}
    -
    -*[[Calit2]], a research organization on campus, has been noted for its development of the [[HIPerWall]], which allows researchers to employ a wall of computer monitors to conduct high-resolution imagery research.{{cite web | title= HIPerWall: New Vistas in Scientific Visualization | work=Apple | url=http://www.apple.com/science/profiles/hiperwall/}}
    -
    -*The [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], also established in the same year as UC Irvine (1965), shares another irreverent mascot choice: the [[banana slug]].
    -
    -*[[University Town Center]], a shopping area across the street from UCI, once had a [[Denny's Restaurant]] as a tenant. Interestingly, the restaurant did not fare well and shut down, to be replaced instead by the immensely popular [[Lee's Sandwiches]]. The same shopping area also hosts an equally popular [[In-n-Out Burger]]; the corporation's headquarters are in Irvine.
    -
    -*The streets of Irvine directly to the north of UCI are named after [[Ivy League]] universities, such as [[Stanford]], [[Yale]], [[Cornell]], and [[Harvard]]. The streets in the southern part of the UCI campus that contact [[University Research Park]] are named after scientific terminology (e.g. [[Theory]] and [[Innovation]]). The streets in UCI's [[University Hills]] are named after prestigious scientists and academians (e.g. [[Mendel]], [[Aristotle]], [[Cezanne]]), mythological figures (e.g. [[Orion]], [[Olympus]]), and celestial terms (e.g. Sunshine, Moonlight). Main campus thoroughfares are named after central figures in the university's developmetn (e.g. [[William Pereira]] and [[Jack Peltason]]).
    +{{note_label|Kirby1|1a|1a}}Jack Kirby, 1982: "Spider-Man was discussed between [[Joe Simon]] and myself. It was the last thing Joe and I had discussed. We had a strip called the 'The Silver Spider'. The Silver Spider was going into a magazine called ''Black Magic''. ''Black Magic'' folded with [[Crestwood]] (Simon & Kirby's 1950s comics company) and we were left with the script. I believe I said this could become a thing called Spider-Man, see, a superhero character. I had a lot of faith in the superhero character that they could be brought back... and I said Spider-Man would be a fine character to start with. But Joe had already moved on. So the idea was already there when I talked to Stan".
    +::"Shop Talk: Jack Kirby", ''[[Will Eisner]]'s [[The Spirit|Spirit]] Magazine'' #39 (Feb. 1982)
    +
    +{{note_label|Simon1|1b|1b}}Joe Simon, 1990: "There were a few holes in Jack's never-dependable memory. For instance, there was no ''Black Magic'' involved at all. ... Jack brought in the Spider-Man logo that I had loaned to him before we changed the name to The Silver Spider. Kirby laid out the story to Lee about the kid who finds a ring in a spiderweb, gets his powers from the ring, and goes forth to fight crime armed with The Silver Spider's old web-spinning pistol. Stan Lee said, 'Perfect, just what I want.' After obtaining permission from publisher [[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]], Lee told Kirby to pencil-up an origin story. Kirby... using parts of an old rejected superhero named Night Fighter... revamped the old Silver Spider script, including revisions suggested by Lee. But when Kirby showed Lee the sample pages, it was Lee's turn to gripe. He had been expecting a skinny young kid who is transformed into a skinny young kid with spider powers. Kirby had him turn into... Captain America with cobwebs. He turned Spider-Man over to Steve Ditko, who... ignored Kirby's pages, tossed the character's magic ring, web-pistol and goggles... and completely redesigned Spider-Man's costume and equipment. In this life, he became high-school student Peter Parker, who gets his spider powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider. ... Lastly, the Spider-Man logo was redone and a dashing hyphen added".
    +::Simon, Joe, with Jim Simon. ''The Comic Book Makers'' (Crestwood/II, 1990) ISBN 1-887591-35-4.
    +
    +*{{note_label|Simon2|1c|1c}}Joe Simon, 1997: "In the late [[1950s]], [[Archie Comics]] asked me to create a new line of superheroes. I gave the Silver Spider sketches to Jack Kirby and I changed the name again, this time to [[The Fly (Archie Comics)|The Fly]]. Jack held onto the sketches and when Stan Lee asked Jack for new ideas, Jack brought the original Spider-Man pages to Marvel Comics. Later, Stan handed the pages over to Steve Ditko. Ditko, on first seeing those pages, commented, 'This is Joe Simon's Fly.' Steve Ditko worked up his own version of the character's costume".
    +::"KAPOW! A Talk With Joe Simon", Dan Whitehead, ''The Web'' Magazine, 1997.
    +


    ==References==
    -

    -
    -

    -
    -==See also==
    -* [[University of California, Irvine, Arboretum|UCI Arboretum]]
    -* [[UCI Medical Center]]
    -* [[University Hills, Irvine, California |University Hills]]
    -* [[Paul Merage School of Business]]
    -* [[KUCI]]
    -
    -== External links ==
    -{{MultiCol}}
    -*[http://www.uci.edu/ University of California, Irvine]
    -*[http://www.ucihealth.com/ UCI Medical Center]
    -*[http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/uchistory/general_history/campuses/uci/ University of California Digital History Archives]
    -*[http://www.colinfahey.com/mar2002_uciphotos/index.htm UCI Sceneries]
    -*[http://www.athletics.uci.edu/ UC Irvine Athletics]
    -*[http://www.oir.uci.edu/ UCI Office of Institutional Research] — Campus statistics
    -{{Geolinks-US-photo|33.642822|-117.840050|10}}
    -
    -{{ColBreak}}
    -
    -=== Schools ===
    -*[http://www.arts.uci.edu/ Claire Trevor School of the Arts]
    -*[http://www.bio.uci.edu/ School of Biological Sciences]
    -*[http://www.merage.uci.edu/ The Paul Merage School of Business]
    -*[http://www.eng.uci.edu/ The Henry Samueli School of Engineering]
    -*[http://www.humanities.uci.edu/ School of Humanities]
    -*[http://www.ics.uci.edu/ Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences]
    -*[http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/com/ School of Medicine]
    -*[http://www.physsci.uci.edu/ School of Physical Sciences]
    -*[http://www.seweb.uci.edu/ School of Social Ecology]
    -*[http://www.socsci.uci.edu/ School of Social Sciences]
    -
    -{{ColBreak}}
    -
    -=== Student media ===
    -*[http://www.yearbook.uci.edu/ Anthology Yearbook (Official Yearbook)]
    -*[[KUCI|KUCI 88.9 FM]]
    -*[http://www.newuniversity.org/ New University (UCI Student Newspaper)]
    -*[http://med-times.tripod.com/hope.htm Med Times (Medical Field Newspaper)]
    -*[[The Irvine Progressive|Irvine Progressive (Liberal Newspaper)]]
    -*[[Irvine Review|Irvine Review (Conservative newspaper)]]
    -*[http://www.jadedmag.org/ Jaded Magazine (Asian-American Magazine)]
    -*[http://www.uci.koalahq.com/ The Koala (Comedy Magazine)]
    -*[http://www.forestfiremag.com/ Forest Fire Magazine (Music and Alt. Culture)]
    -*[http://www.ucinewforum.org/ New Forum (Creative Writing Journal)]
    -
    -=== Student clubs and organizations ===
    -*[http://search.dos.uci.edu/clubs/ Directory of student clubs and organizations]
    -{{EndMultiCol}}
    -{{University of California}}
    -{{Big West Conference}}
    -{{Association of American Universities}}
    -
    -[[Category:University of California, Irvine| ]]
    -[[Category:University of California|Irvine]]
    -[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1965]]
    -[[Category:Association of American Universities|California Irvine, University of]]
    -[[Category:Irvine, California]]
    -[[Category:Western Association of Schools and Colleges]]
    -
    -[[es:Universidad de California, Irvine]]
    -[[fr:Université de Californie à Irvine]]
    -[[ko:캘리포니아 대학교 얼바인]]
    -[[ja:カリフォルニア大学アーバイン校]]
    -[[zh:爾灣加利福尼亞大學]]
    +*[http://www.marvel.com/universe/Spider-Man_%28Peter_Parker%29 Marvel.com Bio]
    +*[http://www.spiderman.sonypicture.com/ Sony Pictures official site: Spider-Man movies]
    +*[[MarvelDatabase:Spider-Man|MDP: Spider-Man]] (Marvel Database Project)
    +*[http://www.marvelpics.co.uk Official Marvel Pictures site] (UK)
    +*[http://www.spiderfan.org Spiderfan.org]
    +*[http://www.stv.tv/out/showArticle.jsp?source=opencms&articleId=/out/hotnow/films/newArticle8090495 Spider-Man 3 Spider-Man 3 trailer]
    +
    +{{Spider-Man}}
    +
    +[[Category:Spider-Man| ]]
    +[[Category:1962 introductions]]
    +[[Category:Avatars of Captain Universe]]
    +[[Category:Fictional Americans in Marvel Comics]]
    +[[Category:Fictional characters with precognition]]
    +[[Category:Fictional characters with the power of night vision]]
    +[[Category:Fictional New Yorkers]]
    +[[Category:Fictional orphans]]
    +[[Category:Fictional photographers]]
    +[[Category:Fictional reporters]]
    +[[Category:Fictional schoolteachers]]
    +[[Category:Fictional scientists]]
    +[[Category:Fictional symbionts]]
    +[[Category:Fictional vigilantes]]
    +[[Category:Film protagonists]]
    +[[Category:Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength]]
    +[[Category:Marvel Comics mutates]]
    +[[Category:Marvel Comics superheroes]]
    +
    +[[bg:Спайдърмен]]
    +[[ca:Spiderman]]
    +[[cs:Spiderman (animovaný seriál)]]
    +[[da:Spider-Man]]
    +[[de:Spider-Man]]
    +[[dv:ސްޕައިޑަރ މޭން]]
    +[[el:Σπάιντερμαν]]
    +[[es:Spiderman]]
    +[[eo:Spider-Man]]
    +[[fr:Spider-Man]]
    +[[gl:Spider-Man]]
    +[[hr:Čovjek pauk]]
    +[[id:Spider-Man]]
    +[[it:Uomo Ragno]]
    +[[he:ספיידרמן]]
    +[[hu:Pókember]]
    +[[nl:Spider-Man]]
    +[[ja:スパイダーマン]]
    +[[no:Spider-Man]]
    +[[pl:Spider-Man]]
    +[[pt:Homem-Aranha]]
    +[[ru:Человек-паук]]
    +[[sq:Spider-Man]]
    +[[simple:Spider-Man]]
    +[[fi:Hämähäkkimies]]
    +[[sv:Spindelmannen]]
    +[[tr:Örümcek Adam]]
    +[[zh:蜘蛛人]] 2013-03-20 00:37:59 90947694 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q397296]] NaN 2013-03-20 15:16:52 91042658 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3230106]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,202 +1,57 @@\n
    -[[Image:India Tamil Nadu locator map.svg|250px|thumb|right|The [[Political integration of India|political]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of Tamil Nadu in [[India]] was created in [[1969]] when erstwhile [[Madras State]] was renamed.]]
    +{{cleanup|October 2006}}
    +[[Image:Dee_Baker.jpg|thumb|150px|Dee Bradley Baker]]
    +'''Dee Bradley Baker''' (born August 31, 1962 in Indiana) is an [[United States|American]] [[voice actor]] for [[animated television series]] and [[video games]].

    -The '''History of Tamil Nadu''' dates back to early prehistory. As a region with continuous human inhabitation since prehistoric times, the history [[Tamil Nadu]] and the civilisation of the [[Tamil people]] are among the oldest in the world. Throughout its history, spanning from the early [[Palaeolithic]] age to the modern time, this region has maintained the uniqueness of its culture and practices while absorbing and coexisting with various external cultures and influences. Except for a few relatively short periods during its history, kings who were natives of the region ruled Tamil Nadu.
    +His family moved to [[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]], [[Colorado]], soon after his birth and he grew up there. Baker started performing at the age of nine, and steadily worked in musicals, operas, plays, and stand up, up to college. In college, he attended [[Colorado College]] and double majored in [[philosophy]] and [[German language]]. Baker started working as a stage actor, stand up comedian, and singer, after college, which led him to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. There he went on to become "one of the most versatile and sought after voice actors," according to his website[http://www.deebaker.com/index.html].

    -The three Tamil dynasties of [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya]] were of very ancient origins. Together they ruled over a land with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of some of the oldest extant [[Sangam Literature|literatures]] in the world. They had extensive maritime trade contacts with the [[ancient Rome|Roman]] empire. These three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other vying for hegemony over the land. Invasion by the [[Kalabhras]] during the third century disturbed the traditional order of the land by displacing the three ruling dynasties. They were eventually overthrown by the resurgence of the Pandyas and the [[Pallavas]], who restored the traditional kingdoms. The Cholas, who re-emerged from obscurity in the ninth century by defeating the Pallavas and the Pandyas, rose to become a great power and extended their empire over the entire southern peninsula. At its height it had spread from Bengal in the northeast to [[Sri Lanka]] in the south. The [[Chola Military|Chola navy]] held sway over the [[Sri Vijaya]] kingdom in [[Southeast Asia]].
    +His TV voice work include voicing:
    +* ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'' as Urkon the Village Leader and Yupi(The Yzma that Stole Kuzcoween)
    +* ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' as Squilliam Fancyson, Customers, Vendors, and other characters
    +* ''[[Cow and Chicken]]'' as father
    +* ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]'' as [[Numbuh 4]], [[Tommy Gilligan]], and one of [[Delightful Children from Down the Lane]]
    +* ''[[Whatever Happened to Robot Jones]]'' as Mr. Uerkaut, Referee, Narrator, Bush, Lincoln, and Big Kid #2
    +* Most monster voices on ''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]''
    +* ''[[American Dad!]]'' as [[Klaus (American Dad!)|Klaus]]
    +* ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'' as Elmer, Binky Abdul, Sanjay, and Remy Buxaplenty
    +* ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'' as Appa and Momo
    +* ''[[Ben 10]]'' as Stinkfly and Wildmutt
    +* ''[[American Dragon: Jake Long]]'' as Kelpie and Pooka Pooka
    +* ''[[W.I.T.C.H.]]'' as Cedric, Aldarn, Martin, Frost, Gargoyle, Sniffer, Joel and more

    -Rapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India due to [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|incursions of Muslim armies]] from the northwest marked a turning point in the history of Tamil Nadu. With the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the fourteenth century the Tamil country eventually became part of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Under this empire the [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Nayak]] governors ruled the Tamil land. The brief appearance of the [[Marathas]] gave way to the [[East India Company|European trading companies]], who began to appear during the seventeenth century and eventually assumed greater sway over the indigenous rulers of the land. The [[Madras Presidency]] comprising of most of southern India was created in the eighteenth century and was ruled directly by the East India Company. After the [[Indian independence struggle|independence of India]], the Tamil Nadu state was created based on linguistic boundaries.
    -{{TNhistory}}
    +His voice work for video games include voicing:
    +* ''[[Gears of War]]'' as General RAAM
    +* ''[[Final Fantasy X-2]]'' as Lord Braska, Benzo, and Ayde Ronso
    +* The titular character of ''[[Viewtiful Joe]]''
    +* ''[[Halo 2]]'' as the [[Gravemind]]
    +* ''[[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty]]'' as a Navy SEAL soldier
    +* ''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]'' as [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]]
    +* ''[[Ape Escape: On the Loose]]'' as Specter and other voices
    +* ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge]]'' as [[Lock, Shock, and Barrel|Barrel]]

    -== Pre-historic period==
    -{{See also|South Asian Stone Age}}
    -[[Image:handaxe.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Acheulian handaxe found at Attirampakkam]]
    -Although the history of the [[Tamil people]] is ancient, there is very little concrete historical evidence that have been found for the period prior to 600CE.The earliest epigraphical evidence in the Tamil country are that of the [[Pandya]] king Kadungon (c.560 - 590CE) who displaced the [[Kalabhras]] from the Pandyas country. - Nilakanta Sastri, ''A history of South India'', pp 105, pp 137 However, various legends became prevalent after the tenth century CE regarding the antiquity of the Tamil people. According to ''Iraiyanar Agapporul'', a tenth/eleventh century annotation on the [[Sangam Literature|Sangam literature]], the [[Kumari Kandam|Tamil country extended southwards]] beyond the natural boundaries of the Indian peninsula comprising of 49 ancient ''nadus'' (divisions). The land was supposed to have been destroyed by a deluge. The [[Sangam]] legends also added to the antiquity of the Tamil people by claiming tens of thousands of years of continuous literary activity during three ''Sangams''. However there have been no direct archaeological finds supporting these legends.Nilakanta Sastri, ''A history of South India'', pp 105
    +Also provided the majority of voices on the game ''[[Samurai Western]]'', including the villain, Goldberg.

    -The prehistoric period during which the [[Palaeolithic]] civilisations existed in the Tamil Nadu region has been estimated to span the from about 500,000 BCE until around 3000 BCE.See Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline-http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html (French Institute of Pondicherry) For most part of the lower Palaeolithic stage, man lived close to river valleys with sparse forest cover or in grassland environments. The population density was very low and so far only two localities of this lower Palaeolithic culture have been found in south India. One of these is in Attirampakkam valley in the northwest of [[Chennai]] in Tamil Nadu.Pappu et al, ''Antiquity'' Vol 77 No 297 September 2003 Archaeological research has uncovered evidence of fossil remains of animals and primitive stone implements around the northern Tamil Nadu that could be dated to belong to around 300,000 BCE.See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. A History of South India, OUP, Reprinted 2000 pp 44 Man in South India, belonging to the species of ''[[Homo erectus]]'', lived in this primitive 'old stone age' (Palaeolithic) for quite a long time, using only crude implements such as hand axes and choppers and subsisting on food he hunted and gathered instead of actively growing it according to his needs.
    +In addition to voice acting credits, Baker has done performances for [[game show]]s such as ''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]'' (where he voiced [[Olmec]]), and ''[[Shop 'Til You Drop]]''. He is also voicing [[Captain Jack Sparrow]]'s talking parrot in the newly refurbished ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' rides at [[Disneyland]] and the [[Magic Kingdom]].

    -The ancestor of modern man (''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]'') who appeared around 50,000 years ago was more developed and could fabricate thinner [[Flint (tool)|flake tools]] and blade-like tools using a variety of stones. From about 10,000 years ago, he made still smaller tools called [[Microlith|Microlithic]] tools. The material used by the early man to make these tools were [[jasper]], [[agate]], [[flint]], [[quartz]], etc. In 1949, researchers found such microliths in [[Tirunelveli district]].Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''A History of South India'', pp 45 Archaeological evidence suggests that the micorlithic period lasted between 6000 – 3000 BCE. See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''A History of South India'', pp 46
    -[[Image:tamil_brahmi.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Tamil brahmi inscription]]
    -In Tamil Nadu, the Neolithic period had its advent around 2500 BCE. Humans of the [[Neolithic]] period made their stone tools in finer shapes by grinding and polishing. Recently archaeologists have found a Neolithic axe head with ancient writing on it.''The Hindu'' May 1, 2006 - http://www.thehindu.com/2006/05/01/stories/2006050101992000.htm The Neolithic stage man lived mostly on small flat hills or on the foothills in small, more or less permanent settlements but for periodical migration for grazing purposes. He gave the dead proper burials within urns or pits. The Neolithic man was also starting to use copper for making certain tools of weapons.
    +Baker is a graduate of [[Colorado College]], located in [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]].

    -Man started using [[iron]] for making tools and weapons. The [[Iron Age]] culture in peninsular India is marked by [[Megalithic]] burial sites, which are found in several hundreds of places. On the basis of some excavations, and on the basis of the typology of the burial monuments, it has been suggested that there was a gradual spread of the Iron Age sites from the north to the south.Comparative excavations carried out in Adichanallur in Thirunelveli district and in Northern India have provided evidence of a southward migration of the Megalithic culture - Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''A History of South India'', pp49-51 The earliest clear evidence of the presence of the megalithic urn burials are those dating from around 1000 BCE, which have been discovered at various places in Tamil Nadu, notably at Adichanallur. Recent excavations at these sites have also provided samples of early Tamil writing, dating back to at least 500 BCE. See ''The Hindu'', 2005 http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm
    +== External links ==
    +*[http://www.deebaker.com Official web site]
    +* {{imdb name|id=0048389|name=Dee Bradley Baker}}
    +* {{voice actor|id=1077|name=Dee Bradley Baker}}

    -==Early history (300 BCE – 300 CE)==
    -{{See also|Tamil history from Sangam literature}}
    -[[Image:HathiGumphaInscription.jpg|thumb|250px|Hathigumpha inscription of [[Kharavela]]]]
    -There were three monarchical states, headed by kings called ''Ventar'' and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination ''Vel'' or ''[[Velirs|Velir]]''.KAN Sastri, A History of South India, pp 109-112 Still lower at the local level there were clan chiefs called ''kizar'' or ''mannar''.'There were three levels of redistribution corresponding to the three categories of chieftains, namely: the Ventar, Velir and Kilar in descending order. Ventar were the chieftains of the three major lineages, viz Cera, Cola and Pandya. Velir were mostly hill chieftains, while Kilar were the headmen of settlements...' - P.J.Cherian ( Ed ), ''Perspectives on Kerala History'' [http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/historicalantecedents.htm] During the third century BCE, the [[Deccan]] was part of the [[Maurya]]n kingdom, and from the middle of the first century BCE to second century CE the same area was ruled by the [[Satavahana]] dynasty. The Tamil area had an independent existence outside the control of these northern empires. The Tamil kings and chiefs were always in conflict with each other mostly over property. The royal courts were mostly places of social gathering rather than places of dispensation of authority; they were centres for distribution of resources. Gradually the rulers came under the spell of north Indian influence and [[Vedic religion|Vedic]] ideology, which encouraged performance of sacrifices to enhance the status of the ruler.KAN Sastri, A History of South India, pp 129
    -
    -The names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandya, and Chera are mentioned in the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] (inscribed 273 - 232 BCE) inscriptions, where they are mentioned among the kingdoms which, though not subject to [[Ashoka]], were on friendly terms with him.'Everywhere within Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Piyadasi's domain, and among the people beyond the borders, the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Satiyaputras, the Keralaputras, as far as Tamraparni...' - Asoka's second minor rock edict http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.htmlNilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935 pp 20 The king of [[Kalinga (India)|Kalinga]], [[Kharavela]], who ruled around 150 BCE, mentioned in the famous [[Hathigumpha inscription]] of the confederacy of the Tamil kingdoms that had existed for over 100 years.Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929-30). Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1933, 86-89. http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm
    -
    -[[Karikala Chola]] was the most famous [[Early Cholas|early Chola]]. He is mentioned in a number of poems in the [[Sangam literature|Sangam poetry]].[[Pattinappaalai]], [[Porunaraatruppadai]] and a number of individual poems in [[Akananuru]] and [[Purananuru]] have been the main source for the information we attribute now to Karikala. See also Sastri, K.A.N, ''The Colas'', 1935 In later times Karikala was the subject of many legends found in the [[Cilappatikaram]] and in inscriptions and literary works of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. They attribute to him the conquest of the whole of India up to the Himalayas and the construction of the flood banks of [[Kaveri]] with the aid of his feudatories.[[Cilappatikaram]] (c. sixth century C.E.) which attributes northern campaigns and conquests to all the three monarchs of the Tamil country, gives a glorious account of the northern expeditions of Karikala, which took him as far north as the Himalayas and gained for him the alliance and subjugation of the kings of [[Vajji|Vajra]], [[Magadha]] and [[Avanti]] countries. There is no contemporary evidence either in [[Sangam literature]] or from the north Indian source for such an expedition. These legends however are conspicuous by their absence in the works of Sangam. [[Kocengannan]] was another famous early Chola king who has been extolled in a number of poems of the Sangam period. He was even made a [[Saiva]] saint during the medieval period.63 Nayanmars - http://www.tamilnation.org/sathyam/east/saivaism/63nayanmars.htm
    -
    -[[Image:Ptolomy_map.png|250px|thumb|Ancient map of [[south India]] created after Ptolomy, probably following his cartography.]]
    -[[Pandyas]] ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai. Pandyas are also mentioned in [[Sangam Literature]], as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period. [[Megasthenes]] in his ''Indika'' mentions the Pandyan kingdom.In Megasthenes' account, the Pandya kingdom is ruled by Pandaia, a daughter of [[Herakles]] - Sastri, K.A. A History of South India pp 23 The [[Pandyas]] excelled in trade and learning.See ''Roman Maps and the Concept of Indian Gems'' (http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html) They controlled the present districts of [[Madurai]], [[Tirunelveli]], and part of south Kerala. The Pandyas had trading contacts with [[Greece]] and [[Roman commerce|Rome]]. Various Pandya kings find mention in a number of poems in the Sangam literature. Among them Nedunjeliyan, 'the victor of Talaiyalanganam', yet another Nedunjeliyan 'the conqueror of the Aryan army' and Mudukudimi Peruvaludi 'of several sacrifices' deserve special mention. Besides several short poems found in the ''[[Akananuru]]'' and the ''[[Purananuru]]'' collections, there are two major works - ''[[Mathuraikkanci]]'' and the ''[[Netunalvatai]]'' (in the collection of ''[[Pattupattu]]'') give a glimpse into the society and commercial activities in the Pandyan kingdom during the Sangam age. The early Pandyas went into obscurity at the end of the third century CE during the incursion of the [[Kalabhras]].
    -
    -The kingdom of the [[Cheras]] comprised of the modern state of [[Kerala]], along the western or [[Malabar Coast]] of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade with Africa.'Archaeologists from UCLA and the University of Delaware have unearthed the most extensive remains to date from sea trade between India and Egypt during the Roman Empire, adding to mounting evidence that spices and other exotic cargo traveled into Europe over sea as well as land.' - ''Archaeologists Uncover Ancient Maritime Spice Route Between India, Egypt'' [http://www.dickran.net/history/india_egypt_trade_route.html www.dickran.net] The current Indian state of [[Kerala]], which constitutes the ancient territories of the Cheras, although distinct today physically and culturally, was part of the Tamil country in the early historic period.History of Kerala - http://www.indiasite.com/kerala/history.html The people spoke the same language and had extensive interaction with the rest of the Tamil country. It was only towards the ninth or the tenth centuries CE, their individual identity and language began to evolve."Malayalam first appeared in writing in the vazhappalli inscription which dates from about 830 AD. " - Omniglot - Writing Systems and Languages of the world (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm)
    -
    -==Dark age (300 – 600)==
    -[[Image:Gingee.jpg|250px|thumb|Rock-cut images of [[Jain]] saints found near Gingee, Tamil Nadu. c. fifth century CE]]
    -After the close of the Sangam era, from about 300 to about 600 CE, there is an almost total lack of information regarding occurrences in the Tamil land. Some time about 300 CE, the whole region was upset by the appearance of the [[Kalabhras]]. These people are described in later literature as 'evil rulers' who overthrew the established Tamil kings and got a strangle hold of the country.'Kalabhraas were denounced as 'evil kings' (''kaliararar'') - Nilakanta Sastri, A history of South India, pp 130 Information about their origin and details about their reign is scarce. They did not leave many artefacts or monuments. The only source of information on them is the scattered mentions in [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] literature.'Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, Routledge (UK), p105
    -
    -Historians speculate that these people followed Buddhist or Jain faiths and were antagonistic towards the Hindu and Brahminical religions adhered by the majority of inhabitants of the Tamil region during the early centuries C.E. Sastri, K.A. ''A History of South India'' pp 130 As a result Hindu scholars and authors who followed their decline in the 7th and 8th century may have expunged any mention of them in their texts and generally tended to paint their rule in a negative light. It is perhaps due to this reason, the period of their rule is known as a 'Dark Age' – an interregnum. Some of the ruling families migrated northwards and found enclaves for themselves away from the Kalabhras.KAN Sastri postulates that there was a live connection between the early Cholas and the Renandu Cholas of the Andhra country. The northward migration probably took place during the [[Pallava]] domination of [[Simhavishnu]]. Sastri also categorically rejects the claims that these were the descendants of [[Karikala Chola]] - Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935 pp 107 [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], took deep roots in the society, giving birth to a large body of ethical poetry.
    -
    -Writing became very widespread and ''[[vatteluttu]]'' evolved from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Brahmi]] became a mature script for writing Tamil.See http://www.ancientscripts.com/sa_ws.html While several anthologies were compiled by collecting bardic poems of earlier centuries, several epic poems ([[Cilappatikaram]], etc.) and ethical works were also written in this period. The Jain and Buddhist scholars authored most of this literature. In the field of dance and music, the elite started patronizing new polished styles, partly influenced by northern ideas, in the place of the folk styles. A few of the earliest rock-cut temples belong to this period. Brick temples (known as ''kottam'', ''devakulam'', and ''palli'') dedicated to various deities are referred to in literary works. Kalabhras were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.Pandya Kadungon and Pallava Simhavishnu overthrew the Kalabhras. Acchchutakalaba is likely the last Kalabhra king - Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CōĻas'', 1935 pp 102
    -
    -==Age of empires (600 - 1300)==
    -The medieval period of the history of the Tamil country saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms, some of whom went on to the extent of empires, exerting influences both in India and overseas. The Cholas who were very active during the Sangam age were entirely absent during the first few centuries.See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. The CoLas, 1935. pp 102 The period started with the rivalry between the Pandyas and the Pallavas which in turn caused the revival of the Cholas. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power. Their decline saw the brief resurgence of the Pandyas. This period was also that of the re-invigorated Hinduism during which temple building and religious literature were at their best.
    -
    -The [[Hindu]] sects [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]] became dominant, replacing the prevalance of Jainism and Buddhism of the previous era. Saivism was patronised more by the Chola kings and became more or less a state religion. Temples dedicated to Siva and Vishnu received liberal donations of money, jewels, animals, and land, and thereby became powerful economic institutions.
    -
    -[[Tamil script]] replaced the ''vatteluttu'' script throughout Tamil Nadu for writing Tamil. Both secular and religious literature flourished during the period. The greatest epic in Tamil, [[Kambar]]’s Ramayanam, was written in the 13th century. The secular literature was mostly court poetry devoted to the eulogy of the rulers. The religious poems of the previous period were collected and systematized into several anthologies. Sanskrit was patronized by the elite groups for religious rituals and other ceremonial purposes.
    -
    -===Pallavas ===
    -{{main|Pallavas}}
    -[[Image:Maha_shoretemple.jpg|250px|thumb|Shore Temple at [[Mamallapuram]] built by th Pallavas. (c. eight century)]]
    -The seventh century Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallavas under [[Mahendravarman I]] and his son ''Mamalla'' [[Narasimhavarman I]]. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. It has been widely accepted by scholars that they were originally executive officers under the [[Satavahana]] kings. Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., pp 68 After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and ''Pallavamalla'' [[Nandivarman II]].
    -
    -During the sixth and the seventh centuries , the western Deccan saw the rise of the [[Chalukyas]] based in [[Badami|Vatapi]]. [[Pulakesi II]] (c.610 - 642) invaded the Pallava kingdom in the reign of Mahendravarman I. Narasimhavarman who succeeded Mahendravarman mounted a counter invasion of the Chalukya country and took Vatapi. The rivalry between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas continued for another 100 years until the demise of the Chalukyas around 750. The Chalukyas and Pallavas fought numerous battles and the Pallava capital [[Kanchipuram]] was occupied by [[Vikramaditya II]] during the reign of [[Nandivarman II]]. Nandivarman II had a very long reign (732-796). He led an expedition to the [[Gangas|Ganga kingdom]] (south [[Mysore]]) in 760. Pallavas were also in constant conflict with the Pandyas and their frontier shifted along the river [[Kaveri]]. The Pallavas had the more difficult existence of the two as they had to fight on two fronts - against the Pandyas as wells as the Chalukyas.
    -
    -===Pandyas===
    -{{main|Pandyas}}
    -Pandya Kadungon (560 - 590) is credited with the overthrow of the [[Kalabhras]] in the south.See Encycloaedia Brittanica article http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058245 Kadungon and his son Maravarman Avanisulamani revived the Pandya power. Pandya Cendan extended their rule to the Chera country. His son Arikesari Parantaka Maravarman (c. 650 - 700) had a long and prosperous rule. He fought many battles and extended the Pandya power.
    -
    -After some decades of expansion, the Pandya kingdom was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power. Pandya Maravarman Rajasimha aligned with the [[Chalukya]] [[Vikramaditya II]] and attacked the Pallava king [[Nandivarman II]]. Varagunan I defeated the Pallavas in a battle on the banks of the Kaveri. The Pallava king Nandivarman sought to restrain the growing power of the Pandyas and went into an alliance with some monor chieftains of Kongu and Chera countries. The armies met in several battles and the Pandya forces scored decisive victories in them. Pandyas under Srimara Srivallaba also invaded Sri Lanka and devastated the northern provinces in 840.
    -
    -The Pandya power continued to grow under Srimara and encroached further into the Pallava territories. The Pallavas were now facing a new threat in the form of the [[Rashtrakutas]] who had replaced the Chalukyas in the western Deccan. However the Pallavas found an able monarch in Nandivarman III, who with the help of his Ganga and the Chola allies defeated Srimara at the battle of Tellaru. The Pallava kingdom again extended up to the [[Vaigai]]. The Pandyas suffered further defeats in the hands of the Pallava Nripatunga at Arisil (c 848). From then the Pandyas had to accept the overlordship of the Pallavas.
    -
    -===Cholas===
    -{{main|Chola dynasty}}
    -Around 850 , out of obscurity rose [[Vijayalaya Chola|Vijayalaya]], made use of an opportunity arising out of a conflict between Pandyas and Pallavas, captured [[Thanjavur]] and eventually established the imperial line of the medieval Cholas. Vijayalaya revived the Chola dynasty and his son [[Aditya I]] helped establish their independence. He invaded Pallava kingdom in 903 and killed the Pallava king Aparajita in battle, ending the Pallava reign. The Chola kingdom under [[Parantaka I]] expanded to cover the entire Pandya country. However towards the end of his reign he suffered several reverses by the [[Rashtrakutas]] who had extended their territories well into the Chola kingdom.
    -[[Image:chola_map.png|250px|right|thumb|Extent of Chola empire c.1014 ]]
    -The Cholas went into a temporary decline during the next few years due to weak kings, palace intrigues and succession disputes. Despite a number of attempts the Pandya country could not be completely subdued and the Rashtrakutas were still a powerful enemy in the north. However the Chola revival begain with the accession of [[Rajaraja Chola I]] (Rajaraja ''The Great''). Under him and his son [[Rajendra Chola I]], Cholas rose as a notable military, economic and cultural power in [[Asia]]. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of [[Maldives]] in the south to as far north as the banks of the river [[Ganges]] in [[Bengal]]. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular [[South India]], annexed parts of [[Sri Lanka]] and occupied the islands of [[Maldives]]. Rajendra Chola extended the Chola conquests to the Malayan archipelago by defeating the [[Srivijaya]] kingdom.See Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. The CoLas, 1935. pp 211 - 215 He defeated [[Mahipala]], the king of [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]], and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] (''the town of Cholas who conquered the Ganges''). At its peak the Chola Empire extended from the island of [[Sri Lanka]] in the south to the [[Godavari]] basin in the north. The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river [[Ganges]] acknowledged Chola suzernity. Chola navies invaded and conquered [[Srivijaya]] in the Malayan archipelago.The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman -Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CoLas'', 1935 pp 211-220 Chola armies exacted tribute from [[Thailand]] and the [[Khmer]] kingdom of [[Cambodia]].There is an inscription in the [[Chidambaram]] temple dated 1114 mentioning a peculiar stone presented by the king of Kambhoja ([[Kampuchea]])to [[Rajendra Chola]] which the Chola king caused to be inserted into the wall of the Chidambaram shrine - Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. ''The CoLas'', 1935 p 325
    -[[Image:thanjavur_temple.jpg|250px|thumb|Detail of the main gopura (tower) of the Thanjavur Temple]]
    -Throughout this period, the Cholas were constantly troubled by the ever resilient [[Sinhala]]s trying to overthrow the Chola occupation of [[Lanka]], [[Pandya]] princes trying to win independence for their traditional territories, and by the growing ambitions of the [[Chalukyas]] in the western [[Deccan]]. The history of this period was one of constant warfare between the Cholas and of these antagonists. A balance of power existed between the Chalukyas and the Cholas and there was a tacit acceptance of the [[Tungabhadra]] river as the boundary between the two empires. However, the bone of contention between these two powers was the growing Chola influence in the [[Vengi]] kingdom. The Cholas and Chalukyas fought many battles and both kingdoms were exhausted by the endless battles and a stalemate existed.
    -
    -Marital and political alliances between the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] kings based around [[Vengi]] located on the south banks of the [[river Godavari]] began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi. [[Virarajendra Chola]]'s son [[Athirajendra Chola]] was assassinated in a civil disturbance in 1070 and [[Kulothunga Chola I]] ascended the Chola throne starting the [[Chalukya Chola]] dynasty. Kulothunga was a son of the Vengi king [[Rajaraja Narendra]]. The Chalukya Chola dynasty saw very capable rulers in [[Kulothunga Chola I]] and [[Vikrama Chola]], however the eventual decline of the Chola power practically started during this period. The Cholas lost control of the island of Lanka and were driven out by the revival of Sinhala power. Around 1118 they also lost the control of Vengi to Western Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya VI]] and Gangavadi (southern Mysore districts) to the growing power of [[Hoysala]] Vishnuvardhana, a Chalukya feudatory. In the Pandya territories, the lack of a controlling central administration caused a number of claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy. During the last century of the Chola existence, a permanent Hoysala army was stationed in Kanchipuram to protect them from the growing influence of the Pandyas. [[Rajendra Chola III]] was the last Chola king. The [[Kadava]] chieftain [[Kopperunchinga I]] even captured Rajendra and held him prisoner. At the close of Rajendra’s reign, the Pandyan Empire was at the height of prosperity and had completely absorbed the Chola kingdom.
    -
    -===Pandya revival===
    -
    -After being overshadowed by the Pallavas and Cholas for centuries, Pandya glory was briefly revived by [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]] in 1251 and the Pandya power extended from the Telugu countries on banks of the [[Godavari]] river to the northern half of Sri Lanka. When Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I died in 1308 , a conflict stemming from succession disputes arose amongst his sons. Sundara Pandya and Vira Pandya fought each other for the throne. Soon [[Madurai]] fell into the hands of the invading armies of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. [[Malik Kafur]], a general of the Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khilji]] invaded and sacked Madurai in 1311. Pandyas and their descendants where confined to a small region around Thirunelveli for a few more years. Ravivarman Kulasekara (1299-1314), a [[Chera]] feudatory of Kulasekara Pandya, staked his claim to the Pandya throne. Ravivarman Kulasekhara, utilising the unsettled nature of the country, quickly overran the southern Tamil Nadu and brought the entire region from [[Kanyakumari]] to [[Kanchipuram]], under the [[Chera|Chera kingdom]]. His inscription was found in Punaamalli, a suburb of [[Madras]].See R. Nagasamy, ''Chera Coins'' - Tamil Conins, a Study http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/chapter01.html
    -
    -==Vijayanagar and Nayak period (1300 - 1650)==
    -
    -{{main|Vijayanagara Empire|Madurai Nayaks|Tanjore Nayaks}}
    -[[Image:Madurai-tank.jpg|250px|thumb|The [[Meenakshi]] Hindu temple in the [[Tamil Nadu]] city of [[Madurai]] in southern [[India]] built by the Nayak king.]]
    -[[Image:Tanjore-Serfoji-II.jpg|250px|thumb|Serfoji II, King of [[Thanjavur]] (1798 - 1832)]]
    -The fourteenth century invasion by the Delhi Sultans caused a retaliatory reaction from the Hindus, who rallied to build a new kingdom, called the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Bukka, with his brother Hakka founded the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire based in the city of [[Vijayanagara]] in [[Karnataka]]. Under Bukka the empire prospered and continued to expand towards the south. Bukka and his son Kampana conquered most of the kingdoms of southern India. In 1371 the Vijayanagar empire defeated the short lived [[Madurai Sultanate]], which had been established by the remnants of the invading [[Alauddin Khilji|Khilji]] army.Kampana's wife Ganga Devi wrote an account of this campaign in a Sanskrit poem ''Madhura Vijayam'' (Conquest of Madurai)- Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India pp 241 Eventually the empire covered the entire south India. Vijayangara empire established local governors called [[Nayak]]s to rule in the various territories of the empire.
    -
    -The Vijayanagar empire declined in 1564 defeated by the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan sultans]] in the [[battle of Talikota]].[[Rama Raya]] faught [[Adil Shahi|Ali Adil Shah]] at Talikota on 15 September 1564 - Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, pp 266 The local Nayak governors declared their independence and started their rule. The [[Madurai Nayaks|Nayaks]] of [[Madurai]] and [[Thanjavur Nayaks|Thanjavur]] were the most prominent of them. Ragunatha Nayak (1600 - 1645) was the greatest of the [[Tanjavur Nayaks]]. Raghunatha Nayak encouraged trade and permitted a Danish settlement in 1620 at Danesborg at Tarangambadi This laid the foundation of future European involvement in the affairs of the country. The success of the Dutch inspired the English to seek trade with Thanjavur, which was to lead to far-reaching repercussions. Vijaya Raghava (1631 - 1675) was the last of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]]. Nayaks reconstructed some of the oldest temples in the country and their contributions can be seen even today. Nayaks expanded the existing temples with large pillared halls, and tall gateway towers was a striking feature in the religious architecture of this period.
    -
    -In 1675, a column of Bijapur army came to Thanjavur to help Vijayaraghava and retrieved Vallam from the Madurai Nayak. However the same army subsequently killed Vijayaraghava Nayak and Ekoji managed to ascend the throne of Thanjavur kingdom. Thus began the Maratha rule of Thanjavur. After Ekoji, his three sons namely Shaji, Serfoji I, Thukkoji alias Thulaja I ruled Thanjavur. The greatest of the Maratha rulers was [[Serfoji II]] (1798-1832 ). Serfoji devoted his life to the pursuit of culture and Thanjavur became renowned as a seat of learning. Serfoji's patronised art and literature and built the [[Saraswati Mahal]] Library at his palace.
    -
    -In Madurai, [[Thirumalai Nayak]] was the most famous Nayak ruler. He patronised art and architecture creating new structures and expanding the existing landmarks in and around Madurai. On Thirumalai Nayak's death in 1659, the [[Madurai Nayaks|Madurai Nayak]] kingdom began to break up. His successors were weak rulers and invasions of Madurai recommenced. [[Shivaji]] Bhonsle, the great Maratha Ruler, invaded the south, as did Chikka Deva Raya of Mysore and other Muslim Rulers, resulting in chaos and instability. [[Rani Mangammal]], a local ruler, tried to resist these invasions showing great courage.
    -
    -==European colonisation (1650 - 1850)==
    -{{main|British East India Company}}
    -[[Image:Fort St. George, Chennai.jpg|thumb|250px|Fort St. George, Chennai. 18 century sketch.]]
    -With the demise of the [[Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1707, his empire dissolved amidst numerous succession wars and the vassals of the empire began to assert their independence. This turned the political situation in the Tamil country and in South India in general into confusion and chaos. The European traders found themselves in a situation where they could exploit the prevailing confusion to their own advantage.
    -
    -European settlements began to appear in the Tamil country during the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. In 1605, the Dutch established trading posts in the [[Coromandel Coast]] near [[Gingee]] and in [[Pulicat]]. The [[British East India Company]] built a 'factory' (warehouse) at Armagaon (Durgarazpatnam), a village around 35 miles North of Pulicat, as the site in 1626. In 1639, Francis Day, one of the officers of the company, secured the rights over a three-mile long strip of land a fishing village called Madraspatnam from the Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, the Nayak of [[Vandavasi]]. The East India Company built [[Fort St George]] and castle on an approximate 5 square kilometre sand strip. This was the start of the town of [[Madras]]. The coromandel coast was ruled by the Rajah of [[Chandragiri]], a descendant of the Vijayanagara kings. With his approval the English began to exercise sovereign rights over their strip of land.
    -
    -===Anglo French Conflicts===
    -
    -The French were relative newcomers to India. The [[French East India Company]] was formed in 1664 and in 1666, the French representatives obtained Aurangzeb’s permission to trade in India. French soon setup trading posts in [[Pondicherry]] on the Coromandal coast. They occupied Karaikkal in 1739 and [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] was appointed Governor of Pondicherry. In Europe the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] began in 1740 and eventually the English and the French forces in India were caught up in the conflict. There were numerous naval battles between the two navies along the Coromandal coast. The French led by [[La Bourdonnais]] attacked the poorly defended Fort St. George in Madras in 1746 and occupied it. [[Robert Clive]] was one of the prisoners of war from this battle. The war in Europe ended in 1748 and with the [[peace of Aix-la-Chapelle]] Madras was restored to the English.
    -[[Image:wallajah.jpg|250px|thumb|Mohamed Ali Khan Wallajah, (1717 - 1795)]]
    -
    -The conflict between the British and the French continued, this time in political rather than military terms. The positions of [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] and [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] were both taken by rulers who were strongly sympathetic to the French. The Nawab of the Carnatic, Chanda Sahib, had been made Nawab with Dupleix's assistance, while the British had taken up the cause of the previous incumbent, Mahommed Ali Wallajah. In the resultant battle between the rivals, Clive assisted Mohammed Ali by attacking Chanda Sahib's fort in [[Arcot]] and took procession of it in 1751. The French assisted Chanda Sahib in his attempts to drive Clive out of Arcot. However the large Arcot army assisted by the French was defeated by the English. The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]] formally confirmed Mahommed Ali as the Nawab of the Carnatic. It was a result of this action and the increased British influence that in 1765 the Emperor of Delhi issued a ''farman'' (decree) recognizing the British possessions in southern India.
    -
    -===British Government Control===
    -Although the [[British East India Company|Company]] was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was getting clearer day by day that the Company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. Opinion amongst the members of the [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] urged the government to control the activities of the Company. The Company's financial position was also bad and it had to apply for a loan from the Parliament. Seizing this opportunity, the Parliament passed the Regulating Act (also known as [[British East India Company#East India Company Act 1773|East India Company Act]]) in 1773.Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India pp 245 The act set down regulations to control the Company Board and created the position of the [[Governor General]]. [[Warren Hastings]] was appointed the first Governor-General. In 1784 [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt's]] [[Pitt's India Act|India Act]] made the Company subordinate to the [[British Government]].
    -
    -The next few decades were of rapid growth and expansion in the territories controlled by the English. The [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]] of 1766 to 1799 and the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] of 1772 to 1818 put the Company in control of most of India. In 1798 [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Marques Wellessley]] became the Governor-General. In the course of the next six years Wellesley made vast conquests and doubled the Company's territory. He shut out the French from further acquitions in India destroyed several ruling powers in the Deccan and the Carnatic, took the [[Mughal]] Emperor under the company's protection and compelled [[Serfoji II|Serfoji]], the king of [[Thanjavur]] to cede control of his kingdom. The [[Madras Presidency]] was established so that the territory under direct Company control could be administered effectively. The direct administration began to cause resentment among the people. As a sign of things to come, in 1806 the soldiers of the [[Vellore]] cantonment rebelled when [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], the Governor of Madras decreed that all caste marks should be abandoned by the native soldiers. Fearing this act to be an attempt of forceful conversion to [[Christianity]], the [[Vellore Mutiny|soldiers mutinied]]. The rebellion was suppressed which resulted in 114 British officers killed and several hundred mutineers executed. Bentinck was recalled in disgace.Vellore Revolt - http://www.vellorerevolt1806.info/index.html, Mutiny at Vellore:1806 - http://members.ozemail.com.au/~clday/vellore.htmRead, Anthony, The Proudest Day - India's Long Ride to Independence, pp 34 - 37
    -
    -===End of Company rule===
    -
    -The simmering discontent in the various districts of the company territories exploded in 1857 into the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|Sepoy war]]. Although the rebellion had a huge impact on the state of the colonial power in India, Tamil Nadu was mostly unaffected by it. In consequence of the war, the British Government enacted the Act of 1858 to abolish the powers of the Company and transfer the government to the Crown.
    -
    -==British rule (1850 – 1947)==
    -{{main|British Raj}}
    -[[Image:Madras Prov South 1909.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Madras Presidency]], 1909]]
    -In 1858 the British Crown assumed direct rule in India. During the early years the government was autocratic in every sense of the word. The opinion of Indians in their own affairs was not considered by Briton as important. However, in due course the British Raj began to allow Indians participation in local government. Viceroy [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|Ripon]] passed a resolution in 1884, which gave a greater and more real share in local government to the people. Further legislations such as the 1892 Indian councils Act and the 1909 "[[Government of India Act of 1909|Minto-Morley Reforms]]" eventually led to the establishment of the [[Madras Legislative Council]].{{cite web | title= The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution | work= | url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm| accessdate=2006-10-16}} The non-cooperation movement started under [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s leadership led the British government to pass the [[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India Act]] (also known as [[Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]]) of 1919. First elections were held for the local assemblies in 1921.Elections
    -
    -===Independence struggle===
    -The growing desire for independence began to gradually gather pace in the country and its influence in Tamil Nadu generated a number of volunteers to the fight against the British colonial power in the [[Indian independence movement|struggle for Independence]]. Notable amongst these are [[Tiruppur Kumaran]], who was born in 1904 in a small village near Erode. Kumaran lost his life during a protest march against the British. The location of the French colony of [[Pondicherry]], offered a place of refuge for the fugitives freedom fighters trying to flee the British Police. [[Aurobindo]] was one such living in Pondicherry in 1910. The poet [[Subramanya Bharathi]] was a contemporary of Aurobindo.[http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 Political situation in Pondicherry (1910 - 1915)] Bharathi wrote numerous poems in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] extolling the revolutionary cause. He also published the journal ''India'' from Pondicherry. Both Aurobindo and Bharathi were associated with other Tamil revolutionaries such as [[V.V.S.Aiyar]] and [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]]. Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), founded by [[Netaji]] to fight the British occupation in India.[http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218630900.htm Article in ''The Hindu'' - Tamils' contribution to INA campaigns recalled] - "Noting that the Tamils formed a large chunk of the strength of the INA, Prof. Pfaff, said it was always a moving experience to interact with the INA members from Tamil Nadu."[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/02/stories/2004080201760100.htm Article in ''The Hindu'' - The unsung heroes] - "More than 75 per cent of the INA soldiers were Tamils" according to V. Vaidhyalingam, secretary and treasurer, Tamil Nadu Indian National Army League. [[Lakshmi Sahgal]] from Tamil Nadu was a prominent leader in the INA.
    -
    -In 1916 Dr. T.M. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the ''Non-Brahmin Manifesto'' sowing the seeds for the Dravidian movements.Subramaniyam Swami, Is the Dravidian movement dying?, Frontline, Vol.20, Iss. 12, June 2003 During the 1920s, two movements focussed mainly on regional politics began in Tamil Nadu. One was the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], which won the local legislative elections held in 1921 and captured government. The Justice Party was not focussed on the Indian independence movement, rather on the local issues such as affirmative action for socially backward groups. The other main movement was the anti-hindu, [[Self-respect Movement|reformist movement]] led by [[E.V. Ramasami Naicker]].test Further steps towards eventual self-rule were taken in 1935 when the British Government passed the [[Government of India Act 1935|All-India Federation Act of 1935]]. Fresh local elections were held and in Tamil Nadu the [[Congress party]] captured power defeating the Justice party. In 1938, Ramasami Naicker with [[C. N. Annadurai]] [[Anti-Hindi agitations|launched an agitation]] against the Congress ministry's decision to introduce the teaching of Hindi in schools.M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D., Sowing The Seeds Of A Policy For Free India and the Anti-Hindi Agitation in the South 1910-1915 [http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2005/languagepolicy1936-1.html]
    -
    -==Post Independence period==
    -The trauma of the [[Partition of India|partition]] did not impact Tamil Nadu when India was granted Independence in 1947. There were no sectarian violence against various religions. There had always been an atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between all religions in Tamil Nadu. Congress formed the first ministry in the [[Madras Presidency]]. [[Rajaji|C. Rajagopalachari]] (Rajaji) was the [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|first Chief Minister]].
    -
    -===Evolution of regional politics===
    -[[Image:Mgrk.jpg|250px|thumb|[[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]] with a portrait of [[C. N. Annadurai]] in the backdrop - the three dominated Dravidian politics for over 50 years.]]
    -Annadurai formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ([[DMK]]) in 1949 after splitting from [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].The Justice Party was renamed the ''Dravidar Kazhagam'' (Dravidian Association) in September 1944 - Nambi Arooran, K., The Demand for Dravida Nadu DMK also decided to oppose the 'expansion of the Hindi culture' in Tamil Nadu and started the demand for a separate homeland for the Dravidians in the South. The demand was for an Independent state called ''Dravida Nadu'' or ''[[Dravidistan]]'' (country of [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]]) comprising of Tamil Nadu and parts of [[Andhra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Kerala]].The geographical region of the proposed Dravida Nadu roughly corresponded to the then [[Madras Presidency]], comprising of people speaking Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada. - S. Viswanathan, A history of agitational politics During the fifties and the sixties, several political changes led to the change of the nature of DMK and it began to get involved in electoral policies and abandon its secessionist agenda. In 1953, the Tamil Nadu state came in to being based on linguistic borders. In 1965 and 1968, DMK led widespread anti-Hindi agitations in the state against the plans of the Union Government to introduce Hindi in the state schools. The Dravidian movement attracted its following from devotees who were predominantly from middle or low-income families.'When the DMK came to power, it was with the support of middle-class Tamils who were socially powerful, but nevertheless marginal to national party politics.' - Ajantha Subramanian,''Community, class and conservation'' SAGE Publications New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London DMK’s support for literature and language also attracted numerous well-educated Tamil scholars and academics. Some of the policies of the Dravidian movement were adopted and implemented. [[Reservation in India|Affirmative action]] in employment and educational institutions were pioneered in Tamil Nadu based on the demands of the Dravidian movement.Cynthia Stephen, ''The History Of Reservations In India From The 1800S To The 1950s'' The leadership of the Dravidian movement had very capable authors and literati in Annadurai and [[Karunanidhi]], who assiduously utilised the popular media of stage plays and movies to spread the messages of Tamil nationalism.S. Theodore Baskaran, The Roots of South Indian Cinema, Journal of the International Institute, [[MG Ramachandran]] (MGR) who later became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, was one of the stage and movie actors of the Dravidian movement.
    -
    -In 1967 DMK won the state election. DMK split in to two in 1971, with MGR forming the splinter [[AIADMK]]. Since then the politics of Tamil Nadu has been dominated by these two parties.John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, THE CHANGING POLITICS OF TAMIL NADU IN THE 1990s, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004. p2 AIADMK, under MGR retained control of the State Government over three consecutive assembly elections in 1977, 1980 and 1984. After MGR's death AIADMK was split over the succession between various contenders. Eventually [[J. Jayalalithaa]] took over the leadership of AIADMK.
    -
    -On going [[ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka]] saw large numbers of Tamils fleeing to Tamil Nadu. The plight of Tamil refugees caused a surge of support from most of the Tamil political parties.Rajesh Venugopal, ''The Global Dimensions of Conflict in Sri Lanka'' pp 19 They exerted pressure on the Indian government to intercede with the Sri Lankan government on behalf of the Sri Lankan Tamilians. However, LTTE lost much of its support from Tamil Nadu following the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] on 21 May 1991 by an [[LTTE]] operative for the former Prime Ministers's role in sending [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian peacekeepers]] to Sri Lanka to disarm the LTTE.Chris McDowell, A Tamil Asylum Diaspora, p112 {{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm?ls|title="Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi"|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2006-06-27}}
    -
    -==See also==
    -
    -* [[Chronology of Tamil history]]
    -* [[Chola dynasty]]
    -* [[Pandya]]
    -* [[Pallavas]]
    -* [[Chera]]
    -
    -==Notes==
    -{{IndicText}}
    -{{sisterlinks|Tamil Nadu}}
    -

    -
    -==References==
    -

    -* {{cite book | first= K.A. | last= Nilakanta Sastri | authorlink= | coauthors= | year=2000 | title= A History of South India | edition= | publisher=Oxford University Press | location= New Delhi| id= }}
    -* {{cite book | first= Durga | last= Prasad | authorlink= | coauthors= | year=1988 | title= History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. [http://igmlnet.uohyd.ernet.in:8000/gw_44_5/hi-res/hcu_images/G2.pdf]| edition= | publisher= P. G. Publishers | location= Guntur, India| id= }}
    -* {{cite book | first= Humphrey William | last= Codrington | authorlink= | coauthors= | year= 1926 | title= A Short History of Lanka | edition= | publisher= Macmillan and Co., Limited | location= St Martin's Street, London | id=|url= http://lakdiva.org/codrington/ }}
    -* {{cite web | title= Religious Traditions of the Tamils | work= Veluppillai, Prof. A., | url= http://tamilelibrary.org/ | accessdate=2006-05-15}}
    -* {{cite web | title= 63 Nayanmars | work= Sri Swami Sivananda, The Divine Life Trust Society | url= http://www.tamilnation.org/sathyam/east/saivaism/63nayanmars.htm | accessdate=2006-05-16}}
    -* {{cite book | first= K.A. | last= Nilakanta Sastri | authorlink= | coauthors= Srinivasachari | year=2000 | title= Advanced History of India | edition= | publisher= Allied Publishers Ltd | location= New Delhi| id= }}
    -* {{cite book | first= Anthony | last= Read | authorlink= | coauthors= | year=1997 | title= The Proudest Day - India's Long Ride to Independence | edition= | publisher= Jonathan Cape | location= London | id= }}
    -* {{cite book | first= Bipin | last= Chandra | authorlink= | coauthors= | year=1999 | title= The India after Independence | edition= | publisher= Penguin | location= New Delhi | id= }}
    -* {{cite book | first= Hermann | last= Kulke| authorlink= | coauthors= Dietmar Rothermund | year=2004| title= A History of India | edition= | publisher= Routledge (UK) | location= | id= 0415329191}}
    -* {{cite book | first= Chris | last= McDowell | authorlink= | coauthors= | year= | title= A Tamil Asylum Diaspora: Sri Lankan Migration, Settlement and Politics in Switzerland | edition= | publisher= Berghahn Books| location= New York | id=1571819177 }}
    -* {{cite journal | author= Shanti Pappu, Yanni Gunnell, Maurice Taieb, Jean-Philippe Brugal, K. Anupama, Raman Sukumar & Kumar Akhilesh|title= Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India | journal= Antiquity | year= | volume=77 | issue=297 | pages= | url= http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/pappu/pappu.html }}
    -
    -==External links==
    -* {{cite web | title= Archaeobotany of Early Historic sites in Southern Tamil Nadu | work= | url= http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/profiles/fuller/tamil.htm | accessdate=2006-05-15}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Harappa And Tamil Culture | work= | url= http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/staff/profiles/fuller/tamil.htm | accessdate=2006-05-15}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Vellore Revolt 1806 | work= | url= http://www.vellorerevolt1806.info/index.html | accessdate=2006-05-15}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Historical Atlas of South India-Timeline| work= French Institute of Pondicherry | url= http://www.ifpindia.org/Historical-Atlas-of-South-India-Timeline.html| accessdate=2006-05-15}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Excavations at Arikamedu | work= | url= http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-ARK.html| accessdate=2006-05-16}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Roman Maps and the Concept of Indian Gems| work= | url=http://www.thebeadsite.com/UNI-MAPS.html | accessdate=2006-05-16}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The State Legislature - Origin and Evolution | work= | url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history.htm| accessdate=2006-10-16}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The Changing Politics Of Tamil Nadu In The 1990s| work= John Harriss and Andrew Wyatt, Conference on State Politics in India in the 1990s: Political Mobilisation and Political Competition, December 2004| url=http://www.dcrcdu.org/dcrc/John%20Harriss.doc | accessdate=2006-06-14}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The Roots of South Indian Cinema | work= By S. Theodore Baskaran, The Journal of the International Institute | url=http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol9no2/baskaran_cinema.html | accessdate=2006-06-14}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Passions of the Tongue - Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970 | work= Sumathi Ramaswamy University Of California Press | url=http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft5199n9v7&brand=ucpress | accessdate=2006-06-14}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Is the Dravidian movement dying? | work= Subramanian Swamy, ''Frontline'', Vol 20, Issue 12, June 2003 | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2012/stories/20030620003609800.htm | accessdate=2006-06-14}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Tamil Coins- a study - Online Book | work= R. Nagaswamy | url=http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/coins/cover.html | accessdate=2006-06-16}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The Political Situation In Pondicherry 1910-1915 | work= | url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=25 | accessdate=2006-10-12}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Sowing The Seeds Of A Policy For Free India and the Anti-Hindi Agitation in the South 1910-1915 | work= M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D., | url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2005/languagepolicy1936-1.html | accessdate=2006-10-16}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The Demand for Dravida Nadu | work= Nambi Arooran, K | url=http://www.tamilnation.org/heritage/dravidanadu.htm | accessdate=2006-10-16}}
    -* {{cite web | title= A history of agitational politics | work= Viswanathan, S. | url=http://india.eu.org/1389.html | accessdate=2006-10-17}}
    -* {{cite web | title= Community, Class and Conservation:Development Politics on the Kanyakumari Coast | work= Ajantha Subramanian | url=http://www.conservationandsociety.org/c_s_1_2-1-subramanian.pdf| accessdate=2006-10-17}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The History Of Reservations In India From The 1800s To The 1950s | work= Cynthia Stephen | url=http://www.holycrossjustice.org/pdf/Integral%20Liberation/June%202006/The%20History%20of%20Reservations%20in%20India.pdf | accessdate=2006-10-17}}
    -* {{cite web | title= The Global Dimensions of Conflict in Sri Lanka | work= Rajesh Venugopal, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford | url=http://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/qehwp/qehwps99.pdf | accessdate=2006-10-17}}
    -

    -[[Category:History of Tamil Nadu| ]]
    -[[Category:Tamil history|*]]
    -[[Category:Tamil Nadu]]
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    -[[de:Tamilen]]
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    -[[ta:தமிழர்]]
    -[[zh:泰米尔人]]
    +[[Category:American voice actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Final Fantasy voice actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:People from Indiana|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Kingdom Hearts voice actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Sonic the Hedgehog voice actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
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    +[[Category:SpongeBob SquarePants actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:The Fairly OddParents actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Modern Looney Tunes voices|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:American Dad!|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Lilo & Stitch|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:1967 births|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:People from Greeley, Colorado|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[Category:Tales of... voice actors|Baker, Dee Bradley]]
    +[[fr:Dee Bradley Baker]] 2013-03-20 10:57:20 91012016 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2950100]] --- \n
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    -{{Infobox_Congressman
    -| name =Michael A. "Mike" Ferguson
    -| image name = mikeaferguson.jpg
    -| date of birth= [[June 22]], [[1970]]
    -| place of birth= [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]]
    -| death_date =
    -| death_place =
    -| state = [[New Jersey]]
    -| district = [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district|7th]]
    -| term = [[2001]] - present
    -| preceded = [[Bob Franks]]
    -| succeeded = Incumbent
    -| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
    -| spouse = \t
    -}}
    +{| {{ship table header 01}}
    +| colspan="2" align="center" | [[Image:USS Denver (CL-58).jpg|300px|USS Denver CL-58]]
    USS ''Denver'' in a South Pacific harbor, 1943
    +|-
    +!align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|Career
    +!align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|[[Image:US Naval Jack 48 star.svg|48px|USN Jack]]
    +|-
    +|Ordered:
    +|
    +|-
    +|Laid down:
    +|[[26 December]] [[1940]]
    +|-
    +|Launched:
    +|[[4 April]] [[1942]]
    +|-
    +|Commissioned:
    +|[[15 October]] [[1942]]
    +|-
    +|Decommissioned:
    +|[[7 February]] [[1947]]
    +|-
    +|Struck:
    +|March 1959
    +|-
    +|Fate:
    +|Scrapped in 1960
    +|-
    +!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|General Characteristics
    +|-
    +|Displacement:
    +|10,000 tons
    +|-
    +|Length:
    +|610 ft 1 in
    +|-
    +|Beam:
    +|66 ft 6 in
    +|-
    +|Draught:
    +|20 ft
    +|-
    +|Propulsion:
    +|four 25,000 hp turbines made by Westinghouse
    +|-
    +|Speed:
    +|33 knots
    +|-
    +|Range:
    +|
    +|-
    +|Complement:
    +|72 officers 1200 Emlisted
    +|-
    +|Armament:
    +|12 × 6 in, 12 × 5 in guns
    +|-
    +|Aircraft:
    +|3 observation SOC-3 PLANES
    +|-
    +|Motto:
    +|
    +|}
    +The second '''USS ''Denver'' (CL-58)''' was launched [[4 April]] [[1942]] by New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N.J.; sponsored by Miss L. J. Stapleton, daughter of the [[Mayor of Denver]]; and commissioned [[15 October]] [[1942]], Captain R. B. Carney in command.

    -'''Michael A. Ferguson''' (born [[June 22]], [[1970]] in [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]]) has been a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] for [[New Jersey]]'s [[New Jersey's 7th congressional district|7th]] [[Congressional District]] (see [http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/preview/congdist/nj07_109.gif map]) since 2001.
    +''Denver'' sailed from [[Philadelphia]] [[23 January]] [[1943]], and arrived at [[Efate]], [[New Hebrides]], [[14 February]]. The new cruiser first saw combat in the bombardment of [[Vila]] on [[Kolombangara]] in the [[Solomon Islands]], on [[6 March]]. During this action her force engaged and sank two Japanese destroyers, ''Minegumo'' and ''Murasame'', in the [[Battle of Blackett Strait]]. Continuing her operations in the Solomons, ''Denver'' joined the bombardment of [[Ballale Island]] on [[29 June]] and [[30 June]] in conjunction with the invasion landings on [[New Georgia]], then remained in the area on patrol.

    -Ferguson is currently the youngest member of the New Jersey Congressional delegation. Ferguson originally sought office in the [[New Jersey's 6th congressional district|6th Congressional District]] in 1998, even though he had never lived or voted in the 6th district prior to seeking the Republican nomination. He was defeated by Rep. [[Frank Pallone]]. In 1999, Ferguson moved to the 7th district where he defeated [[Thomas Kean Jr.]] in the primary and was successfully elected.
    +On the last day of October 1943 ''Denver'' sortied from Port Purvis with TF 39 to intercept an enemy force attempting to disrupt the landings at [[Cape Torokina]], [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]]. In the resulting [[battle of Empress Augusta Bay]] on the night of [[1 November]]–[[2 November]], the American ships sank one enemy light cruiser and a destroyer and damaged two heavy cruisers and two destroyers, while the four other enemy ships broke off the action and retired. During the heavy firing ''Denver'' was hit by three 8 inch shells which fortunately did not explode. She shared in the [[Navy Unit Commendation]] awarded her division for its outstanding performance in this battle.

    -Ferguson attended the [[Delbarton School]], the [[University of Notre Dame]] and has an [[Master of Public Administration|M.P.A.]] from [[Georgetown University]].
    +''Denver'' covered the support landings on Cape Torokina on [[10 November]] and [[11 November]] [[1943]], and 2 days later during a heavy air attack was hit by an aerial torpedo which knocked out all power and communications and killed 20 of her men. She was towed by [[USS Sioux (AT-75)|''Sioux'']] to Port Purvis and by [[USS Pawnee (AT-74)|''Pawnee'']] to Espiritu Santo for temporary repairs, then sailed to [[Mare Island]] for permanent repairs, arriving [[2 January]] [[1944]].

    -Before running for Congress he worked as a teacher at a [[private school]], and worked as a part time instructor at a community college. Ferguson was Executive Director of the Catholic Campaign for America, whose board members include [[William Bennett]], [[Tom Monaghan]] and Mary Ellen Bork (wife of [[Robert Bork]]). Other notable members of the Catholic Campaign for America include [[Rick Santorum]] and [[Pat Buchanan]]. He also served as the executive director of the Better Schools Foundation which was founded by [[Lamar Alexander]] and whose purpose was to promote the use of [[school voucher]]s.
    +''Denver'' returned to the forward area at [[Eniwetok]], arriving [[22 June]] [[1944]]. Eight days later she put to sea to screen carriers as they launched strikes to neutralize Japanese bases in the [[Bonins]] and [[Marianas]] during the invasion of the Marianas. She bombarded [[Iwo Jima]] [[4 July]], and after screening continued air assaults returned to Eniwetok [[5 August]].

    -In June 2003, after a three year dispute with the [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC), Congressman Ferguson agreed to pay $210,000 for a loan which he made to his campaign during his first election of $525,000 from a trust established for the Congressman by his parents. The FEC claimed that this loan from the trust equated to a gift from his parents. According to Federal law, the cap on personal contributions from an individual to a candidate is capped at $25,000 per election cycle. The fine was one of the highest ever paid to the FEC. Ferguson maintained that he did nothing wrong[http://politicsnj.com/kornacki061303_Ferguson.htm Ferguson to pay $210K fine for violating federal campaign finance laws] PoliticsNJ.com [[June 13]], [[2003]].
    +''Denver'' sailed from [[Port Purvis]] [[6 September]] [[1944]] for the invasion of the [[Palaus]]. She bombarded [[Angaur Island]] from [[12 September]] to [[18 September]], then covered a task unit engaged in minesweepmg, reconnaissance and underwater demolition operations before the landings on [[Ulithi]] [[23 September]]. She returned to [[Manus Island|Manus]] on [[28 September]] to prepare for the return to the [[Philippines]].

    -Ferguson received the third most money of all recipients of former [[Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives|House Majority Leader]] [[Tom DeLay]]'s [[ARMPAC]] campaign contributions. DeLay is being prosecuted on charges of felony money laundering of campaign finances and conspiracy to launder money. To date, Ferguson has not offered to return any of the $54,403 he received from DeLay or ARMPAC, despite calls from [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] to do so[http://www.ourfuture.org/issues_and_campaigns/accountablecongress/delay/money9.cfm Contributions from ARMPAC to 109th Members of Congress, 1994-2006] [[Campaign for America's Future]][http://www.dumpmike.com/2005/09/mike_ferguson_r_3.html Contributions from Tom DeLay to Mike Ferguson by date and amount] - [http://www.dumpmike.com/ Dump Mike] [[September 30]], [[2005]].
    +''Denver'' departed [[12 October]] [[1944]] for the landings on [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]], bombarding [[Suluan Island]] and [[Dulag]] to open the vast invasion fleet's way into [[Leyte Gulf]], then sailed on to bombard the southern landing beaches. As the Japanese sent the major portion of their remaining combatant fleet south in a desperate attempt to break up the landings, ''Denver's'' group took station in [[Surigao Strait]] on [[24 October]] to prevent the passage of the Japanese Southern Force into Leyte Gulf. Gallant attacks were made by motor torpedo boats and destroyers stationed in advance of the battle line, and battleship ''Yamashiro'', heavy cruiser ''Mogami'', and destroyer Shigure were all that remained of the Japanese ships when ''Denver'' and the others of the battle line opened fire at 03:51. With three other cruisers, she made a material contribution to the cumulative gunfire which sank ''Yamashiro''. ''Mogami'' was later sunk by aircraft, and ''Shigure'' was the sole survivor of the mighty fleet which had sailed forth for this phase of the decisive [[Battle for Leyte Gulf]]. After this action, ''Denver'' sailed to aid in polishing off enemy cripples, aiding in sinking destroyer ''Asagumo'' early in the day on [[25 October]].

    -After the 1999 election, Tom Kean Jr. subsequently sued Mike Ferguson and the [[Council for Responsible Government]] (a [[527 group]] headquarted in Virginia). The complaint alleged that Ferguson and the Council illegally coordinated their messaging. The complaint also alleged that the Council funded and distributed a brochure under the guise of non-partisan group while acting as a partisan advocacy group on behalf of Ferguson[http://eqs.nictusa.com/eqsdocs/00004C5C.pdf Complaint filed with the Federal Election Commission]. Kean, Jr. prevailed in the lawsuit{{fact}}.
    +Continuing her service in Leyte Gulf, she fought off numerous attacks; during the one of [[28 October]] a bomb released from one of the planes she shot down exploded nearby causing minor damage and slight flooding. She screened reinforcement landings in November and fought off a suicide attack on [[27 November]], suffering four men wounded from fragments of a bomb which exploded 200 yards off the starboard quarter. She joined the heavy covering group, for the [[Mindoro]] landings of [[13 December]] to [[16 December]], then returned to Manus [[24 December]].

    -== Sexual Harrassment Controversy ==
    +Returning to [[San Pedro Bay (Philippines)|San Pedro Bay]] [[3 January]] [[1945]] Denver sortied the next day to cover the landings at [[Lingayen Gulf]]. She remained in the Philippines to join in the consolidation of those islands. She covered the landings on [[Zambales]] on [[29 January]] and [[30 January]], supported minesweeping near and landings on [[Grande Island]]; provided fire support at [[Nasugbu]] on [[31 January]]; escorted a replenishment convoy to Mindoro between [[1 February]] and [[7 February]]; covered the Army landings around [[Mariveles Bay]] from [[13 February]] to [[16 February]], rescuing the survivors of mined [[USS La Vallette (DD-448)|''La Vallette'']]; and supported the operations on [[Palawan]] and [[Mindanao]] Islands from February to May.

    -Ferguson was accused of grabbing a young woman at a local college bar in Georgetown. According to the young woman, Ferguson removed his ID pin and handed it to her, saying she could keep it if she would "come back and have a drink with me." Ferguson denied the young woman's version of the event.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A23714-2003Apr3¬Found=true The Congressman's Night on the Town], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', [[April 4]], [[2003]]
    +On [[7 June]] [[1945]] ''Denver'' sailed from [[U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay|Subic Bay]] for the amphibious assaults on [[Brunei Bay]], [[Borneo]], and later at [[Balikpapan]]. She covered the preinvasion work of minesweeping units and underwater demolition teams, and provided fire support for the invading troops until returning to San Pedro Bay, Leyte, [[4 July]] for brief overhaul.

    -==References==
    -

    -
    -

    +''Denver'' got underway for [[Okinawa]] [[13 July]] [[1945]] to hunt Japanese shipping off the [[China]] coast until [[7 August]]. She sailed from Okinawa [[9 September]] to cover the evacuation of men of the Allied forces rescued from prison camps in the [[Wakayama]] area and covered the landing of occupation troops at [[Wakanoura Wan]] from [[25 September]] to [[20 October]], when she sailed for home.
    +
    +''Denver'' arrived at Norfolk [[21 November]] [[1945]] and after overhaul, reported to Newport, R.I., in January 1946 for duty training men of the Naval Reserve, and a good-will visit to [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]. In April she arrived at [[Philadelphia Naval Shipyard]] where she was placed out of commission in reserve [[7 February]] [[1947]]. She was sold [[29 February]] [[1960]].
    +
    +In addition to the Navy Unit Commendation ''Denver'' received 11 [[battle star]]s for [[World War II]] service.
    +
    +==See also==
    +See [[USS Denver|USS ''Denver'']] for other ships of the same name.
    +
    +==Reference==
    +{{DANFS}}

    ==External links==
    -*[http://www.house.gov/ferguson/ Official website]
    -*[http://www.fergusonforcongress.com/ Campaign Website]
    -*{{CongBio|F000443|Mike Ferguson}}
    -*[http://www.issues2000.org/NJ/Mike_Ferguson.htm Mike Ferguson on the issues]
    -*[http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/candlook.asp?CID=N00000766 Mike Ferguson financial disclosures]
    -*[http://www.vote-smart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=CNJ24274 Mike Ferguson voting record]
    -*[http://www.dumpmike.com Dump Mike] An opposition site
    -*[http://www.fergusonforcongress.net NOT Ferguson for Congress] An opposition site
    -*[http://www.nownj.org/njNews/2003/0404%20Ferguson%20On%20The%20Town.htm The Congressman's Night on the Town]
    -*[http://www.vis.org/candlist/Candidates.aspx?pid=275 2006 New Jersey CD 7 Candidate List from VIS]
    -*[http://projects.washingtonpost.com/congress/members/f000443/\tVoting record maintained by the Washington Post]
    -*[http://capwiz.com/networklobby/officials/congress/?lvl=C&only_votes=1&azip=07901&x=0&y=0/ Voting record maintained by Network Lobby - A National Catholic Social Justice Lobby]
    +*[http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/d3/denver-ii.htm history.navy.mil: USS ''Denver'']
    +*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/04/04058.htm navsource.org: USS ''Denver'']
    +*[http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/denver/ USS ''Denver'' Deck Log & War Diary, 1942-45]
    +*[http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/denver/logmay43.htm May 1943 Deck Log:] ''[[Havannah Harbor]]''

    -{{NJ-FedRep}}
    +{{Cleveland class cruiser}}

    -[[Category:1970 births|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    -[[Category:ARMPAC recipients|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    -[[Category:Georgetown University alumni|Ferguson, Mike]]
    -[[Category:Irish-American politicians|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    -[[Category:Living people|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    -[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Jersey|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    -[[Category:Roman Catholic politicians|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    -[[Category:Current members of the United States House of Representatives|Ferguson, Mike (New Jersey)]]
    +[[Category:Cleveland class cruisers|Denver (CL-58)]]
    +[[Category:Cruisers of the United States|Denver (CL-58)]]
    +[[Category:Cruisers of the United States Navy|Denver (CL-58)]]
    +[[Category:World War II cruisers of the United States|Denver (CL-58)]] 2013-03-13 16:26:13 89999696 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2980830]] NaN 2013-03-20 03:37:34 90965604 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3531379]] NaN 2013-03-20 00:48:29 90948648 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2933448]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,158 +1,14 @@\n
    -The following is a '''list of sketches performed on the late night program ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'''''.
    +[[Image:Manorama News.jpg|right]]'''MM TV''' or '''Manorama News''' is a 24-hour [[Malayalam]] news channel operated by the [[Malayala Manorama]] news house. The channel was launched on [[August 17]], 2006, which coincides with the [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam New Year]].The company has headquarters in Kottayam

    -==Famous sketches==
    -[[Image:Tv nbc Late Night with Conan O'Brien logo.png|right|250px]]
    -* '''[http://www.nbc.com/Late_Night_with_Conan_O'Brien/fan_favorites/actualitems/ Actual Items]''' - Seemingly a parody of [[Jay Leno]]'s ''Headlines'' segment on ''The Tonight Show'' in which Leno finds humorous mistakes in various newspapers. Conan's bit takes regular newspaper ads and stories and adds blatantly fake text, repeatedly insisting "these are real" and "you can't make this stuff up, why would you, that would waste everybody's time." while showing them. This was the first sketch on the first show in September of [[1993]]. For example, an ad depicting a leather living room couch was modified to include a cartoon cow exclaiming, "How's my ass feel you son of a bitch?"
    +==See also==
    +* [[Malayala Manorama]]

    -* '''Assassination''' - Conan invites a guest who supposedly is privy to an upcoming, well-kept secret, who suffers a simulated death before he can reveal what he knows. For example, shortly before the final episode of ''[[Seinfeld]]'', an actor appearing on the show began talking about what the final episode would be about; a few words in, an assassin shoots him in the chest. On another occasion, Conan introduced a man who claimed to be a high-ranking executive with [[Coca-Cola]], who was going to discuss the soda's secret ingredients. As the interview started, the "executive" fell dead after getting hit by [[shuriken]], and a group of [[ninja]]s with the Coca-Cola logo on their backs were shown running away from the stage. These sketches haven't appeared on the show for several years.
    +Malayala Manorama hired Mediaguru Consultants Pvt. Ltd. as TV consultants to launch their channel. The entire project was taken up from scratch and Mediaguru stood beside Malayala Manorama team as a solid rock supporting them throughout.

    -*'''Audience Interview''' - In this bit introduced in mid-[[2005]], Conan says that because he's always interviewing famous celebrities, who endorse their latest movie/album/etc., he rarely gets an opportunity to talk to the audience, which he says he'd like to do. So, for a change of pace, he says he's going to go into the audience, pick out a random member, and ask them some basic question. However, the gag is that the audience member he "randomly" picks is always some random celebrity, who faithfully reveals him/herself when Conan asks what their name is, who always sits on the first seat immediately right of the aisle of the back row in the far righthand section. They also happen to still endorse some product, or even a standard "latest work" as well. Some examples of guests include [[Ted Danson]], [[Jerry Stiller]], [[Alan Alda]], [[Donald Trump]], and [[Fabio Lanzoni|Fabio]].
    +Visit Mediaguru Consultants at www.mediaguru.in

    -*'''Audience Talent''' - Conan goes into the audience and selects pre-picked audience members to show their unique talents. But, the person's "talent" is obviously faked. Conan doesn't know who the people are going to be, and the audience doesn't know what their talent is until Conan reveals it.
    +==External links==
    +* [http://www.manoramanews.com Official site]

    -* '''Awful Ballgame Chanter''' - In response to an upcoming sporting or other spectator event, Conan advises that you should keep chants short and easy to follow. As an example of what not to do, [[Andy Blitz]] is then shown in the show's audience, and begins a standard chant for that event while clapping each syllable (such as "Let's Go Mets!"). However, instead of repeating the line, he expands it into a very long chant that begins supportive and usually ends up as a narrative of some sort, occasionally asking the audience to chant along as if it's easy to follow. Conan interrupts the chant to go to commercial as Blitz continues to chant up to the break.
    -
    -* '''Camera catching audience member''' - As Conan is about to say something, a random member of the audience (rather than a regular sketch performer) is put on screen for a split second. Conan is then put back on screen and reacts to the audience member, rather than the cameraman, asking the person to not steal screen time. Conan then returns to his earlier statement, only to see the audience member highlighted again. The screen focuses on Conan again and he appears to get upset, telling the person to "Knock it off". This back and forth continues a few more times, with the audience member's on screen time getting longer and longer and accompanied with music, sounds, and visual effects. The bit usually ends when Conan threatens to call security, but ends up having the audience member's face prominently featured in his shot, which he is seen lamenting as the shows takes a commercial break.
    -
    -* '''Car Chases''' - Conan explains that television shows' ratings go up when they cut to a car chase in action. He tells the audience that ''Late Night'' will begin doing this, however there are no car chases in Manhattan due to traffic congestion. So ''Late Night'' stages their own car chases using model houses and toy cars to replicate a car chase. The toy cars are pulled by thin cord as a camera gets a shot that looks like it might be from a helicopter.
    -
    -: '''The Michael Jackson Coverage''' - A special version of the '''Car Chases''' skit when [[Michael Jackson]] was found [[2005 trial of Michael Jackson|not guilty of child molestation]] on [[June 13]] [[2005]]. Conan [[Parody|spoofed]] on him with coverage of him leaving his [[Neverland Ranch]]. Jackson was always the last car of the [[motorcade]]. He would often tow away a [[Boy Scouts of America|boy scout]] camp, a [[Chuck E. Cheese's]] restaurant or even a playground. Sometimes, he would trade his motorcade car for an ice cream truck and stop at a school full of kids. Sometimes, even Jackson's family would be made fun of, like [[Tito Jackson|Tito's]] "Never Work Ranch." Other [[Celebrity|celebrities]] would also [[Cameo appearance|cameo]], like [[Billy Joel]], who recently crashed his car. This time, "[[Uptown Girl]]" was playing with his silver car. It then crashed into a building and caught on fire and blew up.
    -
    -* '''Celebrity Secrets''' - Features celebrities of different genres (musicians, actors, etc.) in a jail cell, smoking a cigarette and downing hard liquor, usually telling some humorous "secret" that we did not know about them previously. For example, one featured [[Michael Caine]] saying "I was convinced that the 'MC' in MC Hammer's name stood for Michael Caine. When I found out it didn't, I destroyed his career."
    -
    -* '''Celebrity Survey''' - This is where Conan supposedly sent out surveys to celebrities and he reads off their replies. Usually the first two read off are normal and expected. Then the 3rd is funny and often relates to some sort of scandal or movie the celebrity is known for. For example, to the question: "I like to think of my viewers as people who..." [[Brian Williams (news anchor)|Brian Williams]] wrote "want to be informed," [[Meredith Vieira]] wrote "want to be my friend," and [[Tony Danza]] wrote "have broken both arms and can't change the channel."
    -
    -* '''Conan and Max Hang Out''' - Conan introduces a moment of camaraderie between him an Max, then cuts to a scene of Conan in his dressing room. Max comes in and enthusiastically invites Conan to go somewhere, such as to lunch, to grab a beer, or to shop at the NBC store because it has great stuff. Conan happily agrees, but as soon as the two begin walking together they awkwardly don't speak to each other and look bored. The camera follows them like this down hallways and elevators until they reach their destination, at which point they quickly grab the food or drink and part ways. The destination may involve other sight gags; when Conan and Max visited the NBC store, Conan is seen shoplifting several items.
    -
    -[[Image:latenightabstract.jpg|thumb|One of the many bumpers shown right after the commercials on Late Night]]
    -* '''Conan O'Brien Hates My Homeland''' - The premise of the skit began when Late Night received many angry letters from viewers in [[Ukraine]] after mocking that nation in another recurring skit, ''New Euro Coins'', where the joke was an image on a Ukrainian Euro Coin depicting a man in Eastern European dress with four arms, waving, with the caption on the coin saying "Over 17 years after the Chernobyl Accident". [http://conan.kary.ca/ukraine.jpg] Unaware that his show was even airing in Ukraine, O'Brien reads fast-paced insults of each of the [[nation]]s of the world in [[alphabetical order]] [http://conan.kary.ca/] to determine where else the show is being aired without his knowledge. O'Brien insults 5 countries (with a bell ringing between each one) each time the bit airs. A sample insult: ''"[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: It's where [[Europe]] and [[Asia]] get together to dump their trash."'' Announcer Joel Godard then tells insulted viewers around the world a real address to send their angry letters.
    An announcer on the Finnish entertainment channel [[SubTV]], which airs the show couple of days after it is aired in USA, asked people to defend Finland before Conan got to insult it, and the viewers in [[Finland]] began sending mail before the bit had even gotten to the letter F. Conan responded by officially insulting Finland in the segment. An overwhelming amount of post-cards were sent in that apparently ''forced'' Conan to give [[Finland]] a formal apology, going as far as having the flag of Finland shown in the background during his speech and slandering the Finns' "hated" neighbor [[Sweden]] with a board with the words "[[Sweden]] Sucks!" printed over the flag of [[Sweden]]. It would seem that this chain of events led to elevated ratings in Finland and subsequently also sparked a special relationship with the viewers in Finland. This later led to Conan realizing that he bears a resemblance to two-term president [[Tarja Halonen]], which eventually led to a short visit to Finland in mid-February 2006.
    -
    -* '''Conan on the Aisle''' - Conan reviews movies currently in cinemas and comments on the good qualities, then he shows an edited scene. An example: When Conan was reviewing ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'', he mentioned that the movie had scenes that were disgusting and weird. An edited scene then appeared where the main characters ran and were surprised by a dinosaur which opened its mouth to roar. Edited by ''Late Night'' into the dinosaur's mouth was the parents' lost child, who says hello to the parents. In another, a tender moment in "The Passion of the Christ" between the two Marys is interrupted by the Kool-Aid Man.
    -
    -* '''Conan's Legs''' - Conan explains how the show is trying to reach out and collect more viewers by taking a page out of the ''[[Today Show]]'' handbook. He explains that many Americans tune in to the ''Today Show'' just to see [[Katie Couric]]'s legs. He then calls over two stagehands and instructs them to remove the front of his desk, revealing feminine legs. He continues by doing a few camera tricks such as, moving his legs, bouncing a ball, and even shaving them. In actuality, a green screen is present and a woman offstage is being recorded live as Conan is onstage.
    -
    -* '''Conan Sings a Lullaby''' - Conan explains that many viewers are new parents trying to get their baby to sleep and he will help them, so he begins with a nice lullaby, then takes advantage of a baby's lack of understanding of language and mentions things adults would find horrible in a soothing way. After a while, Conan figures that his main audience is getting bored, so after telling the parents to turn the baby away from the TV, he starts showing humorous pieces of footage. With the baby now asleep, Conan tells the parents to go have sex. The show's musical guests occasionally take part in this skit as well. The final skit of the first episode featured Conan singing a lullaby (with no jokes in the lyrics, but planted audience members crying instead) and was joined by the late [[Tony Randall]], one of the guests on the show.
    -
    -* '''Desk Drive''' - Originally done with sidekick Andy, Conan now invites an audience member to ride his desk around outside with him. He actually is in front of a green screen and he holds a steering wheel. The [[bluescreen|greenscreen]] displays scenes of the road and the out doors. Usually they get into humorous situations on the road. For example as they went through a rural area animals "humped" or attempted to mate with him. Green-colored objects are also used to incorporate violence into the bit (such as putting green circles on to show that they've been shot).
    -
    -*'''Fake Celebrity Interviews''' - This sketch relies heavily on the low-budget filming method [[Syncro-Vox]]. A TV screen is lowered down to the seat where the interviewed would actually sit. On the screen is a still image of a celebrity, with live video of the mouth of the back stage impersonator superimposed—because of this method, the fake interviews are also called the "[[Clutch Cargo]] routine," after the [[1959]] cartoon, that is the most widely remembered user of [[Syncro-Vox]]. Commonly impersonated celebrities are [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] (who almost always mentions his movie [[Jingle All the Way]] as if it's a modern-day classic), [[George W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Martha Stewart]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Sammy Sosa]], [[Barry Bonds]], [[Rafael Palmeiro]], [[Donald Trump]], [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Mike Tyson]]. Most of the impressions are done by either [[Robert Smigel]] or [[Brian Stack]].
    -
    -*'''Fantastic!''' - This sketch sometimes occurs when Conan announces tomorrow's guests. After announcing the first guest, we see a member of the audience (played by writer Brian Stack) who says that the guest is "Fantastic!" right to the camera with a thumbs up. After Conan announces the next guest, the member does the same thing with a word that rhymes with fantastic or a phrase that ends in tastic (For example: "Wow, Omar Epps? That charismatic scene-stealer is Epps-tastic!") and again with the third. Conan then says he'll also be doing his monologue, and the member almost does his bit, but changes his mind. Then Conan mentions the show's comedy bits, and the member has either already stopped paying attention (by reading a book or newspaper) or he'll be seen torturing himself (by drinking bleach or drilling his teeth). When Conan questions why he likes the guests but thinks everything else is "bad" or some other adjective, the member will reply with using whatever adjective Conan used - "Not [adjective], [adjective]-tastic!"
    -
    -* '''Frankenstein Wastes A Minute of Our Time''' - This sketch is performed before any celebrities are introduced. [[Frankenstein]]'s monster (played by writer Brian Stack) appears by one of the doors leading from the main set, acting excited about something, and inviting the cameraman (and the audience, vicariously) to come with him to take a look. He makes a long trek around the backstage area, stopping along the way to wave the cameraman to keep following. Invariably, what he finds is extremely mundane like a spatula, although it is usually near something that is considerably more interesting, and Conan assumes that is the item Frankenstein lead the camera to. Once Frankenstein found [[Tom Hanks]] during the sketch, and moved Hanks out of the way to show off a light switch. (Hanks then immediately reentered the frame to join in pointing out the light switch with great enthusiasm.) The joke format is extremely similar to a [[shaggy dog story]]. Since NBC owns Universal, the Frankenstein monster looking like the one from the movies and sharing the same logo in the sketch title as Universal's monster is no coincidence; neither is the sketch also appearing shortly after the buy-out. While this sketch has seemingly been retired, Frankenstein continues to be a regular character.
    -
    -* '''The "Fun Hole" Guy''' - Conan gets interrupted by a man in the audience (played by [[Brian McCann (actor)|Brian McCann]]) who wears a blue t-shirt with a sweater around his shoulders. He complains about lack of decency, takes the sweater off and storms off, revealing him wearing fishnet stockings, and a shirt that says "Fun Hole" on the back.
    -
    -* '''Guest Autographs''' - Conan shows the audience some autographs supposedly from guests on his show (although the fictitious autographs are often from celebrities which have never appeared on the program). The messages left by the celebrity often mock a movie or scandal the celebrity is currently involved in, or may mock O'Brien in some way.
    -
    -* '''Hannigan the Traveling Salesman''' - Played by Brian Stack, a 1950's era door-to-door salesman interrupts the show, often mocking Conan ("Hello, little girl, is your daddy home?") and spouting rapid-fire obsolete patois from the 1950's or earlier, while trying to sell Conan dangerous knockoffs of famous products (like "Hailey's Birish Cream" which contains paint thinner), lame jokes from "Joke-Co" and obscure sexual fetish activities.
    -
    -* '''The Hole In The Floor''' - A hole on the floor in front of Conan's desk that is actually a [[special effect]] projected into the scene. Conan throws objects through it and generally hassles the office worker below.
    -
    -* '''Holiday Pictures''' - Conan, Max, and announcer [[Joel Godard]] have recently had a party and he displays the ridiculous and fictional events of this party celebrating a recent holiday. Invariably, these events typically include heavy drinking and rather gory violence/homicide on the part of one or the entire cast. Towards the end of the skit they are always joined by a celebrity, played by an actor with a superimposed picture of the celebrity at hand. The celebrity usually ends up getting into a fight with Conan, Joel, or Max, or is seen in uncompromising positions and/or situations, always looking back at the camera, with the exact same look, seeing as the superimposed picture never changes.
    -
    -* '''If They Mated''' - Conan's signature bit features pictures of two famous celebrities (who are usually dating) are shown; the pictures are then combined into a grotesque new picture of what their offspring would look like if they mated. The segment became so successful that it later spawned a book. The last item in the sketch is usually the mating of a person and an object or two objects: the resulting offspring usually ends up being an unaltered photograph of a celebrity. For example, if [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[Osama Bin Laden]] were to have a child, it would be [[Steve Bartman]].
    -
    -* '''In the Year [[2000]]''' - The sketch is typically performed after a celebrity guest has been introduced, as the guest participates in the sketch, although during [[Andy Richter]]'s tenure as Conan's sidekick, he would participate. Its introduction is as follows:
    ''Conan: "... It's time, once again, to look into the future."''
    ''Andy/Guest: "The future, Conan?"''
    ''Conan: "That's right, [Andy/Guest's name]. Let's look to the future, all the way to the year 2000."''
    During an "In the Year 2000" sketch, O'Brien and either Andy or the celebrity, as well as band member [[Richard Rosenberg|Richie "La Bamba" Rosenberg]], each wear a futuristic-looking collar and hold a lit flashlight to their face. Between La Bamba's falsetto wails of "In the year 2000...", O'Brien and Richter/the celebrity alternate delivering jokes, often based on current events, in the form of humorous predictions of what will happen in the year 2000. The sketch was invented prior to the actual year 2000, but the show's writers decided to keep the year the same, in a sort of ironic twist. It is now intended to imply "in the near future". A compilation book of "In The Year 2000" predictions from the show was released in [[1999]]. Quite commonly, the second-to-last prediction involves Conan mocking his guest, while the last prediction involves the guest mocking Conan in return. This sketch actually originated at ''[[Happy Happy Good Show]]''; a sketch comedy project that Conan O'Brien wrote and performed for in [[1988]].
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    -* '''Inappropriate!''' - Although not seen in recent years, this sketch would usually have a [[straight man]] saying or doing something, only to have something inappropriate to be said by another character, followed by Brian Stack dressed as a heavy metal singer playing a guitar [[riff]] and screaming "INAPPROPRIATE!". For example, a young boy telling his father he hit a home run at a little league game and his father showing him [[Playgirl]] magazine and saying, "If you think that's great, check this out!"
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    -* '''The Interrupter''' - A loser (played by Brian Stack) continually interrupts Conan as Conan starts a sentence, only to have this loser, who calls himself the Interrupter, finish his sentence. The conversation always progresses to Conan (and Interrupter since he is completing the sentence) making fun of and pointing out, in detail, the pathetic life the character must have if he must go around interrupting people.
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    -* '''Kids' Drawings''' - Children have recently visited the Late Night studio for school. They all drew pictures of their field trip. However they are odd and fictional. They most often center on supposed guests on the show, although other themes are common (such as band leader Max Weinberg's various sexual indiscretions).
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    -* '''Krunk''' - During the first two seasons of the show, beginning in early [[1994]], O'Brien encouraged guests to insert the word krunk, a [[List of fictional expletives|fictional expletive]] with multiple uses invented by the show's writers that "the censors don't quite know what to do with yet," into their conversations. On [[April 30]], [[2004]], ''[[American Idol]]'' judge [[Randy Jackson]] used "krunked" during the show, but by then O'Brien had no idea what Jackson was talking about. Krunk is not the same as [[crunk]], a slang term used by [[Lil' Jon]] and various other [[hip hop music|hip hop]] artists as a synonym for the condition one experiences when under the influence of both marijuanna and alcohol.
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    -* '''Mark Pender sings''' - Portly, bald band member [[Mark Pender]] sings the same tune (with different lyrics based on current events) while the lyrics are displayed on the screen. He starts off somewhat slow and mellow but ends up going into the audience getting more excited and holding a scream for several seconds, right after proclaiming his love/hate of the subject matter. Conan has to interrupt him to end the bit. He's sung about many subjects including [[Bennifer]] & the [[2003 North America blackout|2003 New York blackout]].
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    -* '''Mick Ferguson, The Guy Who's Awfully Proud of his Bullet Proof Legs''' - long-time staff writer Brian McCann, in a mock-[[Vaudeville]] dance, sings "''Oh I got bulletproof legs, I got bullet proof legs, oh ya can't hurt me cuz I have bullet proof legs! Oh they cost me a fortune but ya don't....''" Invariably, a shadowy figure pulls out a gun and shoots him in the chest, which apparently isn't bulletproof. In the second incarnation of it the same man is standing on the screen and Mick implores Conan to get rid of him because he shot him before. Conan has a security guy come out and check the figure over stating that he doesn't have a weapon. Relieved Mick begins his song and dance again, only to have the Security guy pull out a gun and shoot him in the chest. Another incident has the security guard and a search dog guarding Mick. After Conan calms Mick's fears of the security guard by vouching for him, the search dog pulls a gun and shoots Mick in the chest. The camera then switches to Conan who looks in to it and says "''We're gonna get to the bottom of this.''"
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    -* '''The More You Know''' - These are spoofs of the famous NBC public service announcements. They were used frequently in earlier years, especially when Andy Richter was still Conan's sidekick. These sketches would begin seemingly innocently, but would quickly devolve into parody, usually involving dark themes. For example, in one such sketch, Max Weinberg commands: "Sometimes condoms break. Deal with it, missy!"
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    -* '''Movie Casting''' - A new made-for-TV movie is announced, based on a real-life event, and Conan has the inside scoop on the movie's casting. We are shown two photos side-by-side of a person or thing who will be portrayed in the movie and the person that will be playing his or her role. The joke is in how similar the two photos are despite how vastly different the two pictured are, with Conan often commenting on how great the casting is. Running gags include President [[George W. Bush]] being played by [[Ralph Wiggum]].
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    -* '''New Characters''' - Conan tells us that it is time for new additions to be added to Late Night's current characters, such as '[[The Masturbating Bear]]' or the Fed-ex Pope (Brian McCann). New additions are often more ridiculous than ones before, such as the Nudist Who Has No Skeleton or the Screeching Raccoon with a Jet Pack.
    -** A related gag also exists where Conan promises that he will not waste the audience's time with zany, random jokes, only to introduce a completely zany, random character. Notable characters from this bit include Castro Rabbit DJ, the Cactus Chef Playing "We Didn't Start the Fire" on the Flute and the Oscillating Air Purifier that Looks Like [[Slash (musician)|Slash]].
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    -* '''New College Mascots''' - New fictional college mascots are introduced and often make fun of the college or its surrounding area.
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    -* '''New Stamps/State Quarters/Euros''' - Conan says he has 'connections' and has been given designs for new [[commemorative stamp]]s, [[state quarters]], or [[Euro]]s that insult the state or country.
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    -* '''Old Radio Show Ghost of Artie Kendall''' - Brian Stack portrays the ghost of an old singer from when the Late Night studio was used for radio. Conan is talking and hears a disembodied voice singing, and a ghost appears next to his desk. The ghost is convinced by Conan and the audience to hear his "silly old songs". He always sings 3 songs, set to the same tune, that have outrageous lyrics. While the subject of the first varies, the 2nd set is always about women (ie "Women shouldn't be allowed to talk/We should seal their lips with strong adhesive caulk") and after Conan's reaction to it, the ghost sings a derogatory song about the Irish. ("Irish people's brains are made of corn/And they all get drunk before they're even born")
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    -* '''Patterns''' - Conan shows a series of images and viewers have to figure out the progressive pattern that links them. For instance, "Squirrel, handy man, poorly guarded insane asylum, Tom Green: That's right, these are more and more likely to be missing a nut."
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    -* '''Pierre Bernard's Recliner of Rage''' - A comedy bit in which ''Late Night'' staffer [[Pierre Bernard|Pierre Bernard, Jr.]] sits in a recliner and relates a story that has recently angered him personally. This tale is always a long, drawn-out personal tale delivered in a soft-spoken tone that usually involves some sort of comic-book, sci-fi-related, or similarly esoteric medium. At the end of his complaint he states "Bottom line, America..." as grabs the handle of the recliner and shifts it back into an upright position to lean forward and point furiously at another camera centered on him to give his final geeky demands on the matter. This is inevitably the point at which the audience and Conan break into laughter because Pierre either has difficulty shifting the recliner or has trouble reading the final cue card when he looks at the other camera. The most famous one involved a complaint about the TV show [[Stargate SG-1]], which led to him getting small cameos on the show.
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    -* '''Pleasing the Affiliates''' - Conan attempts to please local affiliates by responding to their fictional requests for positive mention.
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    -* '''Preparation H Raymond''' - In this sketch Brian McCann plays a large eared man, named Raymond, parades down the aisles, passing out [[Preparation H]] to Conan's audience. While he possesses a common theme song, chorused by the phrase "Raymond's here to help....''oooooooohhh...''", Raymond's dialogue content is often related to current events (such as the recent "roid" usage by pro baseball atheletes), but is often seen as a random assortment of ideas; all beginning and culminating with the distribution of preparation H.
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    -* '''Puppets''' - Late Night has made extensive use of puppets since the show's inception. For example, in one sketch, a puppet scientist prepares to drink something from a cup and says "I sure do love my morning cup of coffee." The cup actually contains an acidic substance which melts the puppet's face. In another outrageous sketch, a puppet exclaims to another puppet that she was born with both sets of genitalia. One well-known gag features "Vomiting Kermit," showcasing the Muppet wretching streams of liquid from its mouth. Perhaps the most famous puppet, both on and off the show, is Triumph the Insult Comic Dog.
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    -* '''SAT Analogy''' - Conan helps students with their standardized exams by providing satirised [[SAT]] [[analogy|analogies]] based on current events. Although the newest SAT format has dropped analogies, Conan has said that the segment will continue to be aired.
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    -* '''Satellite TV''' - Conan shares the extra channels that the large satellite dish fictionally picks up. Some channels are named things like 'Looks Like A Gentile - Sounds Like A Jew' - this particular channel displayed clips of people that looked like a gentile speaking with a stereotypical Jewish voice. Others include a [[pornography]] channel featuring "Max on Max" action, in which Max Weinberg made love to a duplicate Max Weinberg; the [[Potato judge]] channel, about a ruthless tuber on the judicial bench; and the 'Men Without Hats' channel that featured people in everyday situations singing about it to the [[Men Without Hats]] tune "[[Safety Dance]]" (One involved a man in an office singing "You can file if you want to/You can leave your friends behind/Because your friends don't file/And if they don't file then they're no friends of mine.")
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    -* '''Staring Contest''' - a famous skit held while Andy Richter still served as O'Brien's sidekick. An homage to the game show ''[[Make Me Laugh]]'', Richter (unlike O'Brien) would be subjected to a series of purely physical-comedy skits taking place behind O'Brien, usually insulting and disgusting, which would eventually force Richter to look away. On the last episode Richter served as sidekick, the show subjected O'Brien to the skits instead; this was the only time Richter ever won the staring contest.
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    -* '''Small Talk Moment''' - Conan and Max make small talk about something, for instance reality television or [[college basketball]]. The result is usually that both Max and Conan end up talking a lot about a single event speaking in rapid succession, going into extreme detail or citing obscure people and events. Once they are done Max stops and says "Wow Conan, talking about (this subject) sure is interesting." for which Conan enthusiastically responds "It sure is, Max!". They then stare at one another in dull fashion as the camera goes back and forth on them.
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    -* '''The [[Walker, Texas Ranger]] Lever''' - It sprung from NBC's purchase of entertainment company [[Universal Studios|Universal]] in early [[2004]], thus forming the media conglomerate [[NBC Universal]]. Conan introduced this lever, which allowed him to play a video clip from the television show [[Walker, Texas Ranger]] at any time he wanted to, without paying a dime in [[royalties]]. The clips from the [[Chuck Norris]] series were sometimes taken out of context, other times not. A clip example could be something such as Norris karate-kicking through the windshield of a moving car, and Conan would comment on each clip's absurdity after it aired. In late summer [[2004]], the bit seemed to have been retired as [[Chuck Norris]] walked in and fired a prop gun at Conan. Norris also revealed his own lever and pulled it, playing a clip showing him "beating" Conan up with [[martial arts]] in the back of the studio. On [[March 8]], [[2005]], the lever returned to the show. Notably, the premise of the bit was technically incorrect, since ''Walker'' was owned by CBS, [[Sony Pictures Television]], and a few other companies; ''Walker'' just ran on NBC Universal-owned [[USA Network]] at the time.
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    -:One of the last and most popular clips to be shown was one where a young [[Haley Joel Osment]] uttered the sentence, "Walker told me I have [[AIDS]]." However, it wasn't even used with the lever; it was used as a segment of a "Spring Cleaning" sketch, which was a compilation of short video sketches that weren't used on the show before. Conan didn't want to show the "I have AIDS" clip because he was afraid the audience wouldn't take it very humorously. It turned out to be one of the most well-known scenes Conan used.
    -
    -:The airing of these clips subsequently led to [[Chuck Norris]] becoming the focus of an ever-growing trend in which people invent satirical random "[[Chuck Norris Facts]]." The "facts" tend to involve absurdly exaggerated claims of Norris' toughness, attitude, virility, and masculinity.
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    -* '''What in the World?''' - Conan is shown an extremely magnified portion of a picture. He throws out a wild guess as to what he is looking at, at which point the picture zooms out. Then Conan tries again, although it's not yet evident what the picture is of. It zooms out again, and the picture is now recognizable and seemingly mundane, for instance a celebrity or other normal situation. The final time it zooms out, something unexpected or outrageous that had previously been out of frame is revealed, thus producing comedy. The opening audio cue for this bit is an annoying sounding man saying "What in the ''world''?" which Conan often asks not to have repeated.
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    -* '''No Reason to Live Guy''' - Conan begins to talk about a mundane news piece or the guest line-up at his desk when he is interrupted by a man in the audience (played by Brian McCann). The man seems to have been misinformed and reacts to Conan's calm correctness in disbelief and yells, "There's no reason to live!" He then proceeds to run to the top of the audience area where a blue kayak is waiting, whilst yelling "Where's My Kayak?" He gets in the kayak and "paddles" it off-screen, at which point the scene cuts to a shot of a man in a kayak falling down an icy mountain. After this, another "audience member" usually rides off in a kayak in a similar way, or the first man comes back through the studio doors (sometimes in poor disguises), gets upset again (usually when Conan mentions how stupid the sketch is) and rides to his demise using another means of transportation, accompanied with related stock footage, again whilst yelling "Where's my [vehicle]?" The sketch usually involves three different "deaths." In addition to the kayak, other means of transportation have included a train, bike, skateboard, balloons, three bedroom house, and a car.
    -**This sketch evolved from a bit done a week or two before NBC broadcast the Torino Olympics where Brian McCann appeared on video as if he was reporting from the Bobsled run in Italy. He starts sliding down the course and Conan tries to tell him the course wasn't finished based on news reports of the time that said Olympic officials were crunched for time to finish some of the venues. McCann says he can't hear because of the noise of the bobsled then he says "What's that?" and there is a quick cut to stock footage of a kayak falling down a snow covered mountain. Then the show cuts back to Conan who has his head in his hands as if embarrassed and the audience is howling in laughter at the absurd scene, especially after McCann's line: "Someone put me in a kayak!". When the next guest comments about the kayak Conan says "You try to find footage of a bobsled crashing that matches. It was the best we could do."
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    -==Annual sketches==
    -* '''''The State of the Show Address''''' - An elaborate [[parody]] of the [[President of the United States]]' annual [[State of the Union Address]] delivered in place of the show's opening credits and monologue on the same night the President gives his speech. When Conan mentions that there will be no monolouge that night, the audience will stand and burst into hearty applause. After which, Conan replies "You bastards."
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    -* '''''Central Time Zone New Year's Countdown''''' - Aired each [[New Year's Eve]], ''Late Night'' is the only show to do a countdown to midnight for the [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central Time Zone]] of the [[United States|USA]]. After the monologue, Conan does a fictional list of people who have died that year, starting with a celebrity who has faded into obscurity who many believe has died, to many outlandish and random celebrities who are obviously alive. Each year the ''Late Night'' staff creates a skit when the New Year starts. In 2003, the skit was announcer Joel Godard lying down on a table while an Asian man wearing a [[Speedo]] lands on top of him at the stroke of midnight. In 2005, giant [[papier-mâché]] busts of [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicagoans]] [[Jim Belushi]] and [[Oprah Winfrey]] inched slowly towards each other and "[[French kiss]]ed" at the stroke of midnight. The 2004 and 2005 celebrations also had O'Brien joined by a group of [[costume]]d revellers representing various [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]]ern locales including:
    -:* [[Abraham Lincoln]] ([[Springfield, Illinois]])
    -:* A [[Green Bay Packers]] "[[cheesehead]]" fan
    -:* [[Dorothy Gale|Dorothy]] from ''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'' ([[Kansas]])
    -:* [[Prince (artist)|Prince]] ([[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]])
    -:* A [[gaucho]] from [[Belize]]!
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    -*'''''Sweeps Ahoy''''' - Airing during or just after each "[[sweeps]] week", they air skits and doctored footage of previous Late Nights on publicity stunts they did to increase their ratings.
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    -*'''''World's Fastest [[Menorah]] and Other Holiday Icons''''' - Usually shown for a period of 3-4 days after the annual lighting of the [[Rockefeller Center]] Christmas Tree, Conan always mentions that so many people come to New York just to see the tree, usually adding things like "It's just a tree! Big deal!" He then says something like, "Rockfeller Center might have their Christmas Tree, but we here at Late Night have the World's Fastest Menorah!" This summons the menorah, which sits on a platform, flying by the camera lever, pulled by a string by a stagehand. Of course, the platform is not visible in the camera's field of vision. The menorah is accompanied by a quick excerpt of "Hava Nagila". As the week progresses, Conan introduces other holiday icons, which include a bungee-jumping Baby Jesus (with "Hallelujah"), a rocket-powered [[fruitcake]] (accompanied by [[ZZ Top]]'s "La Grange"), and a [[Kwanzaa]] [[kinara]] in a pimped out ride.
    -
    -== Monologue digressions ==
    -*'''Awkward Throws to Max Weinberg''' - Conan usually begins his monologue by saying "We've got a good show tonight, isn't that right Max?" to which Max replies in an intentionally nonchalant tone "Yeah" then usually shrugs. One such awkward throw started with Max saying, "Mmm-hmmmm" in a satisfied matter, prompting Conan to blurt out, "I didn't ask, 'How's the rice, Uncle Ben?'!"
    -* '''"[[Donald Trump]] Impression"''' - Conan's impression of Donald Trump has him tugging on his hair, sucking his cheeks in, and using Trump's [[catchphrase]] ''"You're fired!"'' and performs Trump's python hand move as the Max Weinberg Seven plays the intro to "For the Love of Money" by the [[O'Jays]]. This bit is usually performed any time that Trump is mentioned, whether in the monologue or in interviews or comedy sketches. Conan has performed this bit with Donald Trump himself present in the studio on more than one occasion.
    -*'''Eating a Tear''' - Conan sometimes will say something that will cause him to shed, and then eat, a tear. This is pantomimed by running a finger from his eye down his cheek to his mouth.
    -* '''"I'm-a Gonna Go To Hell When I Die"''' - a rousing [[gospel music|gospel-styled]] song, started on [[November 12]], [[2004]], that has no lyrics other than its title and is always accompanied by a rhythmic clapping beat. The audience will usually start clapping along, causing Conan to exclaim "Don't clap along to that, that's terrible!" Occasionally, Conan has recycled the tune with a new title/lyric, notably "I Had an Unhappy Childhood and You Have to Pay." Often sung by Conan after the audience finds one of his jokes distasteful, mostly referring to Star Jones. Another variation, sung in a different tune, is "I'll Be Beaten to Death When I Leave Tonight."
    -*'''Inappropriate Closeups of Conan's Hair''' - Conan leaves the screen, crouches down just enough and walks past the camera so that only his red [[pompadour]] is visible.
    -*'''"Keep cool, my babies!"''' - Often spoken immediately before his monologue as a response to thunderous applause, Conan will utter this phrase in order to calm his excited audience. "Keep cool, my babies!" is usually accompanied by "[[The String Dance]]."
    -*'''"The Late Night [[Cat]]"''' - Conan jumps out of the frame and disappears (with a whooshing sound, as in '''Miscellaneous Pantomiming''' below) for a few seconds before reappearing extremely close to the camera, out of focus, and hissing at it in a feline manner (replete with "claws" extended). This usually occurs when the studio audience dislikes a joke told in the monologue.
    -*'''Licking his Fingers and Smoothing his Eyebrows''' - Conan quickly licks both fingers and smoothes his eyebrows.
    -*'''Making Fun of Awkward Screams by Audience''' - If an audience member (male or female) screams something at Conan he makes a joke such as: "I love you too, sir" or "It's nice of my dad for coming."
    -*'''Making fun of La Bamba''' - Conan refers to band member [[Richie "La Bamba" Rosenberg]] when there is a [[homosexual]] or otherwise unsavory reference in the monologue. La Bamba usually reacts by staring back at Conan with a bemused look on his face and/or shaking his head.
    -*'''Miscellaneous Pantomiming''' - Conan will duck in and out of frame, while making a whooshing sound.
    -*'''"[[Nerd]] Impression"''' - Whenever nerds are mentioned in Conan's monologue (such in the context of "[[Star Wars]]/[[Lord of the Rings]] nerds"), he alters his voice to sound like a "nerd" criticizing Conan for that joke. This usually involves pushing his "glasses" to his face, wagging his finger, having his teeth hang out of his mouth, waving an invisible lightsaber, or using sci-fi related quotes, or saying something like "How Dare You" or "I'll get you Conan O'Brien!", and pushing the buttons on an invisible [[calculator]].
    -* '''"The String Dance"''' - Conan mimes attaching strings to his hips and pulls them, shaking his hips back and forth until he "cuts" one of the strings, dropping the attached hip. The string dance is customarily performed before or during the [[monologue]], but Conan has also performed the dance at the request of guests. [[Jim Carrey]] also chose to perform his own version of the string dance on his appearance in [[December 2005]]. [[Ice-T]], [[Paula Abdul]], [[John Tesh]], and [[Christina Applegate]] have also performed the dance.
    -*'''Unusual Audience Reactions''' - Conan is always amused by, and makes fun of, the unusual reactions of his audience to some of his monologue jokes. The most common reaction is a horrified/angry "booing" melding into "polite laughter and applause," in Conan's words. Another audience reaction is a delayed laughter to the punchline, sometimes sparking Conan's "Delayed reaction always creeps me out" song, in the style of '''"I'm-a Gonna Go To Hell When I Die."'''
    -*'''[[Anna Nicole Smith]] Impression''' - Conan enjoys making fun of the former Guess? Jeans model and Playboy Playmate, imitating her nonsensical mutterings, drug-influenced wandering, and outbursts. He will wander back and forth in front of the camera, muttering and finally jumps out with the "cat hiss", also seen in the Late Night Cat digression. On at least one occasion, he ended by falling to the floor in an exaggerated fashion, followed by an explanation that she "tripped over a ham."
    -*'''Geraldo Rivera Impression''' - Whenever there's a news story or any reference to news personality Geraldo Rivera, he places his index finger across his upper lip where a mustache would grow.
    -*'''[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] Impression''' - When a topic comes up about Arnie, Conan will put on a German accent, speak in a pseudo-German language, pretend to eat a giant sausage (Conan claims he "likes his Arnold to be eating a sausage at the end") while flexing his muscles and giving a "death-stare" to the audience.
    -*'''George W. Bush Impression''' - Whenever there's a news story or any reference to President George W. Bush, Conan will look away from the camera, as if distracted by a bird, then look straight back at the camera with a confused look on his face, exclaiming "Huh?".
    -*'''Congress/Parliament applause''' - If one of his jokes gets lukewarm applause, Conan will liken it to members of Congress or Parliament clapping along. He'll also say "Yes, very good, O'Brien" (or something to that effect) while using a somewhat aristocratic tone.
    -*'''Wasting time''' - During the monologue or shortly afterwards, Conan will state that the producers have told him not to waste any time during the show, at which point he'll do something to waste time. Examples: remaining silent for a long period of time, rambling on about how he shouldn't be wasting time, etc.
    -*'''Producer Impression''' - Often, when Conan says something especially odd or stupid, he will say that the producer is looking at him and then imitates the producer with a concise/serious tone and expression, then poking fun at his impression's similarity to [[Jackie Mason]].
    -
    -==Miscellaneous==
    -*'''The microphone''' - Conan will sometimes knock the microphone on his desk over for a cheap laugh. Once in a while, he'll knock it over and then jokingly threaten the audience, stating "I'll go up there if I have to" or that he'll "have everybody thrown out of the studio". He also states on occasion that the microphone is made of chocolate and its name is "Bessy Lou".
    -*'''The Conan/Max staredown''' - Similar to the '''Small Talk moment''', but without any dialogue, Conan and Max will stare at each other blankly for a long time with the cameras switching between Conan and Max. Eventually, Conan seems to get creeped out and looks away. He then says that someone should discover a way to "bottle that chemistry".
    -*'''Conan Cost Cutting''' - This is apparently an unintentional sketch, after a sketch involving Joel Godard in a "Grub Man" costume, the show began to re-use the costume as a "surrendering croissant", a "victorious cannoli", a "[[liposuction]]ed [[Jabba the Hutt]], a "pissed off [[kreplach]]" and a "beach rock". At the end of any sketch involving the costume, Conan mentions how many different ways the costume has been used and a "per costume total", which is the cost of the original costume divided by the number of uses. He'll then invite viewers to mail in their suggestions for a further use for the costume and, in return, will receive an "I'm a Conan Cost Cutter" button.
    -:* The address to send in your own suggestion for use of the Grub-Man costume is:
    -::Grub-Man Costume Ideas c/o Late Night
    -::30 Rockefeller Plaza
    -::New York, N.Y. 10112
    -
    -[[Category:Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]
    +{{tv-stub}}
    +[[Category:Television stations in India]] 2013-03-16 08:41:08 90423302 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q763798]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,83 +1,482 @@\n
    -{| class="messagebox standard-talk"
    -|-
    -|[[Image:Updated DYK query.png|Updated DYK query]]
    -|
    Please click [[User:Lostintherush/DYK|here]] for my DYK collection. Current count = 16.

    -|}

    -[[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 1|Archive 1]], [[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 2|Archive 2]], [[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 3|Archive 3]], [[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 4|Archive 4]], [[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 5|Archive 5]], [[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 6|Archive 6]], [[User talk:Lostintherush/Archive 7|Archive 7]]
    +
    +{{process header
    + | title = ↑[[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/National Register of Historic Places articles by quality|(up)]]
    + | section =
    + | previous = ← [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/National Register of Historic Places articles by quality/4|(prev)]]
    + | next = [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/National Register of Historic Places articles by quality/6|(next)]] →
    + | shortcut =
    + | notes =
    +}}
    +== [[Wikipedia:WikiProject National Register of Historic Places/Assessment]] ==
    +{{assessment header|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject National Register of Historic Places/Assessment#Version 1.0 Editorial Team cooperation|WP National Register of Historic Places/Assessment}}
    +{{assessment | page=[[T. C. Taliaferro House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._C._Taliaferro_House&oldid=83341683 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[T. G. Henderson House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._G._Henderson_House&oldid=79472651 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[T. W. Randall House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._W._Randall_House&oldid=85070924 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tabby House (Fernandina Beach, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabby_House_%28Fernandina_Beach%2C_Florida%29&oldid=75880136 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Taft Bridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taft_Bridge&oldid=74517536 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Taft Museum of Art]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taft_Museum_of_Art&oldid=80530852 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Talahloka]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talahloka&oldid=85510786 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Taliesin West]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taliesin_West&oldid=84410225 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tallahassee Historic District Zones I And II]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tallahassee_Historic_District_Zones_I_And_II&oldid=83333277 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tampa City Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampa_City_Hall&oldid=83341942 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tampa Heights Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampa_Heights_Historic_District&oldid=83330674 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tampa Theater and Office Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampa_Theater_and_Office_Building&oldid=83341147 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tampania House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampania_House&oldid=83341641 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Taos Pueblo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taos_Pueblo&oldid=86322904 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tarpon Springs Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarpon_Springs_Historic_District&oldid=83332673 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tarragona Tower]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tarragona_Tower&oldid=83453667 ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tate House (Georgia)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tate_House_%28Georgia%29&oldid=86405194 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tate House (Maine)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Synapticgollum&action=edit ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Teapot Dome Service Station]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teapot_Dome_Service_Station&oldid=87181633 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ted Smallwood Store]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Smallwood_Store&oldid=85507505 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tennessee State Capitol]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessee_State_Capitol&oldid=61916576 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tenney House and Groveland Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenney_House_and_Groveland_Hotel&oldid=75751312 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Terry Park Ballfield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_Park_Ballfield&oldid=83675660 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Texas Theatre]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Theatre&oldid=75772662 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Abbey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Abbey&oldid=85071702 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Armory]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Armory&oldid=85071837 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Barnacle Historic State Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Barnacle_Historic_State_Park&oldid=82190723 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Cabildo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cabildo&oldid=74628303 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Casements]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Casements&oldid=85058463 ] | importance= | date=[[November 1]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Columns]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Columns&oldid=85507507 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Elms (mansion)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elms_%28mansion%29&oldid=75783173 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Grove Plantation]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Grove_Plantation&oldid=80683681 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Hammocks]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hammocks&oldid=85071938 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Homestead, Virginia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Homestead%2C_Virginia&oldid=87100505 ] | importance= | date=[[November 10]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Paramount Theatre (Austin, Texas)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Paramount_Theatre_%28Austin%2C_Texas%29&oldid=85183366 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Porches]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Porches&oldid=85072014 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Ritz Apartment (Ocala, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ritz_Apartment_%28Ocala%2C_Florida%29&oldid=85072089 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[The Stanley Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Stanley_Hotel&oldid=86215715 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Theodore Hausmann Estate]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Hausmann_Estate&oldid=85071070 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Theophilus West House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_West_House&oldid=79472931 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thiesen Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiesen_Building&oldid=85507511 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Third Gulf Breeze]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Gulf_Breeze&oldid=76446984 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thomas Creek Archeological District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Creek_Archeological_District&oldid=83333907 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thomas Downs House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Downs_House&oldid=82548909 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thomas Hall (Gainesville, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hall_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29&oldid=85508778 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thomas R. Ayer House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Ayer_House&oldid=86344231 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thomas R. Pierce House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Pierce_House&oldid=79473072 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thomas V. Porter House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_V._Porter_House&oldid=83339474 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thompson Fish House, Turtle Cannery and Kraals]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thompson_Fish_House%2C_Turtle_Cannery_and_Kraals&oldid=84622003 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Thoms House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoms_House&oldid=85058275 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tillamook Rock Light]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tillamook_Rock_Light&oldid=84578573 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timucuan_Ecological_and_Historic_Preserve&oldid=83028573 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tinker Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinker_Building&oldid=85085325 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tinker Field]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tinker_Field&oldid=85085330 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Title & Trust Company of Florida Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Title_%26_Trust_Company_of_Florida_Building&oldid=83339985 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Titusville Commercial District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titusville_Commercial_District&oldid=83328276 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tomoka State Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomoka_State_Park&oldid=80288225 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tookes House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Torreya State Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torreya_State_Park&oldid=83022812 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tourist Church]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourist_Church&oldid=85085332 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Townsend Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Trail Ridge Road]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trail_Ridge_Road&oldid=61772883 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Trapp Homestead]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Travelers Rest (Georgia)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Travelers_Rest_%28Georgia%29&oldid=73088658 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tree Point Light]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tree_Point_Light&oldid=82352891 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tremont Street Subway]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tremont_Street_Subway&oldid=79169664 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Triangle Inn]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triangle_Inn&oldid=85504210 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Trinity Episcopal Church (Apalachicola, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Episcopal_Church_%28Apalachicola%2C_Florida%29&oldid=82922918 ] | importance= | date=[[October 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Turnbull-Ritter House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turnbull-Ritter_House&oldid=85057885 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Turner River Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Turtle Mound]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turtle_Mound&oldid=71605607 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tuscawilla Park Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuscawilla_Park_Historic_District&oldid=83327703 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuskegee_Airmen_National_Historic_Site&oldid=68097935 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Twin Mounds Archeological District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twin_Mounds_Archeological_District&oldid=83333868 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Two Medicine Store]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Two_Medicine_Store&oldid=75365023 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Arsenal-Officers Quarters]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, Key West Station]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Coast_Guard_Headquarters%2C_Key_West_Station&oldid=84622340 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Courthouse Building and Downtown Postal Station Tampa FL]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Courthouse_Building_and_Downtown_Postal_Station_Tampa_FL&oldid=79723306 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Customs House and Post Office]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Naval Station]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Naval_Station&oldid=84622334 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Post Office (Daytona Beach, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Post Office (Palm Beach, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Post Office (St. Petersburg, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Post Office and Courthouse (Miami, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[U.S. Post Office-Federal Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[USCGC Duane (WPG-33)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USCGC_Duane_%28WPG-33%29&oldid=80228968 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Umpqua River Light]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umpqua_River_Light&oldid=82125181 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Union Bank (Tallahasee, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Bank_%28Tallahasee%2C_Florida%29&oldid=84622750 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Union Depot and Atlantic Coast Line Freight Station]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Depot_and_Atlantic_Coast_Line_Freight_Station&oldid=80844745 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Union Oyster House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Oyster_House&oldid=75720970 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Union Station (Tampa)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Station_%28Tampa%29&oldid=85860092 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[United Methodist Church (Jasper, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[United States National Arboretum]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_National_Arboretum&oldid=74123374 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[University of Florida Campus Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Florida_Campus_Historic_District&oldid=82925911 ] | importance= | date=[[October 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Urca de Lima]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Utah State Capitol]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utah_State_Capitol&oldid=84442139 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Valencia Hotel and Arcade]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valencia_Hotel_and_Arcade&oldid=83343490 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Valencia Subdivision Residential District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valencia_Subdivision_Residential_District&oldid=83328316 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vamar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vamar&oldid=87387476 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Van Brunt House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Brunt_House&oldid=85070489 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Veillard House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veillard_House&oldid=85057481 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Venezia Park Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venezia_Park_Historic_District&oldid=83330508 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Venice Depot]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venice_Depot&oldid=83343210 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vero Beach Diesel Power Plant]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vero_Beach_Diesel_Power_Plant&oldid=84622865 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vero Beach Woman's Club]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vero Railroad Station]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vero_Railroad_Station&oldid=84622843 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vero Theatre]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vero_Theatre&oldid=84622839 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Via Mizner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Via_Mizner&oldid=85084675 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Villa Bianca]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Bianca&oldid=85057435 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Villa Vizcaya]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Vizcaya&oldid=85057676 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Villa Zorayda]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Villa_Zorayda&oldid=85057732 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Village Store]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Village_Store&oldid=83339770 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vineta Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vineta_Hotel&oldid=85084680 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Vinoy Park Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinoy_Park_Hotel&oldid=85084684 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Virginia V]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_V&oldid=79622999 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[W. A. Knight Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W._A._Knight_Building&oldid=85502650 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[W.O.W. Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W.O.W._Hall&oldid=76660663 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[WT Preston]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WT_Preston&oldid=82162335 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Waddells Mill Pond Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site&oldid=71606174 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wadsworth-Longfellow House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wadsworth-Longfellow_House&oldid=58565977 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wager House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wager_House&oldid=85056837 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wagon Bed Spring (Kansas)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wagon_Bed_Spring_%28Kansas%29&oldid=68741582 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Waite-Davis House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waite-Davis_House&oldid=85070612 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Waldo Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldo_Historic_District&oldid=83327906 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Walker Pass]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walker_Pass&oldid=82747382 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Walnut Canyon National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walnut_Canyon_National_Monument&oldid=83302902 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[War Memorial Natatorium]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Memorial_Natatorium&oldid=62268117 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[War in the Pacific National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Pacific_National_Historical_Park&oldid=87352490 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wardlaw-Smith House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wardlaw-Smith_House&oldid=75880355 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Warm Mineral Springs (spring)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warm_Mineral_Springs_%28spring%29&oldid=83343156 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Washington Aqueduct]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Aqueduct&oldid=77093595 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Washington County Courthouse (Indiana)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_County_Courthouse_%28Indiana%29&oldid=86727616 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Washington County Jail and Sheriff's Residence]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_County_Jail_and_Sheriff%27s_Residence&oldid=82549061 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Washington Place]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Place&oldid=84615765 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Washington Street Historic District (Connecticut)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washington_Street_Historic_District_%28Connecticut%29&oldid=89045561 ] | importance= | date=[[November 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Watson House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watson_House&oldid=82549135 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wawona Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wawona_Hotel&oldid=85902402 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wayne County Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_County_Building&oldid=86750482 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Weeden Island Preserve]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weeden_Island_Preserve&oldid=83851859 ] | importance= | date=[[October 26]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Welkinweir]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welkinweir&oldid=55839130 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Well'sbuilt Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well%27sbuilt_Hotel&oldid=84622684 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[West DeLand Residential District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_DeLand_Residential_District&oldid=83330308 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[West Martello Tower]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Martello_Tower&oldid=84622564 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[West Ocala Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Ocala_Historic_District&oldid=83327734 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[West Tampa Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Tampa_Historic_District&oldid=83330678 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[West Virginia Independence Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Independence_Hall&oldid=83858016 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Westbeth Artists Community]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westbeth_Artists_Community&oldid=86187199 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Westbrook High School (Maine)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westbrook_High_School_%28Maine%29&oldid=88042291 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Western Union (schooner)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Union_%28schooner%29&oldid=80718693 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wheeler-Evans House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheeler-Evans_House&oldid=75743509 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wheeling Suspension Bridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheeling_Suspension_Bridge&oldid=83055038 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Whidden's Marina]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whidden%27s_Marina&oldid=83675872 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[White Feather Spring]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Feather_Spring&oldid=88219072 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[White Hall (Daytona Beach, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Hall_%28Daytona_Beach%2C_Florida%29&oldid=85503001 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[White Springs Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Springs_Historic_District&oldid=71597445 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Whitfield Estates-Broughton Street Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitfield_Estates-Broughton_Street_Historic_District&oldid=83333407 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Whitfield Estates-Lantana Avenue Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitfield_Estates-Lantana_Avenue_Historic_District&oldid=83439961 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Whitney, Oregon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitney%2C_Oregon&oldid=82412409 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Willamette Falls Locks]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willamette_Falls_Locks&oldid=78617064 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Clarke Estate]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Clarke_Estate&oldid=85070556 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William E. Curtis House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_E._Curtis_House&oldid=83341705 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Gray Warden House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Gray_Warden_House&oldid=85070347 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William H. Gleason House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_H._Gleason_House&oldid=85043484 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William H. Waterhouse House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_H._Waterhouse_House&oldid=85070225 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Helffrich House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Helffrich_House&oldid=85061146 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William J. Burns House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_J._Burns_House&oldid=85066345 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Kimbrough Pendleton House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Kimbrough_Pendleton_House&oldid=85044919 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Lloyd Garrison House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Lloyd_Garrison_House&oldid=60677491 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Sherman Jennings House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Sherman_Jennings_House&oldid=79473928 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[William Westcott House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Westcott_House&oldid=85057072 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Williams House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Williams House (Tallahassee, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Willoughby Gregory House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willoughby_Gregory_House&oldid=79474272 ] | importance= | date=[[October 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wilson's Creek National Battlefield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilson%27s_Creek_National_Battlefield&oldid=87655552 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Windermere Town Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windermere_Town_Hall&oldid=85071330 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winecoff House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winecoff_House&oldid=85041235 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winona, Arizona]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winona%2C_Arizona&oldid=78693025 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winston School (Lakeland, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winston_School_%28Lakeland%2C_Florida%29&oldid=84624226 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winter Garden Downtown Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Garden_Downtown_Historic_District&oldid=83332486 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winter Garden Historic Residential District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Garden_Historic_Residential_District&oldid=83332514 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winter Haven Heights Historic Residential District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winter_Haven_Heights_Historic_Residential_District&oldid=83328893 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winter Park Country Club and Golf Course]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winterbourne, Orange Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winterbourne%2C_Orange_Park&oldid=85041139 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Winterle House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wirick-Simmons House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wirick-Simmons_House&oldid=85041076 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Withers-Maguire House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withers-Maguire_House&oldid=85070346 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Chipley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Eustis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Jacksonville]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Club_of_Jacksonville&oldid=79709815 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of New Smyrna]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woman%27s_Club_of_New_Smyrna&oldid=80286798 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Palmetto]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Starke]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Tallahassee]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Winter Haven]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Woman's Club of Winter Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Women's Club of Coconut Grove]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Women's Gymnasium (Gainesville, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Gymnasium_%28Gainesville%2C_Florida%29&oldid=76844958 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[World War II JB-2 Launch Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[World War II JB-2 Mobile Launch Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=Ebyabe ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Worth's Block]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worth%27s_Block&oldid=86417394 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Wyandotte High School]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyandotte_High_School&oldid=80202387 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Xavier Lopez House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xavier_Lopez_House&oldid=85063119 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ximenez-Fatio House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ximenez-Fatio_House&oldid=85039421 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Yaquina Head Light]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaquina_Head_Light&oldid=71921240 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ybor City Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ybor_City_Historic_District&oldid=83330704 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ybor Factory Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ybor_Factory_Building&oldid=83342151 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_Bluff_Fort_Historic_State_Park&oldid=71826567 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Yent Mound]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yent_Mound&oldid=71607431 ] | importance= | date=[[October 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Yon Mound and Village Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site&oldid=71607349 ] | importance= | date=[[October 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Young Men's Hebrew Association (Jacksonville, Florida)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_Men%27s_Hebrew_Association_%28Jacksonville%2C_Florida%29&oldid=83339838 ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Yucca House National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yucca_House_National_Monument&oldid=78143264 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins State Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yulee_Sugar_Mill_Ruins_State_Historic_Site&oldid=77349236 ] | importance= | date=[[October 21]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Zephyrhills Downtown Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zephyrhills_Downtown_Historic_District&oldid=83331935 ] | importance= | date=[[October 23]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ziller House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=BigrTex ] | importance= | date=[[November 7]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Zora Neale Hurston House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zora_Neale_Hurston_House&oldid=76838066 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[16th Street Baptist Church]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th_Street_Baptist_Church&oldid=86590530 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site&oldid=61892682 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Abraham Lincoln High School (Des Moines)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_High_School_%28Des_Moines%29&oldid=85427961 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Adams Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adams_Memorial&oldid=84767532 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Adams National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adams_National_Historical_Park&oldid=83805996 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Admiralty Island National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiralty_Island_National_Monument&oldid=85555190 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Agate Fossil Beds National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agate_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument&oldid=75300644 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ahwahnee Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahwahnee_Hotel&oldid=86048966 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Alabama State Capitol]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_State_Capitol&oldid=84365637 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Alamo Mission in San Antonio]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio&oldid=82304960 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Albany Rural Cemetery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albany_Rural_Cemetery&oldid=87173359 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Albert Pike Residence Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pike_Residence_Hotel&oldid=78167074 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Alexandria, Virginia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandria%2C_Virginia&oldid=87364652 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Algiers Point]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algiers_Point&oldid=67951767 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alibates_Flint_Quarries_National_Monument&oldid=83302844 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Aliiolani Hale]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliiolani_Hale&oldid=84781820 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Alma (1891)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alma_%281891%29&oldid=82280758 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Aloha Tower]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aloha_Tower&oldid=72127369 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Amana Colonies]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amana_Colonies&oldid=76987137 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[American Memorial Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Memorial_Park&oldid=80484349 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ames High School]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ames_High_School&oldid=87852469 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Anderson Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Hall&oldid=81342528 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Angelus Temple]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angelus_Temple&oldid=85434948 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Anheuser-Busch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anheuser-Busch&oldid=87454925 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aniakchak_National_Monument_and_Preserve&oldid=85556639 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Arkansas Post National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Post_National_Memorial&oldid=80250280 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlene_Schnitzer_Concert_Hall&oldid=82126865 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Arboretum_of_Harvard_University&oldid=87469827 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ashcroft, Colorado]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashcroft%2C_Colorado&oldid=85332021 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Auburn Automobile]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auburn_Automobile&oldid=87464864 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Austin History Center]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_History_Center&oldid=82688738 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Aztalan State Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aztalan_State_Park&oldid=86910703 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Aztec Ruins National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument&oldid=87617429 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bailey Island Bridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bailey_Island_Bridge&oldid=76309645 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Balclutha (1886)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balclutha_%281886%29&oldid=77928860 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Balmville Tree]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balmville_Tree&oldid=85196844 ] | importance= | date=[[November 3]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bandelier National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandelier_National_Monument&oldid=87617601 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Barlow Road]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barlow_Road&oldid=80493167 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Baton Rouge Magnet High School]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baton_Rouge_Magnet_High_School&oldid=86389535 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Beacon Mountain]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beacon_Mountain&oldid=88453655 ] | importance= | date=[[November 18]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Beaumont Hotel (Ouray, Colorado)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaumont_Hotel_%28Ouray%2C_Colorado%29&oldid=81837172 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauvoir_%28Biloxi%2C_Mississippi%29&oldid=64286993 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Beck's Mill]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beck%27s_Mill&oldid=82547241 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Belcourt Castle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belcourt_Castle&oldid=81854165 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Belhurst Castle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belhurst_Castle&oldid=83520277 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Belle of Louisville]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_of_Louisville&oldid=83065880 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Benewah Milk Bottle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&target=A+mcmurray ] | importance= | date=[[November 1]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Benjamin Franklin National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial&oldid=86747881 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Benson Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benson_Hotel&oldid=74630109 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bent%27s_Old_Fort_National_Historic_Site&oldid=86570684 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Berwick Academy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berwick_Academy&oldid=88104710 ] | importance= | date=[[November 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bethel College (Kansas)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel_College_%28Kansas%29&oldid=87039964 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Big Creek Bridge (Oregon)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Creek_Bridge_%28Oregon%29&oldid=89337179 ] | importance= | date=[[November 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Big Hole National Battlefield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Hole_National_Battlefield&oldid=85394250 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Biltmore Estate]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biltmore_Estate&oldid=86972825 ] | importance= | date=[[November 10]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bishop's Palace, Galveston]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop%27s_Palace%2C_Galveston&oldid=85326413 ] | importance= | date=[[November 2]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Blair House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blair_House&oldid=86553646 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Blithewold Mansion, Gardens and Arboretum]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blithewold_Mansion%2C_Gardens_and_Arboretum&oldid=65318126 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Hill_Meteorological_Observatory&oldid=85810758 ] | importance= | date=[[November 4]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bodie, California]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bodie%2C_California&oldid=86253231 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bollman_Truss_Railroad_Bridge&oldid=63156697 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bomberger's Distillery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bomberger%27s_Distillery&oldid=83293248 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Bonneville Dam]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonneville_Dam&oldid=81517780 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Boston African American National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87042978 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Boston Light]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Light&oldid=87458091 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Boston Navy Yard]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Navy_Yard&oldid=85449773 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brices_Cross_Roads_National_Battlefield_Site&oldid=81534363 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Brizendine House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brizendine_House&oldid=82710674 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education_National_Historic_Site&oldid=65251430 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Buck Island Reef National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck_Island_Reef_National_Monument&oldid=78714268 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[C. E. Byrd High School]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._E._Byrd_High_School&oldid=85199121 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[C.A. Thayer (1895)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.A._Thayer_%281895%29&oldid=81530723 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cabrillo National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabrillo_National_Monument&oldid=81909491 ] | importance= | date=[[November 3]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cairo Apartment Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Apartment_Building&oldid=84143020 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[California Coastal National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Coastal_National_Monument&oldid=85591396 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cambria Iron Company]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambria_Iron_Company&oldid=84457625 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cane River Creole National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cane_River_Creole_National_Historical_Park&oldid=87039500 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument&oldid=87651228 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cape Elizabeth Lights]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Elizabeth_Lights&oldid=78818602 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cape Krusenstern National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Krusenstern_National_Monument&oldid=87367365 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cape May, New Jersey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_May%2C_New_Jersey&oldid=87489730 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Capulin Volcano National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capulin_Volcano_National_Monument&oldid=87617714 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Carew Tower]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carew_Tower&oldid=87448953 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Sandburg_Home_National_Historic_Site&oldid=78501718 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace&oldid=78259538 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Carnegie Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnegie_Hall&oldid=86936567 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Carrizo Plain]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrizo_Plain&oldid=87812428 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Carrollton, Louisiana]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrollton%2C_Louisiana&oldid=85187265 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Casa Malpais]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casa_Malpais&oldid=69832818 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascade-Siskiyou_National_Monument&oldid=86521405 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cathedral Church of Saint Matthew, Dallas, Texas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Matthew%2C_Dallas%2C_Texas&oldid=83731506 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Peace&oldid=73070695 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cedar Breaks National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cedar_Breaks_National_Monument&oldid=85593097 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cemetery Ridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cemetery_Ridge&oldid=70019748 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Centenary College of Louisiana]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centenary_College_of_Louisiana&oldid=88050054 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Central Christian Church (Austin, Texas)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Christian_Church_%28Austin%2C_Texas%29&oldid=82715447 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Central City Opera House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_City_Opera_House&oldid=71042252 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Chamizal National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamizal_National_Memorial&oldid=75118209 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Charles Floyd (explorer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Floyd_%28explorer%29&oldid=83502095 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park&oldid=86324109 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park&oldid=85394004 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Chilkoot Trail]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilkoot_Trail&oldid=76666893 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Chimney Rock National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chimney_Rock_National_Historic_Site&oldid=86231734 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Chiricahua National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiricahua_National_Monument&oldid=87620014 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Christiansted National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christiansted_National_Historic_Site&oldid=63824466 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[City of Rocks]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Rocks&oldid=81553508 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Clara Barton National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clara_Barton_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87461437 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cobble Hill Tunnel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobble_Hill_Tunnel&oldid=87289305 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Colonial National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_National_Historical_Park&oldid=78505109 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Colorado National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_National_Monument&oldid=87650282 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Colorado River Bridge at Bastrop]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_River_Bridge_at_Bastrop&oldid=85308420 ] | importance= | date=[[November 2]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Colorado Springs Airport]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Springs_Airport&oldid=83532061 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Columbia River Highway]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_River_Highway&oldid=69242618 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Columbia University Physics Department]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University_Physics_Department&oldid=86805993 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Conde McCullough Memorial Bridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conde_McCullough_Memorial_Bridge&oldid=89335006 ] | importance= | date=[[November 22]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Confederate Memorial Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_Memorial_Hall&oldid=68003686 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Congo Square]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congo_Square&oldid=86860127 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Congressional Cemetery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Congressional_Cemetery&oldid=84742139 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Connecticut State Capitol]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_State_Capitol&oldid=69323091 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corcoran_Gallery_of_Art&oldid=80585653 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Coronado National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coronado_National_Memorial&oldid=64431159 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Corydon Historic District]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corydon_Historic_District&oldid=84959780 ] | importance= | date=[[October 31]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Crater of Diamonds]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crater_of_Diamonds&oldid=82970021 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Crocheron-McDowall House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocheron-McDowall_House&oldid=85971350 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Croton Aqueduct]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Croton_Aqueduct&oldid=86215067 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Cumberland Gap National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumberland_Gap_National_Historical_Park&oldid=86751176 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dana-Thomas House State Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dana-Thomas_House_State_Historic_Site&oldid=82761546 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Darwin D. Martin House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darwin_D._Martin_House&oldid=86422104 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[David Berger National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Berger_National_Memorial&oldid=61774184 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Aviation_Heritage_National_Historical_Park&oldid=81203926 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dealey Plaza]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dealey_Plaza&oldid=83636926 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Delta Queen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delta_Queen&oldid=83066038 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Denver Mint]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Mint&oldid=75822784 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Denver Public Library]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Public_Library&oldid=81610464 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Des Moines Art Center]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Des_Moines_Art_Center&oldid=78838280 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Devils Postpile National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devils_Postpile_National_Monument&oldid=85748241 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Devils Tower National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devils_Tower_National_Monument&oldid=85554702 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dewitt C. Greer State Highway Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewitt_C._Greer_State_Highway_Building&oldid=82356350 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dia:Beacon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dia:Beacon&oldid=87275087 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dillard University]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dillard_University&oldid=86993537 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dinosaur National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinosaur_National_Monument&oldid=87809945 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Driskill Hotel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driskill_Hotel&oldid=84527900 ] | importance= | date=[[October 29]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dubuque County Courthouse]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubuque_County_Courthouse&oldid=56180741 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Dutch Reformed Church (Newburgh, New York)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Reformed_Church_%28Newburgh%2C_New_York%29&oldid=86003022 ] | importance= | date=[[November 5]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Duwamish (fireboat)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duwamish_%28fireboat%29&oldid=72924310 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Eads Bridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eads_Bridge&oldid=84820719 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Eastern Market, Washington, D.C.]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Market%2C_Washington%2C_D.C.&oldid=63452962 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Edison National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison_National_Historic_Site&oldid=83657836 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Eisenhower National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eisenhower_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87821740 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[El Malpais National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Malpais_National_Monument&oldid=87617779 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[El Morro National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Morro_National_Monument&oldid=87617859 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87814892 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Elfreth's Alley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elfreth%27s_Alley&oldid=86749872 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Elihu Thomson House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elihu_Thomson_House&oldid=49708099 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ellis Island]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellis_Island&oldid=85735931 ] | importance= | date=[[November 4]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ellwood House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellwood_House&oldid=82733550 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Elsinore Theatre]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsinore_Theatre&oldid=81173774 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Emigration Canyon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emigration_Canyon&oldid=78800762 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ennis House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ennis_House&oldid=89461441 ] | importance= | date=[[November 25]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Erie Depot]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erie_Depot&oldid=87479171 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Esopus Meadows Lighthouse]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esopus_Meadows_Lighthouse&oldid=85576743 ] | importance= | date=[[November 3]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugene_O%27Neill_National_Historic_Site&oldid=77835901 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Experimental Breeder Reactor I]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I&oldid=81382102 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fallingwater]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fallingwater&oldid=87258038 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Falls of Clyde]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falls_of_Clyde&oldid=87271697 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Faneuil Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faneuil_Hall&oldid=87273674 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Farnsworth House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farnsworth_House&oldid=83330627 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Father Marquette National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Marquette_National_Memorial&oldid=87042054 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Faubourg Marigny]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faubourg_Marigny&oldid=76361216 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fayetteville National Cemetery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fayetteville_National_Cemetery&oldid=63651710 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fife Opera House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fife_Opera_House&oldid=82733625 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[First Baptist Church, Columbus, Indiana]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Baptist_Church%2C_Columbus%2C_Indiana&oldid=70692030 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[First Ladies National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Ladies_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87629236 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[First Unitarian Church of Oakland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Unitarian_Church_of_Oakland&oldid=84525769 ] | importance= | date=[[October 29]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[First Unitarian Society]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Unitarian_Society&oldid=74148540 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fischer House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fischer_House&oldid=82358181 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fisher Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisher_Building&oldid=86590282 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Flight 93 National Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_93_National_Memorial&oldid=85813193 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument&oldid=87650097 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Foggy Bottom]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foggy_Bottom&oldid=81677676 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Ford's Theatre]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford%27s_Theatre&oldid=86067962 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Ancient, Ohio]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Ancient%2C_Ohio&oldid=83386479 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Atkinson_%28Nebraska%29&oldid=87297452 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Crawford]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Crawford&oldid=71665252 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Donelson National Battlefield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Donelson_National_Battlefield&oldid=84625145 ] | importance= | date=[[October 30]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Douglas, Utah]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Douglas%2C_Utah&oldid=85750762 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Frederica National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Frederica_National_Monument&oldid=63655108 ] | importance= | date=[[November 3]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Hall&oldid=85390641 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Klamath]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Klamath&oldid=80340246 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Mifflin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Mifflin&oldid=86752074 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Morgan, Alabama]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Morgan%2C_Alabama&oldid=82302467 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Moultrie National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Moultrie_National_Monument&oldid=86389792 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Necessity National Battlefield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Necessity_National_Battlefield&oldid=87615381 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Nisqually]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Nisqually&oldid=86192713 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Point]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Point&oldid=86590063 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Pulaski National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument&oldid=84452928 ] | importance= | date=[[November 3]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Raleigh National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Raleigh_National_Historic_Site&oldid=78368933 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Scott National Cemetery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Scott_National_Cemetery&oldid=76698093 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Smith National Cemetery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Smith_National_Cemetery&oldid=74264570 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Snelling, Minnesota]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Snelling%2C_Minnesota&oldid=85729420 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Sumter]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Sumter&oldid=87418094 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Union National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Union_National_Monument&oldid=87617911 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Union_Trading_Post_National_Historic_Site&oldid=84519198 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Vancouver]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Vancouver&oldid=87626526 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Vancouver National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Vancouver_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87625945 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fort Yellowstone]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fort_Yellowstone&oldid=62590542 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fossil Butte National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fossil_Butte_National_Monument&oldid=86394288 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Fox Theatre (Atlanta)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_Theatre_%28Atlanta%29&oldid=82111186 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_%28Washington%29&oldid=84752819 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Frank G. Bloom House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_G._Bloom_House&oldid=84663985 ] | importance= | date=[[November 9]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial&oldid=85678157 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Frederick Douglass National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site&oldid=81304319 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Law_Olmsted_National_Historic_Site&oldid=86409537 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Freer Gallery of Art]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freer_Gallery_of_Art&oldid=87605917 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[French Quarter]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Quarter&oldid=86237771 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Friendship Hill National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friendship_Hill_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87821678 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Gallaudet University]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallaudet_University&oldid=86231994 ] | importance= | date=[[November 8]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Gallier Hall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallier_Hall&oldid=84402215 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Gamble House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamble_House&oldid=86249495 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Garden District, New Orleans]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garden_District%2C_New_Orleans&oldid=68005158 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[General Land Office Building (Austin, Texas)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Land_Office_Building_%28Austin%2C_Texas%29&oldid=85184484 ] | importance= | date=[[November 1]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[George Mason Memorial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Mason_Memorial&oldid=72110971 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[George Washington Birthplace National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument&oldid=86750022 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_Carver_Museum_and_Cultural_Center&oldid=83517951 ] | importance= | date=[[October 24]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[George Washington Memorial Parkway]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway&oldid=82538619 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gettysburg_Battlefield&oldid=86552135 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Giant Sequoia National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giant_Sequoia_National_Monument&oldid=87390775 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument&oldid=87617982 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Girard Public Library]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Girard_Public_Library&oldid=64972869 ] | importance= | date=[[November 17]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria_Dei_%28Old_Swedes%27%29_Church_National_Historic_Site&oldid=87821675 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Golda Meir School]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golda_Meir_School&oldid=85824461 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex&oldid=83118559 ] | importance= | date=[[November 10]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Goodall Wooten House]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodall_Wooten_House&oldid=82634087 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Governors Island]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governors_Island&oldid=87253772 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Graceland]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graceland&oldid=85148918 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Grand Canyon Village, Arizona]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canyon_Village%2C_Arizona&oldid=81118113 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Canyon-Parashant_National_Monument&oldid=87620219 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Grand Opera House (Dubuque, Iowa)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Opera_House_%28Dubuque%2C_Iowa%29&oldid=74781889 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Grand Portage National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Portage_National_Monument&oldid=76407243 ] | importance= | date=[[November 4]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Staircase-Escalante_National_Monument&oldid=87388510 ] | importance= | date=[[November 14]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant-Kohrs_Ranch_National_Historic_Site&oldid=67335116 ] | importance= | date=[[November 16]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Green Pastures (Austin, TX)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Pastures_%28Austin%2C_TX%29&oldid=82469753 ] | importance= | date=[[October 20]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Guardian Building]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guardian_Building&oldid=79502008 ] | importance= | date=[[November 12]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment | page=[[Guilford Courthouse National Military Park]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guilford_Courthouse_National_Military_Park&oldid=85393660 ] | importance= | date=[[November 13]], [[2006]] | class={{Unassessed}} | version= | comments= }}
    +{{assessment footer|seealso=See also: [[:Category:National Register of Historic Places articles by quality|assessed article categories]]. |lastdate=[[November 27]], [[2006]]}}

    -{{India quick links}}
    -
    -== LostBot ==
    -
    -Your bot has been [[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/LostBot|approved for trial]]. Please take a look at that page to make sure you have the most up-to-date instructions and comments. When the trial is completed, post your results to that page so the bot can potentially be approved. -- [[User:Ram-Man|RM]] 04:45, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I have setup the categories that need to be worked on at the [[WP:INAUTO#Non-recurrent_.28unassigned.29|automation department]] page. Pick any of the categories and mark that you are working on it. Choose a category that does not have a workgroup assigned to it. Read through [[User:Kingbotk/Plugin/Generic_WikiProject_templates|Generic WikiProject templates]] on how to setup the plug-in. Remember to uncheck the "Skip non-existing pages" pages on AWB before you start. Let me know if you have any questions. Regards, [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 06:27, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:'''Setting up the article list on AWB''': If you were thinking of using, "Append to Talk", that will not work. Load the list with a category. Right click on the list, and select "Switch to Talk". This will change all article name into their talk pages. Then setup the plug-in settings and start. - [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 06:30, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== LostBot ==
    -
    -Hi Lost, I checked the bot's contributions. It's looking good. Did you set "auto" checkbox, the plug-in will automatically add "class=stub" when applicable. Also mention that the project uses class and importance. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 20:04, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Your bot is approved for automatic use. Goto More options tab, in the Auto mode section, check "Auto save" and select "Delay", 5 secs. That should set the AWB running by itself. Let me know if you have problems. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 04:01, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::Yes that is what it is supposed to do. Basically it letting the human decide whether it is a stub or not. If some one gets around to that talk page, they can decide whether the article is a stub or not. If it is stub, remove the auto=yes and let it be. If it is not a stub, the human will remove the auto=yes parameter and give it a new higher class. Hope that explains. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 06:36, 20 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Thanks!==
    -Thanks for the barnstar. It's your initiative that got you here. Keep up the good work. Hope to see you back to active editing soon. I have completed many of the categories listed at the automation page. We should re-run them every month for adding newly created articles. And we should find more categories to add to that list. They are currently listing only stub-cats. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 17:56, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== DYK barnstar ==
    -
    -Thanks for the barnstar... it is very pleasing for me to be able to contribute in whatever insignificant way to the wikipedia project. I hope to be able to provide many more DYKs on India-related content. Since, I am still a new user, if I make any mistakes please guide me and chide me so that I can correct myself. With humility and respect. --[[User:Antorjal|Antorjal]] 23:48, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Thanks ==
    -
    -Hello bheed me khoye hue! Thanks for the message. I now look forward to your RfA. Do contact me when you need any help. - [[User:Aksi_great|Aksi_great]] ([[User_talk:Aksi_great|talk]]) 11:26, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== thanks! ==
    -
    -[[Image:WikiThanks.png]]
    -
    -When I started my second editor review, I had no idea how greatly helpful it would be to me. Here are people from across the world who I've never met or laid eyes upon, taking their personal time to think about me and offer me valuable criticism and advice. And the stuff I've learnt is more helpful in real life than just on Wikipedia. This is an experiment I will never forget. I thank you most sincerely for your kindness, for helping me be a better person. I am very much in your debt. [[User:Rama's Arrow|'''Rama's arrow''']] 15:47, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -[[Image:WikiThanks.png]]
    -
    -== Re:Advise please ==
    -
    -I have no idea what happening on your screen. Let me write the steps I follow.
    -
    -# File - Login
    -# Load the category in
    -# Right click the list of articles and select "convert to talk pages"
    -# Click Filter
    -# In the special filter box, right click near the namespaces section and select "deselect all"
    -# Check Talk and click apply
    -# I have copied the xml file that I use to [[User:Ganeshk/banner]]. Please copy that to your machine as banner.xml under Settings folder.
    -# File - Load settings and select banner.xml
    -# Check Auto-save
    -# Click the "Start the process" button.
    -
    -I have ask Kingboyk about how the stub process works. In some cases, the plug-in added a Stub-class and did not add auto=yes. Right now just continue with how you are doing.
    -
    -Regards, [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 05:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:I will send the file to you. But let me suggest this. Click Edit on the banner page. Select all (Ctrl+A) the text. And then copy. If you copy on the browser the page, it won't work. You have to get to the edit window. Let me know if this works. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 14:19, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Thanks ==
    -
    -Thank you for the barnstar. [[User:The Silent Contributor|The Silent Contributor]] 16:34, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Thanks! ==
    -
    -Thank you so much for removing the vandalism on my userpage! Heh, you have justified even further that vandalism barnstar I gave you last time ;) -- [[User:FaerieInGrey|FaerieInGrey]] 21:22, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== re:More categories ==
    -
    -Yes. Please add more categories to that list. I am waiting for full support for workgroups before we work on geography related stubs. Meanwhile we should continue to find other stub categories and main catagories to tag. Please do update the automation page with cats you are working on. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 14:35, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -:Don't forget to read my message two sections up about banner.xml. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 14:36, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -::The alternate names is not needed in our case. We started with {{tl|WP India}} and sticked with it. Some projects have moved the banners to other pages. It would be useful for them. No articles should link to the child-project templates. I have discouraged the use of them. I will delete them to make sure no-one uses them. For the signature to show up, go back in the history to a version of page that had pending jobs on them, and copy paste the row into the current ersion. The table needs the row to be formatted a particular way. -- [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 15:53, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Discussion on caste==
    -Your input would be aoppreciated [[Wikipedia_talk:Notice_board_for_India-related_topics#Caste_lists_vs._Caste_cats|on whether lists or cats should be used for caste lists]] on the Indian Noticeboard. [[User:Bakasuprman|Bakaman]] [[User talk:Bakasuprman|Bakatalk]] 01:28, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Sub-cats in AWB ==
    -
    -I asked the same question to Betacommand. He responded in greek/latin. :) May you can figure [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AGaneshk&diff=81267695&oldid=81176347 this] out. Regards, [[User:Ganeshk|Ganeshk]] ([[User talk:Ganeshk|talk]]) 03:01, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
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    + | title = ↑[[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/National Register of Historic Places articles by quality|(up)]]
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    + | previous = ← [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/National Register of Historic Places articles by quality/4|(prev)]]
    + | next = [[Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/National Register of Historic Places articles by quality/6|(next)]] →
    + | shortcut =
    + | notes =
    +}}     2013-03-19 09:12:38 90853397 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2822568]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,205 +1,403 @@\n
    -{{combi}}
    -|{{Venezolanos}}
    -|{{Politics of Venezuela}}
    -|}
    -The '''[[President]] of [[Venezuela]]''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Presidente de Venezuela'') is the English political nomenclature that designates both the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of [[Venezuela]]. The current presidential term is for six years with one possibility of immediate reelection, and with the constitutionally guaranteed recourse of holding a popular recall referendum anytime within the last three years of a presidential term.
    -
    -The designation "President" encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following Venezuela's declaration of independence from [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[imperialism|colonial rule]], which took effect on [[July 5]], [[1811]]. Due to the profound turmoil of the [[South American Wars of Independence]] and the reign of the republic of [[Gran Colombia]] over what is now Venezuela, this designation also effectively excludes heads of state or government in [[Gran Colombia]]; thus [[Simón Bolívar]] is not considered the first president of Venezuela. The list overall only focuses on heads of state governing Venezuela ''after'' Venezuela's separation and declaration of independence from Gran Colombia (in early 1830). The list includes interim caretaker as well as regular serving presidents, and democratically-installed presidents as well as those installed by other means (e.g.; [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]], [[Pedro Carmona Estanga]]).
    -
    -== Comments on presidential ordering ==
    -The first numbering column reflects the uninterrupted time in office served by a single person. For example, [[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]] served two consecutive terms and is counted ''in the first column'' as ''only'' fourteenth president (and ''not'' the fourteenth and fifteenth). Because of this numbering, the list below contains 61 distinct presidencies, but a fewer number of distinct individual presidents. Many of the men listed below became President on a ''provisional'' basis as they waited for the arrival of the elected or regular president, such as commonly occurs in the aftermath of a [[civil war]], [[rebellion]], or [[coup d'état]]. As a consequence, other Venezuelan presidential rosters may not choose to include the 61 terms below, citing the extreme brevity of certain terms, unusual circumstances that may have surrounded a president's ascendancy into office, and other factors. The most common listing criteria create a traditionally recognized list of 53 distinct presidential terms. This alternate listing system is displayed in the ''third'' column of the table below. The colors shaded about each president indicate the political party affiliation of each President (''see key, below'').
    -
    -== List of Presidents of Venezuela ==
    -
    -{| style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%;"
    -! '''Key:'''
    -| bgcolor="#ffcccc" | [[Movement for the Fifth Republic]]
    ''(Movimiento V República)''
    -| bgcolor="#ffffcc" | [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
    -| bgcolor="#ccffcc" | [[Military dictatorship|Military government]]
    -| bgcolor="#ccffff" | [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
    ''(Acción Democrática)''
    -
    -| bgcolor="#ccccff" | [[COPEI]]
    ''(COPEI — Partido Social Cristiano de Venezuela)''
    -|}
    -
    -{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="margin-left:30px; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:80%; line-height:normal"
    -|-align="center" bgcolor="#e6e9ff"
    -!#
    (unique)!!#
    (all)!!#
    (selected all)!!!!President!!Dates in office!!Form of entry!!Occupation
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|1||1||1||[[Image:Jose Antonio Paez.jpeg.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Antonio Páez]]'''||1830-1835||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|2||2||2||[[Image:José María Vargas.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José María Vargas]]'''||1835-1836||Indirect elections||Physician
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|3||3||3||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[Andrés Navarte]]'''||1836-1837||Interim caretaker||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|4||4||4||[[Image:PresidenteJoseMariaCarreno.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José María Carreño]]'''||1837-1837||Interim caretaker||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|5||5||5||[[Image:PresidenteCarlosSoublette.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Carlos Soublette]]'''||1837-1839||Interim caretaker||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|6||6||6||[[Image:Jose Antonio Paez.jpeg.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Antonio Páez]]'''||1839-1843||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|7||7||7||[[Image:PresidenteCarlosSoublette.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Carlos Soublette]]'''||1843-1847||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|8||8||8||[[Image:PresidenteJoseTadeoMonagas.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Tadeo Monagas]]'''||1847-1851||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|9||9||9||[[Image:JoseGregorioMonagas.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Gregorio Monagas]]'''||1851-1855||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|10||10||10||[[Image:PresidenteJoseTadeoMonagas.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Tadeo Monagas]]'''||1855-1858||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|11||11||—||[[Image:Pedrogual.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Pedro Gual Escandon]]'''||1858-1858||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|12||12||11||[[Image:Juliancastro.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Julián Castro]]'''||1858-1859||Coup d'état||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|13||13||—||[[Image:Pedrogual.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Pedro Gual Escandon]]'''||1859-1859||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|14||14||12||[[Image:PresidenteManuelFelipeTovar.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Manuel Felipe Tovar]]'''||1859-1861||Coup d'état (first term);
    direct elections (second term)||Politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|15||15||—||[[Image:Pedrogual.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Pedro Gual Escandon]]'''||1861-1861||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|16||16||13||[[Image:Jose Antonio Paez.jpeg.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Antonio Páez]]'''||1861-1863||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|17||17||14||[[Image:PresidenteJuanCrisostomoFalcon.gif|50px]]||'''[[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]]'''||1863 - 1865||Victory in the Federal War (first term)||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|17||18||15||[[Image:PresidenteJuanCrisostomoFalcon.gif|50px]]||'''[[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]]'''||1865 - April 1868||Indirect elections (second term)||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|18||19||—||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual]]'''||1868-1868||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|19||20||—||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]''' || 1868-1868||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|20||21||16||[[Image:PresidenteJoseRupertoMonagas.jpg|50px]]||'''[[José Ruperto Monagas]]'''||1868-1870||Revolution||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|21||22||—||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]'''||1870-1870||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|22||23||17||[[Image:PresidenteGuzmanBlanco.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]'''||1870-1877||Revolution (first term)||Lawyer / Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|22||24||18||[[Image:PresidenteGuzmanBlanco.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]'''||1870-1877||Indirect elections (second term)||Lawyer / Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|23||25||19||[[Image:PresidenteLinaresAlcantara.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Francisco Linares Alcántara]]'''||1877-1878||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|24||26||—||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[José Gregorio Varela]]'''||1878-1878||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|25||27||20||[[Image:PresidenteGuzmanBlanco.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]'''||1879-1880||Election by the Federal States||Lawyer / Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|25||28||21||[[Image:PresidenteGuzmanBlanco.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]'''||1880-1882||Election by the Federal States||Lawyer / Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|25||29||22||[[Image:PresidenteGuzmanBlanco.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]'''||1882-1884||Election by the Federal States||Lawyer / Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|26||30||23||[[Image:JoaquinCrespo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Joaquín Crespo|Joaquín Sinforiano de Jesús Crespo]]'''||1884-1886||Elections by the Federal States||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|27||31||24||[[Image:PresidenteGuzmanBlanco.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]'''||1886-1887||Elections by the Federal States||Lawyer / Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|28||32||25||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[Hermógenes López]]'''||1887 - 1888||Intermin caretaker||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|29||33||26||[[Image:Rojapaul.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl]]'''||1888 - 1890||Elections by the Federal States||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|30||34||27||[[Image:Presidente Raimundo Andueza.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Raimundo Andueza Palacios]]'''||1890-1892||Elections by the Federal States||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|31||35||—||[[Image:Venezuela coat of arms.png|50px]]||'''[[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]'''||1892-1892||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|32||36||28||[[Image:JoaquinCrespo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Joaquín Crespo|Joaquín Sinforiano de Jesús Crespo]]'''||1892-1894||Revolution||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|32||37||29||[[Image:JoaquinCrespo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Joaquín Crespo|Joaquín Sinforiano de Jesús Crespo]]'''||1894-1898||Revolution||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|33||38||30||[[Image:PresidenteIgnacioAndrade.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Ignacio Andrade]]'''||1898-1899||Direct elections||Politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|34||39||31||[[Image:PresidenteCiprianoCastro.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Cipriano Castro|Cipriano Castro Ruiz]]'''||1899-1908||Revolution||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|35||40||32||[[Image:Juan Vicente Gómez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Juan Vicente Gómez]]'''||1908-1914||Coup d'état||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|36||41||—||[[Image:PresidenteVictorinoMarquezBustillos.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Victorino Márquez Bustillos]]'''||1915-1922||Appointed provisional presidentBustillos was appointed to the presidency in a provisional fashion after Juan Vicente Gómez, after himself being elected (by the National Assembly) as president. Gómez opted not to assume the presidency, instead choosing to continue in the role of directing the Venezuelan army.||Lawyer / politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|37||42||32||[[Image:Juan Vicente Gómez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Juan Vicente Gómez]]'''||1922-1929||—||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|38||43||—||[[Image:Juan Bautista Pérez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Juan Bautista Pérez]]'''||[[30 May]] [[1929]] - [[13 June]] [[1931]]||Indirect election by the National Assembly||Lawyer / magistrate
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|39||44||32||[[Image:Juan Vicente Gómez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Juan Vicente Gómez]]'''||1931-1935||Indirect election by the National Assembly||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|40||45||33||[[Image:PresidenteEleazarLopez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Eleazar López Contreras]]'''||1935-1936||Interim caretaker (first term)||—
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|40||46||34||[[Image:PresidenteEleazarLopez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Eleazar López Contreras]]'''||1936-1941||Indirect elections (second term)||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|41||47||35||[[Image:PresidenteIsaiasMedinaAngarita1.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Isaías Medina Angarita]]'''||1941-1945||Indirect elections||Military general
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffff
    -|42||48||36||[[Image:Rómulo Betancourt.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Rómulo Betancourt|Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello]]'''||1945-1948||Coup d'état||Politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|43||49||37||[[Image:PresidenteRomuloGallegos1.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Rómulo Gallegos|Rómulo Gallegos Freire]]'''||1948-1948||Direct elections||Writer / Novelist
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|44||50||38||[[Image:PresidenteDelgadoChalbaud.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]]''' || 1948-1950||Coup d'état||Military officer
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|45||51||39||[[Image:Germansuarezflam.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Germán Suárez Flamerich]]'''||1950-1952||Interim caretaker||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|46||52||40||[[Image:Perez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]'''||1952-1958||Indirect elections||Military officer
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|47||53||41||[[Image:Wolfgang Larrazábal.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Wolfgang Larrazábal]]'''||1958-1959||Coup d'état||Rear admiral
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|48||54||42||[[Image:Edgar Sanabria.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Edgar Sanabria]]'''||1959-1959||Interim caretaker||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffff
    -|49||55||43||[[Image:Rómulo Betancourt.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Rómulo Betancourt|Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello]]'''||1959-1964||Direct elections||Politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffff
    -|50||56||44||[[Image:PresidenteRaulLeoni.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Raúl Leoni|Raúl Leoni Otero]]'''||1964-1969||Direct elections||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ccccff
    -|51||57||45||[[Image:Rafael Caldera 1.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Rafael Caldera|Rafael Caldera Rodríguez]]'''||1969-1974||Direct elections||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffff
    -|52||58||46||[[Image:PresidenteCarlosAndresPerez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Carlos Andrés Pérez|Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez]]'''||1974-1979||Direct elections||Politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ccccff
    -|53||59||47||[[Image:LuisHerreraCampins.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Luis Herrera Campins]]'''||1979-1984||Direct elections||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffff
    -|54||60||48||[[Image:PresidenteJaimeLusinchi.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Jaime Lusinchi]]'''||1984-1989||Direct elections||Physician
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffff
    -|55||61||49||[[Image:PresidenteCarlosAndresPerez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Carlos Andrés Pérez|Carlos Andrés Pérez Rodríguez]]On [[May 21]] [[1993]] Pérez resigned after being accused of corruption by the Attorney General. President of Congress Octavio Lepage was in charge of the government until Ramón J. Velásquez was elected by Congress on [[June 4]], [[1993]].||1989-1993||Direct elections||Politician
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|56||62||50||[[Image:PresidenteRamonVelasquez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Ramón José Velásquez]]'''||1993-1994||Interim president||Writer
    -|- bgcolor=#ffffcc
    -|57||63||51||[[Image:Rafael Caldera 1.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Rafael Caldera|Rafael Caldera Rodríguez]]'''||[[1994]] - [[2 February]] [[1999]]||Direct elections||Lawyer
    -|- bgcolor=#ffcccc
    -|58||64||52||[[Image:PresidenteHugoChavez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías]]On [[April 11]], [[2002]], senior military officers refused Chávez's orders to carry out [[Plan Ávila]]. They arrested Chávez, saying he had resigned, and [[Pedro Carmona Estanga]] assumed the presidency. Following an uprising, aided by sectors of the military loyal to Chávez, the new government collapsed and Chávez was restored to power early on [[April 15]] [[2002]]. Between the deposing of Carmona and the return of Chávez, Vice President Diosdado Cabello assumed the presidency.||[[2 February]] [[1999]] - [[11 April]] [[2002]]||Direct elections||Military officer
    (Lt. colonel)
    -|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
    -|59||65||—||[[Image:Carmonaestanga.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Pedro Carmona|Pedro Carmona Estanga]]'''
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927599.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927322.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1926185.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927678.stm
    -||[[11 April]] [[2002]]-
    [[13 April]] [[2002]]
    (2 days)||Coup d'état||Businessman
    -|- bgcolor=#ffcccc
    -|60||66||—||[[Image:PresidenteDiosdadoCabello.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Diosdado Cabello|Diosdado Cabello Rondón ]]'''||[[13 April]] [[2002]] - [[13 April]] [[2002]]
    (several hours)||Interim caretaker||Engineer
    -|- bgcolor=#ffcccc
    -|61||67||53||[[Image:PresidenteHugoChavez.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Hugo Chávez|Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías]]'''||[[13 April]] [[2002]] - [[present (time)|present]]||Direct elections||Military officer
    (Lt. colonel)
    -|}
    -
    -== Notes ==
    -
    -
    -== See also ==
    -* [[Politics of Venezuela]]
    -* [[History of Venezuela]]
    -* [[Venezuelan presidential election, 2000]]
    -* [[lists of incumbents]]
    -* [[Politics]]
    -* [[Portal:Politics|(''Politics Portal'')]]
    -* [[Portal:Venezuela|(''Venezuela Portal'')]]
    -
    -== External link ==
    -* http://www.venezuela.gov.ve/ Official portal for the President
    -
    -== References ==
    -* {{es_icon}} [http://www.gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/venezuela/perfil_historia4.html Nuestros Presidentes] — Official government portal for presidential biographies.
    -* {{es_icon}} [http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Sandbar/2848/gobierno.htm Jefes de Estado de Venezuela]
    -* {{es_icon}} [http://web.archive.org/web/20041125054103/http://www.ucab.edu.ve/estudiantes/venezuela/geoehist/historia/presiden.htm Cuadro de Presidentes Venezolanos]
    -* {{es_icon}} [http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/presidentes.html Presidentes y jefes de Gobierno]
    -* {{es_icon}} [http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/presi_fuen.html Comentarios sobre la Lista de Presidentes]
    -
    -{{VEpresidents}}
    -{{Topics related to Venezuela}}
    -
    -{{Featured list}}
    -
    -[[Category:Lists of office-holders|Venezuela, List of Presidents of]]
    -[[Category:Presidents of Venezuela|*List]]
    -[[Category:Venezuela-related lists|P]]
    -
    -[[ca:Llista de governants de Veneçuela]]
    -[[de:Liste der Staatspräsidenten von Venezuela]]
    -[[es:Presidente de Venezuela]]
    -[[fr:Liste des présidents du Venezuela]]
    -[[id:Presiden Venezuela]]
    -[[it:Presidenti del Venezuela]]
    -[[lv:Venecuēlas prezidenti]]
    -[[pl:Prezydenci Wenezueli]]
    -[[pt:Presidentes da Venezuela]]
    -[[ru:Список президентов Венесуэлы]]
    -[[zh:委內瑞拉總統]]
    +{{sprotected2}}
    +{{tocright}}
    +
    +This is a list of every person employed by and/or contracted to '''[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]''', including its developmental territories [[Ohio Valley Wrestling]] and [[Deep South Wrestling, LLC]]. This is with the exception to the wrestlers who make "special appearances".
    +
    +==Main rosters==
    +===[[WWE Raw|Raw brand]]===
    +====Male wrestlers====
    +*[[Shelton Benjamin]]
    +*[[Lance Cade]]
    +*[[Carly Colón|Carlito (Carlos Colón, Jr.)]]
    +*[[John Cena]]
    +*[[Rob Conway]]
    +*[[Jim Duggan|"Hacksaw" Jim Duggan]]
    +*[[Adam Copeland|Edge (Adam Copeland)]]
    +*[[Nick Dinsmore|Eugene (Nick Dinsmore)]]
    +*[[Shad Gaspard]]
    +*[[Charlie Haas]]
    +*[[Jeff Hardy]]
    +*[[Johnny Jeter|Johnny (Johnny Jeter)]]
    +*[[Jayson Paul|JTG (Jayson Paul)]]
    +*[[Ken Doane|Kenny (Ken Doane)]]
    +*[[Chris Mordetsky|Chris Masters (Chris Mordetsky)]]
    +*[[Robbie McAllister|Robbie McAllister (Derek Graham-Couch)]]
    +*[[Rory McAllister|Rory McAllister (Russell Murray)]]
    +*[[Shawn Michaels|Shawn Michaels (Michael Hickenbottom)]]
    +*[[Michael Brendli|Mikey (Michael Brendli)]]
    +*[[Nick Mitchell|Mitch (Nick Mitchell)]]
    +*[[Trevor Rhodes|Trevor Murdoch (Trevor Rhodes)]]
    +*[[Nick Nemeth|Nicky (Nick Nemeth)]]
    +*[[John Hennigan|Johnny Nitro (John Hennigan)]]
    +*[[Randy Orton]]
    +*[[Gene Snitsky|(Gene) Snitsky (Eugene Snisky)]]
    +*[[Super Crazy|Super Crazy (Francisco Pantoja Islas)]]
    +*[[Triple H|Triple H (Paul Levesque)]]
    +*[[Eddie Fatu|Umaga (Eddie Fatu)]]
    +*[[Sean Morley|Val Venis (Sean Morley)]]
    +*[[Nelson Frazier, Jr.|Viscera (Nelson Frazier, Jr.)]]
    +
    +====Female wrestlers====
    +*[[Mickie James]]
    +*[[Maria Kanellis|Maria (Maria Kanellis)]] - ''Also an interviewer''
    +*[[Melina Perez|Melina (Melina Perez)]] - ''On-screen girlfriend and valet of Johnny Nitro''
    +*[[Lisa Marie Varon|Victoria (Lisa Marie Varon)]]
    +*[[Torrie Wilson |Torrie Wilson (Torrie Gruner)]]
    +
    +====Referees====
    +*[[Mike Chioda]]
    +*[[Jack Doan]]
    +*[[Chad Patton]]
    +*[[Marty Rubalcaba]]
    +
    +====Other on-air talent====
    +*[[Jonathan Coachman]] - ''Executive Assistant for Vince McMahon and occasional wrestler''
    +*[[Hazem Ali|Armando Alejandro Estrada (Hazem Ali)]] - ''Manager for Umaga''
    +*[[Lilian Garcia]] - ''Ring announcer''
    +*[[Todd Grisham]] - ''Backstage interviewer and ring announcer''
    +*[[Jerry Lawler|Jerry "The King" Lawler]] - ''Color commentator for Raw and occasional wrestler''
    +*[[Vince McMahon]] - ''WWE Chairman, Interim General Manager for Raw and occasional wrestler''
    +*[[Jim Ross]] - ''Play-by-play commentator for Raw and Executive Vice President of Business Strategies''
    +
    +====Inactive Talent====
    +*[[Ric Flair|Ric Flair (Richard Fliehr)]] - ''[[Kayfabe]] injured; taking time away for divorce proceedings''
    +*[[Roddy Piper|'Rowdy' Roddy Piper]] - ''diagnosed with cancer; out for 8 weeks.''
    +*[[Candice Michelle|Candice Michelle (Candice Beckman)]] - ''Broken nose''
    +
    +====Stables and Tag Teams====
    +*[[Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch]]
    +*'''[[Cryme Tyme]]''' ([[Shad Gaspard]] & [[Jayson Paul|JTG]])
    +*'''[[D-Generation X]]''' ([[Shawn Michaels]] & [[Triple H]])
    +*[[Charlie Haas]] & [[Nelson Frazier, Jr.|Viscera]]
    +*[[The Highlanders (professional wrestling)|'''The Highlanders''' (Robbie McAllister and Rory McAllister)]]
    +*'''[[Rated RKO]]''' ([[Adam Copeland|Edge]] & [[Randy Orton]])
    +*'''[[Spirit Squad]]''' ([[Ken Doane|Kenny]], [[Johnny Jeter|Johnny]], [[Nick Mitchell|Mitch]], [[Nick Nemeth|Nicky]] and [[Michael Brendli|Mikey]])
    +
    +===[[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown! brand]]===
    +====Male wrestlers====
    +*[[Dave Batista|Batista (Dave Bautista)]]
    +*[[Marty Wright|The Boogeyman (Marty Wright)]]
    +*[[Chris Benoit]]
    +*[[Dave Finlay|Finlay (Dave Finlay)]]
    +*[[Shoichi Funaki|Funaki (Shoichi Funaki)]]
    +*[[Chavo Guerrero, Jr.|Chavo Guerrero (Salvador Guerrero III)]]
    +*[[Matt Hardy]]
    +*[[Gregory Helms]]
    +*[[Aaron Stevens (wrestler)|Idol Stevens (Aaron Stevens)]]
    +*[[Kasey James|K.C. James (Kurt Sellers)]]
    +*[[Glen Jacobs|Kane (Glen Jacobs)]]
    +*[[Brian Kendrick]]
    +*[[Ken Anderson (wrestler)|Mr. (Ken) Kennedy (Ken Anderson)]]
    +*[[Booker Huffman|King Booker (Booker Huffman)]]
    +*[[Paul London]]
    +*[[Mike Mizanin|Mike "The Miz" Mizanin]]
    +*[[Jamie Noble|Jamie Noble (James Howard or James Gibson)]]
    +*[[Antonio Banks|Montel Vontavious Porter (Antonio Banks)]]
    +*[[Darren Matthews|William Regal (Darren Matthews)]]
    +*[[Scott Garland|Scotty 2 Hotty (Scott Garland)]]
    +*[[Sylvain Grenier|Sylvan (Sylvain Grenier)]]
    +*[[Chris Chavis|Tatanka (Chris Chavis)]]
    +*[[The Undertaker|The Undertaker (Mark Calaway)]]
    +*[[Vito LoGrasso|Vito (Vito LoGrasso)]]
    +*[[James Yun|Jimmy Wang Yang (James Yun)]]
    +
    +====Female wrestlers====
    +*[[Layla El]]
    +*[[Jillian Hall]]
    +*[[Kristal Marshall]]
    +*[[Ashley Massaro]] -''Valet of Brian Kendrick and Paul London''
    +
    +====Referees====
    +*[[Chris Kay]]
    +*[[Jim Korderas]]
    +*[[Nick Hamilton|Nick Patrick (Nick Hamilton)]]
    +*[[Charles Robinson (referee)|Charles Robinson]]
    +
    +====Other on-air talent====
    +*[[Tony Chimel]] - ''Ring announcer''
    +*[[Michael Cole|Michael Cole (Michael Sean Coulthard)]] - ''Play-by-play commentator for SmackDown! and Managing Editor of WWE.com''
    +*[[Vickie Guerrero]] - ''Manager of Chavo Guerrero; non contracted''
    +*[[John Layfield|John "Bradshaw" Layfield]] - ''Color commentator for SmackDown!''
    +*[[Dylan Postl|Little Bastard (Dylan Postl)]] - ''Sidekick of Finlay''
    +*[[Theodore Long]] - ''General Manager''
    +*[[Josh Lomberger|Josh Mathews (Josh Lomberger)]] - ''Interviewer, host of "WWE Experience"''
    +*[[Sharmell Sullivan|Queen Sharmell (Sharmell Sullivan-Huffman)]] - ''Valet and wife of King Booker''
    +*[[Todd Romero|Steve Romero (Todd Romero)]] - ''Interviewer''
    +*[[David Taylor (wrestler)|Dave Taylor]] - ''Accompanying Regal to the ring, unable to wrestle due to injury''
    +*[[Amy Zidian]] -''Valet of Jimmy Wang Yang''.
    +
    +====Inactive talent====
    +*[[Mark Henry]] - ''Tore patella tendon completely off the bone and split his patella in two at [[WWE Saturday Night's Main Event|SNME]], out for about 3 more months.''
    +*[[Michelle McCool]] - ''Suffering from an enlarged kidney and an [[electrolyte imbalance]] and a fractured sternum''
    +
    +====Stables and Tag Teams====
    +*[[Shoichi Funaki|Funaki]] & [[Scott Garland|Scotty 2 Hotty]]
    +*[[Paul London and Brian Kendrick]] with [[Ashley Massaro]]
    +*'''[[Teacher's pets|The Teacher's Pets]]''' ([[Kasey James|K.C. James]] & [[Aaron Stevens (wrestler)|Idol Stevens]]) with [[Michelle McCool]]
    +
    +===[[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|ECW brand]]===
    +====Male wrestlers====
    +*[[Paul Wight|The Big Show (Paul Wight)]]
    +*[[Elijah Burke]]
    +*[[CM Punk|CM Punk (Phil Brooks)]]
    +*[[Shawn Daivari|Daivari (Shawn Daivari)]]
    +*[[Danny Doring|Danny Doring (Dan Morrison)]]
    +*[[Tommy Dreamer|Tommy Dreamer (Tom Laughlin)]]
    +*[[René Goguen|René Duprée (René Goguen)]]
    +*[[Dalip Singh|The Great Khali (Dalip Singh)]]
    +*[[Bob Holly|Hardcore Holly (Bob Howard)]]
    +*[[Mike Knox|Mike Knox (Mike Hettinga)]]
    +*[[Franklin Lashley|Bobby Lashley (Franklin Lashley)]]
    +*[[James Maritato|Little Guido Maritato (James Maritato)]]
    +*[[Balls Mahoney|Balls Mahoney (Jonathan Rechner)]]
    +*[[Charles John Spencer|Tony Mamaluke (Charles Spencer)]]
    +*[[Shannon Moore]]
    +*[[Stevie Richards|Stevie Richards (Michael Manna)]]
    +*[[Sabu (wrestler)|Sabu (Terry Brunk)]] - ''also has Legends contract''
    +*[[Jim Fullington|The Sandman (Jim Fullington)]]
    +*[[Al Snow|Al Snow (Allen Sarven)]]
    +*[[Matthew Kaye|Matt Striker (Matthew Kaye)]]
    +*[[Sylvester Terkay]]
    +*[[Andrew "Test" Martin|Test (Andrew Martin)]]
    +*[[Kevin Fertig|Kevin Thorn (Kevin Fertig)]]
    +*[[Rob Van Dam|Rob Van Dam (Rob Szatkowski)]]
    +
    +====Referees====
    +*[[Scott Armstrong|Scott Armstrong (Joseph James Jr.)]]
    +*[[Mickie Henson]]
    +*[[Dewey Larson]]
    +*[[Mike Posey]]
    +
    +====Other on-air talent====
    +*[[Shelly Martinez|Ariel (Shelly Martinez)]] ''Valet and on-screen girlfriend of Kevin Thorn''
    +*[[Doug Basham]] - ''Heyman's security''
    +*[[Rebecca DiPietro]] - ''Backstage interviewer''
    +*[[Paul Heyman]] - ''Representative for ECW''
    +*[[Barbie Blank|Kelly Kelly (Barbie Blank)]] - ''Valet and on-screen girlfriend of Mike Knox''
    +*[[Derek Neikirk]] - ''Heyman's security''
    +*[[Justin Roberts]] - ''Ring announcer''
    +*[[Joey Styles|Joey Styles (Joseph Bonsignore)]] - ''Play-by-play commentator''
    +*[[Tazz|Tazz (Peter Senerchia)]] - ''Color commentator''
    +*[[Stephanie Finochio|Trinity (Stephanie Finochio)]] - ''Valet of the F.B.I''
    +
    +====Inactive talent====
    +*[[C.W. Anderson|Christopher W. Anderson (Chris Wright)]] - ''Back injury''
    +*[[Brad Armstrong|Brad Armstrong (Brad James)]] - ''Wrestling at house shows''
    +*[[Danny Holly|Danny Basham (Danny Holly)]] - ''Torn biceps, out until April 2007''
    +*[[David Heath (wrestler)|Gangrel (David Heath)]] - ''Wrestling at house shows''
    +*[[Carlene Begnaud|Jazz (Carlene Begnaud)]] - ''Wrestling at house shows''
    +*[[Rodney Begnaud|Rodney Mack (Rodney Begnaud)]] - ''Wrestling at house shows''
    +*[[Eric Perez]] - ''Wrestling at house shows''
    +
    +====Stables and Tag Teams====
    +*[[Elijah Burke]] & [[Sylvester Terkay]]
    +*[[Shawn Daivari|Daivari]] & [[Dalip Singh|The Great Khali]]
    +*'''[[Full Blooded Italians|The F.B.I.]]''' ([[James Maritato|Little Guido Maritato]] & [[Charles John Spencer|Tony Mamaluke]] with [[Stephanie Finochio|Trinity]])
    +*'''Heyman's Personal Enforcers''' ([[Doug Basham]] & [[Derek Neikirk]]) with [[Paul Heyman]]
    +
    +==Developmental territory rosters==
    +===Ohio Valley Wrestling===
    +{{main|Ohio Valley Wrestling roster}}
    +====Male wrestlers====
    +*[[Anthony Carelli|Boris Alexiev (Anthony Carelli)]]
    +*[[Jon Bolen]]
    +*[[Michael Depoli|Braddock (Michael Depoli)]]
    +*[[Gregg Groothuis|Jack Bull (Gregg Groothuis)]]
    +*[[Paul Burchill|Paul Burchill (Paul Birchall)]]
    +*[[Chet Jablonski|Chet the Jett (Chet Jablonski)]]
    +*[[Cliff Compton|"Domino" Cliff Compton]]
    +*[[Devin Driscoll]]
    +*[[Ryan Wilson|Jacob Duncan (Ryan Wilson)]]
    +*[[Charles Evans (wrestler)|Charles "The Hammer" Evans]]
    +*[[Mike Kruel]]
    +*[[Steven Lewington]]
    +*[[Joey Mercury|Joey Mercury (Adam Birch)]]
    +*[[Shawn Osbourne]]
    +*[[Oleg Prudius]]
    +*[[Jeff Velocci|Mason Raige (Jeff Velocci)]]
    +*[[Ryan Reeves]]
    +*[[Chris Rombola]]
    +*[[Cody Runnels]]
    +*[[Jimmy Snuka, Jr.|Deuce Shade (James Reiher, Jr.)]]
    +*[[Seth Skyfire|Seth Skyfire (Steve Adkins)]]
    +*[[Ronnie Arniell|Shawn Spears (Ronnie Arniell)]]
    +*[[Tommy Suede]]
    +
    +====Female wrestlers====
    +*[[Kara Drew|Cherry (Kara Drew)]] - ''valet of Cody Runnels & Shawn Spears''
    +*[[Katarina Waters|Katie Lea (Katarina Waters)]]
    +*[[Beth Phoenix|Beth Phoenix (Elizabeth Carolan)]]
    +*[[Victoria Crawford|Tori (Victoria Crawford)]]
    +
    +====Other on-air talent====
    +*[[Maryse Ouellet]] - ''Appears on the front row at the OVW TV Tapings''
    +*[[Jayse Castillo|Jason Phoenix (Jayse Castillo-Vachell)]] - ''works backstage; also appears in backstage segments''
    +*[[Milena Roucka]] - ''Appears on the front row at the OVW TV Tapings''
    +
    +====Inactive talent====
    +*[[Matt Cappotelli]] - ''diagnosed with a [[brain tumor]]''
    +*[[Claudio Castagnoli]] - ''signed developmental contract''
    +
    +===Deep South Wrestling===
    +{{main|Deep South Wrestling, LLC roster}}
    +====Male wrestlers====
    +*[[Drew Hankinson|The Freakin' Deacon (Drew Hankinson)]]
    +*[[Ray Gordy]]
    +*[[Jake Hager]]
    +*[[David Heath (wrestler)|David Heath]]
    +*[[Brad Bradley|Bradley Jay (Brad Bradley)]]
    +*[[Matt Cardona|Brett Majors (Matt Cardona)]]
    +*[[Brian Myers|Brian Majors (Brian Myers)]]
    +*[[Derek Neikirk]]
    +*[[Mike Shane|Jake (Mike Shane)]]
    +*[[Todd Shane|Jesse (Todd Shane)]]
    +*[[Ryan O'Reilly (wrestler)|Ryan O'Reilly]]
    +*[[Daniel Rodimer]]
    +*[[Tony Stradlin|Tony Santarelli (Tony Stradlin)]]
    +*[[Sonny Siaki]]
    +*[[Damien Steele]]
    +*[[Mike Taylor (wrestler)|Mike Taylor (Mike Sharrer)]]
    +
    +====Female wrestlers====
    +*[[Shantelle Taylor|Shantelle Taylor (Shantelle Malawski)]]
    +*[[Tracy Taylor|Tracy Taylor (Tracy Sharrer)]] - ''Valet of High Impact''
    +*[[Kristin Eubanks|Krissy Vaine (Kristin Eubanks)]] - ''General Manager''
    +*[[Angel Williams]] - ''Valet of the Gymini''
    +
    +====Other on-air talent====
    +*[[William DeMott|Bill DeMott (William DeMott)]] - ''commentator and trainer''
    +*[[Kevin Keenan]] - ''referee''
    +
    +====Inactive talent====
    +*[[Robert Anthony|Egotistico Fantastico (Robert Anthony)]] - ''signed developmental contract''
    +*[[Keith Walker|Mike Venom (Keith Walker)]] - ''signed developmental contract''
    +
    +==Unassigned talent==
    +*[[Charles Skaggs|2 Cold Scorpio (Charles Skaggs)]]
    +*[[Afa Anoa'i, Jr.]]
    +*[[Monty Brown]]
    +*[[Eddie Colón]]
    +*[[Mark Canterbury|Henry O. Godwinn (Mark Canterbury)]]
    +*[[Marty Jannetty|Marty Jannetty (Frederick Oakes)]]
    +*[[Rey Mysterio]] - ''Out with knee injury, Surgery completed, 3-4 Month recovery was forced off SmackDown! due to the stipulation of the I Quit Match''
    +*[[Chuck Palumbo]]
    +*[[Harry Smith (wrestler)|Harry Smith]] - ''working Raw brand dark matches and house shows''
    +*[[T.J. Wilson]]
    +
    +==Others==
    +====Creative team====
    +*Court Bauer
    +*[[Gerald Brisco]]
    +*John Carle
    +*[[Christopher DeJoseph]]
    +*Dan Garza
    +*Brian Gewirtz
    +*Andrew Goldstein
    +*[[Michael Hayes (wrestler)|Michael Hayes (Michael Seitz)]]
    +*Dave Kapoor
    +*Ed Koskey
    +*David Lagana
    +*[[Stephanie McMahon-Levesque]] - ''Senior Vice President of Creative Writing''
    +*[[Pat Patterson|Pat Patterson (Pierre Clemont)]]
    +*[[Bruce Prichard|Bruce Pritchard]]
    +*[[Dusty Rhodes (wrestler)|Dusty Rhodes (Virgil Runnels, Jr.)]]
    +*Pantelis Ypsilantis
    +
    +====Trainers and "producers"====
    +*[[Arn Anderson|Arn Anderson (Martin Lunde)]]
    +*Chris Brannan
    +*[[Brooklyn Brawler|Brooklyn Brawler (Steve Lombardi)]]
    +*Jason Crivello
    +*[[Anthony Garcia|Tony Garea (Anthony Garcia)]]
    +*Barry Hatch
    +*Larry Heck
    +*[[Steve Keirn]]
    +*[[Jack Lanza|Blackjack Lanza (Jack Lanza)]]
    +*[[Dean Malenko|Dean Malenko (Dean Simon)]]
    +*[[Mike Rotunda]]
    +*[[Ricky Steamboat|Ricky "The Dragon" Steamboat (Richard Blood)]]
    +*[[Sgt. Slaughter|Sgt. Slaughter (Robert Remus)]]
    +*[[David Taylor (wrestler)|Dave Taylor]]
    +*[[Tim White (wrestling)|Tim White]]
    +
    +===Others===
    +*Sue Aitchison - ''Manager of community relations''
    +*[[Stone Cold Steve Austin|"Stone Cold" Steve Austin (Steve Williams)]] - ''WWE Films contract and occasional appearances''
    +*Thomas Barreca - ''Executive Vice President of WWE Enterprises''
    +*Jayson Bernstein - ''Director of Corporate Communications''
    +*[[Eric Bischoff]] - ''Occasional appearances''
    +*Robert A. Bowman - ''Member of the Board of Directors''
    +*Dorothy Brill - ''Senior Vice President of Human Resources''
    +*[[Mike Bucci]] - ''Talent Development Manager''
    +*[[Carlos Cabrera]] - ''Spanish commentator''
    +*Chris Chambers - ''Senior Vice President of Interactive media''
    +*Peter Clifford - ''Vice President of Affiliate Sales''
    +*Edward S. Cohen – ''Executive Vice President''
    +*[[Lou D'Angeli]] - ''Director of Live Events for ECW''
    +*Kristi D'Aliso – ''Promotions manager''
    +*Gary Davis - ''Director of WWE Smackdown Your Vote!''
    +*Carl Demarco - ''President of WWE Canada''
    +*[[Basil DeVito]] – ''Director of Marketing Initiatives''
    +*Pete DiNicola - ''COO, Senior Vice President''
    +*[[Darren Drozdov]] - ''Co-host of WWE Byte This! and wwe.com reporter''
    +*[[Kevin Dunn (WWE)|Kevin Dunn]] - ''Executive Vice President of Television Production & Executive Producer''
    +*[[The Fabulous Moolah|The Fabulous Moolah (Lillian Ellison)]] - ''Occasional appearances''
    +*[[Howard Finkel]] - ''works backstage; part-time announcer''
    +*[[Mick Foley]] - ''occasional appearances''
    +*Donna Goldsmith - ''Senior Vice President of Consumer Products''
    +*[[Jim Morris (wrestler)|Hillbilly Jim (Jim Morris)]] - ''Public relations''
    +*[[Jim Johnston (composer)|Jim Johnston]] - ''Music Director''
    +*[[Jim Harris (wrestler)|Kamala (Jim Harris)]] - ''Occasional appearances''
    +*Edward Kaufman - ''Executive Vice President and General Counsel''
    +*David Kenin - ''Member of the Board of Directors''
    +*[[John Laurinaitis]] - ''Vice President of Talent Relations''
    +*Neil Lawi - ''General Manager of WWE music group''
    +*Dan Levi - ''Senior Vice President of Marketing''
    +*[[Marissa Mazzola-McMahon]] - ''Director of National Public Relations''
    +*[[Linda McMahon]] - ''CEO''
    +*[[Shane McMahon]] - ''Executive Vice President of Global Media, Head of Media Relations Department''
    +*Heather Mitchel - ''Producer''
    +*[[Christopher Nowinski]] - ''Public relations''
    +*[[Gene Okerlund|"Mean" Gene Okerlund]] - ''Part-time interviewer''
    +*Joseph Perkins - 'Member of the Board of Directors''
    +*[[Roddy Piper|"Rowdy" Roddy Piper (Roderick Toombs)]] - ''Occasional appearances''
    +*[[Ferdinand Rios|Louis Rios]] - ''Physician''
    +*Jason Robinson - ''Set Design''
    +*[[Marcelo Rodriguez]] - ''Spanish commentator''
    +*James A. Rothschild – ''Senior Vice President''
    +*[[Hugo Savinovich]] - ''Spanish commentator''
    +*Kurt Schneider - ''Executive Vice President of Marketing''
    +*Frank Serpe - ''Senior Vice President of Finance''
    +*Michael Sileck - ''Chief Financial Officer''
    +*[[Ron Simmons]] - ''Ambassador of WWE; occasional appearances''
    +*Joel Simon - ''President of WWE Films''
    +*Stuart Snyder - ''WWE President''
    +*Michael B. Solomon - ''Member of the Board of Directors''
    +*Steve Taylor - ''Vice President of event operations''
    +*Tim Walbert - ''Director''
    +*[[Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.]] - ''Member of the Board of Directors''
    +*Andrew Whitaker - ''Senior Vice President of International Television''
    +*Mark Yeaton - ''Timekeeper''
    +*[[Mae Young]] - ''Occasional appearances''
    +*Julie Youngberg-Drozdov - ''Costume designer''
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[List of professional wrestlers]]
    +*[[World Wrestling Entertainment alumni]]
    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/ WWE Superstars page]
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/ Raw Roster at WWE.com]
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/ SmackDown Roster at WWE.com]
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/extremists/ ECW Extremists Roster at WWE.com]
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/divas/ WWE Divas Page]
    +*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/halloffame/ WWE HOF Page]
    +
    +{{World Wrestling Entertainment}}
    +[[Category:Lists of sportspeople]]
    +[[Category:Professional wrestling rosters]]
    +[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment|*]]
    +
    +[[de:World Wrestling Entertainment Roster]]
    +[[ja:WWEに所属する人物一覧]]
    +[[pt:Plantel da World Wrestling Entertainment]] 2013-03-20 07:42:37 90990033 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3162221]] NaN 2013-03-19 03:00:45 90817600 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2359137]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,87 +1,140 @@\n
    -{{Future game}}
    -{{Infobox CVG| title = Armored Core 4
    -|image = [[Image:ArmoredCore4shot.jpg|250px|Armored Core 4]]
    -|developer = [[From Software]]
    -|publisher = [[Sega]]
    -|designer =
    -|engine =
    -|released = [[December 2006]] (PS3) ([[JPN]])
    [[Spring]] [[2007]] (Xbox 360, PS3) ([[NA]])
    -|genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Third-person shooter]]
    -|modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer]]
    -|ratings = [[ESRB]]: Teen (T)
    -|platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[Playstation 3]]
    -|media =
    -|requirements =
    -|input =
    -}}
    -'''''Armored Core 4''''' is a newest installment in the ''[[Armored Core]]'' series of [[computer and video games|video games]]. It was unveiled in the [[Tokyo Game Show]] of fall [[2005]]. Many people believed that ''Last Raven'' would be the last ''Armored Core'' game in the series, but a teaser movie shown at [[E3]] earlier that year began to spark speculation. Codenamed "''Project Force''" the game shown at E3 bore striking similarities to previous ''Armored Core'' titles. At the Tokyo Game Show [[From Software]] later revealed that ''Project Force'' was indeed a next generation AC game now known as ''Armored Core 4''.
    -''Armored Core 4'' is presently being developed for both the [[PlayStation 3]] and the [[Xbox 360]]. While developer From Software has previously created games for the [[Microsoft]] system, ''Armored Core 4'' will be the first ''Armored Core'' game to appear on a [[Microsoft]] system. Sega of America has announced that the title will be shipped for both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in Srping 2007 [http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/sim/armoredcore4/news.html?sid=6158079].
    +: ''For the artist, see [[Gheorghe Tattarescu]].''
    +{{Infobox_Prime Minister
    +| name =Gheorghe Tătărescu
    +| nationality =[[Romania]]n
    +| smallimage =
    +| image =GheorgheTatarescu.PNG
    +| caption =
    +| order =[[Prime Minister of Romania]]
    +| term_start =[[January 3]], [[1934]] – [[December 28]], [[1937]]
    [[November 25]], [[1939]]
    +| term_end =[[July 4]], [[1940]]
    +| vicepresident =
    +| deputy =
    +| predecessor =[[Constantin Anghelescu]]
    [[Constantin Argetoianu]]
    +| successor =[[Octavian Goga]]
    [[Ion Gigurtu]]
    +| order2 =[[List of Romanian Foreign Ministers|Foreign Affairs Minister of Romania]]
    +| term_start2 =[[October 2]], [[1934]] – [[October 9]], [[1934]]
    [[March 6]], [[1945]]
    +| term_end2 =[[December 29]], [[1947]]
    +| predecessor2 =[[Nicolae Titulescu]]
    [[Constantin Vişoianu]]
    +| successor2 =[[Nicolae Titulescu]]
    [[Ana Pauker]]
    +| birth_date =[[1886]]
    +| birth_place =[[Târgu Jiu]], [[Romania]]
    +| death_date =[[March 28]], [[1957]]
    +| death_place =[[Bucharest]], [[Romania]]
    +| constituency =
    +| party =[[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]
    [[National Liberal Party-Tătărescu]]
    +| spouse =
    +| profession =[[lawyer]]
    +| religion =[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]
    +| signature =
    +| footnotes =
    +|}}
    +'''Gheorghe Tătărescu''' (also known as ''Guţă Tătărescu'', with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; [[1886]]—[[March 28]], [[1957]]) was a [[Romania]]n politician who served twice as [[Prime Minister of Romania]] (1934-1937; 1939-1940) and twice as [[List of Romanian Foreign Ministers|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] (''interim'' in 1934; appointed to office in 1945-1947). He was also the President of the Romanian Delegation to the post-[[World War II]] [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Peace Conference]] in [[Paris]]. His brother, Colonel [[Ştefan Tătărescu]], was at some point the leader of a minor [[Nazism|Nazi]] grouping, the [[National Socialist Party (Romania)|National Socialist Party]].

    -Series producer and From Software CEO [[Naotoshi Zin]] noted in an [http://ps3.ign.com/articles/654/654978p1.html interview] with [[IGN]] that ''Armored Core 4'' would feature multiple AC opponents and a reworked damage system that would be more "precise" than previous generation AC games. Players will also be able to customize every aspect of their Armored Core much in the way that the ''[[Gran Turismo (game)|Gran Turismo]]'' series allows players to customize their racing cars for optimal performance. According to Zin ''Armored Core 4'' would allow players to create their own 100% original AC. ''Armored Core 4'' will be the first ''Armored Core'' game to be fully online, making use of the 360's [[Xbox Live]] capabilities, though Zin was unclear about what the game's online features would be. Zin said that instead of focusing on battles, he wanted players to "use the Armored Core units they've created". Online capability for the PlayStation 3 has not been discussed yet. Little has been revealed of the game beyond what as been seen in the three trailers released for the game thus far (the TGS "Project Force" trailer, the E3 2005 announcement trailer and the E3 2006 trailer). Another trailer was recently released on From Software's website in [[streaming media|streaming]] format only. The streaming trailer showcases more in-game footage and depicts a brief scene of underwater combat, a first in the ''Armored Core'' universe.
    +==Early politics==
    +Born in [[Târgu Jiu]], he worked as a [[lawyer]] in [[Bucharest]].

    -===Background===
    -Set sometime in the future, ''Armored Core 4'' restarts the series' storyline from square one. [[Overpopulation]] has led to widespread food and resource shortages. Wars begin to break out and six corporations emerge from the fray to form a new world order. People have taken to living in colonies under a system called the "Pax Economica". The Pax is a mixture of [[socialism]] and [[slavery]], with each and every person being loyal to one of the corporations.
    +After joining the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL), Tătărescu stood among its "young liberals" faction (as they were colloquially known), supporting [[free trade]] and a more [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] rule over the country around [[King of Romania|King]] [[Carol II of Romania|Carol II]], and opposing both the older generation of leaders (who tended to advocate [[protectionism]] and a [[liberal democracy]]) and the dissident group of [[Gheorghe I. Brătianu]] (''see [[National Liberal Party-Brătianu]]'').Hitchins, p.380, 385, 412; Ornea, p.16; Scurtu, p.16-17; Veiga, p.212

    -The game's story begins five years after the Pax has been established.
    +==First cabinet==
    +===Context===
    +Undersecretary in the [[List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior|Interior Affairs Ministry]] under several PNL cabinets (beginning with that of [[Ion I. C. Brătianu]] in 1922-1926), Tătărescu became leader of the cabinet in January 1934, as the [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Iron Guard]] had assassinated Prime Minister [[Ion Duca]] on [[December 30]], [[1933]] (the five-day premiership of [[Constantin Anghelescu]] ensured transition between the two governments). His was the second PNL cabinet formed during Carol's reign, and the latter's failure to draw support from the mainstream group led to a tight connection being established between Carol and the young liberals, with Tătărescu backing the process leading to the creation of a royal [[dictatorship]].Hitchins, p.412; Scurtu, p.16 One of Tătărescu's first measures was a decisive move to end the conflict between the National Liberal executive and the [[List of mayors of Bucharest|Mayor of Bucharest]], [[Dem I. Dobrescu]] (who was backed by the [[National Peasants' Party]]) — making use of his prerogative, he removed Dobrescu from office on January 18.Zănescu ''et al.'', p.83

    -The six corporations have recently been revealed by From Software on their website. [http://www.armoredcore.net/ac4/world/index.html]
    +The brief period constituted a reference point in [[Economy of Romania|Romanian economy]], as the emergence from the [[Great Depression]], although marked by endemic problems, saw prosperity more widespread than ever before.Veiga, p.211 This was, in part, the contribution of new economic relations which Tătărescu defended and encouraged: the state transformed itself into the main agent of economic activities, allowing for prosperous businesses to benefit from its demands, and, in time, leading to the creation of a ''[[Camarilla (history)|camarilla]]'' (dominated by the figures of industrialists such as [[Aristide Blank]], [[Nicolae Malaxa]], and [[Max Auschnitt]]).Gallagher, p.102-103; Veiga, p.212-213 Tătărescu's allegedly subservient position in front of Carol was a frequent topic of ridicule at the time.Gallagher, p.102

    -* Global Armaments America (GA)
    -* Rosenthal
    -* Rayleonard
    -* Bernard and Felix Foundation
    -* Leone Meccania
    -* Eqbal
    +Inside his party, Tătărescu lost ground to [[Dinu Brătianu]], elected by the traditional Liberal elite as a compromise in order to ensure unity; upon his election in 1934, the latter stated:
    +
    "This time as well, I would have gladly conceded, if I were to believe that anyone else in the party could gather voter unanimity."Brătianu, in Scurtu, p.17


    -===Trailers===
    -Three trailers have been revealed thus far by From Software. These trailers have not shown any gameplay features as of yet and have only served to showcase the game's graphical capabilities and its physics engine.
    +The issue remained debated for the following two years. The party congress of July 1936 eventually elected Tătărescu to the second position in the party (that of general secretary).Scurtu, p.17

    -What has been revealed in the trailers thus far:
    +===European politics===
    +In his foreign policy, Prime Minister Tătărescu balanced two different priorities, attempting to strengthen the [[Polish-Romanian Alliance|traditional military alliance]] with [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] which was aimed at the [[Soviet Union]], and reacting against the growing regional influence of [[Nazi Germany]] by maintaining the relevancy of the [[Little Entente]] and establishing further contacts with the Soviets.

    -* Vastly improved in-game graphics from ''[[Armored Core: Last Raven]]''
    +In August 1936, he renounced the services of [[Nicolae Titulescu]] as Foreign Minister, replacing him with [[Victor Antonescu]]. This caused an uproar, with most of Romania's [[diplomatic corps]] voicing their dissatisfaction; over the following months, most of Titulescu's supporters were recalled as well (including [[Constantin Vişoianu]], the ambassador to Poland, [[Constantin Antoniade]], Romania's representative to the [[League of Nations]], [[Dimitrie Ghyka]], the ambassador to [[Belgium]], and [[Caius Brediceanu]], the ambassador to [[Austria]]) while Titulescu's adversaries, such as [[Antoine Bibesco]], were returned to office.Potra, Part I, Part II Bibesco subsequently campaigned in [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], in an attempt to reassure Romania's main allies that the move did not signify a change in Romania's priorities.Potra, Part II Tătărescu was later blamed by his own party for having renounced the diplomatic course on which Romania had engaged.Ţurlea, p.29

    -* ACs with parts from the ''[[Armored Core 3]]''-era games are still around. Several ACs with the starter parts from AC3-LR are featured heavily in the E3 2005 and TGS trailers, showing the standard starter AC may be the same.
    +In early 1937, Tătărescu rejected the proposal of [[Józef Beck]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland|Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs]], to withdraw Romania's support for [[First Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] (the following year, Romania did just that, after indicating that it could not guarantee Czechoslovakia's fronteers before the [[Munich Agreement]]) and attempt a reconcilliation with [[Hungary]].Hitchins, p.432-433 This was accompanied by Czechoslovak initiatives to establish close contacts between the Little Entente and the Soviets: a scandal erupted in the same year, when the country's ambassador to Romania, [[Jan Šeba]], published a volume calling for Soviet-Entente military cooperation (despite the Soviet-Romanian conflict over [[Bessarabia]]) and expressing the hope that the Soviet state would extend its borders into Western [[Belarus|Byelorussia]] and [[Ukraine]].Otu [[Kamil Krofta]], Czechoslovakia's Foreign Minister, received criticism for having prefaced the book, and, after Tătărescu paid a visit to [[List of Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak Prime Minister]] [[Milan Hodža]], Šeba was recalled to [[Prague]].Otu

    -* Multiple ACs seen on the same field at once. In the previous generation it was rare to see two ACs at the same time during a mission.
    +===Facing the Iron Guard===
    +In combating the Iron Guard, Tătărescu chose to relax virtually all pressures on the latter (while mimicking some of its messages). In April 1936, he and the [[List of Romanian Ministers of the Interior|Minister of the Interior]] [[Ion Inculeţ]] allowed the a youth congress to gather in [[Târgu Mureş]], aware of the fact that it was masking a fascist gathering; delegates to the congress, travelling in a special train commissioned by the government, engaged vandalized [[Ion Duca]]'s memorial plate in [[Sinaia train station]], and, upon their arrival in Târgu Mureş, made public their violent [[Anti-semitism|anti-Semitic]] agenda.Ornea, p.304-305; Veiga, p.233 It was probably there that [[death squad]]s were designated and assigned missions, leading to the murder of [[Mihai Stelescu]], a former associate, in June of the next year.Ornea, p.305, 307

    -* The white Rosenthal AC in the first two trailers appears to have some form of Human PLUS (or OP-INTENSIFY). It it seen firing its back weapons while in flight. Humans have not been able to use Human Plus or OP-I without third-party interference since Silent Line, despite the fact AI ACs still used it.
    +In February 1937, an intense publicity campaign by the Guard, begun with the ostentatious funerals of [[Ion Moţa]] and [[Vasile Marin]] (killed in the [[Spanish Civil War]]) and culminating in the physical assaulting of the [[University of Iaşi]] [[rector]] by allegedly Guardist students, provoked the premier's order to close down universities throughout the country.Veiga, p.234

    -* The Rosenthal AC also appears to have a core equipped with an energy shield similar to the ones seen on the Airborne Pulverizers of ''Armored Core: Last Raven''. This appears to suggest that a fourth class of core will be added in addition to Overboost Cores, Exceed Orbit Cores and Standard Cores. A hanger feature is available on some Overboost and Standard core types.
    +Later in that year, the collaboration between monarch and premier, coupled with the fact that Tătărescu had successfully attracted [[Nationalism|nationalist]] votes from the Iron Guard, led to the signing of an electoral agreement between the latter, the [[National Peasants' Party]] (the main democratic opposition group), and the [[National Liberal Party-Brătianu]] — the pact was meant to prevent all attempt by Carol to manipulate the votes in elections.Hitchins, p.412-413; Ornea, p.302-303, 304; Veiga, p.234-235; Zamfirescu, p.11 (A secondary and unexpected development was that the illegal [[Romanian Communist Party]], PCR, which had decided to back the National Peasants' Party prior to the elections, eventually supported the electoral pact.)Veiga, p.235 Tătărescu's own alliance policy rose the anger of his opponents inside the PNL, as he signed collaboration agreements with the facist [[Romanian Front]] and [[German Party (Romania)|German Party]].Scurtu, p.17

    -* From Software has stated that there will be over 30 Cores in the game, almost double the amount of Cores from ''Last Raven''.
    +The elections led to an unprecedented situation: although the PNL and Tătărescu had gained the largest percentage of the vote (almost 36%), they fell short of being awarded [[majority bonus]] (granted at 40% of the vote).Hitchins, p.413 As the [[far right]] had gathered momentum (the Guard, running under the name of "Everything for the Fatherland Party", had obtained 15.6 of the vote),Hitchins, p.413; Zamfirescu, p.11 Carol was faced with the threat of an Iron Guard government, which would have been one deeply opposed to all of his political principles: he called on a third party, [[Octavian Goga]]'s [[National Christian Party]] (coming from the anti-Semitic far right but deeply opposed to the Guard) to form a new cabinet in December of that year.Hitchins, p.414

    -* The [[AH-64 Apache]] and [[Mil Mi-24|Mil Mi-24 Hind]] helicopter gunships appear in the trailers as enemies. This conforms with From Software's statements about the game being set in a near-future environment like their other next generation title ''[[Chromehounds]]''.
    +Consequently, Tătărescu renounced his offices inside the party, and, while keeping his office of general secretary, he was surpassed by the readmitted [[Gheorghe I. Brătianu]] — who was elected to the new office of PNL vice president on January 10, 1938.Scurtu, p.17

    -* The architecture of the buildings and structures seen in all three trailers is reminiscent of modern-day and [[post modern]] buildings. This also fits with From's official statement on the game's setting.
    +After the failure of Goga's policies to curb the rise of their competitors, the king, backed by Tătărescu, resorted to dissolving all political parties on [[May 30]], [[1938]], creating instead the [[National Renaissance Front]].Hitchins, p.415, 417-418; Pope Brewer

    -* An AC in the E3 2006 trailer is seen physically preforming a reload action.
    +==Second cabinet==
    +In this context, Tătărescu chose to back the regime, as the PNL, like the National Peasants' Party, remained active in nominal clandestinity (as the law banning it had never been enforced any further).Hitchins, p.416; Veiga, p.247-248 Having personally signed the document banning opposition parties, he was expelled from the PNL in April 1938, and contested the legitimacy of the action for the following years.Scurtu, p.18 Allegedly, the measure was inspired by [[Iuliu Maniu]], leader of the National Peasants' Party's and future political ally of Dinu Brătianu.Scurtu, p.18

    -* Human soldiers are seen in among a convoy of ACs, MTs and military vechiles, but they were no threat when they first appeared in Last Raven.
    +After a bloody crackdown on the Iron Guard, the Front attempted to reunite political forces in a [[national government]] that was to back Carol's foreign policies (in view of increasing threats on Romania's borders after the outbreak of [[World War II]]). In 1945, he stressed his belief that [[authoritarianism]] benefitted Romania, and supported the view that Carol had meant to keep Romania out of the war.Pope Brewer

    -* The size of mission areas appears to have been dramatically increased. Landscapes seen in the trailers appear to be very expansive.
    +Tătărescu's second cabinet was meant to reflect that, but it did not draw any support from traditional parties,Hitchins, p.418 and, in April 1940, Carol, assisted by [[Ernest Urdăreanu]] and [[Mihail Ghelmegeanu]], began talks with the (by then much weaker) Iron Guard.Hitchins, p.419; Ornea, p.323-325; Zamfirescu, p.11 Tătărescu remained in office throughout the rest of the [[Phony War]] and until the [[fall of France]], and his cabinet saw the crumbling of Romania's alliance with the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], which eventually made Carol try to appease German hostility by making yet another move to the right in dissolving the cabinet and recreating the Front as the [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] ''Party of the Nation''.Hitchins, p.419

    -* Some kind of gigantic machine dwarfing several ACs is seen in the middle of a sandstorm near the end of the E3 2006 trailer.
    +==World War==
    +After the cession of [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina|Northern Bukovina]] to the Soviet Union and the [[Second Vienna Award]] (when [[Northern Transylvania]] was lost to Hungary), both events consecrating Carol's failure to preserve both the country's neutrality and its territorial integrity, Romania was taken over by an Iron Guard dictatorial government (the [[National Legionary State]]). Speaking five years later, [[Dinu Brătianu]] placed the blame for the serious developments on Tătărescu's own actions, addressing him directly:
    +
    "I remind you: [...] you have contributed directly, in 1940, in steering the country towards a foreign policy that, as one could tell even then, was to prove ill-fated and which led us to the loathsome Vienna settlement, one which you have supported inside the [[Crown Council]] [...]."Brătianu, in Ţurlea, p.29


    -* Images on From Software's website suggest that underwater battlefields will appear in the game as well. In all previous AC games, if an AC fell into deep water it was as good as destroyed.
    +On November 26, 1940, the Iron Guard began a bloody retaliation against various political figures who had served under Carol (following a late investigation into the 1938 killing of [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]], the movement's founder and early leader, by Carol's authorities). Tătărescu and [[Constantin Argetoianu]] were among the second wave of captured politicians (on November 27), and were destined for arbitrary execution; they were, however, saved by the intervention of regular police forces, most of whom had grown hostile to the Guardist [[militia]]s.Veiga, p.292, 309

    -===Sega takes over publishing===
    -Shortly before the North American release of ''Armored Core: Last Raven'' it was announced on [[Agetec]]'s message boards that localization of ''Armored Core 4'' would not be done by Agetec. Instead ''Armored Core 4'' will be brought to North America by [[Sega]]. It will be the first ''Armored Core'' since the original not to be localized by Agetec.
    +Retired from political life during the war, he was initially sympathetic to [[Ion Antonescu]]'s pro-German dictatorship (''see [[Romania during World War II]]'') — Dinu Brătianu, who remained in opposition to the Antonescu regime, made mention an official visit to Bessarabia, recovered after the start of [[Operation Barbarossa]], when Tătărescu had accompanied Antonescu, "thus making common cause with his warmongering action".Brătianu, in Ţurlea, p.29

    -From Software initially announced that the game would ship on or as close to the PlayStation 3's November 11th launch date as possible. However, a recent update to their website now shows the game hitting stores in Japan a month later in December [http://ps3.ign.com/articles/731/731026p1.html].
    +In the end, Tătărescu became involved in negotiations aimed at withdrawing Romania from the conflict, and, while beginning talks with the [[Romanian Communist Party]] (PCR), tried to build foreign connections to support Romania's cause following the inevitable defeat; he thus corresponded with [[Edvard Beneš]], leader of the [[First Republic of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] [[government in exile]] in [[England]].Tejchman Beneš, who had already been discussing matters involving Romania with [[Richard Franasovici]] and [[Grigore Gafencu]], and had agreed to support the Romanian cause, informed the [[Allies of World War II|Allied governments]] of Tătărescu's designs.Tejchman

    -===Release Announcement===
    -SEGA of America, Inc. recently announced that it will publish Armored Core 4 for release on both the Xbox 360 and the Playstation 3 in Spring 2007.
    +Tătărescu later contrasted his diplomatic approach with the strategy of [[Barbu Ştirbey]] (who had only attempted an agreement with the [[Western Allies]] in [[Cairo]], instead of a opening relations with the Soviets).Pope Brewer Initially meeting with the refusal of [[Iuliu Maniu]] and Dinu Brătianu (who decided to invest their trust in Ştirbey), he was relatively successful after the Cairo initiative proved fruitless: the two traditional parties accepted collaboration with the bloc formed by the PCR, the [[Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct)|Romanian Social Democratic Party]], the [[Ploughmen's Front]], and the [[Socialist Peasants' Party]], leading to the formation of the short-lived and unstable ''National Democratic Bloc'' (BND) in June [[1944]].Tejchman It overthrew Antonescu in August.

    -Source: Gaming-Age [http://www.gaming-age.com/news/2006/9/21-52]
    +==Alliance with the Communists==
    +Tătărescu returned to the PNL later in 1944 — after the Soviet [[Red Army]] had entered Romania and the country had become an Allied state, political parties were again allowed to register. Nevertheless, Tătărescu was again opposed to the party's leadership (Dinu Brătianu and [[Gheorghe I. Brătianu]]), and split to form his own group in June-July 1945.Hitchins, p.502; Ţurlea, p.29 Brătianu convened the PNL leadership and formally excluded Tătărescu and his partisans, citing their support for dictatorial regimes.Ţurlea, p.29

    -==External links==
    -*{{ja icon}} [http://www.armoredcore.net/ac4/ FROM SOFTWARE's official ''Armored Core 4'' website]
    -*{{en icon}} [http://www.armoredcoreonline.com/acforums/index.php?act=portal Armored Core Online] (Fan Site)
    -* [http://www.gametrailers.com/gamepage.php?fs=1&id=2168 Gametrailers.com Armored Core 4 page]
    +As the PCR, which was growing more influent (with the help of Soviet backing) while generally lacking popular appeal, sought to form alliances with various forces in order to increase its backing, Tătărescu declared his group to be [[left-wing]] (and [[Social liberalism|Social liberal]]), and attempted to preserve a middle course in the new political setting by pleading for close relations to be maintained with both the Soviet Union and the Western Allies.Hitchins, p.502, 506; Ţurlea, p.30, 31 [[N. D. Cocea]], a prominent socialist who had joined the PNL, represented the faction in talks for an alliance with the Communists.Frunză, p.147

    -{{Armored Core}}
    +Tătărescu became Foreign Minister and vice president of the government in the cabinet of [[Petru Groza]] when the latter came into office after Soviet pressures in 1945 (his faction had been awarded leadership of two other ministries).Frunză, p.187 He indirectly helped the PCR carry out an [[electoral fraud]] [[Romanian general election, 1945|general election in February]] by failing to reply to [[United States|American]] proposals for organizing fair elections.Hitchins, p.517 At the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Conference]],The delegation he headed included 13 members: [[Florica Bagdasar]], [[Mitiţă Constantinescu]], General [[Dumitru Dămăceanu]], [[Richard Franasovici]], [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], [[Horia Grigorescu]], [[Ion Gheorghe Maurer]], [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]], [[Lothar Rădăceanu]], [[Simion Stoilow]], [[Elena Văcărescu]], [[Şerban Voinea]], and [[Ştefan Voitec]]. ("Documente inedite. România...", p.16) where he was accompanied by the PCR leaders [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] and [[Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu]], he aknowledged the dissolution of ''[[Greater Romania]]'' under the provisions of the new Treaty ([[1947]]).Hitchins, p.526; Ornea, 312

    -[[Category:Armored Core Games]]
    -[[Category:2006 computer and video games]]
    -[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
    -[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]
    +==1947 and after==
    +Tensions between his group with the PCR occurred when the former founded itself as a party under the name of ''National-Liberal Party'' (commonly known as the [[National Liberal Party-Tătărescu]]), and, in June-July 1945, proclaimed its goal to be the preservation of property and a [[middle class]] under a new regime.Frunză, p.121; Hitchins, p.510-511, 515, 538; Ţurlea, p.31 Of himself and his principles, Tătărescu stated:
    +
    "I am not a [[Communism|communist]]. Taking in view my attitudes towards mankind, society, property, I am not a communist. Thus, the new orientation in external politics which I demand for my country cannot be accused of being determined by affinities or sympathies of doctrine."Tătărescu, in Ţurlea, p.31

    +
    +Speaking in retrospect, Gheorghiu-Dej indicated the actual relation between his party and Tătărescu's: "we have had to tolerate by our side a [[Capitalism|capitalist]]-[[gentry]] political group, Tătărescu's group".Gheorghiu-Dej, February 1948, in Frunză, p.121
    +
    +Tătărescu himself continued to show his support for several PCR policies: in the summer of 1947, he condemned the United States for having protested against the repression of forces in the opposition.Hitchins, p.533 Nevertheless, at around the same time, he issued his own critique of the Groza government, becoming the target of violent attacks in the PCR press. Consequently, he was singled out for negligence in office when, during the [[Kangaroo court|kangaroo trial]] of [[Iuliu Maniu]] (''see [[Tămădău Affair]]''), it was alleged that several employees of his ministry had [[Conspiracy (political)|conspired]] against the government.Frunză, p.307-308; Hitchins, p.538 ''[[Scînteia]]'', the official voice of the PCR, wrote of all National Liberal Party-Tătărescu offices in the government: "The rot is all-encompassing! It has to be removed!".''[[Scînteia]]'', November 6, 1947, in Frunză, p.121
    +
    +Tătărescu resigned his office on November 6, 1947, and was replaced by the Communist [[Ana Pauker]]. For the following two months, he was sidelined in his own party by PCR pressures,Hitchins, p.538 and removed from its leadership in January [[1948]] (being replaced with [[Petre N. Bejan]] — the party was subsequently known as ''National Liberal Party-Petre N. Bejan'').Frunză, p.357; Hitchins, p.538 After the proclamation of the ''[[Communist Romania|People's Republic of Romania]]'' on December 30, 1947, the existence of all parties other than the PCR had become purely formal, and, after the elections of March 28, the [[single-party state]] was confirmed by legislation.Frunză, p.357 Tătărescu took no further part in public life, and died in [[Bucharest]] at the age of 71.
    +
    +==Notes==
    +

    +
    +

    +
    +==References==
    +*"Documente inedite. România la finalul celui de-al doilea război mondial în Europa" ("Unpublished Documents. Romania at the End of the Second World War in Europe"), in ''Magazin Istoric'', June 1995
    +*Victor Frunză, ''Istoria stalinismului în România'' ("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), [[Humanitas publishing house|Humanitas]], Bucharest, 1990
    +*Tom Gallagher, ''Outcast Europe: The Balkans, 1789-1989, from the Ottomans to Milošević'', [[Routledge]], [[London]], 2001 ISBN 0415270898
    +*[[Keith Hitchins]], ''România, 1866-1947'', Humanitas, Bucharest, 1998 (translation of the English-language edition ''Rumania, 1866-1947'', Oxford University Press, USA, 1994)
    +*[[Z. Ornea]], ''Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească'' ("The Romanian Extreme Right: The Nineteen Thirties"), Ed. Fundaţiei Culturale Române, Bucharest, 1995
    +*{{ro icon}} [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2001/current7/mi25.htm Petre Otu, "Cazul Şeba" ("The Šeba Case")], in ''Magazin Istoric'', July 2001
    +*Sam Pope Brewer, "Romanian Defends Pre-Armistice Acts. Vice Premier Tatarescu [sic] Says He Backed Carol's Policies but Did Not Aid Nazis", in ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 22, 1945
    +*{{ro icon}} George G. Potra, "Reacţii necunoscute la demiterea lui Titulescu. 29 August 1936: O «mazilire perfidă»" ("Unknown Reactions to Titulescu's Dismissal. 29 August 1936: A «Perfidious Ousting»"), in ''Magazin Istoric''; [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current6/mi50.htm Part I, June 1998], [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current7/mi54.htm Part II, July 1998]
    +*Ioan Scurtu, "«Politica: (...) culegi mai multă nedreptate decât răsplată». Rolul politic al Brătienilor în istoria României" ("«Politics: (...) One Reaps More Injustices Than Rewards». The Political Role of the Brătianus in Romania's History"), in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 1/VI, 2001
    +*{{ro icon}} [http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2000/current3/mi5.htm Miroslav Tejchman, "Eduard Beneš şi opoziţia română (1941-1944)" ("Edvard Beneš and the Romanian Opposition")], in ''Magazin Istoric'', March 2000
    +*Petre Ţurlea, "Dinu Brătianu înfrânt de Gheorghe Tătărescu" ("Dinu Brătianu Defeated by Gheorghe Tătărescu"), in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 1/VI, 2001
    +*Francisco Veiga, ''Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919-1941: Mistica ultranaţionalismului'' (:The History of the Iron Guard, 1919-1941: Mistique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993
    +*Dragoş Zamfirescu, "Coordonatele unui fenomen politic românesc. Mişcarea Legionară: apariţie şi evoluţie" ("Coordinates of a Romanian Politican Phenomenon. The Legionary Movement: Emergence and Evolution"), in ''Dosarele Istoriei'', 4/II, 1997
    +*Ionel Zănescu, Camelia Ene, "Doi primari interbelici în slujba cetăţeanului" ("Two Interwar Mayors in Service to the Citizen"), in ''Magazin Istoric'', March 2003
    +
    +{{RomanianPrimeMinisters}}
    +
    +[[Category:1886 births|Tatarescu, Gheorghe]]
    +[[Category:1957 deaths|Tatarescu, Gheorghe]]
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    +[[Category:Prime Ministers of Romania|Tatarescu, Gheorghe]]
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    +[[Category:Romanian lawyers|Tatarescu, Gheorghe]]
    +[[Category:Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs|Tatarescu, Gheorghe]]
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    -{{wikify}}
    -[[Upholstery]] is the [[work]] of providing [[furniture]], especially [[chair|seat]]s with [[padding]], [[Spring (device)|spring]]s, [[webbing]], and [[fabric]] or [[leather]] [[cover]]s. The materials which are important to the quality of an upholstered product may be considered in four categories: the ''frame'' (usually wooden) on which the upholstery is to be constructed; the ''spring system''; the ''cushioning'' or ''padding''; and the final ''fabric or leather covering''.
    -
    -==Frames==
    -
    -===Wood===
    -
    -The life of a piece of upholstered furniture begins with its frame: although the underlying wooden framework cannot be seen in the finished product, the type of wood used to create the frame of, for example, a [[bed]], [[sofa]], [[chair]] or [[ottoman]], will have a bearing on the quality of the final product.
    -
    -Some furniture employs [[softwood]]s, but may suffer from its difficulty in supporting the [[joinery]] that is required for the best quality furniture. The tight [[wood grain|graining]] of [[hardwood]]s allows for pegs, [[screw]]s and [[nail]]s to be set securely, reducing the likelihood of their becoming loose over time. Hardwoods used in upholstered furniture include [[oak]], [[alder]] and other woods with tight graining. Hardwood laminates are often used for blocks and braces because laminates are actually stronger than solid wood in these applications.
    -
    -Most wood employed in upholstered furniture is [[kiln drying|kiln-dried]]. In this process, the wood is heated in an industrial oven to remove excess sap and moisture (and reduce its tendency for absorbing any moisture in the future), which can cause frames to warp, swell, shrink or change shape, or to succumb to rot or mildew, during their life.
    -
    -===Joints, Blocking and Doweling===
    -
    -The next step in creating great furniture is assembling the wood into a sturdy frame. Generally, the more rigid the frame the better, because a loose frame can crack or fail. Several craftsman processes can be used to create a good, strong frame. A variety of woods and laminates are used for joining, blocking and doweling and sometimes several techniques are used.
    -
    -Joints are the places where one piece of frame wood intersects to another part of the frame at an angle. Joints must be reinforced with blocks or dowels for extra support or the frame will be susceptible to loosening over time.
    -
    -Blocking refers to the process of placing additional blocks of wood behind or diagonal to joints and corners for support in areas where the furniture craftsman believes there may be greater stress. Blocks provide lateral support and a larger area for screws and fasteners to set wood elements securely. This extra bracing at stress points contributes to the lasting integrity of the frame. An alternative to blocking is doweling.
    -
    -Doweling refers to the process whereby one or two dowels are drilled, hammered and glued into the wood at stress-points to provide extra strength and support to the frame. Nails, screws, fasteners and glue may also support many parts of a frame.
    -
    -===Frame Standards===
    -
    -Use kiln-dried Alder or Oak for frames. Both woods are hardwoods from planned-growth American timber farms. They should be milled into at least 4/4” pieces of lumber before drying. For joining and blocking a variety of hardwoods and hardwood laminates are fine. Most joints are blocked, screwed, glued, and fastened for stability. Additional horizontal supports between the arms of each sofa minimize any twisting during moves.
    -
    -Here’s a tip: Try picking up the end of upholstery. Good furniture should be heavy because quality techniques contribute to furniture weight. Quality materials and processes result in long lasting furniture worthy of passing on for generations.
    -
    -==Spring systems==
    -
    -Once the frame is constructed, a spring system is installed to support the seating area. Good furniture manufacturers will offer two different types of spring support systems: Standard Springs and Eight-Way Hand Tied Springs. When the spring system is finished with a top layer of padding, it is commonly called the “seat deck”.
    -
    -Standard Springs provide good support at a good price. Most manufacturers offer either Sinuous Springs or Drop-In-Springs as their standard, depending on how they make their furniture. Both types affix to the frame to support the seat deck. Standard springs have a formal, very firm “sit” and only move in the up/down direction. Compare that motion to eight-Way Hand-Tied Springs, which move in many more directions.
    -
    -Sinuous Springs are heavy-gauge steel springs that have been heat formed into continuous “S” shapes. They are cut into lengths and affixed to the frame. Drop-In Springs are mass-manufactured welded units that are not appropriate for good furniture. Avoid them.
    -
    -Eight-Way Hand-Tied Springs have a wide range of movement providing a very even and individual sit because they move up and down and side to side. This craftsman process individually ties heavy gauge coils front to back, side to side and diagonally (eight ways) to provide the highest level of quality, comfort and durability. This process costs more because it is time consuming and can only be done by hand.
    -
    -==Cushions, pillows, padding and fills==
    -
    -Once a piece of upholstered furniture has its frame and springs, the next components are the cushions and padding. Seat Cushions sit on top of the spring system and seat deck. Back Pillows, if present, rest against the back and arms of the piece. Whether you’re looking for overstuffed, sink-into comfort or a more formal sit, pay special attention to this section.
    -
    -Most cushions are made of a high-density Dacron® foam core that is then wrapped with either soft polyester, feather and down, or a hypoallergenic down substitute. Dacron adds resilience so that pillows and seats keep their shape, while the wraps form a soft envelope. Cushions and pillows should be sewn into cotton cases to ensure smooth upholstering.
    -
    -Feather and Down offers the maximum comfort and softness in cushions and pillows that most people desire and designers prefer. Feather and Down back pillows and wrapped seat cushions can always be “fluffed-up” to maintain an attractive look. Feather and Down fills and wraps require a little more maintenance than polyester and high density-foam but they have greater comfort, durability and resilience.
    -Padding helps any piece of furniture to feel substantial and comfortable. The textile should be applied over soft, ample padding of high-density foam and/or polyester to create a tight, tailored line where it wraps around the frame. Beware of lumpy upholstering and places where you can feel the frame wood through the textile; they are signs of inferior work.
    -
    -==Fabrics and Leathers==
    -
    -Textiles, a term used in the furniture industry, encompass both Fabrics and Leathers. Textiles can account for up to 70% of furniture price, but more expensive does not necessarily mean better or better wearing. So, you should carefully consider how you will use each piece of furniture and which textile is best. Determining these answers goes a long way towards your satisfaction.
    -
    -Fabrics Tightly woven fabrics and blends tend to wear longer than light or loose-weave natural fibers. To keep your upholstery looking new, vacuum it frequently and have it professionally treated for stain resistance.
    -
    -Leather is a beautiful, durable and easy-care natural material that gets softer and better with time. To create beautiful leather, top-grain hides are tanned, processed and dyed to give a certain color or look. Tanning refers to the process in which salts are used to cure the hide and to stabilize its shape. Dying refers to infusing the hide with different color dyes.
    -
    -Aniline dying is a 1st quality process that imparts color but doesn’t disguise the beautiful, natural character of the hide. Some leathers are further treated with a pattern, texture, or polish.
    -
    -Because leather is a natural product, there may be some normal variation between hides. Leather is a very sturdy material, but it too will need frequent vacuuming and cleaning to preserve its finish and beauty.
    -
    -==SIZING and MEASUREMENTS==
    -
    -Determining the appropriate size for your furniture is very important. There are a number of factors you should consider when making these custom decisions.
    -
    -- How you sit and feel in a piece of furniture will determine your overall comfort. Get out a tape measure and test different sizes of furniture before ordering.
    -- Measure the door openings and hallways leading to your room before you order.
    -- Preview the delivery path from your entry door to where the furniture will be placed. Beware of sharp turns, narrow openings, elevators, stairways or any barriers.
    -- To ensure good traffic flow within a room, as a general rule, allow approximately three feet of clearance on each side of your furniture for circulation and end tables.
    -\t\t
    -==CARE and PROTECTION==
    -Keep Your Furniture Looking New
    -
    -Your new upholstery will stay looking great if you follow general care instructions.
    -
    -Vacuum upholstery and slipcovers at least twice a month. Furniture in high-traffic areas such as family rooms will require more frequent care. Normal use of furniture leaves dust and dirt on the textile surface. Left unattended, this everyday dirt will make your furniture difficult or impossible to clean. Regular maintenance and cleaning keeps this everyday dirt from setting, which prolongs the life and new appearance of your fabric.
    -
    -Sun and Heat. To keep your upholstery looking its best, avoid placing it in direct sunlight or near a heat source like radiators or vents. Sun and heat fade fabric colors and deteriorate textile fibers. Darker colors and finer weaves are particularly susceptible to the effects of sun and heat. If upholstered furniture must sit in direct sunlight or near a heat vent we recommend you select heavyweight neutral cottons or blends to minimize deterioration.
    -
    -Spots, Spills and Stains. The dye found in a colored cloth or towel can bleed onto your textile during the cleaning process. Keep a clean white cotton cloth or towel handy for spills. Immediately blot spills with the dry towel. Don’t rub spills, as this tends to spread the stain and weaken the textile. Have all stains professionally cleaned immediately. If you allow time to pass before having a stain cleaned, the stain may set permanently.
    -
    -Fabric Stain Protection. Most textiles are lightly treated with stain protection at the mill to provide some protection against stains. However, fabric guards that offer effective stain protection need to be reapplied frequently. If you want maximum stain protection for slipcovers you’ll need to apply fabric guard after every washing.
    -
    -Washable Slipcover Care. If you have children or pets, slipcovers are a great option. When slipcovers need cleaning you can simply run them through the washer. If your slipcover has not been pre-washed, washing may change the appearance and fit significantly. So, you’ll want to dry-clean a slipcover that has not been pre-washed. Here are a few rules to keep your slipcover looking its best.
    -
    -- Do not wash portions of your Slipcover at different times. If you wash the pillows more often than the body, the pillows may fade at a different rate.
    -- Slipcovers on larger pieces like sofas and daybeds can be too large for regular home washing machines, and you’ll need to use a commercial, triple load washer with cold water and mild detergent.
    -- Do not line dry slipcovers. Most slipcovers are so heavy when wet that line drying can stretch and weaken seams altering the shape.
    -- Dry slipcovers in a commercial, triple load dryer on a low setting. Constantly check the slipcovers to make sure they are drying evenly. When they are just slightly damp, reinstall them to minimize wrinkling.\t
    -Leather is a durable, natural material that will improve with age. But, leather can stain and requires some care. Blot spills immediately with a dry, white cloth and remove as much of the moisture as you can. If the stain doesn’t lift out, have the leather professionally cleaned immediately. Nubuck leathers can be treated and cared for with a suede brush, available from most shoe-repair shops.
    -
    -Avoid supermarket cleaning agents or solvents. Some of these products can permanently set stains making them impossible to clean.
    -
    -©2005, Scott Frankum,
    -Creative Director of Eboniste.com
    -
    -*Automobile upholstery
    -*Marine upholstery
    -
    -==Specific projects==
    -*[[Slipcover]]
    -*[[Canvaswork]]
    -*[[Throw pillow]]
    -
    -==Tools==
    -*[[Upholstery needle]]s (round point curved needles and button needles)
    -*[[Upholstery hammer]]
    -*[[Webbing stretcher]]
    -*[[Staple gun]]
    -*[[Scissors]]
    -*[[Sewing machine]]
    -*[[Goggles]]
    -*[[Needle guard]]s
    -*[[Staple knocker]] (staple puller)
    -*[[Upholstery regulator]]
    -*[[Rubber mallet]]
    -*[[Upholstery pin]]s
    -*[[Chalk]] (upholsterer's chalk or taylor's chalk)
    -*[[T pin]]s
    -
    -==Materials==
    -*[[Zipper]]s
    -*[[Tack]]s (upholstery tacks, various sizes)
    -*[[Staple (fastener)|Staple]]s
    -*[[Button]]s
    -
    -==Skills==
    -*[[Cutting]]
    -*[[Sewing]]
    -
    -==Etymology==
    -The word [[upholstery]] comes from the [[Middle English]] words ''up'' and ''holden'', meaning ''to hold''.
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.upholster.com/howto/ How to upholster]
    -*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/21/garden/21furniture.html The Chair Doctor Is In]
    -*[http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2005/07/20/garden/20050721_FURN_SLIDESHOW_index.html The Right Stuffing]
    -
    -[[es:tapicería]]
    +#redirect [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] 2013-03-16 14:04:31 90466085 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3439104]] --- \n
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    -{{Anime}}
    -{{Film|class=Stub}}
    +{{wpa}}
    +{{todo}}
    +{{Controversial}}
    +
    +==2005==
    +I find this statement requires futher discussion in the article or some sort of validation: "This usage is somewhat misleading, however." Otherwise, it is hardly a neutral POV.
    +
    +I have my doubts about this term, see [[Talk:Atheism]]. Since there is only a single reference given, I ''assume'' that the article is based on usage in that book (without having seen the book; for all I know, people could just have pieced this article together on a whim), so I will say "according to Caporale & Grumelli" [[User:Dbachmann|dab]] [[User_talk:Dbachmann|('''ᛏ''')]] 22:13, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +Some things in here seem utterly incorrect. For instance, "An agnostic, by definition, views the question of God's existence to be necessarily unanswerable", but that only applies to [[hard agnosticism]], which is probably less common than [[weak agnosticism]] anyway. How the article is it states the divide between agnosticism and "nontheism" based on this single point, which makes it confusing. I'm really not seeing how this differs from agnosticism at all. [[User:Sarge Baldy|Sarge Baldy]] 09:58, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +:I am aware of a pedantic difference, though this article doesn't delineate it, and is actually rather incorrect. Here's how I understand the matter: strictly, nontheism is the position that discussion of the numinous is meaningless, because assertions about the numinous are unfalsifiable. Basically, it's [[strong agnosticism]] by [[falsifiability]]. I use the term myself, but I don't think it's particularly widespread or encyclopedic. I suggest it be redirected to [[strong agnosticism]]. All of its content belongs there. [[User:Bhumiya|Bhumiya]] 10:52, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
    +::On the other hand, note that "nontheist" is frequently used as a blanket term for atheists, agnostics, ignostics, and anyone else who can't be classified as a theist. This seems to be the only other ''common'' use for the term. There should probably be a disambiguation page. [[User:Bhumiya|Bhumiya]] 11:21, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
    +:::Wait, I'm confused. Why strong and not weak? Strong believes that it's impossible to know whether higher forms exist, and weak says that we don't know, but it isn't necessarily impossible to know. I fail to see how this is different from the latter. When this article refers to agnosticism it refers to "[[strong agnosticism]]" and justifies its existence based on this relationship. I would think this article should be redirected and merged into [[weak agnosticism]], although I'm interested in why you see it the other way. Either that, or the article needs to reflect whatever nontheism is supposed to be, because it's left pretty unclear. [[User:Sarge Baldy|Sarge Baldy]] 21:45, 21 January 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +*I have no idea whether this is a theologically recognized term or a [[neologism]]. If it's real, though, it should definitely NOT be merged, but rather should be cross-linked, because it's very different. It's certainly a useful term -- I know of a lot of people who get very offended at being called Atheists when all they are is non-Christian/non-Jews. --[[User:Mareino|Mareino]] 16:22, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +* Based on a Google search, I'd say "nontheist" is most commonly used as a [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/nontheism/ catch-all term] for atheists, agnostics, and people with related beliefs. It's also commonly used as a simple synonym for "atheist", generally by those who find "atheist" derogatory. It's also used within [http://www.nontheistfriends.org/ Quakerism], [http://www.iidb.org/vbb/archive/index.php/t-44839.html Judaism], and other religious communities, to denote members who don't profess conventional theistic beliefs. And the term ''sometimes'' refers (neologistically) to a specific type of strong agnosticism based on falsificationism. I suspect the latter meaning has actually been popularized by the Wikipedia article, since I can find very little independent evidence of it (I knew about it, but I may have picked it up here). Anyway, I suggest making a disambiguation page, since the term has so many subtly different meanings, most of which are extensively covered in other articles. [[User:Bhumiya|Bhumiya]] 01:24, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I am confused about the definition. There are numerous hindu sects that have a non-Theist belief system (like [[Advaita Vedanta]]), but are clearly not atheist and do not consider the question of divinity irrelevant. [[User:Andries|Andries]] 22:24, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    +:I wouldn't call Advaita Vedanta nontheistic in any sense of the word. Though Advaita doesn't recognize the personal Abrahamic deity (and the concepts associated with it), its concept of [[Brahman]] is clearly theistic. Because of its transcendental epistemology, it may be classified as [[agnostic theism]], which is very rarely grouped into "nontheism". [[User:Bhumiya|Bhumiya]] 04:47, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
    +::I always thought that theism is defined as faith in a personal God. Brahman is not personal so Advaita Vedanta is not theist. In contrast other Hindu sects like [[ISKCON]] do have a personal God and are hence theist. [[User:Andries|Andries]] 11:06, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
    +:::"Theism" is the belief in the existence of ''any'' deity, personal or not. In the western world, where personal gods are the rule rather than the exception, this is often forgotten. Although Advaita certainly doesn't have a discrete ''personal'' deity, its concept of Brahman meets the definition of divinity, i.e. something singular, [[numinous]], and supernatural, "beyond the mundane". Although the language used to describe it is different, and the term "deity" is not used, the concept is similar to [[Maimonides]]' indescribable Yahweh, from a philosophical standpoint. If I understand correctly, followers of Advaita believe they are a ''part'' of Brahman, in the same general way that, for example, [[Rastafari movement|Rastafarians]] consider themselves extremities of a single god. Some theologians may classify Advaita differently, to make it appear more like western religions, but the matter is actually simple. Consider that there are only two categories available when speaking in theistic terms: ''theism'' and its absence, ''atheism''. Forget these terms' western connotations. Theism is not necessarily Abrahamic. '''Either Advaita is theism or it is atheism.''' There is no way around this distinction. Either its believers have a belief in a deity, whatever its attributes, and whatever their attitude to it, in which case they are theists of some kind, or else they do not have a belief in a deity, in which case they are atheists of some kind. Keep in mind that atheism is ''necessarily'' an absence of belief, but ''not necessarily'' a belief in absence. Whether Advaita is gnostic or agnostic is another question, entirely unrelated to the first question. [[User:Bhumiya|Bhumiya]] 17:22, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
    +::::What about [[Zen]]? — [[User:Goethean|goethean]] [[User_talk:Goethean|ॐ]] 16:18, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
    +:::::Buddhism (and Zen, by extension) are considered atheist. Which to me kind of weakens the importance of identifying all religious belief as either theistic or atheistic. [[User:Sarge Baldy|Sarge Baldy]] 20:03, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Original research ==
    +
    +Virtually this whole article constitutes [[WP:NOR|original research]]. There are countless assertions in it that need to be [[WP:CITE|sourced]] or removed. For example:
    +
    +''"Used in the strict sense, as by those who self-identify as nontheists or nontheistics, the term describes a particular worldview for which the question of divinity is regarded as irrelevant and meaningless."''
    +
    +Who '''specifically''' does this sentence refer to? '''Which''' people who ''"self-identify as nontheists or nontheistics"''? Name them. Or at least provide a citation for this assertion.
    +
    +Another example:
    +
    +''"Many modern-day weak atheists could be described as agnostic nontheists, in that they regard the existence of God as both meaningless and unknown. Conversely, many modern-day strong atheists could be described as non-agnostic nontheists, in that they regard the existence of God as both meaningless and definitely false."''
    +
    +Once again, this is unsourced original research. Who are these ''"many modern-day weak atheists"''? Where does this assertion come from? Please provide a citation.
    +
    +Virtually '''every single sentence''' of this article is similarly in violation of Wikipedia policy. As such this whole article needs a major cleanup. -- [[User:Noosphere|noosphere]] 02:48, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::I agree. I just added the "article incorrect" section below in regards to this, since there hasn't been much response or discussion as of yet. Simply put the idea that non-theism BROADLY concieved is a "worldview for which the question of divinity is regarded as irrelevant and meaningless" seems grossly inaccurate from what I know if the usage of the term. The most popular usage is by [[Michael Shermer]], and as coined by him, the term simply means "not a theist." Yet Shermer isn't even mentioned in the article. The article has it almost entirely backwards. The BROAD definition of the term is simply "not a theist." There may be particular obscure and bizarre usages by theologians, but these should be subheadings, not held to the broadest concept of the term. [[User:Plunge|Plunge]] 19:56, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Non-theism is atheism==
    +
    +Atheism means anything which is not theism. How is non-theism different?
    +
    +This article should be merged with [[atheism]] or deleted. [[User:194.80.32.8|194.80.32.8]] 01:25, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Is agnosticism the same as athiesm also? --[[User:Jaycorrales|Jaycorrales]] 22:24, 19 May 2006 (UTC)
    +:Some people identify as agnostics who hold the same lack of a belief in god(s). Atheism is a lack of a belief in god(s), while those who identify as agnostics tend to hold the belief, "I don't know if god(s) exist." Since those agnostics don't hold a belief in any god(s) they [i]are[/i] atheistic. -[[User:Alexjohnc3|AlexJohnc3]] 19:34, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Some agnostics believe in gods, while asserting that the truth of god's existence cannot be know. Fidelists, for instance are one such group of agnostics.
    +
    +To be clear: atheists believe god/s do not exist. It is an assertion. Nontheists on the other hand find the entire question irrational. 17:34 1 June 2006
    +
    +::When you say "nontheists," do you mean noncognitivists? Because there are lots of people who aren't theists who think the question is rational. [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 03:00, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:I agree. I am not grounded in the philosophical literature of atheism. But why would an atheist take a special stance on religion? I mean, we are all atheists on almost all topics. We do not suspend disbelief. We do not believe in theories that cannot be falsified. The atheist stance is the neutral one, wheneter the topic is religion or not. A monotheist is an atheist that makes one exception.
    +:I mean, surely nontheists aren't agnostic about the existance of leprechauns? To me any form of atheism that is not nontheism is silly. In that case one has to admit to applying a different kind of logic and reason than one applies to other topics. And this 'corruption of reason' has to be justified.
    +:To me the nontheist argument of unfalsifiability comes first. One does not belief in something because it cannot be disproved. Then we have all the other atheist arguments on top of that. I agree with all the basic arguments for atheism. I just find that after the nontheist one the others are superfluous.
    +:So to me it seems that nontheists are atheists that apply logic and reason in the correct order.
    +:I do not need to belief that god does not exist. Naturally you can assume something does not exist if there is nothing to support it.
    +
    +"A nontheist, by definition, views the question to be necessarily irrelevant" - I thought nontheism was a broad term to describe people who were not theists? Somebody who sees the question of god as irrelevant is a nontheist, but also an atheist. Somebody who sees the question of god as unknowable, is a nontheist and an agnostic, I was led to believe. This sentence is in contradiction to the sentence, "The word is often employed as a blanket term for all terms which are not theistic." By that reasoning, Nietzsche would be a nontheist (sec 1. of Why I am so Clever of Ecce Homo), and he uses this reason to speak of his atheism! That is my reasoning for changing it.--[[User:75.2.166.125|75.2.166.125]] 00:12, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +==Major deletion==
    +The first paragraph defines nontheism. The second paragraph is a disclaimer. The rest of the article is misleading and self-contradictory. It should be killed with an axe. But when I tried a major deletion, it was called vandalism and reverted.So now I don't care what order the rest of the paragraphs are in so long as the first two stay where they are. [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 05:52, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +My last edit was reversed and called "vandalism," so this time I'll try inserting a clarifying comment at the top. As it stands, this entry gives the definition of weak atheism rather than the definition of nontheism. Then it modifies that in very strange ways. The entry won't be coherent until big deletions are made. But for now I'll try just insterting a note at the top. [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 02:41, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I agree with both of these previous statements. This article reaks of contradiction and misconception with no sources. The entire entry should be deleted.
    +
    +==Whole article incorrect?==
    +I think this whole article is ill-concieved. Simply put, non-theism isn't anything more complicated than someone not being a theist: it's a definition of negation, NOT ANY PARTICULAR POSITIVE VIEWPOINT. It is used in this sense all over the place, and the widely read Michael Shermer uses it in just this way. Also, the atheist article references this article with the implication that non-theist simply means "not a theist." However, this article treats non-theism as if it were a particular worldview and position on theism. While perhaps there are people who use the term in this way, it is very very far from the common usage, and most non-theists would disagree with it.—The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:Plunge|Plunge]] ([[User talk:Plunge|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Plunge|contribs]]) 20:52, 15 August 2006 (UTC{{{3|}}})
    +
    +: Yes, the article is incorrect, incoherent, and misleading. It should be deleted or radically edited.[[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 02:54, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:I agree. I will add a number of cleanup tags to the page and will contemplate a comprehensive to-do-list for this discussion page in the next neek or so. Any other suggestions as to how to begin performing a major operation on this internally bleeding article? [[User:Jarryd Moore|Jarryd Moore]] 17:49, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein Logical Positivists? ==
    +
    +I am sure that Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein are '''NOT''' Logical Positivists. —The preceding [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|unsigned]] comment was added by [[User:200.161.106.84 |200.161.106.84 ]] ([[User talk:200.161.106.84 |talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/200.161.106.84 |contribs]]) 05:29, 6 September 2006 (UTC{{{3|}}})
    +
    +::Yeah, that's obviously wrong. --[[User:Dannyno|Dannyno]] 17:37, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Requesting Feedback ==
    +When I first came across this article, the definition for nontheism was buried within tons of other related information and the meaning was hard to find until it was put in bold. Now, I feel that a more logical order for the paragraphs should be (note that the original numbering is kept for reference)
    +
    +2 Nontheistic worldview

    +3 Insentient life, infants, etc.

    +4 Nontheism in philosophy

    +5 Nontheism in Buddhism

    +1 Relationship to Agnosticism

    +6 See also

    +7 References

    +8 External links

    +
    +with "Relationship to Agnosticism" moved to later paragraphs after all the nontheism paragraphs are presented first. Since the topic is nontheism, shouldn't we discuss it first before getting into other topics like agnosticism?
    +
    +Giving the agnosticism paragraph first priority by placing it on the top of all the other paragraphs--even the nontheism paragraphs--again, buries the topic of nontheism and makes it seem less distinct when compared to other concepts like agnosticism or atheism. Please advise. 06:32, 10 October 2006.
    +
    +== Personal, SELECTIVE point of view? ==
    +
    +Hi, I think that simply stating "non" + "theism" = atheism (rather than nontheism) is an intellectually dishonest, '''SELECTIVE word manipulation'''. According to the dictionary "non" can ALSO MEAN "of little or no consequence" like nonissue, which doesn’t mean a lack of an issue or no issue. To not mention the MULTIPLE MEANINGS of the word “non” may reveal personal points of view being asserted. The new "non" + "theism" = atheism definition misses the point entirely that nontheism is not about believing or not believing but rather about '''escaping the wasteful or unimportant dualistic cycle of the belief versus non-belief debate/ideology'''. A political analogy could be that rather than the dualistic extremes of being a liberal (atheist) or being a conservative (theist), the nontheist would be an independent or moderate (please note that this analogy may be inaccurate and was only meant to provide a real-world example of MORE THAN JUST TWO CHOICES OR CONDITIONS IN NATURE--NOT JUST HOT OR COLD BUT ALSO WARM). 07:30, 22 October 2006
    +
    +:At least I can tell what you are talking about now. I will try to work up a reasonable compromise. [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 23:29, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:You are mistaken. "Non-" means "not". It cannot mean "of little or no consequence": "nonissue" derives its "of little or no consequence" from the fact that "issue" can mean "a point, matter, or dispute, the decision of which ''is of special or public importance''". In other words, since "issue" can signify an important or significant matter, "non + issue" = "unimportant, insignificant matter". Unless you can think of any other word where "non-" means "of little or no consequence", consider your interpretation debunked (not to mention [[WP:NOR|original research]]). -[[User:Silence|Silence]] 23:54, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +http://experts.about.com/e/n/no/Nontheism.htm has the same article. Is our article a copyright violation? [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 01:03, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Nope, it says at the bottom the page is taken from Wikipedia. [[User:Mdwh|Mdwh]] 02:39, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Cool, thanks. [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 03:16, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Do we have any reason to think your version of nontheism really exists? For instance, are you a nontheist of that stripe? Or do you know of any nontheists of that stripe? Or have you read the cited book? If you've read it, is it true that the editors make the claim alledged? Or are is it one of the authors represented in the book?
    +
    +Is our article copied from another web site without attribution?
    +
    +Given that our article may be a copyright violation, and may be entirely wrong (there may not be any "nontheists" matching this description) and given that it is intolerably confusing and self contradictory, why shouldn't we delete it entirely? [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 03:15, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:You're asking the wrong questions. Who cares whether there are a handful of people in the world who call themselves "nontheists" under definition, perhaps and a couple of his friends? What matters is that it's still a violation of [[Wikipedia:No original research]] if it's not attributed to a reputable source, and thus unacceptable for inclusion in the article. Furthermore, who cares whether all the contents of the current article are wrong? If they are, then delete those contents and replace them with cited, verifiable information; only delete the ''article itself'' if the term ''nontheism'' doesn't meet Wikipedia's notability and other standards for articles. -[[User:Silence|Silence]] 11:39, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Point taken. Nontheism isn't notable enough to be in my Webster's Unabridged or my Shorter OED or the online OED. "Nontheist" appears, but its meaning is "not a theist"; it in no way supports the use of "nontheism" given here. This article should be removed entirely.
    +
    +:::Perhaps. Perhaps not. We have articles for thousands of terms which do not appear in the OED, including [[Weak and strong atheism]], [[Adevism]], and [[Ignosticism]]. The OED is not our only criterion for whether a term merits inclusion, and, as you yourself note, ''nontheist'' is in the OED, even if ''nontheism'' is not. A little more research and analysis is merited before we decide definitively whether to delete this article, or simply to rewrite it from scratch. Perhaps we should nominate this article for deletion simply to see if anyone can scrounge up some better references than the ones we already have, verifying the usage and meaning of this term? -[[User:Silence|Silence]] 01:09, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::::Sounds good to me.[[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 01:43, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
    +::::So how do we do it? I'm new here.[[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 04:15, 29 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== concerns with recent edits / a category with various connotations / some citations / plan of action ==
    +
    +Since early October 2006, various rounds of edits to this article have
    +changed definitions and introductory summaries. I'd call it a
    +low-intensity [[Wikipedia:Edit_war|edit war]]. As a result, the
    +article is in shambles. New definitions decapitate the introduction
    +from the legacy (since April 2005) body of information which follows, which was full of its own original research.
    +Recent edits make some attempt to respect older definitions, but in
    +trying to resolve the dissonance in definitions and purpose, those
    +edits have completely abandoned tone befitting an encyclopedia.
    +Instead, these recent edits mark out sub-concept territory with
    +abbreviations, disagree in-line in a conversational tone, and use
    +defensive rather than clarifying wording in the introductory
    +definition. Editors are frustrated, and deletion has even been
    +mentioned in this talk page. '''This is no way to decide matters on Wikipedia.'''
    +Nontheism must be a more complicated topic than the original writers
    +expected... More citations, and a plan for unification, must be
    +necessary to write about it using [[WP:NPOV|NPOV]].
    +
    +So, let's discuss what Wikipedia should say about classes of
    +non-belief. Already, Wikipedians have provided lots of specific
    +categorization, from the standard [[Weak and strong atheism]], down to [[Apatheism]], [[Apathetic agnosticism]], and
    +[[Agnostic atheism]].
    +
    +Michael Shermer uses nontheism in an explicitly Western context,
    +mostly as a synonym to atheism. Here he writes regarding academic
    +distinctions:
    +
    + {{Quotation
    + |
    + "I still find my own distinction between atheism (there is no God)
    + and nontheism (no belief in God) as statements about personal
    + beliefs to be adequate. [...] For our purposes at the beginning
    + of the new millennium in the Western world, it is safe to assume
    + that when we are discussing "God", we all know what we mean by
    + this term: an all-powerful all-knowing, all-good higher being who
    + created the universe and us and grants ever-lasting life. If you
    + believe this, you are a theist, if you do not believe
    + this, you are a nontheist. If you believe God is
    + unknowable through science or reason, you are an
    + agnostic." ''(italics in original)''
    + |
    + [[Michael Shermer]]
    + |
    + How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God
    + {{cite book
    + |first=Michael
    + |last=Shermer
    + |authorlink=Michael Shermer
    + |title=How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God
    + |year=2003
    + |pages=281-282
    + |id=ISBN 0805074791
    + |publisher=Owl Books
    + |location=New York
    + }}
    +
    + }}
    +
    +It's possible to read the above quote as including
    +agnosticism in nontheism, although that doesn't seem likely as Shermer's intent.
    +
    +Pema Chodron, speaking for a non-Western attitude, quickly moves beyond
    +categorization questions, and into heart advice, the topic of her book:
    +
    +{{Quotation
    + |
    + The difference between theism and nontheism is not whether one does
    + or does not believe in God. It is an issue that applies to
    + everyone, including both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. Theism is a
    + deep-seated conviction that there's some hand to hold: if we just do
    + the right things, someone will appreciate and take care of us. It
    + means thinking there's always going to be a babysitter available
    + when we need one. We are all inclined to abdicate responsibilities and
    + delegate our authority to something outside ourselves. Nontheism is
    + relaxing with the ambiguity and uncertainty of the present moment
    + without reaching for anything to protect ourselves. ... finally
    + realizing that there's no babysitter you can count on.
    + |
    + [[Pema Chodron]]
    + |
    + When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times
    + {{cite book
    + |first=Pema
    + |last=Chodron
    + |authorlink=Pema Chodron
    + |title=When Things Fall Apart: Heart Advice for Difficult Times
    + |year=1997
    + |pages=39-40
    + |id=ISBN 1570623449
    + |publisher=Shambhala
    + }}
    +
    + }}
    +
    +This is possibly an [[Agnostic atheism]], or a form of [[Apatheism]],
    +which could fit in [[Implicit and explicit atheism|implicit atheism]],
    +but does not fit well in [[strong atheism]]. This usage suggests a
    +narrower nontheism, with connotations distinct from atheism in general
    +- unlike Shermer's usage.
    +
    +So, nontheism is intuitive (not rigorous) in meaning and usage,
    +citable in contemporary literature, overlapping in various
    +connotations, and sometimes distinct from atheism.
    +
    +Our resulting article on nontheism should begin with defining the
    +simplest common aspects of the concept, then express the fuzziness of
    +the category, provide links to specific categorizations, and in
    +subsections gently clarify which meanings are important in various
    +separate domains. If certain supporting examples are deemed not a
    +good fit for nontheism in general, then before throwing them
    +away, effort should be made to agree on a better place to express
    +those concepts.
    +
    +The following sentence from the existing article is a good start at
    +expressing the common aspects:
    +
    + "The word is often employed as a blanket term for all terms which
    + are not theistic and yet somehow related to spirituality, including
    + atheism (both strong and weak) and agnosticism, as well as certain
    + Eastern religions like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism."
    +
    +[[User:Rgrant|Rgrant]] 00:53, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== References ==
    +
    +
    +== Non-trivial difference of Atheism, Agnosticism, Theism and Nontheism ==
    +
    +The key difference of Nontheism from other denominations is simple.
    +
    +Atheism is the [[belief]][http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/belief][http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/belief] that the answer to the question of "is there a god?" is no.
    +
    +Theism is the belief that the answer to the question of "is there a god?" is yes.
    +
    +Agnositism is the view that the answer has not be validated empirically, and therefore can not be answered affirmitively either way.
    +
    +Nontheism is the view that the question and it's underlying presuppositions are, or maybe, either wrong, and/or irrelevant. See [[Fallacy_of_many_questions]].
    +
    +Also I would like to note that in the case of Atheism and Theism, both assume the burden of proof. Agnostism, and Nontheism make no assertions about the answer.
    +([[User:KickAssClown|KickAssClown]] 05:19, 13 November 2006 (UTC))
    +
    +:Can you give us more of a hint than "the underlying presuppositions are, or" may be "either wrong and/or irrelevant"? I'd like some idea of what this type of nontheist believes, and why she believes it. [[User:Wiploc|Wiploc]] 16:50, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
    +The assertation you make about Atheism is wrong. This is sometimes the case but not all forms of Atheism positively assert there is no god. I suggest you read the article on [[Atheism]] and the relevent sections on its discussion page. I also think you simply Nontheism too much, it is not always used in this way. [[User:Jarryd Moore|Jarryd Moore]] 10:12, 13 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Why nontheism is so hard to define ==
    +
    +First of all, nontheism seems to be a relatively new word, developed primarily from within a religious context to evade some of the unwanted connotations of atheism, agnosticism, humanism and the like. Those who are using in are in the process of defining it, and they are not finished.
    +
    +A central difficulty is, the most liberal modern theology envisions God in a manner that has very little in common with traditional understandings of what a god is. The God envisioned by folks like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong John Shelby Spong] or Paul Tillich, is not a being, does not do things, does not have a consciousness separate from the world itself. Connotatively, the word atheist firmly rejects all notions of God, and does not show a great deal of concern over what sort of God is being rejected. In practice, most who claim the title nontheist have been associated with liberal religious associations--Quaker, Jewish, in Spong's case Anglican--and are looking for a religious understanding that does not put supernatural beliefs or notions at the center. Some of these religious nontheists use the word God to express purely humanistic or secular ideals, others avoid use of the word God altogether. Love, compassion, altruism, the complex mystery of the universe--all of these are potential objects of worship, but in a thoroughly non-theistic sense.
    +
    +So, a nontheist can reject all understandings of God, or only those with supernatural underpinnings. Anyone who reads modern liberal theology will see how notions of God can be separated from notions of the supernatural.
    +
    +[http://www.nontheistfriends.org/article/what-is-a-nontheist/ One attempt to define nontheism], by the author of this comment, along with justifications for that attempt, is made within the context of an informal group of nontheistic Quakers. 2013-03-20 05:43:57 90977935 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2335333]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,71 +1,51 @@\n
    -==Origins==
    -[[Image:Rathfarnham_Castle.jpg|thumb|Rathfarnham Castle|400px|right|Rathfarnham Castle]]
    +Rabbi '''Mordechai Gifter''' ([[1915]] - [[2001]]) was the [[Rosh Yeshiva]] of the [[Telz Yeshiva]] in Cleveland and among American Orthodox Jewry's foremost religious leaders.

    -Rathfarnham Castle, in [[Dublin]], was originally an [[Anglo-Norman]] castle built to defend [[the Pale]] from the [[Ireland|Irish ]]clans in the nearby [[Wicklow Mountains]]. Up to [[1583]], it was owned by the Eustace family of [[Baltinglass]], but the castle was confiscated because of their involvement in the [[Second Desmond Rebellion]].
    +==Biography==
    +'''Mordechai Gifter''' was born in [[1915]], [[Richmond, Virginia]]. He was raised in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] where his father owned a grocery. He attended the public schools and received his religious education in after-school programs. As a young man Rabbi Gifter studied in the Rabbi Isaac Elchonon Theological Seminary of [[Yeshiva University]] in New York with others such as Rabbi [[Nosson Wachtfogel]] (former ''[[Mashgiach ruchani]]'' of [[Lakewood Yeshiva]])and Rabbi [[Avigdor Miller]].

    -The current building was designed by James Stewart and William Chambers and is believed to have been built around [[1583]] for [[Adam Loftus (Archbishop)|Adam Loftus]], then [[Lord Chancellor of Ireland]]. Originally a fortified and embattled structure, extensive alterations in the [[1800s|eighteenth century]] carried out in a [[Architecture of Ancient Greece|Grecian]] style of [[architecture]] give it the appearance of a modern house.
    -When it was bought by Loftus in [[1583]] Rathfarnham was described as a "waste village". His new castle was not
    -long built when in [[1600]] it had to withstand an attack by the [[Wicklow]] clans during the [[Nine Years War (Ireland)]].
    +His uncle was Dr. Samuel Saar, Dean of Yeshiva College. In 1932 at Dr. Saar's advice, Rabbi Gifter traveled to Lithuania to study in at the [[Telshe]] Yeshiva.

    -==Civil war==
    -Archbishop Loftus left the castle to his son, Dudley and it then passed to his son Adam in [[1616]]. During Adam's ownership, the castle came under siege in the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|1641 rebellion]]. It was able to hold out against the Confederate army when the surrounding country was overrun. Adam Loftus opposed the treaty of cessation in order the stop the fighting between the [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederates]] and the English [[Cavaliers|Royalists]]. As a result he was imprisoned in [[Dublin Castle]].
    +Rabbi Gifter immediately was accepted for admission and placed in advanced classes. He developed a strong bond with Rabbi Zalman Bloch, the dean of students at the yeshiva. He eventually became engaged to Rabbi Bloch's daughter. Prior to the wedding Rabbi Gifter returned home to the United States to visit his parents in Baltimore. He planned on returning to [[Lithuania]] for his wedding and to resume his studies.

    -During the subsequent [[Irish Confederate Wars]] (1641-53), the castle changed hands several times. From 1641 to [[1647]], it was garrisoned by English [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] troops. In 1647, Ormonde, commander of the Royalists in Ireland, surrendered [[Dublin]] to the English Parliament and Parliamentary troops were stationed at the castle until 1649. In [[1649]], a few days before the [[battle of Rathmines]], the castle, which was garrisoned by the Parliamentary forces, was stormed and taken by the [[Cavaliers|Royalists]] The castle surrendered without a fight to Confederate and Royalist troops in [[1649]], but the [[Roundheads]] re-occupied it after their victory in the [[battle of Rathmines]]. It has also been reported that [[Oliver Cromwell]] held council there during his [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|campaign in Ireland]] before going south to besiege [[Wexford]]. Adam Loftus, who recovered his castle and lands under Cromwell, sided with the Parliamentarians and was killed at the [[Siege of Limerick (1650-51)|Siege of Limerick]] in [[1651]].
    +When it became obvious that he would be unable to return due to the political climate of the late 1930s, he arranged for his bride's family to join him in the United States. Only his bride came; the family (unfortunately) chose not to abandon their community in its time of greatest need. The Gifters married in Baltimore, with Mrs Gifter's family still in war-torn [[Lithuania]].

    -After the [[English Civil War]], the Loftus family retained ownership of the castle. In [[1659]], Dr. Dudley Loftus, great grandson of Archbishop Loftus, took over the castle. During his lifetime, Dudley held the posts of Commissioner of Revenue, Judge Admirality, Master in Chancery, MP for [[Kildare]] and [[Wicklow]] and M.P for Bannow and Fethard. His body is interred at [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin|St. Patrick's Cathedral]].
    +Shortly thereafter, Rabbi Gifter was appointed to the pulpit of the [[Nusach Ari-Lubawitz]] Synagogue in northwest Baltimore. He soon became well known as an invigorating speaker and refined orator. His lectures and addresses became popular throughout the Baltimore area, and his national reputation began to grow as well. In addition to his rabbinic position Rabbi Gifter was appointed an adjunct lecturer at the expanding [[Ner Israel Rabbinical College]] headed by Rabbi [[Yaakov Yitzchok Ruderman]]. He was the first native Baltimorean to lead a congregation in the city.

    -==The eighteenth century==
    -The property, of which the [[Loftus (family)|Loftus]] family had resumed possession, passed by marriage to the [[Wharton]]s who sold it in [[1723]] to the Right Hon. William Connolly, speaker of the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Irish House of Commons|House of Commons]] for £62,000.
    +In 1943 Rabbi Gifter moved to [[Waterbury, Connecticut]] and assumed a rabbinic pulpit in that community. In 1944 Rabbi Gifter moved to [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] to join the faculty of his alma mater, the newly re-established [[Rabbinical College of Telshe]], which was moved from Telshe, Lithuania to Cleveland. The original school and Telshe community were almost completely destroyed by the Nazis and Lithuanian militia. In 1954 he was appointed Associate Dean and in 1964, he was appointed Dean together with Rabbi [[Baruch Sorotzkin]].

    -In [[1742]], the castle was sold to Dr. [[Hoadly]], [[Archbishop of Armagh]], and on his death four years later it passed to his son-in-law [[Bellingham Boyle]]. In [[1767]], he sold the property to [[Nicholas Loftus]], second [[Earl of Ely]], a descendant of [[Adam Loftus]], the original builder of the castle.
    +In 1977, Rabbi Gifter moved to Israel and founded a branch of the college in the Jerusalem area called "Kiryat Telz-Stone", leaving Rabbi Sorotzkin in charge of the Cleveland campus.

    -This young man died within a few years, probably as an indirect result of great hardships which he had suffered in his youth, and the estate passed to his uncle, Hon. [[Henry Loftus]], who was created [[Earl of Ely]] in [[1771]]. This nobleman was responsible for the conversions of the medieval fortress into a [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] mansion. The narrow loopholes were enlarged and the battlements replaced by a coping with ornamental urns. A semi-circular extension was added to the east side and an entrance porch approached by steps, on the north. The interior was decorated in accordance with the tastes of the period and the leading artists, including [[Angelica Kauffman]], employed in the work. Writers of the period who visited the house have left extravagant descriptions of its splendour.
    +Following Rabbis Sorotzkin's passing in 1979, Rabbi Gifter returned to the United States to lead the Cleveland campus. He never recovered from the tremendous loss that he felt for his first love, Israel and the Israeli branch of the school. To display his sense of loss, Rabbi Gifter did not return to his on campus residence, but moved into small quarters in the students' dormitory. He never allowed himself to live comfortably since leaving the Israeli project.

    -[[Henry Loftus]] died in [[1783]] and was succeeded by his nephew [[Charles Tottenham]]. He subsequently became [[Marquis of Ely,]] and later, as a reward for his vote at the time of the Union, [[Earl of Ely]].
    +For many years he led the presidium and leadership council of the Agudath Israel of America. He was one of the electrifying speakers in the Jewish world. Rabbi Gifter maintained a relationship with his first faculty position at [[Ner Israel Rabbinical College]], returning to Baltimore yearly to visit his daughter and son-in-law and friends.

    -Early in the [[19th century]], the family sold the estate and removed their valuable possessions to [[Loftus Hall]] in [[Wexford]]. The lands were then used for dairy farming and the
    -castle allowed to fall into disrepair. In [[1852]] it was bought by the [[Lord Chancellor]], [[Francis Blackburne]], whose family continued to reside there until [[1913]]. In that year the estate was sold and divided. The eastern part became a golf links. The castle and the south western portion were bought by the [[Jesuit Order]] and the north western part was devoted to housing.
    +Rabbi Gifter died in 2001, having suffered numerous ailments for many years prior to his passing.

    -The original castle consisted of a square building four stories high with a projecting tower at each corner, the walls of which were an average of 5 feet thick. On the ground level are two
    -vaulted apartments divided by a wall nearly 10 feet thick which rises to the full height of the castle. On level with the entrance hall were the library and reception rooms and above this the former ballroom, later converted into a chapel.
    -To the north of the castle was a long vaulted chamber formerly known as [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]’s Court or Fort. This was apparently a barn or storehouse erected in connection with the castle farm and like the castle itself had narrow loop holes in its 5 foot thick walls.
    +He is survived by his wife, three sons and three daughters. His son Rabbi Zalman Gifter is Dean of the Rabbinical College of Telshe in [[Cleveland, Ohio]]. His son-in-law Rabbi Ephraim Eisenberg served as Lecturer and Associate Dean of Ner Israel Rabbinical College in Baltimore.

    -In 1922, it was incorporated in the new retreat house, to which it formed the ground story and its character concealed from the outside by a uniform covering of cement plaster.
    +==Works==
    +Rabbi Gifter was a prolific writer. As a young man he authored articles on some of the most complicated issues in Jewish Law. They were published in the Talmudic law Journal of Rabbi Tzvi Pesach Frank, Jerusalem, Israel.

    -Not far from the Golf Club House was an attractive little temple built of stone and brick, another relic of Lord Ely’s occupation of Rathfarnham. It was rather out of repair but if it had been restored it would have added much to the charm of this part of the links. Unfortunately by decision of the committee, it was demolished in [[1979]].
    +He published numerous many books on Jewish Law, philosophy, theology and bible. He was a frequent contributor to many scholarly journals including the [[Western Reserve University]] Law Review.

    -In [[1986]], the [[Jesuits]] sold Rathfarnham Castle but before leaving they removed the stained glass windows, made in the famous [[Harry Clarke]] studios, from the chapel.
    +Among his books are:

    -==New ownership==
    -The castle was passed down the centuries to the descendants of Dr. Dudley Loftus until it came into the hands of Philip Wharton. The young man spent his inheritance recklessly and in [[1724]], the castle was sold to William Connolly. Connolly was a famous politician and an excellent speaker in the House of Commons. Connolly is the one who was responsible for the building of the Hell Fire Club.
    +'''Hebrew:'''
    +*Pirkei Torah - Commentary on the Bible.
    +*Hirhurei Teshuvah - Commentary on Maimonides' Laws of Repentance.
    +*Pitei Mincha - Commentary on the Minchas Chinuch.
    +*Pirkei Iyun - Commentary on the Talmudic Tractate Makkos.
    +*Pirkei Moed - Commentary on the Festivals.

    -Rathfarnham Castle remained in the hands of the Connolly family until [[1742]] where it was then sold to Bishop Hoadley. It stayed in his family until [[1763]] where the Lofus family regained ownership. The Loftus family constructed another entrance for the castle in the form of a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Triumphal Arch]]. From nearby Dodder Park Road, one can still view the arch.
    +'''English:'''
    +*Torah Perspectives - Essay on a variety of topics.
    +*Pirkei Torah - Commentary on the Bible.

    -In [[1812]], the Loftus family left the castle for the last time and they moved to [[Loftus Hall]], Wexford. The castle then went through many families such as the Ropers (1812-1852) and the Blackburne family (1852-1912). When the property developers Bailey & Gibson acquired the castle in [[1912]], they used large tracts of its surrounding land for construction and they also built a golf course, the [[Castle Golf Club]].
    -
    -In [[1913]], the [[Jesuits]] bought the castle and the remaining land. The Jesuits are an order renowned for their education and one of them, Father O'Leary S.J constructed a [[seismograph]]. This machine could detect earth tremors and [[earthquakes]] from anywhere in the world and for a time, Rathfarnham Castle became a source of earthquake information for the national media.
    -
    -==Preservation==
    -The castle was sold to [[Delaware Properties]] in [[1985]] and it was believed that the castle was facing demolition. After immense public pressure to save the building, the state purchased it in [[1987]]. At the moment, the castle is going through extensive refurbishment but it is still open to the public during the summer months.
    -
    -The date of the foundation of the Castle is uncertain, but recent research would suggest [[1583]] as the most likely date. It was built by [[Adam Loftus (Archbishop)|Adam Loftus]], a [[Yorkshireman]]. The Castle has a colourful and interesting history with 18th century interiors by [[Sir William Chambers]] and [[James Athenian Stuart]] and was declared a [[National Monument]] in the mid-1980s. The Castle is presented to visitors as a castle undergoing active conservation. The visitor can see, at first hand, tantalizing glimpses of layers of the Castles earlier existence uncovered during research. (Conservation works are ongoing at the site).
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -One of the most chilling stories about Rathfarnham Castle is that of the skeleton of a woman found in one of the hollow walls on the middle floor in [[1880]]. It is ascertained that she was there for over 130 years. It is believed that she was locked into a secret compartment in one of the rooms during a ball. Two suitors were arguing over her love and they decided to sort out their differences by way of a [[duel]]. The victor would then rescue the fair maiden from the wall. But as it happened, both died - one from drowning and the other from his wounds. The whole affair was conducted in secret so the beautiful maiden was left there entombed in the wall, where she died. The lady of the castle in 1880 had the corpse's silk dress made into cushions. Some believe her ghost haunts the ballroom in the castle.
    -
    -
    -Admission Charges: F
    -Adult: EUR 2.00
    -Group & Senior Citizen: EUR 1.25
    -Child/Student: EUR 1.00
    -Family Rate: EUR 5.50
    -
    -== References ==
    -Much of the text in this article is taken, with permission, from
    -* http://student.dcu.ie/~brennd22/rathfarnham%20castle.html
    -* http://www.geocities.com/jorgenpfhartogs/Rathfarnham_Castle.html
    -* ''South Dublin Libraries'' and ''Archeology, Early Christain Remains and Local Histories, Chapter 10, by Patrick Healy''.
    -
    -[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dublin]]
    -[[Category:Castles in the Republic of Ireland]]
    -[[Category:Rathfarnham]]
    +[[Category:1915 births|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:2001 deaths|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:Cause of death missing|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:Jewish American writers|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:Haredi rabbis in the United States|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:People from Baltimore|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:People from Richmond, Virginia|Gifter, Mordechai]]
    +[[Category:People from Waterbury, Connecticut|Gifter, Mordechai]] 2013-03-20 02:31:16 90959126 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3540664]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,16 +1,103 @@\n
    -This category contains articles flagged as needing an independent reassessment or validation of its current rating, in the '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Hawaii|WikiProject Hawaii]]''' article assessment and rating scheme.
    +{{Infobox CVG
    +|title = Ghouls 'n Ghosts
    +|image = [[Image:Gng arcade capcom flyer1.jpg|256px|Ghouls 'n Ghosts flyer]]
    +|developer = [[Capcom]]
    +|publisher = [[Capcom]]
    +|designer = Tokuro Fujiwara
    S. Yoshimoto
    H. Yamamoto
    +|release = December, [[1988 in video gaming|1988]]
    +|genre = [[Platform game]] / [[Run and gun]]
    +|modes = [[Single player]], [[multiplayer game|multiplayer]]
    +|platforms = [[Amiga]], [[Amstrad CPC]], [[Atari ST]], [[Commodore 64]], [[PC Engine]], [[Sega Master System]], [[Sega Mega Drive]], [[ZX Spectrum]]
    +|cabinet = Upright
    +|arcade system = [[CPS-1]]
    +|display = [[Raster graphics|Raster]], standard resolution, horizontal orientation
    +|input = 8-way [[joystick]], 2 buttons
    +}}
    +'''''Ghouls 'n Ghosts''''' (大魔界村 ''Dai Makaimura'', or "Great Demon World Village" in [[Japan]]) is a [[platform game]]/[[run and gun]] developed by [[Capcom]] and released as an [[arcade game]] in 1988, and subsequently [[porting|ported]] to a number of other platforms. It is the sequel to ''[[Ghosts 'n Goblins]]'', and prequel to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]] game ''[[Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts]]''.

    -Articles are automatically placed in this category if the '''''reassess''''' parameter flag is set to a value of "yes" on the WikiProject Hawaii project banner attached to the article's talk page.
    +==Gameplay==
    +The gameplay for ''Ghouls n' Ghosts'' is similar to that of ''Ghosts 'n Goblins''. The player controls the [[knight]] Arthur, who must advance through a series of eerie levels and defeat a number of [[undead]] and demonic creatures in his quest to restore souls stolen by [[Lucifer]] ([[Loki]] in the English-language [[Sega Genesis]] version), including the soul of his bride, Princess Prin Prin. Along the way, Arthur can pick up a variety of weapons and armor to help him in his quest.

    -Once the article has been reassessed (the ''reassess'' flag would generally be used to request an independent or second-opinion of an article's rating after it had undergone some major updates, for example), the ''reassess'' flag should be removed.
    +===Series innovations===
    +While the core gameplay remains the same as its predecessor, there are a few extra abilities granted to Arthur, aside from the abilities to jump and fire weapons. By holding up on the [[joystick]] while firing a weapon, Arthur will throw the weapon straight into the air, which is very handy for attacking airborne enemies such as the [[Red Arremer]].

    -Articles are automatically placed in [[:category:Hawaii articles by quality]] sub- categories according to the particular '''''class''''' rating which has been assigned after an assessment by a Project team member. This should reflect the member's assessment of the article's quality at that point in time- if the quality of an article has subsequently changed, or the assessment could otherwise be re-evaluated, then the article's class rating may (at any time) be revised.
    +By jumping in certain spots, Arthur can cause a treasure chest to erupt from the ground. By firing his weapon at the chest, Arthur may find new weapons, an evil [[magician]] that can change him into an elderly man or a helpless [[duck]], or the gold armor. The gold armor allows Arthur to charge up his weapon to release a powerful magical attack. Each weapon has its own magic attack.

    -Revisions of assessment ratings are done by assigning an appropriate value via the ''class'' parameter in the WikiProject Hawaii project banner. This project banner is placed at the top of these articles' talk pages.
    +These innovations softened the difficulty a bit, although it is still considered by many to be ludicrously difficult, despite being considered the least difficult of the series.

    -Please see the Project's '''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Hawaii/Assessment|article rating and assessment scheme]]''' for more information and the details and criteria for each rating value, or enquire at the Project's [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii|main discussion board]] for assistance.
    +===Weapons===
    +Arthur is armed with one of the following weapons. Only one can be carried at any time.

    -This category is a [[WP:ASR|self-reference]], and as such does not pertain to encyclopedic content, but rather is used by the Project to categorize its workload.
    +* '''[[Lance]]'''
    +:Arthur begins with this weapon. It moves in a straight line across the screen. The Lance's magic power is a [[lightning]] spell, which causes Arthur to fire lighting bolts to his left, right, and directly above himself.

    -[[Category:Hawaii articles by quality| Needing reassessment]]
    -[[Category:WikiProject Hawaii articles| Needing reassessment]]
    +* '''[[Dagger]]'''
    +:The dagger behaves like the lance, but it is much faster, and Arthur can throw three at once, instead of just two. The Dagger's magic causes Arthur to create a mirror image of himself for a short time, which will follow Arthur's every move. This can be used to attack twice as fast as normal.
    +
    +* '''[[Torch]]'''
    +:Arthur lobs a torch a short distance in front of himself, which burns the ground for a short period of time. Generally considered a difficult weapon to use effectively. The Torch's magic causes four fireballs to encircle Arthur and spread out.
    +
    +* '''[[Axe]]'''
    +:The axe travels very slowly, but it can cut through enemies, allowing you to attack multiple enemies at once. Arthur can only throw a single axe at a time. The Axe's magic causes explosions to erupt in the area near Arthur.
    +
    +* '''[[Sword]]'''
    +
    +:The only non-[[projectile]] weapon. Arthur simply swings the sword in front of himself. To make up for its short range, the sword is twice as powerful as Arthur's other weapons. The sword's magic causes a [[dragon]] to appear and attack enemies.
    +
    +* '''[[Discus]]'''
    +:The discus is similar to the Lance, but if you kneel while throwing it, it will hug the ground, which is useful on hilly terrain. The Discus' magic makes a mirror appear directly in front of Arthur, which will protect him, and damage any enemies that come in contact with it.
    +
    +* '''Psycho Cannon'''
    +:The Psycho Cannon can only be obtained on Arthur's second time through the game, and it is the only weapon that can defeat Lucifer. He can find it by opening a treasure chest while wearing the gold armor. Arthur throws a blast of magic directly in front of himself. The attack's range is dependent on what armor Arthur is wearing. If he's in his [[boxer shorts|boxers]], the range is extremely short, while it's more respectable when he's wearing gold armor. Additionally, with the gold armor, it can destroy enemy projectiles. The strength of the Psycho Cannon depends on how close Arthur is to an enemy when he uses it. If Arthur attacks from close range, it is easily the most powerful weapon in the game.
    +
    +==Levels==
    +The game comprises six levels, each with an end-of-level [[Boss (video games)|boss]] who must be defeated before progressing to the next stage. The final level can only be accessed after beating the previous five levels ''twice'', and only if Arthur possesses the Psycho Cannon.
    +
    +[[Image:Ghouls 'n Ghosts.png|256px|right|thumb|Avoiding the Skeleton Murderers in The Execution Place]]
    +
    +===The Execution Place and Floating Island===
    +As in the other games in the series, the first level is a [[cemetery]]. Instead of being inhabited by traditional [[zombie]]s, though, there are Skeleton Murderers, which are numerous miniature versions of [[Death (personification)|Death]], complete with hoods and [[scythe]]s. Arthur must fight through a number of these creatures, along with vultures, while avoiding giant [[guillotine]]s, until he can cross over to the Floating Island. After braving a windstorm and numerous porcine ogres, Arthur must defeat the boss, [[Dullahan]].
    +
    +===The Village of Decay and Town of Fire===
    +The village is comprised of giant evil [[turtle]]s and [[insect]]s. Arthur must navigate rickety bridges over [[antlion]]s, and avoid dangerous [[windmill]]s, as well as fend off his first [[Red Arremer]]. The town will eventually erupt into flames, and Arthur will be faced with flaming [[bat]]s before he makes it to [[Cerberus]], the boss.
    +
    +===Baron Rankle's Tower and the Horrible Faced Mountain===
    +The first part of this stage is similar to an [[elevator]], as Arthur is trapped in a confined space that is constantly moving vertically. The ability to fire his weapon vertically will be needed as he fends off [[knight]]s that erupt from the walls and bats that drop stones. The second part of the stage consists of Arthur navigating across a [[chasm]] along the [[tongue]]s of stone heads. The boss is an evil [[cloud]] known as Gasutto.
    +
    +===The Crystal Forest===
    +Despite its name, this is actually a [[cave]], but it does indeed contain numerous [[crystal]]s, which will damage Arthur if they are touched. The second part of the level is a series of [[waterfall]]s Arthur must go down. The boss resembles a giant [[maggot]] that releases smaller maggots to attack you.
    +
    +===The Castle of Evil Demons===
    +The [[Castle]] is the most difficult level in the game, as it is filled with Red Arremers and other dangerous enemies, including miniature versions of the previous bosses, Dullahan and Gassuto, as well as clones of Astaroth, the villain of ''[[Ghosts 'n Goblins]]''. If Arthur can navigate to the end, he will fight [[Beelzebub]], who resembles a giant [[fly]]. If Arthur has the Psycho Cannon, he'll proceed to Lucifer's Chamber after finishing this level. If not, or if it's Arthur's first time through the game, he'll have to start the game again.
    +
    +===Lucifer's Chamber===
    +The final level consists solely of a boss fight with Lucifer. Lucifer resembles a huge demon, and can only be defeated by firing the Psycho Cannon at his [[head]]. Arthur should avoid the [[laser]]s and Lucifer's [[feet]], move directly beneath his head, and fire upward to damage him. Lucifer can also fire a vertically directed laser from his mouth: during this time he is invincible to the Psycho Cannon shot.
    +
    +==Music==
    +The original soundtrack for arcade version was composed by Tamayo Kawamoto. Many computer [[porting|ports]] of the game include the soundtrack by [[Tim Follin]] which consists of arrangements and some new songs. Follin's soundtrack - especially [[Commodore 64]] and [[Amiga]] versions - is respected among computer game music listeners and also got appreciation from reviewers when the game was published.
    +
    +==External links==
    +;General resources
    +*{{moby game|id=/ghouls-n-ghosts|name=''Ghouls 'n Ghosts''}}
    +* [http://www.klov.com/game_detail.php?letter=G&game_id=7939 ''Ghouls 'n Ghosts''] at [[KLOV|The Killer List of Video Games]]
    +*[http://gngseries.retrogames.com/ The Ghosts 'n Goblins Series Online]
    +
    +{{Ghosts 'n Goblins series}}
    +
    +[[Category:1988 arcade games]]
    +[[Category:1988 computer and video games]]
    +[[Category:Amiga games]]
    +[[Category:Amstrad CPC games]]
    +[[Category:Arcade games]]
    +[[Category:Atari ST games]]
    +[[Category:Commodore 64 games]]
    +[[Category:Ghosts 'n Goblins]]
    +[[Category:Mobile phone games]]
    +[[Category:Sega Mega Drive/Sega Genesis games]]
    +[[Category:Sega Master System games]]
    +[[Category:ZX Spectrum games]]
    +
    +[[de:Ghouls 'n Ghosts]]
    +[[fr:Ghouls 'n Ghosts]]
    +[[ja:大魔界村]]
    +[[sv:Ghouls 'n Ghosts]] 2013-04-16 08:37:01 92141264 EmausBot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:Q11145785]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,88 +1,68 @@\n
    -==Welcome from [[User:Runcorn|Runcorn]]==
    -'''Welcome!'''
    +: ''For London as a whole, see the main article '''[[London]]'''.''
    +: ''For wider coverage, visit the [[Portal:London|'''London Portal''']].''
    +
    +'''London has a [[temperate]] climate''', with regular but generally light [[precipitation]] throughout the year. [[Summer]] [[temperature]]s rarely rise much above 33 °C (91 °F), though higher temperatures have become more common recently. The highest temperature ever recorded in London was 38.1 °C (100.6 °F), measured at [[Kew Gardens]] during the [[European Heat Wave of 2003]]. Heavy [[snowfall]]s are almost unknown. In recent winters, snow has generally only settled once or twice and it is rarely more than an inch (25 mm) or so. London, as a temperate city, will generally receive less precipitation on an annual basis than a [[sub-tropical]] [[city]] such as [[Sydney]] or [[Rome]]. This is despite the fact that sub-tropical regions usually receive fewer [[rain|rainy]] or [[overcast]] days. London's large built-up area creates a [[microclimate]] (an "[[urban heat island]]"), with heat stored by the city's buildings. Sometimes temperatures are 5 °C (9 °F) warmer in the city than in the surrounding areas.

    -Hello, FireBall00, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
    +The following tables show average [[climate]] data for 1971-2000 at the [[Met Office]] station at the London borough of [[Greenwich]] which is the closest station to the centre of London.

    -*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
    -*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
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    +{{-}}
    +{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:100%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" |Month
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jan
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Feb
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Mar
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Apr
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | May
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jun
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jul
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Aug
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Sep
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Oct
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Nov
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Dec
    +|-
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" |Avg high °C (°F)
    +| style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" | 6 (45)
    +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color:#000000;" | 7 (46)
    +| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 10 (50)
    +| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" | 14 (57)
    +| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;" | 19 (66)
    +| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 21 (70)
    +| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 23 (73)
    +| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22 (72)
    +| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000000;" | 20 (68)
    +| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000000;" | 16 (61)
    +| style="background: #FFFFCC; color:#000000;" | 11 (52)
    +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color:#000000;" | 7 (48)
    +|-
    +! style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" height="16;" |Avg low temperature °C (°F)
    +| style="background: #80FFFF; color: black;" | 2 (37)
    +| style="background: #80FFFF; color: black;" | 2 (39)
    +| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 3 (41)
    +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 8 (46)
    +| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | 11 (52)
    +| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 13 (55)
    +| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 15 (59)
    +| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 14 (57)
    +| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 12 (54)
    +| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | 10 (50)
    +| style="background: #DDDDDD; color: black;" | 7 (45)
    +| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 4 (41)
    +|-
    +| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|''Source: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather BBC Weather]
    +|}

    -I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out [[Wikipedia:Where to ask a question]]. Again, welcome!

    -[[User:Runcorn|Runcorn]] 20:29, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
    -==Welcome from [[User:Minun|Minun]]==
    -{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
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    -!
    Hello FireBall00, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Here are some recommended guidelines to help you get involved. Please feel free to contact me if you need help with anything. Best of luck and happy editing! —[[User:Minun/PCP/Entrance|''M'']][[User:Minun/EA|''in'']][[User:Minun|''un'']] [[User talk:Minun|''Spiderman'']] • [[Wikipedia:Editor Review/Minun|Review Me]] 15:52, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

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    -!
    Getting started

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    -
    +[[Image:London-climate.png|center]]

    -== Image:RAZR2open.jpg listed for deletion ==
    -
    An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:RAZR2open.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion#Image:RAZR2open.jpg|Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. [[User:Athryn|Athryn]] 09:00, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

    +==See also==
    +*[[River Thames frost fairs]]

    -== Image:MotorolaRAZR2.jpg listed for deletion ==
    -
    An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, [[:Image:MotorolaRAZR2.jpg]], has been listed at [[Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion#Image:MotorolaRAZR2.jpg|Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion]]. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. [[User:Athryn|Athryn]] 08:59, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

    +==External link==
    +*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/5day.shtml?id=1769 BBC Weather Centre - 5 day forecast for London]
    +*Readers in the [http://starjumps.net/modules/content/index.php?id=54 UK] or [http://starjumps.net/modules/content/index.php?id=55 London] can hear their local weather delivered by robot.
    +
    +[[Category:Geography of London]]
    +[[Category:Climate of the United Kingdom|London]]
    +[[Category:Climate by city|London]]
    +
    +[[ru:Погода в Лондоне]] 2013-03-17 18:03:37 90661078 Addbot Robbot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1110805]] NaN 2013-03-19 07:54:57 90845476 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3450840]] NaN 2013-03-15 07:27:14 90259991 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 4 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q352228]] NaN 2013-03-14 15:23:07 90139970 Addbot FlaBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3499735]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,136 +1,49 @@\n
    -:''For other uses, see [[Miracle (disambiguation)]].
    +{{Infobox Album |
    +| Name = Choice Cuts
    +| Type = Compilation album
    +| Artist = [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]]
    +| Cover = choicecuts.JPG
    +| Released = 2004
    +| Recorded = 1998
    +| Genre = [[Death metal]]
    [[Goregrind]]
    [[Melodic death metal]]
    +| Length = 78:57
    +| Label = [[Earache Records]]
    +| Producer = [[Colin Richardson]]
    +| Reviews =
    +| Last album = ''[[Swansong]]'' (1996)
    +| This album = '''''Choice Cuts''''' (2004)
    +| Next album =
    +}}

    -According to many [[religion]]s, a '''miracle''', derived from the old [[Latin]] word ''miraculum'' meaning 'something wonderful', is a striking interposition of divine intervention by [[God]] in the [[universe]] by which the operations of the ordinary course of [[Nature]] are overruled, suspended, or modified. People in different faiths have substantially different definitions of the word ''miracle''. Even within a specific religion there is often more than one usage of the term.
    +'''''Choice Cuts''''' is a compilation by [[Carcass (band)|Carcass]]. It was released in 2004.

    -Sometimes the term ''miracle'' may refer to the action of a [[supernatural]] being that is not a god. Then the term '''''divine intervention''''' refers specifically to the direct involvement of a deity.
    +==Track listing==
    +#"Genital Grinder"
    +#"Maggot Colony"
    +#"Exhume to Consume"
    +#"Swaming Vulger Mass of Infected Virulency"
    +#"Tools Of The Trade"
    +#"Corporal Jigsore Quandary"
    +#"Incarnate Solvent Abuse"
    +#"Buried Dreams"
    +#"No Love Lost"
    +#"Heartwork"
    +#"Keep on Rotting in the Free World"
    +#"Rock the Vote"
    +#"This Is Your Life"
    +#"Crepitating Bowel Erosion"
    +#"Slash Dementia"
    +#"Cadaveric Incubator of Endoparasites"
    +#"Reek of Putrefaction"
    +#"Empathological Necroticism"
    +#"Foeticide"
    +#"Fermanting Innerds"
    +#"Exhume to Consume"

    -According to the philosopher [[David Hume]], A miracle is "a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent." {{ref|stanford}}
    -
    -== Miracles as supernatural acts ==
    -[[Image:neObgig_Samara.jpg|frame|right|The annual miracle of [[Holy Fire|the fire that doesn't hurt]] has been attested in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] since the 5th century.]]
    -In this view, a miracle can be defined as a violation of [[physical law|laws of nature]] by [[God]] or some other [[supernatural]] being. To wit:
    -
    -# There are events that seem to be miracles.
    -# The best explanation for these events is that they were performed by a supernatural being.
    -# Therefore, there is probably a supernatural being (i.e., God) that performs what appear to be miracles.
    -
    -Many adherents of [[monotheistic religion]]s assert that miracles, if established, are [[logic|logical]] proof of the existence of an [[Omnipotence|omnipotent]], [[Omniscience|omniscient]], and all-benevolent God. A number of criticisms of this point of view exist:
    -
    -#While the existence of miracles may imply the existence of a supernatural miracle worker, that supernatural miracle worker need not be an omnipotent, omniscient, and all-benevolent God; it could be any supernatural being. That is, it only proves that gods might exist, not that there is a monotheistic [[God]].
    -#Some argue that miracles, if established, are evidence that a perfect God does not exist, as such a being would not want to, or need to, violate His own laws of nature. [[Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] theologians do not accept this reasoning; they conclude that the miracles are from an omnipotent God, because they believe to have previously logically proven (through concepts like the [[Cosmological argument|prime mover]]) that there must be a single omnipotent, omniscient, God.
    -#Laws of nature are inferred from empirical evidence. Thus if an accepted law of nature ever appeared to have been violated, it could simply be that the accepted law was an erroneous inference from an insufficient set of empirical observations, rather than a supernatural disruption of the true course of nature.
    -#All claims of miracles are premature until such time as complete knowledge of all natural laws is held by all making and examining the claim and the miracle is demonstrated to be not natural. As all claims of natural laws are falsifiable and therefore complete knowledge is impossible, it is not now nor has it been nor ever will it be time to claim that an event has broken a natural law.
    -
    -== Aristotelian and Neo-Aristotelian views of miracles ==
    -[[Aristotle]] rejected the idea that God could or would intervene in the order of the natural world. [[Jew]]ish neo-[[Aristotelian]] [[philosophy|philosophers]], who are still influential today, include [[Maimonides]], [[Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon]], and [[Gersonides]]. Directly or indirectly, their views are still prevalent in much of the religious Jewish community.
    -
    -== Non-literal reinterpretations of miracles ==
    -These are held by both classical and modern thinkers.
    -
    -In [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 22 is the story of [[Balaam]] and the talking [[donkey]]. Many hold that for miracles such as this, one must either assert the literal truth of this [[story]], or one must then reject the story as false. However, some Jewish commentators (e.g. [[Saadiah Gaon]] and [[Maimonides]]) hold that stories such as these were never meant to be taken literally in the first place. Rather, these stories should be understood as accounts of a [[prophet]]ic experience, which are [[dream]]s or [[vision (religion)|visions]].
    -
    -[[Joseph H. Hertz]], a 20th century [[Meforshim|Jewish biblical commentator]], writes that these verses "depict the continuance on the subconscious plane of the mental and moral conflict in Balaam's soul; and the dream apparition and the speaking donkey is but a further warning to Balaam against being misled through avarice to violate God's command."
    -
    -==Transcendent and nontranscendent miracles==
    -Some miracles can be explained by natural processes. For example the crossing of the [[Red Sea]] can be explained by natural processes. However, what cannot be explained is the timing and placement. It happened at the right moment at the right place when and where the Israelites needed it to happen. This timing and placement is not achievable by chance and is what makes these events miracles. These unusual or natural events that occur at precise times and places are called ''nontranscendent'' miracles.
    -
    -Another type of miracles are ones that seem to defy physics all together. Modern [[physics]], specifically dimensional physics, help to explain how events that seemingly defy reality can occur. These [[transcendent]] miracles include events such as the virgin conception of [[Christ]] and his bodily resurrection.
    -
    -==Miracles as a product of creative art and social acceptance==
    -In this view, miracles do not really occur. Rather, they are the product of creative story tellers. They use them to embellish a hero or incident with a theological flavor. Using miracles in a story allow characters and situations to become bigger than life, and to stir the emotions of the listener more than the mundane and ordinary.
    -
    -==Miracles as commonplace events==
    -[[Littlewood's law]] states that individuals can expect miracles to happen to them, at the rate of about one per month. By its definition, seemingly miraculous events are actually commonplace.
    -
    -==Miracles as viewed by different religions==
    -Different religious traditions and doctrines are divided on their views of miracles. Some religions view miracles as the provenence of their deity or deities only, while others report ongoing miraculous occurrences. Some faiths subscribe to the belief that miracles happened in the past, but do not currently occur. There is also division within sects, and between the religious leadership and the followers of many religions.
    -
    -=== Miracles as described by the [[Bible]] ===
    -The description of most miracles in the [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] ([[Old Testament]]) and in the Christian [[New Testament]] are generally the same as the modern-day definition of the word: God intervenes in the laws of nature.
    -
    -A literal reading of the Biblical accounts shows that there are a number of ways this can occur: God may suspend or speed up the laws of nature to produce a [[supernatural]] occurrence; God can create matter out of nothing; God can breathe life into inanimate matter. The Bible does not explain details of how these miracles happen.
    -
    -Today many [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]], some Christians, and most [[Muslim]]s adhere to this view of miracles. This view is generally rejected by non-Orthodox Jews, liberal Christians and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]].
    -
    -Some events commonly understood to be miraculous may not be instances of the impossible. For instance, consider the parting of the [[Red Sea]]. This incident occurred when [[Moses]] and [[Israelite]]s fled from [[slavery|bondage]] in [[Egypt]], to begin their exodus to the promised land. The book of [[Exodus]] never says that the Reed Sea split in an immediate fashion, and the "waters [as] a wall unto them on their right hand, and on their left" could be figurative. The text might rather be interpreted to say that God caused a strong [[wind]] to slowly drive the shallow waters to land overnight. In this scheme there is no claim that God pushed apart the sea as it is shown in many films; rather, the miracle would be that Israel crossed this precise place, at exactly the right time, when Moses lifted his [[Staff_(stick)|staff]], and that the pursuing Egyptian [[army]] then drowned when the wind stopped and the piled waters rushed back in.
    -
    -===Christian views of miracles===
    -Early Christian writers of the first few centuries appear to take the biblical stories of miracles at face value. In addition, they report additional miracles that happened in later centuries. The purposes of miracles vary, but recurring themes are miracles done for the benefit of a person, such as physical [[faith healing|healing]], or [[Resurrection|raising from the dead]]; miracles done to prevent or discourage some [[evil]] from happening, such as [[Agrippa I|Herod Agrippa]] being consumed with [[worm]]s upon inviting people to [[worship]] him, or various [[martyr]]s being found unusually difficult to kill, such as not being touched by flames ([[Shadrach]], [[Meshach]] and [[Abednego]]; or [[Polycarp]] of [[Smyrna]]); and oftentimes to increase the [[faith]] of those who witnessed or later heard of the miracles, whether the faith of current believers or unbelievers moved to convert to Christianity after witnessing a miracle.
    -
    -Miracles are central to most of Christian theology; they are the pillar upon which the reasonableness or truth of the religion is set to stand. Although most Catholic and certain Protestant theologians believe that the existence and certain limited properties of God can be proven philosophically and/or scientifically, these theologians explain that other elements of their beliefs have come from statements made by God either directly or through a person who proved that the statement was coming from God by performing a bona-fide miracle. (This assumes God wouldn't lie, something which is believe true by a philosophical argument.) This is seen by many theologians as the primary reason for Jesus to perform miracles, to prove that he was God so that humans would follow him. The miracles of Jesus were preformed in front of many people, not in private. He did them wherever he went, at all times. They were done for all types of people, not just Jews. The miracles benefited the people Jesus was with, not Jesus himself other than serving as proof as to who he was. [[C.S. Lewis]], [[Norman Geisler]], [[William Lane Craig]], and Christians who engage in jurisprudence [[Christian apologetics]] have argued that miracles are reasonable and plausible. [http://www.comereason.org/phil_qstn/phi060.asp] [http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-t011.html] [http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/miracles.html][http://www.tektonics.org/gk/hume01.html][http://www.ses.edu/journal/articles/2.1Hoffman.pdf].
    -
    -===Catholic views of miracles===
    -There have been a large number of Catholic Christians, philosophers, and clergy who have discussed a wide variety of ideas concerning the nature of miracles. These ideas vary from strict literal acceptance of the Biblical text, to neo-Aristotelian rationalist interpretations of miracles.
    -
    -In some Catholic views, a miracle is an unnatural occurrence that is brought about by divine intervention.
    -
    -Saints like St. [[Francis of Assisi]] and St. Anthony have been credited with hundreds of miracles during their lifetime and thousands after their death. Many Catholics believe that dead saints are still performing miracles, by interceding on behalf of the sinner before God.
    -
    -===Islamic view of miracles===
    -Miracles are found to be common in [[Islam]]ic beliefs and traditions. It is believed that all miracles are done by the will of [[Allah]] (God). The [[Muslim]] holy book, the [[Qur'an]], talks about miracles that happened to people, tribes and prophets. Miracles are not described as "miracles" in the modern definition, but large uncommon events all performed by God's will. Some examples of miracles include events that happened in the life of the [[prophets of Islam]] such as [[Ibrahim|Abraham]] when he was about to sacrifice his son [[Ishmael]], the sudden appearance of the [[Zam Zam]] well to [[Hagar]] (the wife of Abraham) when she was desperately looking for water for her baby, [[Isa|Jesus]] who was able to speak as a child and cure lepers, the parting of the [[Red Sea]] as [[Musa|Moses]] and the Israelites fled from slavery in [[Egypt]], and many more miracles are discussed. Also things that humans can not accomplish, but were done by God are also considered miracles, such as the [[Qur'an]] itself including many scientific, mathematical and other discoveries inside it. See [http://www.geocities.com/islamicmiracles/] for more information.
    -
    -===Hindu views of miracles===
    -[[Hindu]]s believe in divine intervention of God and that all of their deities and many of their saints have performed miracles.
    -
    -While the concept itself does not have the same prominence in Hinduism as in Abrahamic religions, several parallels can be drawn to miracles in those religions. The ocean allowing a floating bridge to be built on itself to let the armies of Lord [[Rama]] cross, child [[Prahlada]], an ardent devotee of the Lord, not being able to be killed by many means (fire, trampling by elephants etc), physical healing by saints, [[fire walking]], and disappearance of the physical body on entering the sanctum of a temple (Saint [[Mirabai]], [[Andal]]) are just a few examples. The lives of saints, the epics [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]], as well as numerous other Hindu narratives showcase miracles.
    -
    -=== Jewish views of miracles ===
    -In rabbinic [[Judaism]], most [[Rabbi|rabbis]] of the [[Talmud]] held that the laws of nature were inviolable. The idea of miracles that contravened the laws of nature were hard to accept; however, at the same time they affirmed the truth of the accounts in the [[Tanakh]]. Therefore some explained that miracles were in fact natural events that had been set up by God at the beginning of time. As summarised by [[Maimonides]]:
    -
    -:"...Our Sages... said.. as regards miracles:... that the miracles are to some extent also natural: for they say, when God created the Universe with its present physical properties, He made it part of these properties, that they should produce certain miracles at certain times, and the sign of a [[prophet]] consisted in the fact that God told him to declare when a certain thing will take place, but the thing itself was effected according to the fixed [[natural law|laws of Nature]]." ([[Guide for the Perplexed]] 2:29; but see below.)
    -
    -In this view, when the walls of [[Jericho]] fell, it was not because God directly brought them down. Rather, God planned that there would be an [[earthquake]] at that place and time, so that the city would fall to the Israelites. Instances where rabbinic writings say that God made miracles a part of [[creation (theology)|creation]] include [[Midrash]] ''Genesis Rabbah'' 5:45; Midrash ''Exodus Rabbah'' 21:6; ''Midrash Koheleth''; and [[Ethics of the Fathers|Pirkei Avot 5:6.]]
    -
    -==Contemporary miracles==
    -Contemporary persons who perform many acts that they claim are miracles include the Indian [[guru]]s [[Sathya Sai Baba]] and [[Swami Premananda]]. However some of the miracles are alleged to range from sleight of hand to elaborate magic tricks.
    -
    -Some modern religious groups claim ongoing occurrence of miraculous events. While some miracles have been proven to be fraudulent (see [[Peter Popoff]] for an example) others (as the [[Holy Fire|Paschal Fire in Jerusalem]]) have not proven susceptible to analysis. Some groups are far more cautious about proclaiming apparent miracles genuine than others, although official sanction, or the lack thereof, rarely has much effect on popular belief.
    -
    -==See also==
    -*''[[A Course In Miracles]]'' says that a miracle is a "shift in perception".
    -*[[Miracles of Jesus]]
    -*[[Divine_Providence#In_Jewish_thought|Divine Providence In Jewish thought]]
    -
    -==Notes and References==
    -* {{note|stanford}} [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/ Miracles] on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
    -
    -* Colin J. Humphreys, ''Miracles of Exodus''. HarperSanFrancisco, 2003.
    -*Krista Bontrager, [http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/its_a_miracle.shtml?main#_edn8 It’s a Miracle! Or, is it?]
    -* Eisen, Robert (1995). ''Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People''. State University of New York Press.
    -* Goodman, Lenn E. (1985). ''Rambam: Readings in the Philosophy of Moses Maimonides''. Gee Bee Tee.
    -* Kellner, Menachem (1986). ''Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought''. Oxford University Press.
    -* Woodward, Kenneth L. (2000). ''The Book of Miracles''. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82393-4.
    -*[[Andrew Dickson White]] (1896 first edition. A classic work constantly reprinted) ''A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom'', See chapter 13, part 2, ''Growth of Legends of Healing: the life of [[Saint Francis Xavier]] as a typical example''.
    -
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/philosophy/staff/luck/index.htm The Academic Study of Miracles]
    -*[http://uberkuh.com/node/322 Castles in the Air]
    -*[http://www.backtoislam.com/?cat=68 God's Miracles, Islamic perspective]
    -*[http://www.milkmiracle.com The Hindu Milk Miracle]
    -*[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/yuktibaadi.htm An Indian Skeptic's explanation of miracles : By Yuktibaadi] compiled by [[Basava Premanand]]
    -*[http://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/sde_chem/klien-1.htm The problem of miracles in Jewish Thought] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]])
    -*[http://www.cdk.si/grz/relig_ic_e.htm Religious miracles]
    -*[http://skepdic.com/miracles.htm Skeptics Dictionary on miracles]
    -*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/miracles/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
    -*[http://www.mesora.org/RabbiFox/miracles-fox.htm Torah Perspectives on Miracles]
    -*[http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=248167 Why Don't Miracles Happen Today? - A Jewish view on miracles nowdays] chabad.org
    +[[Category:Earache Records albums]]
    +[[Category:Compilation albums]]
    +[[Category:Carcass albums]]
    +[[Category:2004 albums]]


    -[[Category:Religious philosophy and doctrine]]
    -
    -[[da:Mirakel]]
    -[[de:Wunder]]
    -[[et:Ime]]
    -[[es:Milagro]]
    -[[fa:معجزه]]
    -[[it:Miracolo]]
    -[[he:נס]]
    -[[hu:Csoda]]
    -[[nl:Wonder]]
    -[[ja:奇跡]]
    -[[pl:Cud]]
    -[[pt:Milagre]]
    -[[simple:Miracle]]
    -[[fi:Ihme]]
    -[[sv:Mirakel]]
    -[[zh:神蹟]]
    +{{compilation-album-stub}} 2013-03-14 23:56:26 90214424 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2169825]] --- \n
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    @@ -1 +1,63 @@\n
    -{{WPBiography|living=yes|class=|importance=}}
    +{{Infobox actress
    +| name = Bea Alonzo
    +| image = Bea_Alonzo.jpg
    +| imagesize =
    +| caption = Bea Alonzo in the movie "Close to You"
    +| birthdate = [[October 17]], [[1987]]
    +| location = [[Philippines]]
    +| height = 5'7"
    +| Skill/Talent = Acting, Hosting
    +| birthname =Phylbert Angellie Ranollo Fagestrom
    +| othername =
    +| homepage =
    +| notable role = Katrina Argos in [[Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay]]
    Cielo San Carlos in [[It Might Be You]]
    Jackie Madrigal / Princess in [[Maging Sino Ka Man]]
    +}}
    +'''Bea Alonzo''' (born [[October 17]], [[1987]]) is a [[Filipino]] [[actress]]. Born '''Phylbert Angellie Ranollo Fagestrom''', her father is [[United Kingdom|British]] while her mother is a Filipino. [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1379134/]
    +
    +==Credits==
    +
    +===Filmography===
    +*''[[Pacifica Falaypay]]'' (announced) https://showbizpinoy.com/articles.php?do=article&articleid=3063
    +*''[[Pacquiao: The Movie]]'' (2006) .... Jinky Pacquiao
    +*''[[All About Love (2006 film)|All About Love]]'' (2006) .... Lia
    +*''[[Close To You (film)|Close To You]]'' (2006) .... Marian
    +*''[[Dreamboy]]'' (2005) .... Cyd
    +*''[[Now That I Have You]]'' (2004) .... Betsy Rallos
    +*''[[My First Romance]]'' (2003) .... Bianca
    +
    +===TV Shows & Appearances===
    +*''[[Komiks (TV series)|Komiks]]''
    +** ''episode: "[[Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko]]"'' (2006) .... Mangbabarang
    +** ''episode: "Mga Kamay ni Hilda"'' (2006) .... Hilda
    +** ''episode: "Bampy" (2006)'' .... Vampire
    +*''[[Maging Sino Ka Man]]'' (2006) .... Jackie Madrigal / Princess
    +*''[[Star Magic Presents]] episode: Miss...Mistress'' (2006)
    +*''[[Bea's Wildest Dreams at 18: Birthday TV Special]]'' (2005) .... as herself
    +*''[[Ikaw Ang Lahat Sa Akin]]'' (2005) .... Jasmin Fontanilla
    +*''[[It Might Be You]]'' (2003) .... Cielo San Carlos
    +*''[[Dolphy: A Diamond Life]]'' (2003) .... as herself
    +*''[[Kay Tagal Kang Hinintay]]'' (2002) .... Katrina Argos
    +*''[[K2BU]]'' (2002) .... Dianne
    +*''[[ASAP]]'' (1995) .... as herself
    +
    +==References==
    +

    +
    +

    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://bea-alonzo.com Beautiful: The Official Website of Bea Alonzo]
    +*{{imdb name|name=Bea Alonzo|id=1379134}}
    +*{{imdb title|title=Bea's Wildest Dreams at 18: Birthday TV Special|id=0819757}}
    +*[http://beaalonzo.pinoycentral.com/ Bea Alonzo] at Pinoy Central
    +
    +
    +{{Philippines-actor-stub}}
    +
    +[[Category:1987 births|Alonzo, Bea]]
    +[[Category:ABS-CBN|Alonzo, Bea]]
    +[[Category:Filipino British people|Alonzo, Bea]]
    +[[Category:Filipino child actors|Alonzo, Bea]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Alonzo, Bea]]
    +
    +[[tl:Bea Alonso]] 2013-04-09 07:17:33 91877930 KLBot2 MerlIwBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q3407707]] --- \n
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    -The Guild League are an independent pop band from Melbourne, Australia. Led by Tali White, the vocalist from The Lucksmiths, the band was originally formed as a recording project in 2001. This resulted in the album "Private Transport", with contributions from 16 people from Australia and the Pacific USA.
    +{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"
    +|+ style="font-size: larger;" | '''Jacobean Era'''
    +|-
    +| colspan="0" style="text-align:center;" | [[Image:James I of England by Daniel Mytens in 1621.jpg|200px|center|thumb|James I of England]] '''[[1603]] – [[1625]]'''
    +|-
    +! Preceded by:
    +| [[Elizabethan era]]
    +|-
    +! Followed by:
    +| [[Caroline era]]
    +|-
    +! Monarch:
    +| [[James I of England|King James I]]
    +| colspan="0" style="font-size: smaller;" | {{{footnotes|}}}
    +|}

    -The band has, since that time, expanded and contracted in size, and released its second album "Inner North" in 2004, based around then core members Tali, Cressida Griffith on Cello/bass, and Rodrigo Pintos-Lopez on guitar.

    -Rodrigo has since left the band, and the line-up at November 2006 is - Tali White (vocals, guitar, keys), Gerry Eeman (guitar), Cressida Griffith (Cello/bass), Phil Collings (drums), Gus Rigby (tenor sax), and Roger Clark (trumpet)
    +The '''Jacobean era''' refers to a period in [[England|English]] and [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[history]] that coincides with the reign of [[James I of England|James I]] ([[1603]] – [[1625]]). The Jacobean era succeeds the [[Elizabethan era]] and precedes the [[Caroline era]], and specifically denotes a style of [[Jacobean architecture|architecture]], [[visual arts]], [[decorative arts]], and [[English literature#Jacobean literature|literature]] that is predominant of that period. The era took its name from the Latin form, Jacobus, of the name of King James I and VI.
    +
    +==Highlights of the Jacobean Era==
    +
    +The practical if not formal unification of England and Scotland under one ruler was a development of the first order of importance for both nations, and would shape their existence to the present day. Another development of crucial significance was the foundation of the first British colonies on the North American continent, at [[Jamestown, Virginia]] in [[1607]], in [[Newfoundland]] in [[1610]], and at [[Plymouth Colony]] in Massachusetts in [[1620]], which laid the foundation for future British settlement and the eventual formation of both Canada and the United States of America.
    +
    +The most infamous event of James' reign occurred on [[November 5]], [[1605]]. On that date, [[Guy Fawkes]] attempted to blow up the King and [[Parliament]] in the [[Palace of Westminster]]. However, he was caught before he could follow through with the [[Gunpowder Plot]] and was later hanged.
    +
    +The marriage of James' daughter Princess [[Elizabeth of Bohemia|Elizabeth]] to [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine]] on Feb. 14, [[1613]] was more than the social event (or celebrity wedding) of the era; the couple's union had important political and military implications. Frederick and Elizabeth's election as King and Queen of [[Bohemia]] in 1619, and the conflict that resulted, marked the beginning of the disastrous [[Thirty Years' War]]. King James' determination to avoid involvement in the continental conflict, even during the "war fever" of 1623, appears in retrospect as one of the most significant, and most positive, aspects of his reign.
    +
    +Before their Bohemian adventure, Elizabeth and Frederick were the focus of an outburst of romantic idealism. Even after the negative turn in their fortunes, the couple were the center of an intellectual circle that involved significant figures like [[Comenius]] and [[Samuel Hartlib]], who would in time have positive impacts on English society.Frances A. Yates, ''The Rosicrucian Enlightenment,'' London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972.
    +
    +==Literature==
    +
    +In literature, some of [[Shakespeare]]'s most powerful plays are written in that period (for example ''[[The Tempest (play)|The Tempest]],'' ''[[King Lear]],'' and ''[[Macbeth]]''), as well as powerful works by [[John Webster]] and [[Ben Jonson]]. Ben Jonson also contributed to some of the era's best poetry, together with [[John Donne]] and the [[Cavalier poets]]. In [[prose]], the most representative works are found in those of [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]] and the [[King James Bible]].
    +
    +Jonson was also an important innovator in the specialized literary sub-genre of the [[masque]], which went through an intense development in the Jacobean era. His name is linked with that of [[Inigo Jones]] as co-developers of the literary and visual/technical aspects of this hybrid art form. [For Jonson's masques, see: ''[[The Masque of Blackness]];'' ''[[The Masque of Queens]]''.] The high costs of these spectacles, however, positioned the Stuarts far from the relative frugality of Elizabeth's reign, and alienated the middle classes and the [[Puritan]]s with a prospect of waste and self-indulgent excess.
    +
    +==Science==
    +
    +[[Francis Bacon]] had a strong influence in the evolution of modern science, which was entering a key phase in this era, as the work of [[Johannes Kepler]] in Germany and [[Galileo Galilei]] in Italy brought the [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernican revolution]] to a new level of development. Bacon laid a foundation, and was a powerful and persuasive advocate, for objective inquiry about the natural world in place of the [[Middle Ages|Medieval]] [[scholasticism|scholastic]] authoritarianism that still influenced the culture of British society in his lifetime. On practical rather than general levels, much work was being done in the areas of navigation, cartography, and surveying—John Widdowes' ''A Description of the World'' ([[1621]]) being one significant volume in this area—as well as in continuing [[William Gilbert]]'s work on magnetism from the previous reign. Scholarship and the sciences, or "natural philosophy," had important royal patrons in this era—not so much in the King but in his son, [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]], and even his wife, [[Anne of Denmark]] (the [[Danish Court]], from which she derived, had a strong patronage tradition in intellectual matters).
    +
    +==Arts==
    +
    +The fine arts were dominated by foreign talent in the Jacobean era, as was true of the Tudor and Stuart periods in general. [[Daniel Mytens]] was the most prominent portrait painter during the reign of James, as [[Anthony van Dyck]] would be under the coming reign of his son. Yet the slow development of a native school of painting, which had made progress in the previous reign, continued under James, producing figures like [[Robert Peake]] (died [[1619]]), [[William Larkin]] (ff. 1609-19), and [[Sir Nathaniel Bacon]] ([[1585]]–[[1627]]). Some would also claim, as part of this trend, [[Cornelius Johnson]], or [[Cornelis Janssens van Ceulen]], ([[1593]]–[[1661]]), born and trained in London and active through the first two Stuart reigns.Eliis Waterhouse, ''Painting in Britain 1530 to 1790,'' fourth edition, New York, Viking Penguin, 1978; pp. 42-66.
    +
    +==Emergence of Tobacco==
    +
    +And in the domain of customs, manners, and everyday life, the Jacobean era saw a sweeping change with the growing prevalence of [[tobacco]] use. James I published his ''[[A Counterblaste to Tobacco]]'' in 1604, but the book had no discernible effect; by [[1612]], London had 7000 tobacconists and smoking houses. The [[Virginia colony]] survived because the English acquired the nicotine habit.
    +
    +==Notes==
    +
    +
    +==External Links==
    +
    +*[http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fah/history/pdf/sci_and_pat.pdf Jacobean Science.]
    +*[http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fah/history/research/sci_and_pat.htm Science and Patronage in Early Modern England.]
    +* Jacobean Times: Webster, Hitchcock and Google Culture: http://jacobeanvisions.edublogs.org
    +
    +
    +
    +{{England topics}}
    +
    +[[Category:Historical eras]]
    +[[Category:Stuart England]]
    +[[Category:Stuart Scotland]]
    +
    +
    +{{UK-hist-stub}} 2013-03-14 19:59:44 90185527 Addbot GrouchoBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2170392]] NaN 2013-03-18 06:13:35 90737451 Addbot Luckas-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3162231]] NaN 2013-03-19 11:12:43 90866089 Addbot Makecat-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2907522]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,372 +1,54 @@\n
    -{| id="toc" style="float:right; width:230px; margin-left: 1em;"
    -|-
    -|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:ffffff;"|
    -{| id="toc"
    -|- style="text-align:center;"
    -|+ style="font-size: small; margin: inherit;"|'''Melbourne High School'''
    -|[[Image:Melbourne High Unicorn.png|centre|200px|Melbourne High School logo]]
    -|- style="text-align:center;"
    -|}
    -|-
    -|'''Name'''||
    -Melbourne High School
    -|-
    -|'''Address'''||
    -Forrest Hill
    -|-
    -|'''Suburb'''||
    -[[South Yarra, Victoria]] 3141
    -|-
    -|'''Established'''||
    -1905
    -|-
    -|'''Community'''||
    -Mixed: Predominantly Urban and Rural
    -|-
    -|'''Type'''||
    -State (Selective Entry)
    -|-
    -|'''Religion'''||
    -Secular
    -|-
    -|'''Students'''||
    -Approx. 1,400
    -|-
    -|'''Years'''||
    -9 to 12
    -|-
    -|'''Principal'''||
    -Jeremy Ludowyke
    -|-
    -|'''Nickname'''||
    -Melbourne Boys, Melbourne High, MHS
    -|-
    -|'''Mascot'''||
    -Unicorn - school's costumed unicorn is named "Duke"
    -|-
    -|'''Colours'''||
    -Maroon, Green and Black
    -|-
    -|'''Motto'''||
    -''Honour the Work''
    -|-
    -|'''Publications'''||
    -Ours (Weekly Newsletter), The Sentinel (School Magazine)
    -|-
    -|'''Yearbook'''||
    -Unicorn
    -|-
    -|'''Website'''||
    -[http://www.mhs.vic.edu.au/ www.mhs.vic.edu.au]
    +{{Infobox Indian urban area |
    +native_name = Chandrakona |
    +type = city |
    +latd = 22.73 | longd = 87.52|
    +locator_position = right |
    +state_name = West Bengal |
    +district = [[Paschim Medinipur]] |
    +leader_title = |
    +leader_name = |
    +altitude = 28|
    +population_as_of = 2001 |
    +population_total = 20,400|
    +population_density = |
    +area_magnitude= sq. km |
    +area_total = |
    +area_telephone = 03225 |
    +postal_code = 721201 |
    +vehicle_code_range = |
    +sex_ratio = |
    +unlocode = |
    +website = |
    +footnotes = |
    +}}
    +'''Chandrakona''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: চন্দ্রকোণা) is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[West Midnapore]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

    -|-
    -|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:ffffff;"|
    -|}
    +==Geography==
    +Chandrakona is located at {{coor d|22.73|N|87.52|E|}}[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Chandrakona.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chandrakona]. It has an average elevation of 28 [[metre]]s (91 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]).

    -'''Melbourne High School''' is the only selective single-sex State School for boys in years 9 to 12 in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. The equivalent for girls is the [[Mac.Robertson Girls' High School]].
    +==Demographics==
    +[[As of 2001]] India [[census]]{{GR|India}}, Chandrakona had a population of 20,400. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Chandrakona has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 73% and female literacy of 58%. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

    -Enrolment at year 9 is determined by an Entrance Examination, held in June each year. High academic expectations continue through the School. Past students have achieved very strong results in the [[Victorian Certificate of Education|VCE]] examinations and successful placements at tertiary institutions at a rate well above the state average. Many students and parents prize the school as an "opportunity to experience excellence and an ''Education that Inspires''".
    +==Economy==
    +The main economy is dependent on potato cultivation.

    -The median ENTER score for Melbourne High School in 2005 was 94.7. That is, over half of the graduating students of 2005 had been placed in the top 5.3% of all students in Victoria. It achieved its highest median ENTER score of 95.0 in 2001.
    +==References==
    +

    ==History==
    +Chandrakona in its heyday was supposed to have 52 bazaars and 53 roads. It was a place of trade importance and noted for its textile products, sugar, brass-ware and milk products. But all this is now nostalgic and all that remains are lofty buildings in ruins and relics literally of innumerable temples.

    -Victoria's first state [[secondary school]], the [[Melbourne Continuation School]] (from [[1912]] called '''Melbourne High School'''), was opened in [[1905]], with 135 girls and 68 boys. The school was the result of the vision of [[Frank Tate]], the first Director of Education, to enable students from state primary schools to continue on with their education. It was housed in the Old National Model School in Spring Street with Joseph Hocking, an inspector of schools, as the first principal. Hocking turned Frank Tate's vision into reality, and quickly the school produced girls and boys of quality, especially many teachers, and by 1919 it had the greatest number of students at [[Melbourne University]] (the only university then) from any school.
    +It is difficult to think what Chandrakona was like when all these temples used to tinkle with the temple bells for Arti in the evenings. There is hardly any locality or lane at Chandrakona where there are no temples. It looks as if every thriving family had a family deity enshrined in a temple. The abandoned homestead lands where the temples are now in ruins, jungles thrive and jackals howl.

    -A rich extra-curricular life was built with the strong academic curriculum, sports, music, cadets, drill, excursions, sporting exchanges with [[Adelaide High School]] (from 1910) and [[North Sydney Boys High School|North Sydney Boys' High School]], social events and a school magazine. [[World War I]] was an important hiatus for the school with many serving (over 500), and the school having a special association with [[Anzac Cove]].
    +Most of the temples have no deities now. Very few towns or villages in India have probably so many abandoned houses and deserted temples. But although the temples have been in utter ruins they have an individuality and indicate the wide exchange of thoughts and ideas in temple structure among the Orissan artists and architects have studied the Rekha-deul
    +temple types of Orissa and taken some of the ideas in their four-roofed and eight- roofed buildings and temples (Char-chala and At-chala).

    -The School continued to grow until accommodation became critical in the [[1920s]], with the building literally falling down, and the decision was made to split the School and move to alternative sites. The boys were the first to move, in October [[1927]] to their new home on Forrest Hill, [[South Yarra]] and renamed Melbourne Boys' High School. The girls (then renamed Melbourne Girls' High School) moved to Government House in [[1931]], then to King Street Central School the following year and finally their new home at Albert Park in [[1934]] and were renamed [[Mac.Robertson Girls' High School|The Mac.Robertson Girls' High School]]. Despite the [[Great Depression|Depression]], and the slowly building threat of war, the School expanded in its new home. New traditions began, such as a house system, with competition in various sports, debating and with the strong music tradition of the school, house chorals. A Memorial Hall paid for by past students was a feature of the new school, at its time the finest school building in Australia.
    +The Pancharatna and Navaratna temples of Chandrakona have clearly adopted quite a few ideas of the Rekha-duel temple.
    +The old temples in ruins at Chandrakona show us the tremendous impact the cult of Dharmathakur had over the area. It is peculiar that Contai and Taluk subdivisions of Midnapore district do not have this impact.

    -The outbreak of [[World War II]] meant the school building was requisitioned by the [[Royal Australian Navy]], and the School was forced to be relocated to two sites: the new Camberwell High School and Tooronga Road State School. In [[1944]] the School returned to Forrest Hill, with a new Principal, Maj-Gen (later Sir) Alan Ramsay, the first former student of the School to be Principal. All but one of his successors have been former students. The [[1950s]] under Principal Brigadier George Langley was a time of renewal, as the Tecoma camp was re-established and plans for a pool and new PE Centre developed. The [[1960s]] saw the first physical expansion of the School's facilities since 1927 with a new PE Centre and Pool opened in 1960; a new [[Library]] in [[1965]], the first of many portables in the late 1960s, and work was begun on the Junior Science Block (finished in [[1970]]).
    +Several Dharmathakur images are found at Gobindapur, Narahipur and Jayantipur localities of Chandrakona. We find the different names of Dharmathakur such as Sitalnarain, Swarupnarain, Rajballav Roy and Bankura Roy in one and the same temple. Several female counter-parts of Dharmathakur known as Kaminya are also found in the different localities of Chandrakona.

    -By the [[1980s]] the School was in poor physical condition, and urgently in need of new facilities to meet the changes taking place in education, particularly following the introduction of [[computers]]. Neville Drohan, Principal from 1986 to 1991, was able to secure government funds, together with donations, for a new building to replace the old Physical Education Centre/Pool. Completed in [[1992]], the New Building included a pool, gym, Music Centre, Library and additional classrooms.
    +The more famous of them is Kalkali Devi at Naraharipur locality. It may be mentioned here that different types of tortoises and at places often represent Dharmathakur only by a few stone pieces and there is not much to distinguish between the image of one name from the other. The names of the Dharma Kaminya are also peculiar, such as, Jai Durga, Kalkali, Kaliburi, Raiburi, Raibaghini, etc.
    +{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

    -In 1995 the original 1927 building was refurbished and a [[synthetic]] hockey field replaced the old grass one. The expansion of facilities allowed the School to increase its enrolment to 1366, the highest it has ever been. The school has been distinguished for its remarkable [[academic]] success and can point to many famous "old boys". Becoming more of an academic school over the last 30 years, the school has also retained its strong co-curricular traditions of music, with massed singing, formal assemblies and speech nights, the house sporting competition, house choral competition, an Army and Air Force [[cadet]] corps, active current affairs groups and school uniforms.
    -
    -==School awards and badges==
    -
    -There are School Colours for both Service and Sport. Both are in the form of ties, with a design consisting of the standard MHS tie's stripes and a unicorn at the bottom for Half Colours; and the tie stripe alternating with unicorns for Full Colours. The Unicorns on Sport Colours ties are coloured gold; the ones on Service Colours are silver.
    -In addition to the tie, Full Colours recipients as well as holders of some leadership positions can have their blazer emblazoned with their award or position. Position titles are emblazoned above the school emblem on the blazer pocket whilst award titles are emblazoned below.
    -
    -A system of badges is also employed at Melbourne High School.
    -
    -* SRC Executive: Gold Unicorn in red circle
    -* House Captains: Gold Unicorn in black circle
    -* Year 12 Form Captains: Gold Unicorn in green circle
    -* Year 9, 10 & 11 Form Captains: Silver Unicorn in green circle
    -* Academic Achievement: Gold Unicorn in maroon/green oval
    -* Year 12 SRC Representatives: Gold Unicorn in yellow circle
    -* Year 9, 10 & 11 SRC Representatives: Silver Unicorn in yellow circle
    -* Cadet Under Officers & Warrant Officers: Gold Unicorn in gold circle
    -* Year 12: Gold Unicorn
    -* Year 11: Silver Unicorn
    -
    -==Music Programme==
    -{{sectstub}}
    -Melbourne High School offers students a diverse range of options to express themselves through music. The school has a compulsory massed [[singing]] program that it offers to Years 9 and 10 students. In addition to this, all Year 9 students complete a semester of classroom music. Following on from this, the Music Department also offers a number of electives at Year 10 level in Music Craft, Film Music and Music Composition, to name a few. At [[VCE]] level, the department currently offers VCE Music: Group Performance and VCE Music: Solo Performance.
    -
    -In 2007, the Music Department will also offer [[Vocational_Education|VET]] Certificate II and III in Music Industry Skills and VCE Music Styles.
    -
    -There is also an extensive co-curricular ensemble program, which allows students of all abilities (who may not necessarily be music students) to participate in making music. Some of these ensembles include:
    -
    -* Davis Band, a symphonic concert band catering for woodwind and brass instrumentalists of all skill levels.
    -* Chorale, an unauditioned dance and song choir.
    -* Symphony Orchestra, catering for advanced players of orchestral instruments.
    -* Tattam Band, a ceremonial marching band for advanced brass and woodwind players.
    -* Singers, an auditioned chamber choir.
    -* Stage Band, an ensemble of advanced jazz instrumentalists.
    -* Big Band, similar to the Stage Band, but at an intermediate level.
    -* String Orchestra, a string-only ensemble that has members ranging from a beginning to an advanced level.
    -* Camerata, an audition chamber strings ensemble for advanced string players.
    -* Composition Ensemble, a group dedicated to performing new works by students.
    -
    -There are also three ensembles that have spawned from the Group Performance class: a vocal quintent, a jazz trio and a rock band. In addition to all of these groups, there are many smaller student-run groups that operate on an independent basis such as piano trios, string quartets, string quintets, vocal groups and rock bands.
    -
    -The current Director of Music is Dr. Anne Lierse.
    -
    -==Involvement Programme==
    -
    -{{sectstub}}
    -
    -The school has an extensive program of student-run clubs, societies and special interest groups. It is compulsory for Year 9 students to be involved in one of these groups as it forms part of the Year 9 Involvement Programme where by new students must be involved in one of these groups as well be involved in either service of Cadets, the Music Programme or Rowing.
    -
    -==Army and Air Force Cadets==
    -
    -Students who join the Air Force, the Army Cadets or the Ceremonial (Tattam) Band are assigned ranks, according to their experience, qualifications and skill. A cadet's rank is displayed on his military uniform.
    -
    -Cadets in the Army Cadet Unit may also undertake specialist courses after completing one year. These are normally held in the holidays after term one and will grant them qualifications in either field engineering, signals or first aid.
    -
    -The unit celebrated its centenary in 2005, alongside the school. In this year, a number of students from the Mac.Roberston Girls' High School joined the Army Cadet unit, marking the first time that females have been involved in the MHSCU.
    -
    -The Army Cadet ranks are:
    -
    - * Cadet (No insignia)
    - * Cadet Lance Corporal (One chevron)
    - * Cadet Corporal (Two chevrons)
    - * Cadet Sergeant (Three chevrons)
    - * Cadet Staff Sergeant (Three chevrons + crown)
    - * Cadet Warrant Officer Class Two (Crown)
    - * Cadet Warrant Officer Class One (Australian coat-of-arms)
    - * Cadet Under Officer or CUO (Diamond of chevrons)
    -
    -Note: The Ceremonial Band equivalent for Cadet is Bandsman.
    -
    -The Air Force Cadet ranks are:
    -
    - * Cadet (No insignia)
    - * Leading Cadet (One chevron)
    - * Cadet Corporal (Two chevrons)
    - * Cadet Sergeant (Three chevrons)
    - * Cadet Flight Sergeant (Three chevrons + crown)
    - * Cadet Warrant Officer (Australian coat-of-arms)
    - * Cadet Under Officer or CUO (One solid white braid)
    -
    -In addition to the Army Cadet ranks, there is the Assistant Quartermaster position, which is usually given the rank of CUO or sometimes Staff Sergeant; and the Drum Major position, which is given the rank of Warrant Officer Class Two.
    -
    -==Houses==
    -
    -Interhouse competitions remain an integral part of the school's [[ethos]].
    -
    -The four Houses with their associated colours are:
    -
    -*Como (Yellow)
    -*Forrest (Blue)
    -*Waterloo (Green)
    -*Yarra (Red)
    -
    -The names for the houses were derived from the local history of the area. The hill upon which the school is situated was first settled by captain John Forrest, who built his house, Waterloo cottage, in Como estate, alongside the river Yarra.
    -
    -The houses compete in 4 Major Competitions:
    -
    -*[[Athletics (track and field)|Athletics]]
    -*[[Swimming]]
    -*[[Cross country running|Cross Country]]
    -*[[Choir|Chorals and Instrumentals]]
    -
    -They also compete in Minor Competitions:
    -
    -*[[Australian rules football|Australian Football]] (Junior and Senior)
    -*[[Basketball]] (Junior and Senior)
    -*[[Debate|Debating]]
    -*[[Field hockey|Hockey]]
    -*[[Football (soccer)|Soccer]]
    -*[[Chess]]
    -*Theatre Sports
    -*[[Volleyball]]
    -*[[Water Polo]]
    -*Year 9 Cockhouse Round Robin
    -
    -'''House Cup Progressive Tally (since 1928):'''
    -*Como: 20
    -*Forrest: 20
    -*Waterloo: 12
    -*Yarra: 27
    -
    -==School Motto==
    -
    -"Honour the Work"
    -
    -The School motto was derived spontaneously from an eloquent address given to the assembled school by the late Mr Frank Tate ISO, MA, a former Director of Education. In the course of his speech, he quoted the words of Edward Thring: "''Honour the work and the work will honour you''", and it is recorded that these inspiring words were at once recognised as the most appropriate for the School motto.
    -
    -==School Song==
    -
    -'''''Honour The Work'''''
    -
    -'''First Verse'''
    -
    -Blithesome our hearts are and free is our fancy,

    -Swift fly the hours in work and in play,

    -Fain would we linger, but youth turns to manhood,

    -School days are passing, and we must away.

    -
    -'''Chorus:'''
    -
    -Honour the work, let our motto remind us,

    -When courage weakens and stern grows the fight,

    -Strong, like its pillars, the school stands behind us,

    -Standing for duty, and standing for right.

    -
    -'''Second Verse'''
    -
    -Lo! Steering westward through life's stormy surges,

    -Those who once laboured and played here are gone;

    -Before them a vision, a lamp lit by learning,

    -A shrine to be guarded and fame to be won.

    -
    -Chorus
    -
    -'''Third Verse'''
    -
    -Nothing we care for the small time remaining,

    -Shallow the stream our life flows along,

    -Slow though we progress with old muscles straining,

    -We shall prevail, for our spirit is strong.

    -
    -Chorus
    -
    -'''Fourth Verse'''
    -
    -Red blood of youth calls from far-distant Flanders,

    -Call o'er the sea from Gallipoli shore;

    -Loud Rings the voice of the deathless departed:

    -"Honour the work that we honoured of yore."

    -
    -Chorus
    -
    -Note: The third and fourth verses are sung only on commemorative occasions.
    -
    -Words by: A.G. Daws

    -Music by: Charles Breen
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -==Facilities==
    -
    -Over the period 1992 to 2003 Melbourne High School has significantly improved the educational facilities available to students, staff and the community to be among the best in the State of Victoria.
    -
    -These facilities have been, or are being, funded by the state government, parents, joint development agreements with outside organisations, the Old Boys and friends of the School.
    -
    -===Recent projects===
    -*Millgrove Outdoor Education Centre
    Over several years the School camp at [[Millgrove]] (near Warburton) has been upgraded with the planting of 3000 native trees, the construction of a high ropes course and flying fox, the building of a manager’s residence and the installation of a new kitchen.
    -*Cadet Headquarters (2002)
    Significantly funded by the Old Boys and the RSL Clubs of Waverley, Oakleigh and Bentleigh. A new home for the School Army and Air Force Cadets incorporating orderly rooms, meeting room, seminar rooms, display areas, kitchen and toilets.
    -*Old Boys Pavilion Changerooms (2002)
    New changerooms for visitors are being constructed contiguous to the present Old Boys’ Pavilion.
    -*Hockey Pavilion (2002)
    Built as a joint development between the School and the MCC. This magnificent facility will house four changerooms, first aid room, storage facilities, toilets and showers, kitchen and canteen, substantial dining area, display spaces and outside patio and viewing areas.
    -*Library
    The School Library is a well-tuned, highly organised and creative area that provides stimulus for studying, thinking and doing, for imagining, creating and learning.
    -
    -===Future projects===
    -*Art Classrooms (2008)
    Seven world standard art rooms to allow learning of the highest standards and variety.
    -*Performing Arts Centre (Future)
    To seat 600. Containing flexible stage, hydraulic orchestra pit, display areas, practice and rehearsal rooms, changerooms, kitchen and entertainment spaces.
    -*Rowing Shed (Future)
    A state of the art rowing complex, to be situated across Alexandra Avenue from the school. Intended to have premium frontage to the Yarra River, whilst housing an upgraded fleet of boats.
    -
    -===Past projects===
    -*"New Building" (1992)
    Containing classrooms, library, music suite, gymnasium, swimming pool, weights room and cardio room. Completed at the end of 1992 and officially opened in 1993, the new building is a four level multipurpose facility housing a heated 8 lane swimming and water polo pool, weight training centre, games hall and gymnasium, general purpose classrooms, science laboratories and an extensive top floor library. Entrance is either from the main School building, at a variety of levels, or through the Chapel Street pedestrian entrance.
    -*Refurbishment of 1927 Building (1995)
    Returned the original 1927 building to its former glory and added computer suite, dark room, new general office, improved classrooms, conference room, heritage room and an improved canteen and dining area.
    -*Hockey Field Complex (1995)
    A joint development with the City Of Stonnington, the MCC, Melbourne High School Old Boys and the School.
    Provided a synthetic hockey field and two plexipave netball/basketball courts.
    -*School Oval (1999-2002)
    With initial support from the Old Boys, the oval was reconstructed, reshaped and provided with new drainage, new turf wickets, new watering system, improved lighting and new fencing.
    -*Gymnasium Extensions (1997 and 2000)
    A cardio room was constructed and outfitted with fitness equipment in 1997. Then, in 2000, an underutilized area was converted into a fitness area, offices, and massage room.
    -*Junior Science Rooms (2000)
    Four old science rooms were totally rebuilt into world standard science facilities with corresponding storage, preparation and staff rooms.
    -
    -==Sister schools==
    -
    -Melbourne High continues to maintain close ties with their old counterpart, [[Mac.Robertson Girls' High School|The Mac.Robertson Girls' High School]]. Each year both schools engage in a combined winter concert as well as a musical and drama production. The schools recently celebrated their centenary together in a combined Centenary Concert, held in 2005.
    -
    -Melbourne High maintains a relationship with [[North Sydney Boys' High School]] and [[Adelaide High School]]. Each year, Melbourne High competes against North Sydney for the Crawford Shield, and against Adelaide High for the Prefect's Cup. Melbourne High also has an exchange with [[Sydney Boys High School]] for rowing and junior cricket, where each year the boys from either school are billeted to the hosting families from Sydney or Melbourne.
    -
    -Sister school relationships also exist internationally with high schools in Japan (Kasukabe High School), Germany ([http://www.asg.snbh.schule-bw.de Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium Gundelfingen]), Indonesia and France (Lycée Edouard Branly, Amiens). Annual exchanges occur with each of the sister schools, giving students the opportunity to experience both the culture and education systems of another country. Each year Melbourne High either sends a group of students overseas to these schools, or hosts students from these schools. There are also opportunities for individual students to go on a longer term exchange overseas.
    -
    -==Principals of Melbourne High==
    -
    -*Mr [[Joseph Hocking]] ([[1912]]–[[1923]])
    -*Mr [[Claude Searby]] ([[1923]]–[[1934]])
    -*Mr James Hill ([[1934]]–[[1943]])
    -*Maj-Gen [[Alan Ramsay]] ([[1943]]–[[1949]])
    -*Brig [[George Langley]] ([[1949]]–[[1956]])
    -*Mr [[Bill Woodfull|William Woodfull]] ([[1956]]–[[1962]])
    -*Mr [[Frederic Wells]] ([[1963]])
    -*Mr Edward Thompson ([[1964]]–[[1969]])
    -*Mr [[Laurence Collins]] ([[1970]]–[[1975]])
    -*Mr [[Lou Barberis]] ([[1975]]–[[1986]])
    -*Mr [[Neville Drohan]] ([[1987]]–[[1991]])
    -*Mr [[Raymond Winston George Willis]] ([[1992]]–[[2004]])
    -*Mr [[Jeremy Ludowyke]] ([[2005]]–present)
    -
    -==Notable alumni==
    -
    -*[[Cameron Bruce]] – [[Australian Football League|AFL]] player
    -*[[Leigh Bowery]] - Fashion designer
    -*[[Ron Clarke]] – [[Olympic Games|Olympian]], former holder of 17 world records for long distance running, philanthropist and Mayor of the [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]
    -*[[Simon Crean]] – [[Australian House of Representatives|MHR]] [[Australian Labor Party|(ALP)]], [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Opposition leader]] (2001–2003)
    -*[[Ralph Doubell]] – [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] athlete, Australia's last male [[Track & Field]] Gold Medallist (1968 800m)
    -*[[Mark Dreyfus]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] – barrister, endorsed [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] candidate for the seat of [[Division of Isaacs|Isaacs]] at the 2007 federal election
    -*[[John Carew Eccles|Sir John Eccles]] – [[Nobel Prize]] winner for Medicine
    -*[[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]] – [[Australian Senate|Senator]] [[Australian Labor Party|(ALP)]] (1978–1996), [[Australian House of Representatives|MHR]] (1996–1999), [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Foreign Minister]] (1988–1996)
    -*[[Jon Faine]]- ABC broadcaster
    -*[[Lindsay Fox]] [[Order of Australia|AO]] – trucking magnate
    -*[[Paul Gartside]] – Writer, Actor and Composer
    -*[[Dean Geyer]] - [[Australian Idol]] Season 4 Top 12 Finalist
    -*[[Max Gillies]] [[Order of Australia|AM]] – political satirist
    -*[[Nick Green (rower)|Nick Green]] - Australian Olympic [[Rower]] and member of the [[Oarsome Foursome]].
    -*[[Michael Gudinski]] – entrepreneurial businessman, founder of [[Mushroom Records]]
    -*[[Barry Jones (Australian politician)|Barry Jones]] [[Order of Australia|AO]] – [[Australian House of Representatives|MHR]] [[Australian Labor Party|(ALP)]] (1977–1998), former Minister for Education
    -*[[Graham Kennedy]] – television personality
    -*[[Julian Knight]] – Infamous for the Hoddle Street massacre
    -*[[Garry Lyon]] – [[Australian Football League|AFL]] player, television sport personality
    -*[[Ian Macfarlane (economist)|Ian McFarlane]] – Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]]
    -*[[Keith Miller]] [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] – [[cricket|cricketer]], former [[Australian Football League|AFL]] player
    -*[[David Morgan (businessman)|David Morgan ]] – [[Westpac]] CEO
    -*[[David Parkin]] – [[Australian Football League|AFL]] premiership captain of [[Hawthorn Football Club|Hawthorn]] (1978), former [[Carlton Football Club|Carlton]] Coach
    -*Neil Roberts – [[Brownlow Medal|Brownlow Medalist]]
    -*Professor [[Jeffrey Rosenfeld]] – surgeon, [[Victorian of the Year]] (2002)
    -*[[Bruce Ruxton]] [[Order of Australia|AM]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] – President of the [[RSL]] (1979-2002)
    -*[[David Schwarz]] – [[Australian Football League|AFL]] player
    -*Alan Stockdale – former Victorian [[Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Liberal Party of Australia|(Lib)]], Victorian Treasurer (1992–1999), [[Macquarie Bank|Macquarie]] Banker (1999–2005)
    -*[[Keith Truscott|Keith William "Bluey" Truscott]] – Squadron Leader 76 RAAF, WWII fighter ace and Melbourne AFL player (After whom the club's annual Best and Fairest award is named)
    -*Tom Wodak – Judge of the [[County Court of Victoria]]
    -*[[Bill Woodfull|William Maldon Woodfull]] – Australian Test [[Cricket]] Captain
    -*[[Bruce Woodley]], [[Keith Potger]] and [[Athol Guy]] – Members of Australian Folk band "[[The Seekers]]"
    -*[[Reuben Stanton]], [[Domenic Stanton]] and [[Jacob Pearce]] – members of [[post-rock]] band [[Because of Ghosts]]
    -*[[Harry Zvi Abrahams]] - Brigadier General of the SAS serving in East Timor
    -*[[Raimond Gaita]] - Philosopher, and author of Memoir "Romulus, my Father"
    -
    -
    -=== Trivia ===
    -* [[Lindsay Fox]] was expelled from Melbourne High School due to bad behaviour, although he had a part in the decision, believing it best he left. Some say he was expelled because of poor academic performance. Despite this, [[Lindsay Fox]] has maintained a good relationship with the school and has given it many large donations, and part of this deal is to land his helicopter on the school football oval whenever required. {{fact}}
    -* There is speculation of a tunnel leading from the Principal's Office to the [[Yarra River]], which was built during World War 2, when the school was used as an Army barracks, and the students were sent off to [[Camberwell High School]] {{fact}} This speculation has been proven false (the tunnel does not lead anywhere) and the tunnel has been branded dangerous due to low oxygen levels.
    -* The current school principal Jeremy Ludowyke has modelled with Liz Connor in two pieces for the [http://abc.net.au/arts/visual/stories/venice/hh_01.htm Hey Hetero!] Public Art Installation by Deborah Kelly and Tina Fiveash. The two pieces are [http://abc.net.au/arts/visual/stories/venice/hh_02.htm Hey hetero! when they say family they mean you!] and [http://abc.net.au/arts/visual/stories/venice/hh_05.htm Hey hetero! get married because you can!].
    -
    -==See also==
    -
    -* [[List of schools in Victoria]]
    -* [[Victorian Certificate of Education]]
    -* ''[[The Sentinel (MHS)|The Sentinel]]'' – Melbourne High School student magazine
    -* [[List of schools in Victoria, Australia according to 2005 VCE results]]
    -
    -==External links==
    -
    -*[http://www.mhs.vic.edu.au/ Official website]
    -*[http://www.mhsoba.asn.au/ Melbourne High School Old Boy's Association]
    -
    -[[Category:Schools in Victoria]]
    +[[Category:Cities and towns in West Bengal]] 2013-03-19 03:30:43 90820569 Addbot MastiBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2953481]] --- \n
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    -This user page is under construction...
    +{{sprotected}}
    +{{cleanup|October 2006}}
    +[[Image:ColoredDrinking.jpg|thumb|250px|An [[African-American]] man drinks out of the "colored only" water cooler at a [[racial segregation|racially segregated]] [[streetcar]] terminal in the [[United States]] in 1939.]]
    +'''Racism''' is commonly defined as a [[belief]] or [[doctrine]] where inherent biological differences among the various [[human]] races determine cultural or individual achievement, with a [[corollary]] that one's own [[race]] is superior and has the right to rule others. {{cite web |http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/racism}}
    +
    +The term racism is sometimes used to refer to preference for one's own ethnic group ([[ethnocentrism]]),{{cite web |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/psi/gender/gender_colonialism.html | title = Document equating ethnocentrism with racism fear of foreigners ([[xenophobia]]), views or preferences against interbreeding of the races ([[miscegenation]]),{{cite web |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/family/cruz-berson.html |title = Document equating views against miscegenation with racism}} and [[nationalism]],{{cite web| url = http://www.experiencefestival.com/nationalism_-_racism| title = Document equating nationalism with racism, and/or a generalization of a specific group of people ([[stereotype]]); regardless of any explicit belief in superiority or inferiority embedded within such views or preferences. Racism has been used in attempts to justify social discrimination, [[racial segregation]] and violence, including [[genocide]]. Politicians are known to practice race-baiting in an effort to win constituents.
    +
    +The term racist, when used to describe someone who supports racism, has been a [[pejorative]] term since at least the 1940s, and the identification of a group or person as racist is nearly always controversial.
    +
    +==Definitions of racism==
    +{{Unreferencedsect|date=June 2006}}
    +{{Further|[[Race (historical definitions)]]}}
    +When racism, a belief, is applied in practice, it takes forms such as prejudice, [[Discrimination#Racial discrimination|discrimination]], segregation or [[subordination]]. Racism can more narrowly refer to a ''system'' of oppression, such as [[institutional racism]].
    +
    +Historian Barbara Field argued in "Slavery, Race and Ideology in the United States of America" that racism is a "historical phenomenon" which does not explain racial ideology.{{fact}} She suggests that investigators should consider the term to be an [[United States|American]] [[rhetorical device]], with a historical explanation. She suggests that using race as a word with real meaning is a common error akin to [[superstition]]. Other scholars, however, say that races do exist, and the concept has significant meaning.
    +
    +Organizations and institutions that put racism into action discriminate against, and marginalize, a class of people who share a common racial designation. The term racism is usually applied to the [[dominant]] group in a society, because it is that group that has the means to oppress others. The term can also apply to any individual or group, regardless of social status or dominance.
    +
    +Racism can be both overt and covert. Individual racism sometimes consists of overt acts by individuals, which can result in violence or the destruction of property. Institutional racism is often more covert and subtle. It often appears within the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and frequently receives less public condemnation than the overt type.
    +
    +[[W.E.B. DuBois]] argued that [[racialism]] is the belief that differences between the races exist, be they [[Biological process|biological]], [[social]], [[psychological]], or in the realm of the [[soul]]. He argued that racism is using this belief to promote the belief that one's particular race is superior to the others.
    +
    +According to Jared Diamond in his work ''[[Guns, Germs and Steel]]'', race is essentially a social and historical construction. It has no real basis in science, nor can it be used to explain why Europe gained the upper hand in world conquests.
    +
    +On occasion, [[individualism]] has been denounced as a form of racism; for instance, in 2006, [[Seattle Public Schools]] issued a definition of racism on its Web site which stated that favoring individualism over [[collectivism]], and having a "future time orientation", were examples of racism because they favored "white culture" over viewpoints indigenous to other groups. After much criticism, they removed these statements from their site.[http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/272550_race02.html] On the other hand, a 1963 essay by [[Ayn Rand]] denounced racism as a crude form of collectivism.
    +
    +==Racial discrimination==
    +There are differences in treatment of people on the basis of characteristics which may be classified as racial, including skin color and place of birth. This is a concept not unanimously agreed upon. While this usually refers to discrimination against minority racial groups in Western societies, it can also refer to the opposite situation, and in that case is often called [[reverse discrimination]] when it is due to [[affirmative action]] or other attempts to remedy past or current discrimination against minority racial groups. Many do not consider this racism, but simply a form of discrimination. However, reverse discrimination is relatively rare and far less common than the direction which discrimination is usually practiced, majority against minority.
    +
    +Researchers at the [[University of Chicago]] (Marianne Bertrand) and [[Harvard University]] ([[Sendhil Mullainathan]]) found in a 2003 study that there was widespread discrimination in the workplace against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as "sounding black". These applicants were 50% less likely than candidates perceived as having "white-sounding names" to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. Results were stronger for higher quality résumés. The researchers view these results as strong evidence of unconscious biases rooted in the [[United States]]' long history of discrimination. This is an example of structural racism, because it shows a widespread established belief system. Another example is apartheid in [[South Africa]], and the system of [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] laws in the [[United States of America]]. Another source is lending inequities of banks, and so-called [[redlining]].
    +
    +A number of international treaties have sought to end racial discrimination. The [[United Nations]] uses the definition of racial discrimination laid out in the ''International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination'' and adopted in 1966:
    +
    +:''...any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.''
    +
    +In 2000, the European Union banned racism along with many other forms of social discrimination: "Article 21 of the charter prohibits discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, color, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, disability, age or sexual orientation and also discrimination on the grounds of nationality."[http://europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/fsj/rights/discrimination/printer/fsj_rights_discrim_en.htm]
    +
    +==Academic racism==
    +Refers to the tradition of prejudicial study of human societies and cultures, languages and peoples in circles of [[academia]]. With regards to African people its basis was formed during slavery and colonialism to remove any form of noble claim from the victims of these systems, thus reducing them and justifying their position as “natural” and a continuation of their historical “worthlessness.” Legendary quotes come from some of Europe's most respected scholars such as, Darwin, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant. David Hume, also said, ‘I am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferior to the Whites. There scarcely ever was a civilised nation of that complexion, nor even any individual, eminent either in action or in speculation. No ingenious manufacture among them, no arts, no sciences”. In the nineteenth century the German philosopher Hegel simply declared ‘Africa is no historical part of the world.’ This openly racist view, that Africa had no history, was repeated by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, as late as 1963.
    +
    +===Scientific racism===
    +[[Image:Races and skulls.png|200px|right|thumb|Nott and Gliddon's ''Indigenous races of the earth'' (1857) suggested that ''[[Negro]]es'' ranked between [[white people]] and [[chimpanzee]]s.]]
    +
    +[[Image:Kniga donski.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Cover of [[Alexander Donski]]'s ''Ethnological differences between Macedonians and Bulgarians'' (2000).]]
    +
    +{{main|Scientific racism}}
    +[[Scientific racism]] refers to the use of science (or the veneer of science) to justify and support racist beliefs. The use of science to justify racist beliefs goes back at least to the early 18th century, though it gained most of its influence in the mid-19th century. Works like [[Arthur Gobineau]]'s ''[[An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races]]'' (1853-1855) attempted to frame racism within the terms of biological difference among human beings, and with the rise of theories of [[evolution]] after the work of [[Charles Darwin]] became well-known
    +
    +It became common to consider some races more evolved than others. These points of view were very common within the scientific community at the time — even Darwin, who was an active [[abolitionist]] and considered all humans to be of the same species (against a trend of [[polygenism]] at the time) believed that there were inherent biological differences in the mental capacities of different races. Ideologies such as [[social Darwinism]] and [[eugenics]] used and reinforced many of these views.
    +
    +There were also scientists who argued against biological reenforcement of racism, even if they believed that biological races did exist (though some did not). In the sciences of anthropology and biology, though, these were minority positions until the mid-20th century. During the rise of [[Nazism]] in Germany, many scientists in Western nations worked to de-bunk the racial theory on which the regime rested its claims of superiority.
    +
    +This, combined with repulsion to [[Nazi eugenics]] and the racial motivations behind [[the Holocaust]], lead to a re-orientation of opinion around scientific research into race in the years following [[World War II]]. Changes within scientific disciplines—such as the rise of [[Franz Boas|Boasian]] school of anthropology in the United States—also contributed to this shift.
    +
    +Since then, many of the scientific studies which some claim support racist claims have since been methodologically debunked by scientists with specifically anti-racist agendas, such as [[Stephen J. Gould]]. However, Gould himself has been accused by a number of scientists of misrepresenting the positions of those he engages, being politically motivated in his attacks, and being selective in his use of material to those ends.
    +
    +The status of the concept of biological race remains very controversial within science, though practically no mainstream scientists admit to using scientific data to justify racist beliefs. Some scientists, such as [[Arthur Jensen]] and [[Richard Lynn]], have argued that the threat of being labeled as a "scientific racist" has made the scientific study of race and racial differences politically [[taboo]] and has stifled true scientific discourse. These charges have surfaced most often during the study of [[intelligence]], [[IQ]], and the concept in [[psychometrics]] termed [[general intelligence factor]]. Many scientists, though, believe that there is no evidence for typological notions of biological race, nor scientific justifications for racist beliefs.
    +
    +==Individual racial prejudice==
    +Racial [[prejudice]] refers to pre-formed personal opinions about individuals based on their perceived racial heritage.
    +
    +===Crypto-racism and aversive racism===
    +Elmar Holenstein uses the term ''crypto-racism'' as a synonym what he calls "hidden racism".{{cite web |url=http://them.polylog.org/4/ahe-en.htm | title = Document describing crypto-racism as hidden racism|work=A Dozen Rules of Thumb for Avoiding Intercultural Misunderstandings |publisher=Forum For Intercultural Philosophy}} while blogger Josh Marshall uses it in contrast to "closet racism" (usage example [http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/009423.php]).
    +
    +Some scholars use the term "aversive racism" to refer to the “subtle, unintentional form of bias that is presumed to characterize a substantial proportion of White liberals” (Son Hing et al, 275).Leanne S. Son Hing, Greg A. Chung-Yan, Robert Grunfeld, Lori K. Robichaud, and Mark P. Zanna.“Exploring the Discrepancy Between Implicit and Explicit Prejudice: A Test of Aversive Racism Theory” in Social Motivation: Conscious and Unconscious Processes. Joseph P. Forgas, Kipling D. Williams, Simon M. Laham,eds. Cambridge University Press. 2004.
    +
    +Because they have internalized liberal egalitarian values, aversive racists are motivated to experience themselves as being nonprejudiced, but at the same time have unconscious, unavoidable racist feelings or judgements of which they’re typically unaware (ibid).
    +
    +Aversive racists will express these racist feelings or judgements in situations where a non-racialized justification to do so exists. "Thus, aversive racists are able to discriminate without acknowledging their prejudice because they excuse or justify their behaviour on ‘reasonable’ grounds” (ibid, 290). It's likely that most people living in a liberal democratic, racially-structured society are aversive racists.
    +
    +===Same-race racism===
    +This can occur where members of one race associate behaviors or appearances of other members of their race as being in relation to another race which is regarded negatively. For example, there have been issues with darker-skinned [[African-American]]s disliking lighter-skinned African-Americans because of their lighter shade of skin, which may be associated with White parentage at some point in their genealogy (but may also not).
    +
    +A form of cultural racism can also be related to this, where members of a racial group are chastized by members of their own group for co-opting a culture which is perceived to be associated with another race (for example, there exists a stigma in many African-American communities against "acting White").
    +
    +==Institutional racism==
    +{{main|Institutional racism}}
    +===Racism as official government policy===
    +{{See|Institutional racism|State racism|Racial profiling}}
    +[[Institutional racism]] or structural racial discrimination is racial discrimination by governments, corporations, or other large organizations with the power to influence the lives of many individuals. See [[Affirmative Action]]. [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[state racism]] is the most famous example, along with [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|South Africa during the apartheid era]]. Examples of racism in [[United States]] [[domestic policy]] include [[slavery]] and discrimination against [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].
    +
    +The practice of racist [[Jim Crow laws]] by [[Southern states]] was common until the [[1964 Civil Rights Act]] gave the Federal government more enforcement power. During World War II, people of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] ancestry who were living on the [[West Coast of the United States|west coast]] of the U.S. were imprisoned in [[Japanese American internment|internment camps]].
    +
    +==== United States ====
    +Other examples of racism in U.S. domestic policy included human experimentation without consent, the most famous case being the [[Tuskegee Syphilis Study]] in which Black males infected with syphilis were purposefully not treated in order to study the long-term effects of the disease.
    +
    +==== Uganda ====
    +
    +In the 1970s, [[Uganda|Ugandan]] President [[Idi Amin]] expelled tens of thousands of ethnic [[India|Indians]]. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/west/series2/ugandan_asians.shtml].
    +
    +==== Malaysia ====
    +Until 2003, [[Malaysia]] enforced discriminatory policies limiting access to university education for ethnic [[China|Chinese]] and Indian students who were citizens of Malaysia by birth, and many other policies explicitly favoring [[bumiputra]]s (Malays) remain in force{{citation needed}}.
    +
    +==== United Kingdom ====
    +
    +Some critics, including [[Gore Vidal#Views on 2001-09-11 terrorist attacks against the United States|Gore Vidal]], British MP [[George Galloway#Political views and characteristics|George Galloway]] and [[Ward Churchill]], have suggested that [[United Kingdom|British]] and United States foreign policy in the [[Middle East]] is racist. George Galloway has also claimed that Arabs in the [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]], Iraqis in the [[Abu Ghraib prison]] and other jails, and civilians in [[Iraq]], are not being treated as human beings by the United States{{fact}}.
    +
    +[[Racial profiling]] of minorities by [[law enforcement]] officials is considered by some people to be a form of racism. Some claim that profiling young Arab males at airports will only lead to increased recruitment by terrorists of old non-Arab females, as well as Arab males who can "pass" as a non-Arab{{fact}}. Some state that this profiling is unnecessary, as it brings about the mistrust of many people{{fact}}. Some critics claim that racial profiling of citizens in the United States is an [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] practice because the government is infringing upon an individual's freedom just on the basis of what a racial group is believed to be more likely to do (in this case, commit [[terrorism]]).{{fact}}
    +
    +French philosopher [[Michel Foucault]] argued in ''[[Discipline and Punish]]'' (1975) that such profiling shifts the emphasis from the act itself (the crime) to the person (the "criminal"), and that a general tendency of "disciplinary societies" is to create the psychological category of "[[delinquent]]".
    +
    +==== India ====
    +{{See|Reservations in India}}
    +
    +Based on the [[Mandal commission]] report submitted during 1980, the [[Indian Government]] decided to reserve 27% more seats to students from [[Other BackwardCastes|Backwards classes]] in all educational institutions(Government & Private) and bring the total reservation percentage up to 50%. Subsequent surveys conducted by the [[Indian Government]] indicated that Population figures given by Mandal commission is exaggerated.[http://www.southasianmedia.net/cnn.cfm?id=292238&category=Social%20Sectors&Country=INDIA] [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/18/stories/2006051800251000.htm]
    +
    +Certain [[India]]n [[states and territories of India|states]], such as [[Tamil Nadu]], reserve around 69% of the total seats in educational institutions and Government jobs to students belonging to certain castes.[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-39296115,prtpage-1.cms.].Many analysts and Government [http://mospi.nic.in/rept%20_%20pubn/ftest.asp?rept_id=469&type=NSSO surveys] have indicated Other Backward Classes or comparable to Upper Castes in many spheres of life.[http://www.business-standard.com/common/storypage.php?autono=264481&leftnm=4&subLeft=0&chkFlg=]
    +
    +In recent years, so called upper castes are able to secure only 2.3 percentage of total seats in professional education as against their population of 13% in states like [[Tamilnadu]][http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/18/stories/2006051800251000.htm][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India#Caste_Based_Reservations_in_Tamil_Nadu].A person born in a backward caste is eligible for reservation irrespective of their economical or social status. Many politicians, film stars, and rich industrialists also reap reservation benefits.[http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=72900]. Accusations have been made that the [[Indian parliament]], has amended [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation_in_India#Reservations_and_Judiciary] the constitution whenever a court judgement was not in favour of reservation decisions
    +
    +===Economics and racism===
    +Historical economic or social disparity is alleged to be a form of [[discrimination]] which is caused by past racism, affecting the present generation through deficits in the formal education and kinds of preparation in the parents' generation, and, through primarily unconscious racist attitudes and actions on members of the general population. (E.g. A member of Race Y, Mary, has her opportunities adversely affected (directly and/or indirectly) by the mistreatment of her ancestors of race Y.)
    +
    +Some scholars have suggested that capitalism has played a large role in promoting racism especially socioeconomic racism. The Western hemisphere slave trade and colonialist activities were mostly conducted by the earliest capitalist economies ie; Spain, Great Britain, the United States and the Netherlands. [http://.www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/bohmerrace.htm][http://.race.eserver.org/toward-a-theory-of-racism.html ].Critics have pointed out that a slave labor economy was the sometimes considered ultimate form of capitalism because the capitalists made pure profits because they used free labor.[http://.flag.blackened.net/revolt/talks/racism.html].
    +
    +[[Global apartheid]] is a phrase used by those who argue that the international economic and political system is racist and is designed so that a white minority internationally accrue more wealth and power and enjoy more human and legal rights than the non-white world majority.
    +
    +==Ideological racism==
    +===Racialism===
    +{{Main|Racialism}}
    +This is a term often found within [[white separatist]] [[literature]], inferring an emphasis in [[Race|racial origin]] in [[social]] matters. Racism infers an assumption of [[racial superiority]] and a harmful intent, whereas separatists sometimes prefer the term racialism, indicating a strong interest in matters of race without a necessary inference of superiority or a desire to be harmful to others. Rather their focus is on [[racial segregation]] and [[white pride]]. In most English dictionaries currently there is no sharp distinction between "racism" and "racialism".
    +
    +==Reverse racism==
    +{{See|Reverse discrimination}}
    +Reverse racism is a term used to describe attitudes, behaviors, and policies which are racially discriminatory in a manner which is contrary to a historical pattern of racial discrimination. Usually a historically sociopolitically non-dominant race is perceived to benefit at the expense of a historically sociopolitically dominant race.
    +
    +[[Affirmative action]] (sometimes called [[positive discrimination]] outside the U.S.) is a government policy or a program of giving preferences to members of particular social groups, including races. Opponents contend that such preferential treatment by the government is a form of institutionalized reverse racism which unfairly discriminates against individuals by racial category. Proponents contend that such preferential treatment promotes [[racial integration]] and economic equality of groups which have been affected by racism.
    +
    +Many opponents of the term reverse racism claim that use of the term is [[pejorative]], racist, and no different than any other form of racism. Some believe the term to be used almost exclusively against their own racial group, implying that only members of their race are capable of being racists. Many opponents of the concept say that racism is by definition exclusively of the race in power.{{fact}}
    +
    +A more literal and modern interpretation of the term "reverse racism" refers to the idea of projecting racial bias onto another person's behavior that does not pertain to their own race. For example, saying that a Caucasian who dresses and talks like a African American rap artist is ''acting black'', is an example of reverse racism. It does not show racial bias against the person in question, but perpetuates racial roles with the sentiment that races are expected to act or dress a specific way.
    +
    +Another example is to automatically assume that one or both members of an interracial couple have a ''race fetish'' for their significant other's race, rather than assuming the relationship is based on other factors. This is reverse racism due to the projection of a possibly false racial bias onto another person.
    +
    +==History of racism==
    +:''Related article: [[Racism by country]].''
    +===The medieval discourse of ''race struggle''===
    +Although anti-Semitism has a long European history, racism itself is frequently described as a ''modern'' phenomenon. In the view of the French intellectual [[Michel Foucault]], the first formulation of racism emerged in the [[Middle Ages]] as the "[[discourse]] of race struggle", a historical and political discourse which Foucault opposed to the philosophical and juridical discourse of [[sovereignty]].Michel Foucault, ''Society Must Be Defended'' (1976-77)
    +
    +According to Foucault, this first appearance of racism as a theoretical discourse (as opposed to simple [[xenophobia]], which some might argue has existed in all places and times) may be found during the 1688 [[Glorious Revolution]] in [[Great Britain]], in [[Edward Coke]] or [[John Lilburne]]'s work.
    +
    +However, this "discourse of race struggle", as interpreted by Foucault, must be distinguished from 19th century biological racism, also known as [[race science]] or [[scientific racism]]. Indeed, this medieval discourse has many points of difference with modern racism. First of all, in this "discourse of race struggle", "race" is not considered a biological notion — which would divide [[humanity]] into biological groups — but as a ''historical notion''. Moreover, this discourse is opposed to the sovereign's discourse: it is used by the [[bourgeoisie]], the people and the aristocracy as a mean of struggle against the monarchy.
    +
    +This discourse, which first appeared in Great Britain, was then carried on in France by people such as [[Boulainvilliers]], [[Nicolas Fréret]], and then, during the [[French Revolution]], [[Sieyès]], and afterward [[Augustin Thierry]] and [[Cournot]]. Boulainvilliers, which created the matrix of such racist discourse in medieval France, conceived the "race" as something closer to the sense of "nation", that is, in his times, "[[people]]".
    +
    +He conceived France as divided between various nations — the unified [[nation-state]] is, of course, here an [[anachronism]] — which themselves formed different "races". Boulainvilliers opposed the [[absolute monarchy]], who tried to bypass the [[aristocracy]] by establishing a direct relationship to the [[Third Estate]]. Thus, he created this theory of the French aristocrats as being the descendants of foreign invaders, whom he called the "[[Franks]]", while the Third Estate constituted according to him the autochthonous, vanquished [[Gallo-Romans]], who were dominated by the Frankish aristocracy as a consequence of the [[right of conquest]].
    +
    +Medieval racism was opposed to [[nationalism]] and the nation-state: the [[comte de Montlosier]], in exile during the French Revolution, who borrowed Boulainvilliers' discourse on the "Nordic race" as being the French aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", thus showed his despise for the Third Estate calling it "this new people born of slaves... [[miscegenation|mixture of all races and of all times]]".
    +
    +While 19th century racism is related to nationalism (some authors have opposed a "close nationalism", based on racism, etc., towards an "open nationalism", based on the [[universalism|universalist]] conception of the nation, etc.), medieval racism precisely divides the nation into various non-biological "races", which are the consequences of historical conquests and [[social conflict]]s.
    +
    +===19th century transformation of medieval discourse===
    +{{See|Scientific racism}}
    +Michel Foucault thus traces the genealogy of modern racism to this medieval "historical and political discourse of race struggle". According to him, it divided itself in the 19th century according to two rival lines: on one hand, it was incorporated by racists, biologists and [[eugenicists]], who gave it the modern sense of "race" and, even more, transformed this popular discourse into a "[[state racism]]" (Nazism).
    +
    +On the other hand, [[Marxism|Marxists]] also seized this discourse, transforming the [[essentialist]] notion of "race" into the historical notion of "[[class struggle]]", defined by socially structured position: capitalist or proletarian.
    +
    +Thus, biological racism was invented in the 19th century. [[Arthur de Gobineau]]'s ''[[An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races]]'' (1853-55) may be considered as one of the first theorizations of this new racism, founded on an essentialist notion of race, and which would progressively tie itself to nationalism and to the state, creating this new form of nationalism which appeared in the [[New Imperialism]] period, and in France, in the midst of the [[Dreyfus Affair]].
    +
    +[[Hannah Arendt]] has shown in ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951) the emergence of "continental [[imperialism]]s", i.e. [[pan-Germanism]] and [[pan-Slavism]], both racist [[ideology|ideologies]] which would play a decisive role after the 1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]].
    +
    +Other famous authors include [[Edouard Drumont]], an anti-Semitic French author; [[Vacher de Lapouge]]'s "anthroposociology"; [[Herder]], who applied race to nationalist theory to develop militant ethnic nationalism; [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain|H.S. Chamberlain]] at the end of the 19th century (a British citizen who [[naturalization|naturalized]] himself as German because of his admiration for the "[[Aryan]] race"); [[Madison Grant]], a [[eugenicist]] and author of ''[[The Passing of the Great Race]]'' (1916).
    +
    +Such authors posited the historical existence of national races such as German and French, branching from basal races supposed to have existed for millennia, such as the [[Aryan race]], and believed political boundaries should mirror these supposed racial ones.
    +
    +===Ethnic conflicts===
    +{{See|Ethnicity}}
    +Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many use the term "racism" to refer to more general phenomena, such as [[xenophobia]] and [[ethnocentrism]], although scholars attempt to clearly distinguish those phenomena from racism as an [[ideology]] or from [[scientific racism]], which has little to do with ordinary xenophobia.
    +
    +Others conflate recent forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases, ethno-national conflict seems to owe to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases [[ethnicity]] and [[nationalism]] were harnessed to rally [[combatant]]s in wars between great religious empires (for example, the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro-Hungarians).
    +
    +Notions of race and racism often have played central roles in such ethnic conflicts. Historically, when an adversary is identified as "other" based on notions of race or ethnicity (particularly when "other" is construed to mean "inferior"), the means employed by the self-presumed "superior" party to appropriate territory, human chattel, or material wealth often have been more ruthless, more brutal, and less constrained by [[morality|moral]] or [[ethics|ethical]] considerations.
    +
    +One example of the brutalizing and dehumanizing effects of racism was the attempt to [[Population history of American indigenous peoples#Deliberate infection.3F|deliberately infect]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] with smallpox during [[Pontiac's Rebellion]] in 1763, itself a war intended to [[ethnic cleansing|ethnically cleanse]] the "other" (Anglo-Americans) from Native American land.
    +
    +According to historian Daniel Richter, Pontiac's Rebellion saw the emergence on both sides of the conflict of "the novel idea that all Native people were 'Indians,' that all Euro-Americans were 'Whites,' and that all on one side must unite to destroy the other." (Richter, ''Facing East from Indian Country'', p. 208)
    +
    +In the Western world, racism evolved, twinned with the doctrine of [[white supremacy]], and helped fuel the [[Europe|European]] exploration, conquest, and colonization of much of the rest of the world -- especially after [[Christopher Columbus]] reached the Americas. [[Basil Davidson]] insists in his documentary, ''[[Africa: Different but Equal]]'', that racism, in fact, only just recently surfaced—as late as the 1800s, due to the need for a justification of slavery in the Americas. The idea of slavery as an "equal-opportunity employer" was denounced with the introduction of Christian theory in the West.
    +
    +Maintaining that Africans were "subhuman" was the only loophole in the then accepted law that "men are created equal" that would allow for the sustenance of the [[Triangular Trade]]. New peoples in the Americas, possible slaves, were encountered, fought, and ultimately subdued, but then due to western diseases, their population decreased innumerably.
    +
    +Through both influences, theories about "race" developed, and these helped many to justify the differences in position and treatment of people whom they categorized as belonging to different races (see Eric Wolf's ''Europe and the People without History'').
    +
    +Some people like [[Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda]] have argued during the [[Valladolid controversy]] in the middle of the 16th century, that the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] were natural slaves because they had no ''souls''. In Asia, the Chinese and Japanese Empires were both strong colonial powers, with the Chinese making colonies and vassal states of much of East Asia throughout history, and the Japanese doing the same in the 19th-20th centuries. In both cases, the Asian imperial powers believed they were ethnically and raciacial prefrences too.
    +
    +===European colonialism===
    +[[Image:Völkerschau (Human Zoo) Stuttgart1928.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Human Zoo]] (''Völkerschau'') in [[Stuttgart]] (Germany) in 1928.]]
    +{{Main|Colonialism}}
    +Authors such as [[Hannah Arendt]], in her 1951 book ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'', have pointed out how the racist [[ideology]] ("popular racism") developed at the end of the 19th century helped legitimize the [[New Imperialism|imperialist conquests]] of foreign territories, and the crimes that accompanied it (such as the [[Herero and Namaqua Genocide]], 1904-1907).
    +
    +[[Auguste Comte]]'s [[positivism|positivist]] ideology of necessary [[social progress]] as a consequence of [[scientific progress]] lead many Europeans to believe in the inherent superiority of the "White Race" over non-whites.
    +
    +[[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poem on ''[[The White Man's Burden]]'' (1899) is one of the most famous illustrations of such belief, though also thought to be a satirical vantage of such imperialism. Racist ideology thus helped legitimize subjugation, slavery and the dismantling of the traditional societies of indigenous peoples, which were thus conceived as humanitarian obligations as a result of these racist rationalizations.
    +
    +Other colonialists recognized the depravity of their actions but persisted for personal gain and there are some Europeans during the time period who objected to the injustices caused by colonialism and lobbied on behalf of aboriginal peoples. Thus, when the so-called "[[Hottentot Venus]]" was displayed in England in the beginning of the 19th century, the African Association publicly opposed itself to this shameful exhibition. The same year that Kipling published his poem, [[Joseph Conrad]] published ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' (1899), a clear criticism of the [[Congo Free State]] owned by [[Leopold II of Belgium]].
    +
    +[[Human zoo]]s were an important means of bolstering ''popular racism'' by connecting it to [[scientific racism]]: they were both objects of public curiosity and of [[anthropology]] and [[anthropometry]]. [http://migs.concordia.ca/occpapers/zoo.htm On A Neglected Aspect Of Western Racism], Kurt Jonassohn, December 2000 {{cite news | authors=Pascal Blanchard, Sandrine Lemaire and Nicolas Bancel | title=Human zoos - Racist theme parks for Europe's colonialists | publisher=[[Le Monde Diplomatique]] | date=August 2000 | url=http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo}} {{en icon}}; {{cite news | title= Ces zoos humains de la République coloniale | publisher=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] | date=August 2000|url=http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html}} {{fr icon}} (available to everyone) [[Joice Heth]], an African-American slave, was displayed by [[Phineas Taylor Barnum|P.T. Barnum]] in 1836, a few years after the exhibition of [[Saartjie Baartman]], the "Hottentot Venus", in England. Such exhibitions became common in the New Imperialism period, and remained so until [[World War II]].
    +
    +Congolese pygmy [[Ota Benga]] was displayed in 1906 by [[eugenicist]] [[Madison Grant]], head of the [[Bronx Zoo]], as an attempt to illustrate the "missing link" between humans and orangutans: thus, racism was tied to [[Darwinism]], creating a [[social Darwinism]] ideology which tried to ground itself in [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s scientific discoveries. The 1931 Paris [[Colonial Exhibition]] displayed [[Kanaks]] from [[New Caledonia]]. [http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter6/interviews/filetodownload,18533,en.pdf The Colonial Exhibition of May 1931] (PDF) by Michael G. Vann, History Dept., [[Santa Clara University]], USA A "Congolese village" was on display as late as 1958 at the [[Expo '58|Brussels' World Fair]].
    +
    +===Racism in the United States===
    +{{Main|Racism in the United States}}
    +====Racism against Native Americans====
    +The [[Native Americans]] have faced racism in the United States since the days of [[Colonial America]]. Indeed, in 1606, Marc Lescarbot's "The Theatre of Neptune in New France" cast First nations as "Savages" who offer their complete subordination to the colonial masters. While the "Savages" were played by Frenchmen, the audience was composed of people from the Mi'kmaq Nation, setting a disturbing precedent.
    +
    +The Native Americans were massacred by US forces in the 19th century, which some claim was genocide [http://www.iearn.org/hgp/aeti/aeti-1997/native-americans.html ] [http://www.wicocomico-indian-nation.com/pages/genocide.html ]. US President Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying that" the only good Indian is a dead Indian" [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html]. Native Americans continue to face struggles. The Shoshone nation has accused the US government of racism for testing nuclear weapons close to their tribal lands.[http://nuclearfiles.org/.../subcritical_article-shoshone-against-testinghtm ] [http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096410030&CFID=541633&].
    +[http://www.wsdp.org/un_cerd_wsdp.htm].
    +
    +====Slavery in the United States====
    +{{Main|Slavery in the United States}}
    +Contention over the morality and legality of the institution of slavery was one of the cardinal issues which led to the [[American Civil War]]. The failed attempt at secession by the Southern United States led to the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]] to the Constitution, which was the official end of legal slavery in the United States.
    +
    +Emancipated blacks in the United States still had to struggle against institutional racism, forced segregation, violation of voting rights, and even terrorism. The [[Ku Klux Klan]] is perhaps the most notorious of these organizations espousing racist ideologies and enforcing discriminatory cultural norms with murderous violence and the threat of murderous violence.
    +
    +====Religion and Racism====
    +{{expand}}
    +See [[Christianity and Slavery]] and [[Islam and Slavery]].
    +
    +In 19th century, many U.S. Christians were taught that Africans, as the descendents of [[Ham, son of Noah|Ham]], deserved to be slaves. On the other hand, [[abolitionism|abolition]] movements were also justified using Christian teaching.
    +
    +====Racism against Japanese and Italian Americans during World War II====
    +During the second world war, over 100,000 Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians were forcibly placed in concentration camps where they remained until the end of hostilities with Japan [http://www.lm.liverpool.k12.ny.us/Whacked/Manzanar1/Manzanar.html ][http://mason.gmu.edu/~jboggs/openseason/resources.html ].
    +The incident that triggered the surge of anti-Japanese racism was the Japanese Imperial Navy's attack on Pearl Harbor similar to how the events of 9/11 triggered a backlash against Arabs, Iranians and Muslims. Racism differs from country to country.{{fact}}
    +
    +Tens of thousands of Italian-Americans were put in internment camps during World War II as well. Thousands more were placed under surveillence or had their property repossessed by the government. [[Joe DiMaggio]]'s father, who lived in San Francisco, had his boat and house confiscated. One official stated that if it had not been for Joe DiMaggio's status as a baseball player, his father would most likely had been sent to an internment camp.
    +
    +====Racism against Arabs, Iranians, and Middle Easterners====
    +{{Main|Anti-Arabism|Anti-Iranianism}}
    +There are reports of a large increase in anti-Arab/anti-Iranian racism in the [[United States]] since the [[September 11 2001 attacks]].[http://www.religionlink.org/tip_030407b.php] [[Racial profiling]] of people with a [[Middle Eastern]] ethnic background was proposed by a [[New York]] [[Congressman]] on [[2006-08-15]].[http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=2930]
    +
    +In movies and jokes, Arabs and Iranians have been shown as being terrorists and barbarians or as inferior people.[http://www.adc.org/index.php?id=2357] . Iraq and Iran were demonized by the US government and this led to hatred towards Arabs and Iranians living in the United States [http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/13/2004/814]
    +[http://www.soundvision.com/info/peace/demonization.asp] There have been attacks against Arabs and Iranians not only on the basis of their religion (Islam), but on the basis of their ethnicity because numerous Christian Arabs and Iranians have also been racially attacked.[http://www.pbs.org/niot/citizens_respond/losaltos.html Attacks on Arab Americans] (PBS)
    +
    +===Racism in Mexico, Central America, and South America===
    +Though not widely known throughout the world, Latin America has a history of racism highly influenced by the colonial attitudes and devastation created by the Spanish conquest in the 16th and 17th centuries. During the conquest, the offspring of Spaniards and Native Americans became distinct and low caste in colonial society. The offspring are now the majority thougout Latin America and in Spanish-speaking countries they are called ''indios'', ''nacos'' or ''[[mestizos]]'' by racists.
    +
    +Europeans in Latin America during the colonial period intended ''[[mestizo]]s'' to be a serf race to "pure" European colonial overlords in designated fiefdoms (haciendas). A practical example of this practice can be found in the colonial government structure that required the top levels of government to be in the hands of European born individuals, called ''peninsulares''. Middle management fell upon Europeans born in America without American blood, called ''[[Creole peoples|criollos]]''.
    +
    +Those of ''mestizo'' blood were cast in the lowest echelon of society as miners and agricultural workers. However, ''mestizos'' with lighter complexion sometimes rose to higher positions. Latin America’s history of exploitation and feudal economic practices contributed to the popularity of Socialist and Communist movements in Latin America throughout the 20th century. The legacy of the fiefdoms is the reason why Latin America is constituted by so many small nations.
    +
    +See the writings of [[Alvaro Vargas Llosa]] for discussion on relationships between development and culture in Latin America. Free trade agreements (like [[Mercosur]]) are challenging the need for borders among the nearly identical national cultures. Further, information technology and media consolidation is serving to further unify the Latin America's vast ''mestizo'' majority.
    +
    +===Racism against Jewish people===
    +{{Main|Antisemitism|History of antisemitism}}
    +
    +Antisemitism is a specific case of racism targeting the [[Jew]]s, although scholars argue whether it should be considered a ''[[sui generis]]'' specie or not.
    +[[Image:Nurembergracechart.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Nuremberg Laws]] of 1935 used a [[pseudo-science|pseudo-scientific]] theory for racial discrimination against Jews. People with four German grandparents (white circles) were of "German blood," while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or more Jewish grandparents (black circles in top row right). One or two Jewish grandparents made someone "[[Mischling|mixed blood]]." (1935 chart from [[Nazi Germany]])]]
    +
    +Scholars distinguish traditional, ''religious antisemitism'', which derives from [[Christianity|Christian]] accusation of the [[deicide]] (cleared at the [[Second Vatican Council]] in 1965), with 19th-20th centuries ''[[racial antisemitism]]'', which ultimately led to [[the Holocaust]] in which about 6 million European Jews, 1.5 million of them children, were systematically murdered. ''See also [[Holocaust denial]].''
    +
    +In Medieval Europe, massive violent attacks against Jews have been recorded since at least the [[12th century]]. In the [[Middle Ages]] [[Iberian peninsula]], the system of [[limpieza de sangre]] (cleanliness of blood) ostracized [[New Christians]] (offspring of [[Sephardi]]c Jews who were forced to convert to [[Catholicism]]) from the rest of society. In [[Portugal]], the legal distinction between New and Old Christians was ended in 1772.
    +
    +Expelled en masse from [[History of the Jews in England|England]], [[History of the Jews in France|France]], [[History of the Jews in Spain|Spain]] and most other [[Western Europe]]an countries at various times, and persecuted in [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]] in the [[14th century]], many Jews accepted [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]]'s invitation to settle in [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish]]-controlled areas of [[Eastern Europe]].
    +
    +The traditional measures of keeping the [[Russian Empire]] free of Jews failed when the main territory of [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] was annexed during the [[Partitions of Poland]]. As large Jewish populations were taken over by Russia, [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine II]] established the [[Pale of Settlement]] in 1791. The official [[segregation]] of the [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russian Jews]] was compounded by waves of [[pogroms]] and oppressive legislation such as the 1882 [[May Laws]] and led to mass [[emigration]] and political activism.
    +
    +Modern European antisemitism has its origin in 19th century [[pseudo-science|pseudo-scientific]] theories that viewed the Jewish people as entirely different from the [[Aryan]], or [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]], populations. In this view, Jews are not opposed on account of their [[religion]], but on account of their supposed hereditary or genetic [[racial characteristics]]. The growth of [[nationalism]] in many countries viewed Jews as a separate and often "alien" nation within the countries in which Jews resided. Such sentiments were exposed in the [[Dreyfus affair]] in 1890s France. ''See also [[Rootless cosmopolitan]]ism.''
    +
    +The rise of views of the Jews as a malevolent "race" generated antisemitic [[conspiracy theories]] that the Jews, as a group, were plotting to control or otherwise influence the world. From the early infamous Russian literary [[hoax]], ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', published by the Tsar's [[okhranka|secret police]], a key element of antisemitic thought has been that Jews influence or control the world.
    +
    +In a recent incarnation, extremist groups, such as [[Neo-Nazi]] parties and [[Islamist]] groups, claim that the aim of [[Zionism]] is global domination; they call this the Zionist conspiracy and use it to support antisemitism. This position is associated with [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]], though it is becoming a tendency within parts of the [[Left wing politics|Left]] as well, and termed [[New antisemitism]].[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2791 Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem] by Mark Strauss (Foreign Policy) 12 November 2003[http://frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=12191 Human Rights and the New Anti-Jewishness] By [[Irwin Cotler]] (FrontPageMagazine.com) February 16, 2004
    +
    +===Nazism and Japanese imperialism===
    +{{Main|Nazism|Japanese Nationalism}}
    +The Nazi, and Nazi-resembling regimes which rose to power in Europe and Japan before [[World War II]] advocated and implemented policies and attitudes which were racist, xenophobic, and often genocidal. While racism, xenophobia, and genocide were not new, the scope of the acts committed by the German Nazis and the Japanese governments was larger than other examples.
    +
    +==Allegedly racist groups==
    +
    +
    +*[[Aryan Nations]][http://bethuneinstitute.org/documents/cift.html]
    +*[[Black Hebrew Israelites]][http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=172]
    +*[[British National Party]][http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/07/20/nbnp20.xml]
    +*[[Christian Identity]][http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_006.htm#Anchor-III-43266] [http://www.tolerance.org/maps/hate]
    +*[[Creativity Movement|The Creativity Movement]] (formerly The World Church of the Creator)[http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Midwest/01/08/white.supremacist/index.html]
    +*[[National Front (France)|Front National]][http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displayStory.cfm?story_ID=1109867&subject=Netherlands&tranMode=none]
    +*[[Grey Wolves]][http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/countries/turkey/turanian.html ][http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/alert/engels/greyw.html][http://www.etext.org/Politics/Autonome.Forum/Kurdistan/Articles/grey-wolves-terrorists.txt]
    +*[[Imperium Europa]][http://www.timesofmalta.com/core/article.php?id=225455]
    +*[[Jewish Defense League]]
    +*[[Kahane Chai]]
    +*[[Ku Klux Klan]][http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkkk.htm] [http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/KKK.asp?xpicked=4&item=18]
    +*[[Nation of Aztlán]][http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=186][http://www.adl.org/Learn/Aztlan/default.asp][http://www.adl.org/learn/Aztlan/atzlan_printable.html][http://www.prisonplanet.com/articles/march2006/290306ethniccleansing.htm]
    +*[[The Nation of Gods and Earths]]
    +*[[Nation of Islam]]
    +*[[National Alliance]][http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/N_Alliance.asp]
    +*[[National Socialist Japanese Workers and Welfare Party]]
    +*[[New Zealand National Front]][http://www.stuff.co.nz/stuff/0,2106,3258406a10,00.html]
    +*[[Patriotic Youth League]][http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Race-hate-group-unstuck/2004/12/18/1103312781334.html]
    +*[[Posse Comitatus (U.S. movement)|Posse Comitatus]][http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=73]
    +*[[Stormfront.org]]
    +*[[White Aryan Resistance]][http://www.resist.com]
    +*[[New Black Panthers]]
    +
    +== References ==
    +
    +{{FootnotesSmall|resize=100%}}
    +
    +==Bibliography==
    +
    +* Barkan, Elazar (1992), ''The Retreat of Scientific Racism : Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars'', Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
    +
    +* Dain, Bruce (2002), ''A Hideous Monster of the Mind : American Race Theory in the Early Republic'', Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. (18th century US racial theory)
    +
    +* Diamond, Jared (1999), "Guns, Germs, and Steel", W.W. Norton, New York, NY.
    +
    +* Ewen & Ewen (2006), "Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality", Seven Stories Press, New York, NY.
    +
    +* [[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Strauss, Claude]] (1952), ''Race and History'', ([[UNESCO]]).
    +
    +* Rocchio, Vincent F. (2000), ''Reel Racism : Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture'', Westview Press.
    +
    +* Stokes, DaShanne (forthcoming), ''Legalized Segregation and the Denial of Religious Freedom'', [http://www.geocities.com/eaglefeatherlaw/stokes.article.html URL].
    +
    +* Stoler, Ann Laura (1997), "Racial Histories and Their Regimes of Truth", ''Political Power and Social Theory'' 11 (1997), 183–206. ([[historiography]] of race and racism)
    +
    +* [[Pierre-André Taguieff|Taguieff, Pierre-André]] (1987), ''La Force du préjugé : Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles'', Tel Gallimard, La Découverte.
    +
    +==See also==
    +{| style="background-color: transparent; width: {{{width|100%}}}"
    +


    +| width="50%" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" |
    +*[[Affirmative action]]
    +*[[Afrocentrism]]
    +*[[anti-Arabism]]
    +*[[Anti-Hellenism]]
    +*[[anti-Italianism]]
    +*[[anti-racism]]
    +*[[anti-Semitism]]
    +*[[Apartheid]]
    +*[[Asian pride]]
    +*[[The Bell Curve]]
    +*[[Black Panther Party]]
    +*[[Black power]]
    +*[[Black supremacy]]
    +*[[Blackface]]
    +*[[Bumiputra]]
    +*[[Chauvinism]]
    +*[[Civil rights movement]]
    +*[[Race and crime]]
    +*[[Dominant minority]]
    +*[[Environmental racism]]
    +*[[Ethnic cleansing]]
    +*[[Ethnic issues in Japan]]
    +*[[Ethnic nepotism]]
    +*[[Ethnic stereotype]]
    +*[[Ethnocentrism]]
    +*[[Eugenics]]
    +*[[Eurocentrism]]
    +*[[Genocide]]
    +*[[Hate crimes]]
    +*[[Health disparities]]
    +*[[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]]
    +*[[Human Zoo]]
    +*[[Intercultural competence]]
    +*[[Institutional racism]]
    +*[[List of ethnic slurs]]
    +*[[Anti-Japanese sentiment]]
    +
    +


    +| width="50%" align="{{{align|left}}}" valign="{{{valign|top}}}" |
    +
    +*[[Jim Crow laws]]
    +*[[Ku Klux Klan]]
    +*[[List of songs about racism]]
    +*[[Martial race]]
    +*[[Master race]]
    +*[[Media and ethnicity]]
    +*[[Miscegenation]]
    +*[[Nazi punk]]
    +*[[Nazi-Skinheads]]
    +*[[Nazism]]
    +*[[Neo-Nazism]]
    +*[[Nigger]]
    +*[[Prejudice]]
    +*[[Race]]
    +*[[Race riot]]
    +*[[Race and crime]]
    +*[[Genetics and violence]]
    +*[[Race and intelligence]]
    +*[[Racialism]]
    +*[[Racial profiling]]
    +*[[Racial realism]]
    +*[[Racial segregation]]
    +*[[Regional racism]]
    +*[[Sinophobia]]
    +*[[Social Darwinism]]
    +*[[Social stereotype]]
    +*[[Tulsa Race Riot]]
    +*[[White Australia policy]]
    +*[[White nationalism]]
    +*[[White power]]
    +*[[White pride]]
    +*[[White separatism]]
    +*[[White supremacy]]
    +*[[White trash]]
    +*[[Wog]]
    +*[[Yellow Peril]]
    +*[[Xenophobia]]
    +


    +|}
    +
    +==External links==
    +{{Commonscat|Racism}}
    +*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html Does race exist?] argument for the biological concept of ''race''
    +*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/brace.html Does race exist?] argument against the existence of race as a biological entity
    +*[http://www.pbs.org/race Race] in-depth website about race
    +*[http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0149 Race - the power of illusion] argument that while race is a biological fiction, racism permeates the structure of society
    +*[http://www.amren.com/0306issue/0306issue.html#article1 Race Denial: The Power of a Delusion] detailed critique seeking to refute the film
    +* [http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Racism.asp Racism and human rights] Racism from Global Issues
    +* [http://www.irr.org.uk/ Institute for Race Relations]
    +* [http://www.geocities.com/eaglefeatherlaw Eagle feather law] details racism in religion law regarding eagle feathers for Native and non-Native Americans
    +*[http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/darwin_nazism.htm The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist] Refutes claims that Darwin was a racist
    +*[http://kitoba.com/pedia/Racism.html Racism] brief summary of the root causes of racism
    +*[http://cms.interculturalu.com/ InterculturalU.com] - a scholarly site that covers racism and other related topics.
    +*[http://www.tightrope.cc/news/ A racist website.]
    +
    +[[Category:Core issues in ethics]]
    +[[Category:Discrimination]]
    +[[Category:Politics and race]]
    +[[Category:Racism|*]]
    +[[Category:Sociology]]
    +[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
    +
    +[[ar:عنصرية]]
    +[[bs:Rasizam]]
    +[[bg:Расизъм]]
    +[[ca:Racisme]]
    +[[cs:Rasismus]]
    +[[da:Racisme]]
    +[[de:Rassismus]]
    +[[et:Rassism]]
    +[[el:Ρατσισμός]]
    +[[es:Racismo]]
    +[[eo:Rasismo]]
    +[[eu:Arrazismo]]
    +[[fr:Racisme]]
    +[[gl:Racismo]]
    +[[ko:인종 차별]]
    +[[it:Razzismo]]
    +[[he:גזענות]]
    +[[sw:Ubaguzi wa rangi]]
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    +[[zh:种族主义]] 2013-03-19 04:58:45 90828780 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3357308]] --- \n
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    -'''Pulpit Rock''' is the southern most point on the [[Isle of Portland]], and hence, in [[Dorset]] in [[England]]. There are no points in England to the east of Pulpit Rock that are more southerly. It is part of the famous headland, [[Portland Bill]], which houses several [[lighthouse]]s.
    -
    -[[Category:Geography of Dorset]]
    -{{Dorset-geo-stub}}
    +{{Infobox Writer
    +| name = Charles Dickens
    +| image = Charles Dickens 3.jpg
    +| caption = '''Charles Dickens''' Acclaimed as one of the most famous authors that ever lived
    +| birth_date = 7 February 1812
    +| birth_place = [[Portsmouth]], [[Hampshire]], [[England]]
    +| death_date = 9 June 1870
    +| death_place = [[Gad's Hill Place]], [[Higham, Kent]], [[England]]
    +| occupation = Novelist
    +| genre =
    +| movement =
    +| magnum_opus =
    +| influences =
    +| influenced =
    +| website =
    +| footnotes =
    +}}
    +{{redirect | Dickens}}
    +
    +'''Charles John Huffam Dickens''' [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]] ([[7 February]] [[1812]] – [[9 June]] [[1870]]), [[pen-name]] "[[Boz]]", was an [[England|English]] [[novelist]]. During his career Dickens achieved massive worldwide popularity, winning acclaim for his rich storytelling and memorable characters. Considered one of the English language's greatest writers, he was the foremost novelist of the [[Victorian era]] as well as a vigorous social campaigner.
    +
    +Later critics, beginning with [[George Gissing]] and [[G. K. Chesterton]], championed his mastery of prose, his endless invention of memorable characters and his powerful social sensibilities. Yet he also received criticism from his more rarefied readers, including [[George Henry Lewes]], [[Henry James]], and [[Virginia Woolf]], who list faults such as sentimentality, unrealistic events and [[grotesque]] characters.[http://humwww.ucsc.edu/dickens/OMF/james.html A scathing review of ''Our Mutual Friend''] by [[Henry James]], [[21 December]] [[1865]]
    +
    +The popularity of his novels and short stories during his lifetime and to the present is demonstrated by the fact that none have ever gone [[Out-of-print book|out of print]]. Dickens wrote [[Serial|serialised novel]]s, which was the usual format for fiction at the time, and each new part of his stories would be eagerly anticipated by the reading public. He is regarded by many as the greatest writer of his time.
    +
    +== Life ==
    +Charles Dickens was born in [[Landport]], near [[Portsmouth]], [[Hampshire]], the second child to John Dickens ([[1786]]–[[1851]]), a naval pay clerk, and his wife Elizabeth Dickens née Barrow ([[1789]]–[[1863]]) on February 7, 1812. When he was five, the family moved to [[Chatham, Kent]]. When he was ten, the family relocated to 16 Bayham Street, [[Camden Town]] in London.
    +
    +Although his early years were an idyllic time, he thought himself then as a "very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy"''[http://lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/CD-Forster-1.html The Life of Charles Dickens]'' [[John Forster]], Chapter 1. He spent his time outdoors, reading voraciously with a particular fondness for the [[Picaresque novel|picaresque]] novels of [[Tobias Smollett]] and [[Henry Fielding]]. He talked later in life of his extremely poignant memories of childhood and his continuing [[photographic memory]] of people and events that helped bring his fiction to life. His family was moderately well-off, and he received some education at the private William Giles' school in Chatham but all that changed when his father, after spending too much money entertaining and retaining his social position, was imprisoned for debt at [[Marshalsea]].
    +
    +At the age of twelve, Dickens was deemed old enough to work and began working for ten hours a day in a Warren's boot-blacking factory, located near the present [[Charing Cross railway station]]. He spent his time pasting labels on the jars of thick [[Shoe polish|polish]] and earned six [[shilling]]s a week. With this money, he had to pay for his lodging in [[Camden Town]] and help to support his family, most of whom were living with his father, who was incarcerated in the nearby [[Marshalsea]] [[Debtor's prison|debtors' prison]].
    +
    +After a few months his family was able to leave Marshalsea but their financial situation only improved some time later, partly due to money inherited from his father's family. His mother did not immediately remove Charles from the boot-blacking factory, which was owned by a relation of hers. Dickens never forgave his mother for this, and resentment of his situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works. As Dickens wrote in ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'', judged to be his most clearly autobiographical novel, "I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to mind, as I hope to go to heaven!" Eventually he attended the Wellington House Academy in [[North London]].
    +
    +In May 1827, Dickens began work in the office of Ellis and Blackmore as a [[law clerk]], a junior office position with potential to become a lawyer, a profession for which he later showed his dislike in his many literary works. He later became a court [[stenographer]] at the age of 17.
    +
    +In 1830, Dickens met his first love, FLAVA FLAV, who is said to be the model for Dora in [[David Copperfield]]. Their courtship met with diapproval by her parents and was effectively ended when she was sent to school in [[Paris]].
    +
    +In 1834, Dickens became a journalist, reporting parliamentary debate and travelling [[United Kingdom|Britain]] by stagecoach to cover election campaigns for the [[Morning Chronicle]].
    +His journalism, in the form of sketches which appeared in periodicals from 1933, formed his first collection of pieces ''[[Sketches by Boz]]'' which were published in 1836 and led to his first novel, ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' being serialised from March 1836. He continued to contribute to and edit journals for much of his life.
    +
    +On [[2 April]] [[1836]], he married Catherine Thompson Hogarth ([[1816]]–[[1879]]), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the [[Evening Chronicle]]. After a brief honeymoon in [[Chalk]], they set up home in [[Charles Dickens Museum, London|Bloomsbury]] where they produced ten children. Their children were:
    +
    +*[[Charles Culliford Boz Dickens]] ([[6 January]] [[1837]]–1896).
    +*Mary Angela Dickens ([[6 March]] [[1838]]–1896).
    +*Kate Macready Dickens ([[29 October]] [[1839]]–1929).
    +*Walter Landor Dickens ([[8 February]] [[1841]]–1863). Died in [[India]].
    +*Francis Jeffrey Dickens ([[15 January]] [[1844]]–1886).
    +*Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens ([[28 October]] [[1845]]–1912).
    +*Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens ([[18 April]] [[1847]]–1872).
    +*(Sir) Henry Fielding Dickens ([[15 January]] [[1849]]–1933). He was the grandfather of the writer [[Monica Dickens]].
    +*Dora Annie Dickens ([[16 August]] [[1850]]–April 1851).
    +*Edward Bulwer Lytton Dickens ([[13 March]] [[1852]]–[[23 January]] [[1902]]). He migrated to [[Australia]], and became a member of the [[New South Wales]] state parliament. He died in [[Moree]], NSW.
    +
    +In the same year, he accepted the job of editor of ''[[Bentley's Miscellany]]'', a position he would hold until 1839 when he fell out with the owner. However, his success as a novelist continued, producing [[Oliver Twist]] (1837-39), [[Nicholas Nickleby]] (1838-39), then [[The Old Curiosity Shop]] and [[Barnaby Rudge]] as part of the [[Master Humphrey's Clock]] series (1840-41), all being published in monthly installments before being made into books.
    +
    +In 1842, he travelled together with his wife to the [[United States]] which was successful despite his support for the abolition of slavery; the trip is described in the short [[Travel literature|travelogue]] ''[[American Notes|American Notes for General Circulation]]'' and is also the basis of some of the episodes in ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]''. Shortly thereafter, he began to show interest in [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] Christianity, although he remained an [[Anglican]], at least nominally, for the rest of his life. [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/charlesdickens.html] Dickens's writings continued to be popular, especially [[A Christmas Carol]] in 1843, the first of his Christmas books, which was reputedly written in a matter of weeks.
    +
    +After living briefly abroad, in Italy (1844) and Switzerland (1846), Dickens continued his success with [[Dombey and Son]] (1848); [[David Copperfield]] (1849-50); [[Bleak House]] (1852-53); [[Hard Times]] (1854); [[Little Dorrit]] (1857); [[A Tale of Two Cities]] (1859); and [[Great Expectations]] (1861). Dickens was also a major contributor for the journals, ''[[Household Words]]'' (1850–59) and ''[[All the Year Round]]'' (1858–70).
    +
    +In 1856, his popularity had allowed him to buy Gad's Hill Place. This large house in [[Higham, Kent]], was very special to the author as he had walked past it as a child and had dreamed of living in it. The area was also the scene of some of the events of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare's]] ''[[Henry IV, part 1]]'' and this literary connection pleased Dickens.
    +
    +When Dickens separated from his wife in 1858, divorce was almost unthinkable, particularly for someone as famous as he was, and so he continued to maintain her in a house for the next twenty years until she died. Although they were initially happy together, Catherine did not seem to share quite the same boundless energy for life which Dickens had, although her job of looking after their ten children and the pressure of living with, and keeping house for, a world-famous novelist certainly did not help.
    +
    +Catherine's sister had Georgina move in to help her, but there were rumours that Charles was romantically linked to his sister-in-law, possibly fueled by the fact that she remained at Gadshill to look after the younger children when Catherine left. An indication of his marital dissatisfaction was when, in 1855, he went to meet his first love, Maria Beadnell. Maria was by this time married as well, but she seemed to have fallen short of Dickens's romantic memory of her.
    +
    +On [[9 June]] [[1865]], while returning from France to see the actress [[Ellen Ternan]], Dickens was involved in the [[Staplehurst rail crash]] in which the first seven carriages of the train plunged off of a bridge that was being repaired. The only first-class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was berthed. Dickens spent some time tending the wounded and the dying before rescuers arrived. Before finally leaving, he remembered the unfinished manuscript for ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]'', and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it. Typical of Dickens, he later used the terrible experience to write his short ghost story ''[[The Signal-Man]]'' in which the protagonist has a premonition of a rail crash.
    +
    +Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquiry into the crash, as it would have become known that he was travelling that day with Ellen Ternan and her mother, which could have caused a scandal. Ellen had been Dickens's companion since the break-up of his marriage, and, as he had met her in 1857, she was most likely the ultimate reason for that break-up. She continued to be his companion, and likely mistress, until his death. The dimensions of the affair were unknown until the publication of ''Dickens and Daughter'', a book about Dickens's relationship with his daughter Kate, in 1939. Kate Dickens worked with author Gladys Storey on the book prior to her death in 1929, and alleged that Dickens and Ternan had a son who died in infancy, though no contemporary evidence exists.
    +
    +[[Image:Dickens Statue.png|thumb|225px|Dickens Statue in Philadelphia]]Dickens, though unharmed, never really recovered from the Staplehurst crash, and his normally prolific writing shrank to completing ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]'' and starting the unfinished ''[[The Mystery of Edwin Drood]]''. Much of his time was taken up with public readings from his best-loved novels. Dickens was fascinated by the theatre as an escape from the world, and theatres and theatrical people appear in ''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]''. The travelling shows were extremely popular and, after three tours of [[British Isles]], Dickens gave his first public reading in the [[United States]] at a [[New York City]] theatre on [[2 December]] [[1867]].
    +
    +The effort and passion he put into these readings with individual character voices is also thought to have contributed to his death. When he undertook another English tour of readings (1869–70), he became ill and five years to the day after the Staplehurst crash, on [[9 June]] [[1870]], he died at home at Gad's Hill Place after suffering a [[stroke]].
    +
    +Contrary to his wish to be buried in Rochester Cathedral, he was buried in the [[Poets' Corner|Poets’ Corner]] of [[Westminster Abbey]]. The inscription on his tomb reads: "He was a sympathiser to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world." Dickens's will stipulated that no memorial be erected to honour him. The only life-size bronze statue of Dickens, cast in 1891 by [[Francis Edwin Elwell]], is located in [[Spruce Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Clark Park]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], in the [[United States]].
    +
    +== Literary style ==
    +{{spoiler}}
    +Dickens's writing style is florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch. His satires of British aristocratic snobbery — he calls one character the "Noble Refrigerator" — are often popular. Comparing orphans to stocks and shares, people to tug boats, or dinner-party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens's acclaimed flights of fancy.
    +
    +=== Characters ===
    +[[Image:Charles_Dickens.jpg|left|250px|framed|Charles Dickens used his rich imagination, sense of humour and detailed memories, particularly of his childhood, to enliven his fiction.]]
    +The characters are among the most memorable in English literature; certainly their names are. The likes of [[Ebenezer Scrooge]], [[Fagin]], Mrs Gamp, [[Charles Darnay]], [[Oliver Twist]], [[Wilkins Micawber|Micawber]], Pecksniff, [[Miss Havisham]], Wackford Squeers and many others are so well known and can be believed to be living a life outside the novels that their stories have been continued by other authors. Dickens loved the style of 18th Century [[gothic romance]], though it had already become a bit of a joke — [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Northanger Abbey]]'' being a well known parody — and while some are grotesques, their eccentricities do not usually overshadow the stories. One 'character' most vividly drawn throughout his novels is [[London]] itself. From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the [[Thames]], all aspects of the capital are described by someone who truly loved London and spent many hours walking its streets.
    +
    +=== Episodic writing ===
    +
    +Most of Dickens's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly installments in journals such as ''[[Master Humphrey's Clock]]'' and ''[[Household Words]]'', later reprinted in book form. These installments made the stories cheap, accessible and the series of regular cliff-hangers made each new episode widely anticipated. American fans even waited at the docks in New York, shouting out to the crew of an incoming ship, "Is Little Nell dead?" Part of Dickens's great talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end. The monthly numbers were illustrated by, amongst others, "[[Phiz]]" (a pseudonym for [[Hablot Browne]]). Among his best-known works are ''[[Great Expectations]]'', ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'', ''[[Oliver Twist]]'', ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'', ''[[Bleak House]]'', ''[[Nicholas Nickleby]]'', ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'', and ''[[A Christmas Carol]]''.
    +

    +Dickens's technique of writing in monthly or weekly installments (depending on the work) can be understood by analyzing his relationship with his illustrators. The several artists who filled this role were privy to the contents and intentions of Dickens's installments before the general public. Thus, by reading these correspondences between author and illustrator, the intentions behind Dickens's work can be better understood. What was hidden in his art is made plain in these letters. These also reveal how the interests of the reader and author do not coincide. A great example of that appears in the monthly novel ''Oliver Twist''. At one point in this work, Dickens had Oliver become embroiled in a robbery. That particular monthly installment concludes with young Oliver being shot. Readers expected that they would be forced to wait only a month to find out the outcome of that gunshot. In fact, Dickens did not reveal what became of young Oliver in the succeeding number. Rather, the reading public was forced to wait ''two'' months to discover if the boy lived. This shows how the wishes of an involved reader--to find out what happened--do not coincide with the intention of the author, which was to extend the suspense.
    +

    +Another important impact of Dickens's episodic writing style was his exposure to the opinions of his readers. Since Dickens did not write the chapters very far ahead of their publication, he was allowed to witness the public reaction and alter the story depending on those public reactions. A fine example of this process can be seen in his weekly serial ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]'', which is a chase story. In this novel, Little Nell and her Grandfather are fleeing the villain Quilp. The progress of the novel follows the gradual success of that pursuit. As Dickens wrote and published the weekly installments, his good friend John Forster pointed out to Dickens: "You know you're going to have to kill her, don't you." Why this end was necessary can be explained by a brief analysis of the difference between the structure of a comedy versus a tragedy. In a comedy, the action covers a sequence "You think they're going to lose, you think they're going to lose, they win." In tragedy, it's: "You think they're going to win, you think they're going to win, they lose". As you see, the dramatic conclusion of the story is implicit throughout the novel. So, as Dickens wrote the novel in the form of a tragedy, the sad outcome of the novel was a foregone conclusion. If he had not caused his heroine to lose, he would not have completed his dramatic structure. Dickens admitted that his friend Forster was right and, in the end, Little Nell died. Dickens himself admitted that he did not want to kill Nell, but he was a novelist and he had to complete the novel's structure.
    +[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0226145905 See: Dickens' [''sic''] Working Notes for His Novels.]
    +
    +=== Social commentary ===
    +
    +Dickens's novels were, among other things, works of social commentary. He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society. Throughout his works, Dickens retained an empathy for the common man and a scepticism for the fine folk. Dickens's second novel, ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' (1839), was responsible for the clearing of the actual London slum that was the basis of the story's [[Jacob's Island]]. In addition, with the character of the tragic prostitute, [[Nancy 'Sikes'|Nancy]], Dickens "humanised" such women for the reading public; women who were regarded as "unfortunates," inherently immoral casualties of the Victorian class/economic system. ''[[Bleak House]]'' and ''[[Little Dorrit]]'' elaborated expansive critiques of the Victorian institutional apparatus: the interminable lawsuits of the Court of Chancery that destroyed people's lives in ''Bleak House'' and a dual attack in ''Little Dorrit'' on inefficient, corrupt patent offices and unregulated market speculation.
    +
    +=== Literary techniques ===
    +{{NPOV-section}}
    +Dickens often uses idealized characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals. The extended death scene of Little Nell in ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]'' (1841) was received as incredibly moving by contemporary readers, but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by [[Oscar Wilde]] . In 1903 Chesterton says, on the same topic, "It is not the death of Little Nell, but the life of Little Nell, that I object to."
    +
    +In ''[[Oliver Twist]]'', Dickens provides readers with an idealized portrait of a young boy so inherently and unrealistically "good" that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets. While later novels also centre on idealised characters (Esther Summerson in ''[[Bleak House]]'' and Amy Dorrit in ''[[Little Dorrit]]''), this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens's goal of poignant social commentary. Many of his novels are concerned with social realism, focusing on mechanisms of social control that direct people's lives (e.g., factory networks in ''[[Hard Times]]'' and hypocritical, exclusionary class codes in ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]'').
    +
    +Dickens also employs incredible coincidences (for example, Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper class family that randomly rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group). Such coincidences are a staple of the eighteenth-century [[picaresque novels]] (such as Henry Fielding's ''[[The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling|Tom Jones]]'') that Dickens enjoyed so much. So there is an [[intertextual]] aspect to this convention. However, to Dickens these were not just plot devices but an index of a Christian humanism that led him to believe that good wins out in the end, often in unexpected ways (see [[Divine grace]]). Looking at this theme from a biographical context, Dickens's life, against many odds, led him from a disconsolate child forced to work long hours in a boot-blacking factory at age 12 (his father was in the Marshalsea debtor's prison) to his status as the most popular novelist in England by the age of 27.
    +
    +=== Autobiographical elements ===
    +
    +All authors incorporate autobiographical elements in their fiction, but with Dickens this is very noticeable, even though he took pains to cover up what he considered his shameful, lowly past. ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'' is one of the most clearly autobiographical but the scenes from ''[[Bleak House]]'' of interminable court cases and legal arguments could only come from a journalist who has had to report them. Dickens's own family was sent to prison for poverty, a common theme in many of his books, and the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in ''[[Little Dorrit]]'' is due to Dickens's own experiences of the institution. Little Nell in ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]'' is thought to represent Dickens's sister-in-law, Nicholas Nickleby's father and [[Wilkins Micawber]] are certainly Dickens's own father, just as Mrs Nickleby and Mrs Micawber are similar to his mother. The snobbish nature of [[Philip Pirrip|Pip]] from ''[[Great Expectations]]'' also has some affinity to the author himself. Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences, but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he got his realistic accounts of squalor. Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death when [[John Forster]] published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated. A shameful past in Victorian times could taint reputations, just as it did for some of his characters, and this may have been Dickens's own fear.
    +{{endspoiler}}
    +
    +== Legacy ==
    +
    +[[Image:Oliver_twist1.jpg|thumb|212px|A scene from ''Oliver Twist'', from an early 20th Century edition.]]
    +
    +Charles Dickens was a well-known personality and his novels were immensely popular during his lifetime. His first full novel, ''The Pickwick Papers'' (1837), brought him immediate fame and this continued right through his career. He maintained a high quality in all his writings and, although rarely departing greatly from his typical "[[Dickensian]]" method of always attempting to write a great "story" in a somewhat conventional manner (the dual narrators of ''Bleak House'' are a notable exception), he experimented with varied themes, characterisations and [[genre]]s. Some of these experiments were more successful than others and the public's taste and appreciation of his many works have varied over time. He was usually keen to give his readers what they wanted, and the monthly or weekly publication of his works in episodes meant that the books could change as the story proceeded at the whim of the public. A good example of this are the American episodes in ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'' which were put in by Dickens in response to lower than normal sales of the earlier chapters. In ''Our Mutual Friend'' the inclusion of the character of Riah was a positive portrayal of a [[Jewish]] character after he was criticised for the depiction of [[Fagin]] in ''[[Oliver Twist]]''.
    +
    +His popularity has waned little since his death and he is still one of the best known and most read of English authors. At least 180 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens's works help confirm his success. Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime and as early as 1913 a silent film of ''The Pickwick Papers'' was made. His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books. Gamp became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character [[Martin Chuzzlewit|Mrs Gamp]] and Pickwickian, Pecksniffian and Gradgrind all entered dictionaries due to Dickens's original portraits of such characters who were quixotic, hypocritical or emotionlessly logical. [[Sam Weller]], the carefree and irreverent valet of ''The Pickwick Papers,'' was an early superstar, perhaps better known than his author at first. It is likely that ''A Christmas Carol'' is his best-known story, with new adaptations almost every year. It is also the most-filmed of Dickens's stories, many versions dating from the early years of cinema. This simple [[morality play|morality tale]] with both pathos and its theme of redemption, for many, sums up the true meaning of Christmas and eclipses all other Yuletide stories in not only popularity, but in adding archetypal figures (''Scrooge'', Tiny Tim, the Christmas ghosts) to the Western cultural consciousness. ''A Christmas Carol'' was written by Dickens in an attempt to forestall financial disaster as a result of flagging sales of his novel '' Martin Chuzzlewit''. Years later, Dickens shared that he was "deeply affected" in writing ''A Christmas Carol'' and the novel rejuvenated his career as a renowned author.
    +
    +At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world, Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged at the heart of empire. Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues — such as [[sanitation]] and the [[workhouse]] — but his fiction was probably all the more powerful in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities. He often depicted the exploitation and repression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that allowed such abuses to exist. His most strident indictment of this condition is in ''Hard Times'' (1854), Dickens's only novel-length treatment of the industrial working class. In that work, he uses both vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalised social stratum was termed "Hands" by the factory owners, that is, not really "people" but rather only appendages of the machines that they operated. His writings inspired others, in particular journalists and political figures, to address such problems of class oppression. For example, the prison scenes in ''Little Dorrit'' and ''The Pickwick Papers'' were prime movers in having the [[Marshalsea]] and [[Fleet Prison]]s shut down. As [[Karl Marx]] said, Dickens, and the other novelists of Victorian England, "…issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians, publicists and moralists put together…"[http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1854/08/01.htm The English Middle Classes], Karl Marx, published in the [[New York Tribune]], 1 August 1854. The exceptional popularity of his novels, even those with socially oppositional themes (''Bleak House'', 1853; ''Little Dorrit'', 1857; ''Our Mutual Friend'', 1865) underscored not only his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters, but also insured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had commonly been ignored.
    +
    +His fiction, with often vivid descriptions of life in [[nineteenth-century]] England, has inaccurately and anachronistically come to globally symbolise [[Victorian era|Victorian]] society (1837–1901) as uniformly "Dickensian," when in fact, his novels' time span is from the 1770s to the 1860s. In the decade following his death in 1870, a more intense degree of socially and philosophically pessimistic perspectives invested British fiction; such themes were in contrast to the religious faith that ultimately held together even the bleakest of Dickens's novels. Later Victorian novelists such as [[Thomas Hardy]] and [[George Gissing]] were influenced by Dickens, but their works display a lack or absence of religious belief and portray characters caught up by social forces (primarily via [[lower-class]] conditions) that steer them to tragic ends beyond their control.
    +
    +Novelists continue to be influenced by his books; for example, such disparate current writers as [[Anne Rice]], [[Tom Wolfe]] and [[John Irving]] evidence direct Dickensian connections. Humorist James Finn Garner even wrote a tongue-in-cheek "politically correct" version of ''[[A Christmas Carol]].'' Ultimately, Dickens stands today as a brilliant, innovative and sometimes flawed novelist whose stories and characters have become not only literary archetypes but also part of the public imagination.
    +
    +== Adaptations of readings ==
    +
    +There have been several performances of Dickens readings by [[Emlyn Williams]], [[Bransby Williams]] and also [[Simon Callow]] in the ''[[Mystery of Charles Dickens]] ''by [[Peter Ackroyd]].
    +
    +== Museums and festivals ==
    +
    +There are museums and festivals celebrating Dickens's life and works in many of the towns with which he was associated.
    +
    +* The [[Charles Dickens Museum, London]] is the only one of Dickens's [[London]] homes to survive. He lived there only two years but in this time wrote ''The Pickwick Papers'', ''Oliver Twist'' and ''Nicholas Nickleby''. It contains a major collection of manuscripts, original furniture and memorabilia.
    +* '''Charles Dickens' Birthplace Museum''' in [[Portsmouth]] is the house in which Dickens was born. It has been re-furnished in the likely style of 1812 and contains Dickens memorabilia.
    +* The '''Dickens House Museum''' in [[Broadstairs]] is the house of Miss [[Mary Pearson Strong]], the basis for Miss [[Betsey Trotwood]] in ''[[David Copperfield]]''. It is visible across the bay from the original Bleak House (also a museum until 2005) where ''David Copperfield'' was written. The museum contains memorabilia, general Victoriana and some of Dickens's letters. Broadstairs has held a '''Dickens Festival''' annually since 1937.
    +* A '''Dickens World''' theme park covering 71 500 square feet, and including a cinema and restaurants, is scheduled to open in [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]] in 2007. It will be on the site of the formal naval dockyard where Dickens's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office.
    +* The '''Charles Dickens Centre''' in Eastgate House, [[Rochester, Kent|Rochester]], closed in 2004, but the garden containing the author's Swiss chalet is still open. The 16th-Century house, which appeared as Westgate House in ''The Pickwick Papers'' and the Nun's House in ''Edwin Drood'', will probably re-open under a related use. The city's annual '''Dickens Festival''' (summer) and Dickensian Christmas celebrations continue unaffected.
    +
    +There are also Dickens festivals across the world. Three notable ones from the United States are:
    +
    +* The '''Riverside Dickens Festival''' in [[Riverside, California]], includes literary studies as well as entertainments.
    +* '''The Great Dickens Christmas Fair''' has been held in [[San Francisco, California]], since the 1970s. During the four or five weekends before Christmas, over 300 costumed performers mingle with and entertain thousands of visitors amidst the recreated full-scale blocks of Dickensian London. This is the oldest, largest, and most successful of the modern Dickens festivals outside of England.
    +* '''Dickens on The Strand''' in [[Galveston]], [[Texas]], is a holiday festival held on the first weekend in December since 1974, where bobbies, Beefeaters and the "Queen" herself are on hand to recreate the Victorian London of Charles Dickens. Characters from Dickens novels walk the street.
    +
    +== Bibliography ==
    +
    +[[Image:Charles Dickens - Project Gutenberg eText 13103.jpg|thumb|Charles Dickens]]
    +
    +=== Major novels ===
    +
    +* ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' (1836–1837)
    +* ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' (1837–1839)
    +* ''[[The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby]]'' (1838–1839)
    +* ''[[The Old Curiosity Shop]]'' (1840–1841)
    +* ''[[Barnaby Rudge]]'' (1841)
    +* The Christmas books:
    +** ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'' (1843)
    +** ''[[The Chimes]]'' (1844)
    +** ''[[The Cricket on the Hearth]]'' (1845)
    +** ''[[The Battle of Life]]'' (1846)
    +** ''[[The Haunted Man]]'' (1848)
    +* ''[[Martin Chuzzlewit]]'' (1843–1844)
    +* ''[[Dombey and Son]]'' (1846–1848)
    +* ''[[David Copperfield (novel)|David Copperfield]]'' (1849–1850)
    +* ''[[Bleak House]]'' (1852–1853)
    +* ''[[Hard Times]]'' (1854)
    +* ''[[Little Dorrit]]'' (1855–1857)
    +* ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' (1859)
    +* ''[[Great Expectations]]'' (1860–1861)
    +* ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]'' (1864–1865)
    +* ''[[The Mystery of Edwin Drood]]'' (unfinished) (1870)
    +
    +=== Selected other books ===
    +
    +* ''[[Sketches by Boz]]'' (1836)
    +* ''[[Master Humphrey's Clock]]'' (1840–1841)
    +* ''[[American Notes]]'' (1842)
    +* ''[[Pictures from Italy]]'' (1844–1845)
    +* ''[[The Life of Our Lord]]'' (1846, published in 1934)
    +* ''[[A Child's History of England]]'' (1851–1853)
    +* ''[[The Uncommercial Traveller]]'' (1860–1869)
    +
    +=== Short stories ===
    +
    +* ''A Child's Dream of a Star'' (1850)
    +* ''Captain Murderer''
    +* The Christmas stories:
    +** ''A Christmas Tree'' (1850)
    +** ''What Christmas is, as We Grow Older'' (1851)
    +** ''The Poor Relation's Story'' (1852)
    +** ''The Child's Story'' (1852)
    +** ''The Schoolboy's Story'' (1853)
    +** ''Nobody's Story'' (1853)
    +** ''The Seven Poor Travellers'' (1854)
    +** ''The Holly-tree Inn'' (1855)
    +** ''The Wreck of the Golden Mary'' (1856)
    +** ''The Perils of Certain English Prisoners'' (1857)
    +** ''Going into Society'' (1858)
    +** ''The Haunted House'' (1859)
    +** ''A Message from the Sea'' (1860)
    +** ''Tom Tiddler's Ground'' (1861)
    +** ''Somebody's Luggage'' (1862)
    +** ''Mrs Lirriper's Lodgings'' (1863)
    +** ''Mrs Lirriper's Legacy'' (1864)
    +** ''Doctor Marigold's Prescriptions'' (1865)
    +** ''[[Mugby Junction]]'' (1866)
    +** ''No Thoroughfare'' (1867)
    +* ''George Silverman's Explanation''
    +* ''Holiday Romance''
    +* ''Hunted Down''
    +* ''The Lamplighter''
    +* ''[[The Signal-Man]]'' (1866)
    +* ''Sunday Under Three Heads''
    +* ''The Trial for Murder''
    +
    +=== Essays ===
    +
    +* ''[[In Memoriam W. M. Thackeray]]''
    +
    +=== Articles ===
    +
    +* ''[[A Coal Miner's Evidence]]''
    +
    +== Notes ==
    +
    +
    +
    +== References ==
    +
    +* [[Margaret Drabble|Drabble, Margaret]], ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', (1997), London: Oxford University Press.
    +* [[Peter Ackroyd|Ackroyd, Peter]], ''Dickens'', (2002), Vintage, ISBN 0-09-943709-0
    +* Slater, Michael, ‘Dickens, Charles John Huffam (1812–1870)’, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7599, accessed 6 June 2006]
    +== External links ==
    +{{Wikisource author}}
    +{{wikiquote}}
    +{{commons | Charles Dickens}}
    +
    +* '''Sources online'''
    +** [http://worldofbiography.com/0037%2DCharles%20Dickens/ Charles Dickens Biography]
    +** {{gutenberg author | id=Charles_Dickens | name=Charles Dickens}}
    +** [http://www.dickens-literature.com/ Dickens Literature] — Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Dickens’ works
    +** [http://www.charles-dickens.org Charles Dickens] HTML format of Dickens books
    +** [http://www.victorianlondon.org/books/search.cgi The Dickens Search Engine] Search Dickens's books
    +** [http://www.dickenslive.com A Charles Dickens Journal] Timeline of Dickens's Life
    +* '''Critical analysis'''
    +** [http://www.online-literature.com/chesterton/dickensworks/ ''Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens''] by [[G. K. Chesterton]]
    +** [http://www.dickens-theme.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk Charles Dickens's Themes] An analysis of ''The Mystery of Edwin Drood'', ''Nicholas Nickleby'' and ''A Trial For Murder''
    +** [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16787 Life of Charles Dickens], by Frank Marzials, at Project Gutenberg. 1887 publication with lengthy bibliography.
    +** [http://www.fathom.com/course/21701768/index.html Charles Dickens: The Life of the Author] a seminar by [[Kenneth Benson]] from the [[New York Public Library]]
    +* '''Miscellaneous'''
    +** [http://www.dickensfellowship.org/ the Dickens Fellowship]
    +** [http://www.tellingtrails.co.uk/pages/individuals/dickenspage.html Charles Dickens in south-west London] Twickenham and Richmond
    +** [http://www.helsinki.fi/kasv/nokol/dickens.html A Dickens web page] with both original content and links to many other Dickens pages
    +** [http://charlesdickenspage.com/characters.html Dickens’ Characters] some of the estimated 989 characters in Dickens
    +** [http://charlesdickenspage.com/dickens_london_map.html Dickens’ London Map] Learn more about the London locations Dickens wrote about
    +** [http://www.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~matsuoka/Dickens.html A comprehensive Dickens page]
    +** [http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/dickens/genealogy/genealogy-e.html A genealogical tree of the Dickens family]
    +** [http://www.perryweb.com/Dickens Charles Dickens — Gad’s Hill Place] Daily Dickens information
    +** [http://www.dickensmuseum.com Dickens Museum] Situated in a former Dickens House, 48 Doughty Street, London, WC1
    +** [http://www.charlesdickensbirthplace.co.uk/ Dickens Birthplace Museum] Old Commercial Road, Portsmouth
    +** [http://www.dickenshouse.co.uk/museum.htm Dickens House Museum] 2 Victoria Parade, Broadstairs, Kent
    +** [http://www.dickensmuseum.nl/ the Dutch Dickens Museum] 2, Onderstraat, Bronkhorst (Netherlands)
    +** [http://www.broadstairsdickensfestival.co.uk/ Broadstairs Dickens Festival]
    +** [http://www.dickensfest.com/ International Dickens Festival]
    +** [http://www.dickensfair.com/ Dickens Christmas Fair] in San Francisco
    +** [http://www.hedgesparrowpress.org/hsp/ThePrideOfMankind/thestorybehindthepoems.aspx ‘The Pride of Mankind’] A sequence of verses advertising Warren’s Boot Blacking — Dickens’ first known appearance in print
    +** [http://librivox.org/a-christmas-carol-by-charles-dickens/ Free audiobook] of ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'' at [http://librivox.org/ LibriVox]
    +** [http://librivox.org/short-story-collection-003/ Free audiobook] of ''[[The Signal-Man]]'' at [http://librivox.org/ LibriVox]
    +** [http://wiredforbooks.org/carol/ Unabridged dramatic audio production of "A Christmas Carol" - RealAudio]
    +** [http://wiredforbooks.org/peterackroyd/ 1991 audio interview with Peter Ackroyd, biographer of Charles Dickens. Interview by Don Swaim of CBS Radio - RealAudio]
    +** {{imdb name | id=0002042 | name=Charles Dickens}}
    +** [http://www.gre.ac.uk/schools/nri/earth/prospect_stud/medroch.htm Rochester local history]
    +** [http://www.medway.gov.uk/ Uses of Eastgate House, Rochester]
    +** [http://members.cruzio.com/~varese/dickens/statue.html History of the Dickens Statue]
    +** [http://wdigitaldesigns.com/portfolio/dickens/ Charles Dickens by Pen and Pencil] A scanned, full-text version of the 19th Century book on Charles Dickens's Life
    +** [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT137.HTM Dickens's Works]: text, concordances and frequency lists
    +** [http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gill/galleries/html/1868_0614_dickens_home.html 1868 Caricature of Charles Dickens by André Gill]
    +** [http://www.mytimemachine.co.uk/dickens.htm Charles Dickens survives a train crash] The text of a letter sent by Dickens after the Staplehurst rail crash of 1865
    +
    +{{Link FA | pt}}
    +
    +
    +{{Persondata
    +|NAME=Dickens, Charles
    +|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Dickens, Charles John Huffam; Boz; Dickens, Karol; Dickens, Charlz; Sparks, Timothy; Dickens, Charles Huffam
    +|SHORT DESCRIPTION=English novelist
    +|DATE OF BIRTH=[[7 February]], [[1812]]
    +|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Portsmouth]], [[Hampshire]], [[England]]
    +|DATE OF DEATH=[[9 June]], [[1870]]
    +|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Gad's Hill Place]], [[Higham, Kent]], [[England]]
    +}}
    +
    +[[Category:Charles Dickens|*]]
    +[[Category:English novelists|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:English short story writers|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:English journalists|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:Historical novelists|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:People from London|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:People from Portsmouth|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:Natives of Kent|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:English autodidacts|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:English Anglicans|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:English Unitarians|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:1812 births|Dickens, Charles]]
    +[[Category:1870 deaths|Dickens, Charles]]
    +
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    +[[he:צ'ארלס דיקנס]]
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    +[[tr:Charles Dickens]]
    +[[ur:چارلس ڈکنز]]
    +[[zh:查尔斯·狄更斯]] 2013-03-14 17:56:27 90164846 Addbot Ripchip Bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3440391]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,95 +1,356 @@\n
    -{{listintro|topic=the Czech Republic}} ''The list should also contain various important Czech topics that are not yet covered.''
    -
    -''The list is divided into categories, ordered alphabetically (initially inspired by [[List of United Kingdom-related topics]]). Make new categories, rename or update them. Place the entries that don't fit or deserve its own category into the 'Miscellaneous' at the bottom of the list.''
    -
    -==The main page==
    -* [[Czech Republic]]
    -
    -==[[Culture of the Czech Republic]]==
    -* [[Music of the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[Cinema of the Czech Republic]]
    -** [[Czechoslovak new wave]]
    -* [[Literature of the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[National Theatre (Prague)]]
    -
    -==[[Economy of the Czech Republic]]==
    -* [[Czech koruna]]
    -* [[Communications in the Czech Republic]]
    -
    -==Education==
    -* [[List of universities in the Czech Republic]]
    -
    -==Environment==
    -* rivers:
    -** [[Elbe]], [[Vltava]]
    -
    -==Built environment==
    -
    -==Food==
    -
    -==[[Geography of the Czech Republic]]==
    -* [[Bohemia]]
    -* [[Moravia]]
    -* [[Silesia]] (the Czech part)
    -* [[Regions of the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[List of cities in the Czech Republic]]
    -
    -==Geology of the Czech Republic==
    -
    -==[[History of the Czech Republic]]==
    -* [[List of Czech monarchs]]
    -* Medieval
    -** [[Czech lands]], [[Great Moravia]]
    -* Modern Times
    -** [[Battle of Domstadtl]]
    -** 20th century and on
    -*** [[Czechoslovakia]], [[History of Czechoslovakia]], [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia]], [[Sudetenland]], [[Velvet revolution]]
    -
    -==Languages in the Czech Republic==
    -* [[Czech language]]
    -** [[Czech alphabet]], [[hacek]]
    -
    -==Law and Policing==
    -[[Czech nationality law]]
    -
    -==Media, Newspapers, etc.==
    -* [[List of Czech language television channels]]
    -** [[Ceska televize|Czech TV]]
    -** [[TV Nova]]
    -* [[Radio 1 (Czech Republic)|Radio 1]]
    -
    -==[[Military of the Czech Republic]]==
    -
    -==People in the Czech Republic==
    -* [[Demographics of the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[Czechs]]
    -* [[List of Czechs]]
    -
    -==[[Politics of the Czech Republic]]==
    -* [[List of presidents of the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[List of political parties in the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[Czech nationality law]]
    -* [[Foreign relations of the Czech Republic]]
    -** [[Visegrád group]]
    -* misc: [[Constitution of the Czech Republic]], [[Kde domov můj]] (the anthem)
    -* [[Bezpečnostní informační služba]], intelligence agency
    -
    -==Religion==
    -* [[Baptist Union in the Czech Republic]], [[Hussite]]s, [[Knights of the Cross]], [[Religion in Communist Czechoslovakia]],
    -
    -==Science and Technology==
    -
    -Hey I'm Nick
    -
    -==[[Transportation in the Czech Republic]]==
    -* [[Czech Airlines]], [[Prague Metro]], [[Ruzyně International Airport]], [[Tatra (car)]]
    -
    -==Miscellaneous==
    -* [[Tourism in the Czech Republic]]
    -* [[:Category:Companies of the Czech Republic]]
    -
    -==See also==
    -* [[Lists of country-related topics]] - topics related to other countries
    -
    -[[Category:Czech Republic-related lists|*]]
    +{{wikinews|Obituaries}}
    +{{tocright}}
    +The following is a list of notable '''deaths in 2006'''. Links to other years follow.
    +
    +Please place names under the date the deceased died, not the date the death was announced. Please keep names under each date in '''alphabetical order by last name'''. Review [[Wikipedia:Notability (people)|Wikipedia notability guidelines]] before adding a listing. If the deceased does not have a Wikipedia article, consider adding a link to a source about the deceased which describes his or her eminence.
    +
    +
    +==[[November 2006]]==
    +===[[November 26|26]]===
    +*[[Isaac Gálvez]], 31, [[Spain|Spanish]] cyclist, cycling accident.
    +
    +===[[November 25|25]]===
    +*[[Valentín Elizalde]], 25, [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[banda music|banda]] singer, shot. [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexicoattack26nov26,0,5267429.story?coll=la-home-headlines]
    +
    +===[[November 24|24]]===
    +*[[Juice Leskinen]], 56, Finnish singer-songwriter, [[renal insufficiency]], [[cirrhosis]] and [[diabetes]]. [http://www.iltalehti.fi/uutiset/200611250104252_uu.shtml]
    +*[[Frank L. Madla]], 69, former [[Texas State Senate|Texas State Senator]], house fire. [http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/11/25/25safire.html]
    +*[[Maximo Soliven]], 77, publisher of ''[[The Philippine Star]]'', [[cardiac arrest]]. [http://www.philstar.com/philstar/News200611250401.htm]
    +
    +===[[November 23|23]]===
    +*[[Jesús Blancornelas]], 70, [[Mexico|Mexican]] journalist, founding editor of [[Zeta (magazine)|Zeta]] magazine, [[stomach cancer]]. [http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/389751.html]
    +*[[Gerald M. Boyd]], 56, former Managing Editor of ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[lung cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/obituaries/23cnd-boyd.html?_r=1&oref=slogin] [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061124/ap_on_re_us/obit_boyd]
    +*[[Nick Clarke]], 58, [[BBC Radio 4]] presenter and journalist, [[cancer]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6175786.stm]
    +*[[Richard Clements (UK journalist)|Richard Clements]], 78, British journalist, Editor of [[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]] (1961–1982). [http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article2009981.ece]
    +*[[Betty Comden]], 89, lyricist known for writing musicals with [[Adolph Green]] including ''[[Singin' in the Rain (film)|Singin' in the Rain]]'', [[heart failure]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/23/theater/00comdencnd.html?hp&ex=1164344400&en=96af8bad4c6549f0&ei=5094&partner=homepage]
    +*[[Alexander Litvinenko]], 43, former [[Russia]]n spy and critic of the [[President of Russia]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[poisoning]]. [http://uk.news.yahoo.com/23112006/140/poisoned-spy-died-hospital.html]
    +*[[Philippe Noiret]], 76, [[French]] [[actor]], [[cancer]]. [http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3382,36-838088@51-838089,0.html]
    +*[[Anita O'Day]], 87, [[American]] [[jazz singer]], [[pneumonia]]. [http://www.anitaoday.com/]
    +*[[Willie Pep]], 84, [[American]] [[Hall of Fame]] [[Featherweight]] boxer, [[Alzheimer's disease]].[http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2673944&campaign=rss&source=ESPNHeadlines]
    +*[[Chris Sandy]], 27, former [[Harlem Globetrotter]], car accident. [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/24/sports/EU_SPT_BKB_Sandy_Car_Accident.php]
    +
    +===[[November 22|22]]===
    +*Dr. [[Jerry Bails]], 73, [[popular culture]] and [[comic book]] historian, [[heart attack]]. [http://www.afnews.info/public/afnews/viewnews.pl?newsid1164399649,58941,.htm]
    +*[[John Allan Cameron]], 67, pioneer of [[Celtic music]] in [[Canada]], [[bone cancer]]. [http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/11/22/cameron-obit.html]
    +*[[Pat Dobson]], 64, [[United States|American]] [[Major League Baseball]] pitcher, [[leukemia]]. [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2006-11-23-dobson-obit_x.htm?POE=SPOISVA] [http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2673783&campaign=rss&source=ESPNHeadlines]
    +*[[John Peyton, Baron Peyton of Yeovil]], 87, [[UK]] [[Secretary of State for Transport | Minister of Transport]] 1970-74 and [[Parliament of the United Kingdom | MP]] for [[Yeovil (UK Parliament constituency)|Yeovil]] 1951-83. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2468307,00.html]
    +
    +===[[November 21|21]]===
    +*[[Hassan Gouled Aptidon]], 90, [[Djibouti|Djiboutian]] politician, natural causes. [http://www.adi.dj/archives/adi1106/adi87D211106.htm] (French)
    +*[[Svein Erik Bakke]], 59, [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[entrepreneur]]. [http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2006/11/21/483690.html] [http://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/2006/11/23/483839.html] (Norwegian)
    +*[[Thomas Courtney Fleming]], 98, civil rights leader and founder of the ''[[Sun-Reporter]]'', an [[African-American]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], [[congestive heart failure]]. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/23/BAGPAMIR421.DTL&hw=fleming&sn=001&sc=1000]
    +*[[Pierre Amine Gemayel|Pierre Gemayel]], 34, [[Lebanon|Lebanese Minister of Industry]], shot. [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/21/lebanon.shooting.ap/index.html] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/world/middleeast/22lebanoncnd.html]
    +*[[Robert Lockwood Jr.]], 91, [[Mississippi Delta]] [[blues]] guitarist and singer, [[respiratory failure]]. [http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/entertainment/gossip/16071819.htm]
    +*[[Eliezer Waldenberg]], 89, [[Israel]]i [[Haredi]] [[rabbi]]. [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1162378451887&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull]
    +
    +===[[November 20|20]]===
    +*[[Robert Altman]], 81, American [[film director]] (''[[MASH (film)|MASH]]'', ''[[Nashville (1975 movie)|Nashville]]'', ''[[Short Cuts]]''), complications from [[leukemia]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/movies/22altmancnd.html]
    +*[[Zoia Ceauşescu]], 56, daughter of [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]], lung cancer. [http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=281429] (Romanian)
    +*[[Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa]], 80, [[Romania]]n priest, dissident during the rule of [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]]. [http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=281483] (Romanian)
    +*[[Paul Vincent Dudley]], 79, former Roman Catholic Bishop of [[Sioux Falls]], [[lung disease]]. [http://www.argusleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061122/NEWS03/611220305/1001/NEWS]
    +*[[William R. P. George]], 94, [[Wales|Welsh]] [[archdruid]], [[bard]], [[novelist]], nephew of [[First World War|WWI]] British Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/6165996.stm]
    +*[[Walid Hassan]], 47, [[Iraq|Iraqi]] [[television]] personality and [[comedian]], shot. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061120/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iraq_061120212235]
    +*[[Hong Xuezhi]], 94, Chinese general, illness. [http://english.people.com.cn/200611/22/eng20061122_323877.html]
    +*[[Saúl Ubaldini]], 69, [[Argentina|Argentinian]] labor leader and parliamentarian for the [[Peronist]] party, [[lung cancer]]. [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/20/america/LA_GEN_Argentina_Obit_Ubaldini.php]
    +*[[Andre Waters]], 44, former [[American football]] player, most recently [[Fort Valley State University]] assistant football coach, [[suicide]]. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15817384/] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/obituaries/21waters.html]
    +
    +===[[November 19|19]]===
    +*[[Zygmunt Bielawski]], 69, Polish actor, unknown reason. [http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34308,3743541.html] (Polish)
    +*[[Dirk Dirksen]], 69, [[punk rock]] promoter at [[San Francisco]]'s [[North Beach]] nightclub *[[Mabuhay Gardens]]. [http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/22/BAGCJMHQ8B1.DTL]
    +*Sir [[Edward Ford]], 96, Assistant Private Secretary to [[King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth II]], 1946-1967. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2462495,00.html]
    +*[[Francis Girod]], 62, French film director and screenwriter, [[heart attack]]. [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/19/europe/EU_GEN_France_Obit_Girod.php]
    +*[[Smith Hempstone Jr.]], 77, former ambassador to [[Kenya]] [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-hempstone23nov23,1,13054.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california&ctrack=1&cset=true]
    +*[[Tan Sri]] [[Khir Johari|Mohd Khir Johari]], 83, former [[Malaysia]]n Education Minister and one of the country's [[Founding Fathers|founding fathers]], [[heart attack]]. [http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/11/20/nation/16077044&sec=nation]
    +*[[Craig Neilsen]], 65, CEO and Chairman of [[Ameristar Casinos]]. [http://today.reuters.com/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=mergersNews&storyID=2006-11-20T162615Z_01_N20272874_RTRIDST_0_LEISURE-AMERISTAR-UPDATE-1.XML]
    +*[[Ernest Pusey]], 111, Florida's oldest person and last Floridian WWI veteran. [http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061122/BREAKING02/61122002&start=1]
    +*[[Francisco Quirós Hermosillo]], [[Mexico|Mexican]] general, cancer. [http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/20/index.php?section=politica&article=019n1pol]
    +*[[Julio Ramos]], 71, [[Argentina|Argentinian]] journalist, director of ''[[Ámbito Financiero]]'', [[leukemia]]. [http://www.buenosairesherald.com/argentina/note.jsp?idContent=332123]
    +*[[Jeremy Slate]], 80, American actor (''[[Hell's Angels '69]]'', ''[[One Life to Live]]''), [[esophageal cancer]]. [http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/breaking_news/16055217.htm] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/22/obituaries/22slate.html]
    +
    +===[[November 18|18]]===
    +*[[Movladi Baisarov]], former head of one of [[Chechnya]]'s security forces, shot. [http://www.kommersant.com/p723010/Movladi_Baisarov_Gorets_Chechnya_liquidation/]
    +*[[Roger Bolton]], 59, General Secretary of [[Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union|BECTU]], a British trade union. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6164962.stm]
    +*[[Lars Chemnitz]], 81, [[Denmark|Danish]] former member of the [[Parliament of Greenland]] and chairman of ''[[Politics of Greenland|Landsrådet]]''. [http://politiken.dk/indland/article201754.ece] (Danish)
    +*[[Lee Dong-won]], 80, foreign minister of [[South Korea]] 1964-1966. [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200611/kt2006111918560411980.htm]
    +*[[Maurice Graham]], 89, known as "King of the [[Hobo]]s", author of ''Tales of the Iron Road: My Life as a Hobo'', [[stroke]]. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/custom/newsroom/chi-061121-obit-hobo-king,1,4856795.story?coll=chi-news-hed&ctrack=1&cset=true]
    +*[[Keith Rowlands]], 70, President of [[Welsh Rugby Union]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/6161604.stm]
    +
    +===[[November 17|17]]===
    +*[[Ruth Brown]], 78, American [[blues]] singer, complications following a [[heart attack]] and [[stroke]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/17/arts/music/17cnd-brown.html] [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/17/ruth.brown.obit.ap/index.html]
    +*[[Marcus Cassel]], 23, [[United States|American]] [[American football|football]] player and former [[UCLA Bruins|UCLA]] [[cornerback]], [[car accident]]. [http://www.charlotte.com/mld/charlotte/sports/football/nfl/carolina_panthers/16040351.htm] [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061118/ap_on_sp_co_ne/fbc_obit_cassel_1]
    +*Bishop [[Joseph D'Silva]], 76, [[India|Indian]] Archbishop of Bellary, India, [[cancer]]. [http://www.bellarydiocese.com/bishop_of_bellary.htm]
    +*Bishop [[Manuel Moreno]], 75, [[Bishop]] of the [[Catholic]] diocese of [[Tucson, Arizona]] (USA), appointed by [[John Paul II]]. [http://www.azstarnet.com/metro/156707.php]
    +*[[Tony Pithey]], 73, [[South Africa|South African]] [[cricket|cricketer]], [[pancreatic cancer]]. [http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/268878.html]
    +*[[Ferenc Puskás]], 79, [[Hungary|Hungarian]] former footballer and coach, [[pneumonia]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/6155766.stm] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/18/sports/soccer/18puskas.html]
    +*[[Flo Sandon's]], 82, [[Italy|Italian]] singer, winner of [[Sanremo Music Festival]] in 1953. [http://www.rainews24.it/Notizia.asp?NewsID=65428] (Italian)
    +*[[Bo Schembechler]], 77, former [[Michigan Wolverines football|University of Michigan football]] head coach, heart problems. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/wdiv/20061117/lo_wdiv/10344760] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/18/sports/ncaafootball/18schembechler.html] [http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061117/NEWS99/61117011]
    +*[[Mário Sottomayor Cardia]], 65, [[Portugal|Portuguese]] former minister of Education, [[cancer]]. [http://sol.sapo.pt/PaginaInicial/Politica/Interior.aspx?content_id=9773] (Portuguese)
    +*[[Ramez Tebet]], 70, [[Brazil|Brazilian]] politician and lawyer, [[cancer]]. [http://www.estadao.com.br/ultimas/nacional/noticias/2006/nov/18/3.htm] (Portuguese)
    +
    +===[[November 16|16]]===
    +*[[Curtis Cate]], 82, American biographer, [[melanoma]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/22/obituaries/22cate.html]
    +*[[Frank Durkan]], 76, Irish-American lawyer known for his work for members of the [[Irish Republican Army]] in the US, lung infection. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/19/nyregion/19durkan.html]
    +*[[Milton Friedman]], 94, [[United States|American]] [[monetarism|monetarist]] and [[Market economy|free-market]] [[economics|economist]], winner of the 1976 [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]], [[heart failure]]. [http://money.cnn.com/2006/11/16/news/newsmakers/friedman/index.htm] [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/cb74eef8-7599-11db-aea1-0000779e2340.html]
    +*[[Gary Graver]], 68, cinematographer and filmmaker, collaborator with [[Orson Welles]] (''[[F for Fake]], [[The Other Side of the Wind]]''), [[cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/obituaries/21graver.html] [http://www.indyfilmco-op.org/index.php?ind=news&op=news_show_single&ide=1607]
    +*[[Geoffrey Griffin]], 67, [[South Africa|South African]] [[cricket|cricketer]]. [http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/southafrica/content/current/story/268860.html]
    +*[[Yuri Levada]], 76, Russian sociologist and pollster, [[heart attack]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/world/europe/20levada.html]
    +*[[Paris Theodore]], 63, American firearms inventor and manufacturer, [[multiple sclerosis]]. [http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_html_b1?release_id=186784]
    +*[[John Veale]], 84, English classical composer, [[cancer]]. [http://groups-beta.google.com/group/alt.obituaries/browse_thread/thread/c07ec4678713e625]
    +
    +===[[November 15|15]]===
    +*[[George G. Blackburn]] [[Military Cross|MC]], 90, [[Canada|Canadian]] author of ''[[Guns of Normandy]]'', member of the [[Order of Canada]], [[cancer]]. [http://www.legacy.com/can-ottawa/Obituaries.asp?Page=LifeStory&PersonID=19936078]
    +*[[Mac E. Hadley]], 76, Professor Emeritus, [[University of Arizona]], one of the researchers who discovered [[Melanotan]], [[homicide]]. [http://www.azstarnet.com/metro/156412]
    +*[[Ken Ishikawa]], 58, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[mangaka]], co-creator of [[Getter Robo]] [[anime]] series, [[heart failure]].[http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2006/11/getta_spark.html]
    +*[[Paul Rigby]], 82, [[Australian]] [[cartoonist]], [[heart attack]]. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200611/s1790242.htm] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/22/obituaries/22rigby.html]
    +*[[René Sterne]], 54 , Belgian comic book artist (''[[Adler (comics)|Adler]]''). [http://www.actuabd.com/article.php3?id_article=4399]
    +*[[Owen Truelove]], 69, [[RAF]] Air Commodore, [[glider]] crash. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6153508.stm]
    +*[[David K. Wyatt]], 69, American historian of [[Thailand]], [[emphysema]] and [[congestive heart failure]]. [http://nationmultimedia.com/2006/11/16/headlines/headlines_30019121.php]
    +
    +===[[November 14|14]]===
    +*[[Lieutenant General]] [[Sipho Binda]], 54, second most senior officer in the [[South African National Defence Force]], following an operation after a car crash. [http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/national.aspx?ID=BD4A319325]
    +*[[Michele Maxian]], 55, [[Legal Aid Society]] lawyer who forced [[New York]] State courts to [[arraignment|arraign]] suspects within 24 hours of being arrested. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/obituaries/21maxian.html]
    +*[[Ana Carolina Reston]], 21, [[Brazil|Brazilian]] [[Model_(person)|model]], complications of [[anorexia nervosa]]. [http://apnews.myway.com//article/20061117/D8LEJ1C80.html]
    +
    +===[[November 13|13]]===
    +*[[Tiger Conway]], 74, former professional wrestler, [[stroke]]. [http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2006/11/14/2352158.html]
    +*[[Desert Orchid]], 27, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[National Hunt racing|National Hunt]] [[Horse racing|racehorse]], winner of the [[King George VI Chase]] on four occasions. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/6143558.stm]
    +*[[Konrad Fuchs]], 109, German man believed to be oldest living Catholic priest, [[World War I|WWI]] combat veteran. [http://www.suedkurier.de/nachrichten/leute/art5655,2302503.html?fCMS=6d3bcdee00b3f9bd68c331774efd4d44]
    +*[[John Hallam]], 65, [[Northern Ireland|Northern Irish]] actor. [http://www.cinematical.com/2006/11/20/rip-reel-important-people-november-20-2006/]
    +*[[Robert McCurry]], 83, [[Chrysler]] [[marketeer|marketer]] who introduced cash rebates for [[United States|U.S.]] car buyers, [[prostate cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/business/13cnd-mccurry.html]
    +*[[G. Gordon Strong]], 92, Canadian-American publisher, president of several newspaper chains. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/obituaries/21strong.html]
    +
    +===[[November 12|12]]===
    +*[[Kip Bahadun]], 65, former executive secretary of [[United Malays National Organisation|UMNO]], [[aortic aneurysm]]. [http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/nst/Tuesday/National/20061114085406/Article/local1_html]
    +*[[Alphonse Halimi]], 74, [[France|French]] [[boxing|boxer]], former [[List of bantamweight boxing champions|World bantamweight champion]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/sports/othersports/15halimi.html]
    +*[[Harvey Manning]], 81, American conservationist and author. [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/traveloutdoors/2003422959_webmanning13.html]
    +*[[Mario Merola]], 72, Italian singer and actor. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/obituaries/15merola.html]
    +*General [[Jacob E. Smart]], 97, [[US Air Force]] general and [[NASA]] executive, former deputy [[Commander in chief|C-in-C]] of the [[United States European Command|US European Command]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/obituaries/16smart.html]
    +*[[Joseph Ungaro]], 76, American journalism editor and executive whose question led to [[Richard Nixon]]'s "I am not a crook" response. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/washington/14ungaro.html] [http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Nov13/0,4670,ObitUngaro,00.html]
    +*[[H. Donald Wilson]], 82, founder of [[LexisNexis]], heart attack [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/25/technology/25wilson.html]
    +
    +===[[November 11|11]]===
    +*[[Belinda Emmett]], 32, [[Australia]]n actress (''[[Home and Away]]''), [[metastasis|metastatic]] [[breast cancer]]. [http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/a-golden-girl-next-door/2006/11/14/1163266545837.html]
    +*[[S. Lane Faison, Jr.]], 98, American art historian who oversaw the return of artworks from the [[Nazism|Nazis]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/14/obituaries/14faison.html] [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/11/12/s_lane_faison_noted_art_history_teacher_dies/]
    +*Dr. [[Albert B. Friedman]], 86, American scholar of medieval literature and collector of ballads. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/obituaries/20friedman.html]
    +*[[Basil Jagger|Basil ("Joe") Jagger]], 93, father of [[Rolling Stones]]' vocalist [[Mick Jagger]], [[pneumonia]] [http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/always-proud-of-the-rocknroll-hero-he-helped-keep-fighting-fit/2006/11/20/1163871338380.html]
    +*[[Jabu Khanyile]], 49, [[South Africa]]n musician who played at the [[Johannesburg]] [[Live 8]] concert, [[prostate cancer]]. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6141606.stm]
    +*[[Anthony Lapham]], 70, American lawyer, former general counsel of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/obituaries/15lapham.html]
    +*[[Noella Leclair]], 61, [[Canada]]'s first [[artificial heart]] recipient. [http://www.cbc.ca/cp/health/061114/x111422.html]
    +*Rev. [[Harry Lehotsky]], 49, [[Canada|Canadian]] anti-poverty advocate and newspaper columnist, [[pancreatic cancer]]. [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/11/11/lehotsky.html]
    +*[[Ruth Morgenthau]], 75, [[Austria]]n-born expert on [[international development]], former adviser to [[Jimmy Carter]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/nyregion/12morgenthau.html]
    +*[[Ronnie Stevens (actor)|Ronnie Stevens]], 81, [[United Kingdom|British]] comedic actor, causes undisclosed. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2453221.html]
    +*[[Français Tullis|Français "Rusty" Tullis]], 70, mother of [[Roy L. Dennis|"Rocky" Dennis]] and portrayed by [[Cher]] in ''[[Mask (film)|Mask]]'', injuries from a [[motorcycle]] accident. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/obituaries/16tullis.html] [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/11/14/state/n225211S13.DTL]
    +
    +===[[November 10|10]]===
    +* [[Anicée Alvina]], 53, [[France|French]] actress.[http://coinducinephage.canalblog.com/archives/2006/11/15/3170939.html]
    +* [[Benny Andrews]], 75, [[United States|American]] artist, [[cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/nyregion/12andrews.html]
    +* [[Diana Coupland]], 74, [[England|English]] actress (''[[Bless This House]]''), complications following heart surgery. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6136408.stm]
    +* [[Gabriel Donoso]], 46, [[Chile]]an [[polo]] player, injuries sustained after falling from a horse during a match. [http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/news/story?id=2656781]
    +* [[Maurice Floquet]], 111, [[France]]'s oldest man on record and combat-wounded [[World War I|WWI]] veteran. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2448365,00.html]
    +* [[Doug Friedline]], 49, [[United States|American]] campaign manager for [[Jesse Ventura]] and other third party candidates, [[heart attack]]. [http://www.kansascity.com/mld/kansascity/news/politics/elections/15989383.htm]
    +*[[Willy Knupp]], 70, [[Germany|German]] motorsport journalist, [[cancer]]. [http://www.wallstreet-online.de/nachrichten/nachricht/1966492.html] (German)
    +* [[Gerald Levert]], 40, American [[R&B]] [[singer]] and son of [[The O'Jays]] lead singer [[Eddie Levert]], [[heart attack]]. [http://www.allhiphop.com/hiphopnews/?ID=6384] [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Music/11/10/obit.levert/index.html]
    +*[[Chubby Oates]], 63, [[Cockney]] [[comedian]], [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2453228.html]
    +* [[P. Kannan]], 83, [[India]]n building contractor and architect ([[Saibaba Colony]], [[Coimbatore]]), heart disease.{{fact}}
    +* [[Jack Palance]], 87, [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning American actor (''[[Shane (film)|Shane]]'', ''[[City Slickers]]''), natural causes. [http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=2645206] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6138310.stm]
    +*[[Nicholas Proffitt]], 63, American journalist and author, war correspondent for ''[[Newsweek]]'', [[kidney cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/17/books/17proffitt.html]
    +* [[N. Raviraj|Nadarajah Raviraj]], 44, [[Tamil National Alliance]] Member of the [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]], shot. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/world/south_asia/6134848.stm]
    +* [[Igor Sergeyev]], 68, ex-Defense Minister of [[Russia]], the only [[Marshal of the Russian Federation]], cancer. [http://en.rian.ru/russia/20061110/55516400.html]
    +* [[Jack Williamson]], 98, American science fiction author. [http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article1963593.ece]
    +
    +===[[November 9|9]]===
    +*[[Isadore Barmash]], 84, American business journalist and author. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/nyregion/12barmash.html]
    +* [[Ed Bradley]], 65, American [[CBS News]] journalist and ''[[60 Minutes]]'' correspondent, [[leukemia]]. [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/09/national/main2165871.shtml]
    +* [[Garton del Savio]], 92, American [[baseball]] player [http://www.thejournalnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061112/NEWS03/611120331/1019/NEWS03]
    +* [[Marian Marsh]] (a.k.a. Marilyn Morgan, Marian Henderson), 93, [[1930s]] American film star (''[[Hell's Angels (film)|Hell's Angels]]'', ''[[Svengali (1931 film)|Svengali]]''). [http://desertsun.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061109/UPDATE02/61109014]
    +* [[Stanley Meltzoff]], 89, American diver and painter of undersea life. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/obituaries/15meltzoff.html]
    +* [[Sam Stephenson]], 72, Irish [[architect]], designed the [[Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland|Central Bank]] and [[Wood Quay]]. [http://ireland.archiseek.com/news/2006/000277.html]
    +* [[David Thaw]], 78, opera singer. [http://www.bayerische.staatsoper.de/558-bXNnX2lkPTc3MzI-%7Eaktuelles_detail.html] (German)
    +* [[Walter Williams]], 85, legislator in [[Washington]] state 1961-1971, complications from [[Parkinson's disease]]. [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/6420AP_WA_Obit_Williams.html]
    +* [[Ellen Willis]], 64, American journalist, professor, feminist activist and critic, [[lung cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/10/arts/10willis.html?_r=1&oref=slogin]
    +* [[Markus Wolf]], 83, former head of [[German Democratic Republic|East Germany's]] [[Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (GDR)|secret intelligence service]], natural causes. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6131584.stm]
    +
    +===[[November 8|8]]===
    +* [[G. Robert Crowningshield]], 87, [[United States|American]] creator of [[diamond]] grading system [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/16/nyregion/16crowningshield.html?ref=obituaries]
    +*Sir [[James Hunt (judge)|James Hunt]], 63, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[judge]] in the [[King's Bench|Queen's Bench Division]] of the [[High Court of Justice]], [[brain tumor|brain tumour]]. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2453344.html]
    +* [[Samuel Kambule|Samuel “Eewie” Kambule]], 41, [[South Africa]]n former [[football (soccer)|football]] player for [[South Africa national football team|Bafana Bafana]]. [http://www.kickoff.com/stories/story9071.html]
    +* [[Basil Poledouris]], 61, American film composer (''[[Conan the Barbarian (film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'', ''[[Robocop]]'', ''[[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]]''), cancer. [http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=filmNews&storyID=2006-11-09T062036Z_01_N08204815_RTRIDST_0_FILM-POLEDOURIS-DC.XML&WTmodLoc=EntNewsFilm_C1_%5BFeed%5D-8]
    +*[[Philip Rauch]], 95, [[United States|American]] businessman and philanthropist, president of [[Ideal Corporation]], chair of [[Parker-Hannifin Corporation]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/nyregion/13rauch.html]
    +* [[Annette Rogers]], 93, [[United States|American]] athlete, [[4 x 100 metres relay]] gold medalist at the [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] and [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]]. [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-passings11.2nov11,1,3948563.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california]
    +* [[Peter Wensberg]], 77, American former senior vice president for marketing for [[Polaroid]], popularized the [[instant camera]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/18/business/18wensberg.html]
    +
    +===[[November 7|7]]===
    +*[[Paul Baltes]], 67, German [[developmental psychology|developmental psychologist]]. [http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/1110/wissenschaft/0031/index.html?group=berliner-zeitung;sgroup=;day=today;suchen=1;keywords=baltes;search_in=archive;match=strict;author=;ressort=;von=1.4.2006;bis=;mark=baltes]
    +* [[John Coburn]], 81, Australian artist, winner of the 1960 and 1977 [[Blake Prize for Religious Art|Blake Prizes for Religious Art]]. [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200611/s1783643.htm]
    +* [[Guy Degrenne]], 81, French industrialist. [http://actu.voila.fr/Depeche/ext--francais--ftmms--politique/Deces-de-l-industriel-Guy-Degrenne-pionnier-des-arts-de-la-table.html] (French)
    +* [[Nate Gooden]], 68, American former vice-president of the [[United Auto Workers]]. [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/4317386.html]
    +* [[Buddy Kerr]], 84, American baseball shortstop for the New York Giants, natural causes. [http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2657907] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/sports/baseball/15kerr.html]
    +* [[Jackie Parker]], 74, former [[All-American]] and a [[Canadian football]] player, head coach and general manager, throat cancer. [http://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module=newser&func=display&nid=13370]
    +* [[Bryan Pata]], 22, American football player for the University of Miami Hurricanes, gunshot (homicide). [http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2653361]
    +* [[Johnny Sain]], 89, American [[Major League Baseball]] [[pitcher]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/sports/baseball/09sain.html] [http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/news?slug=ap-obit-sain&prov=ap&type=lgns]
    +* [[Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber]], 82, French journalist and politician, author of ''The American Challenge''. [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/07/europe/EU_GEN_France_Obit_Servan_Schreiber.php] [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/08/world/europe/08servan-schreiber.html]
    +* [[N.N. Sippy]], 75, Indian [[Bollywood]] film producer, cardiac arrest. [http://in.news.yahoo.com/061107/211/695jo.html]
    +* [[Robert Strudler]], 64, American businessman, chair of the [[Lennar Corporation]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/13/business/12strudler.html] [http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/4321587.html]
    +* [[Brian Thomson]], 87, British chairman of [[D.C. Thomson & Co. Ltd]] (1974–2005). [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2444018.html]
    +* [[Polly Umrigar]], 80, former [[Indian cricket team]] captain, lymphoma. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/6126152.stm]
    +
    +===[[November 6|6]]===
    +* [[Miguel Aceves Mejía]], 90, Mexican singer and actor known as "the king of the [[falsetto]]", [[bronchitis]]. [http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2006/11/07/index.php?section=espectaculos&article=a08n1esp] (Spanish)
    +* [[Francisco Fernández Ochoa]], 56, Spanish retired [[alpine skiing|alpine skier]], gold medallist in the [[1972 Winter Olympic Games]], [[cancer]]. [http://www.cadenaser.com/articulo/deportes/Muere/campeon/olimpico/esqui/Paquito/Fernandez/Ochoa/larga/enfermedad/csrcsrpor/20061106csrcsrdep_1/Tes/] (Spanish)
    +* [[Federico Lopez]], 44, represented [[Puerto Rico]] in two Olympic Games and three world [[basketball]] championships, [[heart attack]]. [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/07/sports/CB_SPT_BKB_Obit_Lopez.php]
    +* [[J.T. Rutherford]], 85, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[United States Representative]] for [[Texas]] (1955–1963), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/10/AR2006111001675.html]
    +
    +===[[November 5|5]]===
    +* [[Samuel Bowers]], 82, former [[Ku Klux Klan]] [[Imperial Wizard]], convicted of ordering the murder of [[civil rights]] leader [[Vernon Dahmer]], [[cardiac arrest]]. [http://www3.whdh.com/news/articles/national/BO33166/]
    +* [[Chuck DeShane]], 87, former [[quarterback]] with the [[Detroit Lions]]. [http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061108/NEWS99/61108037/1049/SPORTS01]
    +* [[Chen Ding-nan]], 63, former Justice Minister of [[Taiwan]], lung cancer. [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/detail.asp?ID=94504&GRP=A]
    +* [[Bülent Ecevit]], 81, former Prime Minister of [[Turkey]], complications following a stroke. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6119590.stm]
    +*[[George Esser]], 85, set up the [[North Carolina Fund]] to fight poverty in the state in the 1960s at the request of its [[Governor of North Carolina|Governor]] [[Terry Sanford]]. [http://www.wilmingtonstar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061109/APN/611092105]
    +*[[Oscar González]], 82, [[Uruguay]]an [[Grand Prix]] driver. [http://www.autonoticias.com.ar/noti.php?id=12590] (Spanish)
    +*[[Frank Marsden]], 83, [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] politician and Member of Parliament 1971-74. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2454967.html]
    +* [[Pietro Rava]], 90, [[Italy|Italian]] former football player, last surviving member of the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938 World Cup]]-winning team, [[Alzheimer's disease]]. [http://sport.msn.it/calcio/sport_sto1001978.shtml]
    +* [[Hamilton Richardson]], 73, [[United States|American]] [[tennis]] player, [[United States Open (tennis)|US Open]] doubles winner, [[diabetes]] complications. [http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=2653381]
    +*[[Bobby Shearer]], 74, [[Scotland|Scottish]] former [[football (soccer)|footballer]] who played for {{fc|Hamilton Academical}} and {{fc|Rangers}}. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/r/rangers/6120900.stm]
    +
    +===[[November 4|4]]===
    +* [[Nelson S. Bond]], 97, American writer. [http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/wb/90254]
    +* [[William Lee Brent]], 75, [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] who [[hijack]]ed a plane to [[Cuba]]; [[pneumonia]]. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061117/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/obit_brent]
    +* [[Lionel Bryer]], 78, [[South Africa]]n dentist who founded the [[Aberdeen International Youth Festival]] [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2454976,00.html]
    +* [[Frank Arthur Calder]], 91, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada|aboriginal]] [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. [http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2006/11/06/bc-calder.html]
    +* [[Ernestine Gilbreth Carey]], 98, co-author of ''[[Cheaper by the Dozen]]'', natural causes. [http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/books/11/06/obit.carey.ap/index.html]
    +* [[Gerhard Goebel]], 72, former [[Germany|German]] [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] bishop of [[Tromsø]] [http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/ted/Articolo.asp?c=102830] (German)
    +*[[Sergi López Segú]], 39, [[football (soccer)|footballer]] for [[FC Barcelona]] and [[Gerard López]]'s brother, suicide by throwing himself under a train. [http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Soccer/2006/11/04/2231653-ap.html]
    +* [[John McManners]], 89, [[England|English]] historian, [[Regius Professor]] of Ecclesiastical History at [[Oxford University]] (1972-84). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=YP4FHGWJCSDOFQFIQMGSFGGAVCBQWIV0?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2006/11/08/db0801.xml]
    +
    +===[[November 3|3]]===
    +*[[Belden Bly]], 92, served in [[Massachusetts]] legislature for 32 years. [http://www3.whdh.com/news/articles/local/BO33328/]
    +*[[Frank Dunham, Jr.]], 64, US federal public defender, head lawyer for [[Zacarias Moussaoui]], [[Brain tumor|brain cancer]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/obituaries/07dunham.html]
    +* Sir [[Allen Fairhall]], 97, member of the [[Australian House of Representatives]] (1949-69), Minister for Defence (1966-69). [http://www.pm.gov.au/news/media_Releases/media_Release2230.html]
    +* Dr. [[Fereydoun Hoveyda]], 82, [[Syria]]n-born former [[Iran]]ian ambassador to the [[United Nations]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/world/middleeast/07hoveyda.html]
    +* [[Paul Mauriat]], 81, [[French]] musician (''[[L'Amour Est Bleu]]''). [http://www.oikotimes.com/site/index.php?id=6758]
    +* [[Sputnik Monroe (wrestler)|Sputnik Monroe]], 77, [[United States|American]] professional wrestler, respiratory illness. [http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2006/11/03/2220366.html]
    +* [[Malachi Ritscher]], 52, [[United States|American]] anti-war protester, [[self-immolation]]. [http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story=2006110800212324] [http://chicago.indymedia.org/newswire/display/74806/index.php]
    +*[[Marie Rudisill]], 95, "Fruitcake Lady" on ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', aunt of [[Truman Capote]], [[old age]]. [http://www.nbc.com/nbc/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno/fruitcake_lady/index.shtml]
    +*[[Stanley Rothenberg]], 76, American lawyer and former president of the [[Copyright Society of the U.S.A.]], complications after surgery for a [[popliteal]] [[aneurism]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/nyregion/07rothenberg.html]
    +*[[Arnie Sachs]], 78, [[photojournalist]], [[bone cancer]]. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/06/AR2006110601080.html]
    +* [[Alberto Spencer]], 68, [[football (soccer)|footballer]] for [[Peñarol]] and [[Ecuador]], all-time highest [[goal (sport)|scorer]] in [[Copa Libertadores de América]], intestinal infection following heart surgery. [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/03/america/LA_GEN_Uruguay_Obit_Spencer.php]
    +
    +===[[November 2|2]]===
    +*[[Rafael Donato]], 69, [[Philippines|Filipino]] President of [[De La Salle University-Manila|DLSU-Manila]] (1991-1994), President of [[De La Salle Lipa]] (1995-2003), [[drowning]]. [http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/metroregions/view_article.php?article_id=30561]
    +*[[Adrien Douady]], 71, [[France|French]] mathematician. [http://thalestriangles.blogspot.com/2006/11/end-of-good-mans-life.html]
    +*[[Wally Foreman]], 58, [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] sports broadcaster, [[heart attack]]. [http://www.abc.net.au/sport/content/200611/s1780008.htm]
    +*[[Red Hayworth]], 91, American baseball player. [http://www.news-record.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061104/NEWSREC0105/611040313/1021/GTCOM]
    +*[[Carroll Knicely]], 77, [[Kentucky]] commerce secretary for three [[Governor of Kentucky|governors]] and publisher. [http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061103/NEWS01/61103051/1008]
    +*[[Les Mansfield]], 90, played [[rugby union]] for [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] and won the [[Distinguished Flying Cross]] during [[World War II]]. [http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0500rugbyunion/0200news/tm_headline=world-war-two-hero-and-a-giant-of-welsh-rugby-is-mourned&method=full&objectid=18092377&siteid=50082-name_page.html]
    +*[[Leonard Schrader]], 62, American screenwriter (''[[Kiss of the Spider Woman]]'', ''[[Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters]]''), brother of [[Paul Schrader]], heart failure. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/obituaries/07schrader.html]
    +*[[Milly Vitale]], 74, [[Italy|Italian]] actress. [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/features/people/deaths/e3ihluoYm83KivSMTdhxBVVzQ%3D%3D]
    +
    +===[[November 1|1]]===
    +*[[Bettye Ackerman]], 82, American actress (Dr. Maggie Graham in ''[[Ben Casey]]''), [[stroke]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/obituaries/21ackerman.html] [http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/local/15914520.htm]
    +*[[Azusa Plane|Jason DiEmilio]], 36, [[United States|American]] [[guitar]]ist ([[Azusa Plane]]), [[overdose]]. [http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/page/news/39476/The_Azusa_Planes_Jason_DiEmilio_Passes_Away#39476]
    +* [[Huracan Ramirez|Daniel Garcia]], 80, [[Mexico|Mexican]] professional wrestler and film star better known as Huracan Ramirez, [[heart attack]]. [http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=peopleNews&storyID=2006-11-01T214758Z_01_N01387219_RTRIDST_0_PEOPLE-WRESTLER-DC.XML&WTmodLoc=EntNewsPeople_C2_peopleNews-1]
    +*[[Buddy Killen]], 73, American record producer and founder of [[Dial Records]], [[pancreatic cancer]]. [http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=entertainmentNews&storyID=2006-11-01T171908Z_01_N01346687_RTRUKOC_0_US-KILLEN.xml&archived=False]
    +*[[Florence Klotz]], 86, American [[Tony Award|Tony]]-winning costume designer, [[heart failure]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/03/obituaries/03klotz.html?ref=obituaries] [http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/breaking_news/15912856.htm]
    +*[[Donka Paprikova]], 91, [[Bulgaria]]n [[philanthropist]]. [http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=72034]
    +*[[Johnny Schofield]], 75, footballer for [[Birmingham City]] and former manager of [[Atherstone Town F.C.]]. [http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/mail/blues/tm_headline=legendary-keeper-schofield-dies&method=full&objectid=18038847&siteid=50002-name_page.html]
    +*[[Adrienne Shelly]], 40, American actress (''[[Trust (film)|Trust]]'', ''[[The Unbelievable Truth (film)|The Unbelievable Truth]]''), screenwriter, and director, [[strangulation]]. [http://wcbstv.com/topstories/local_story_306192615.html] [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061107/ap_en_mo/actress_found_dead]
    +*[[William Styron]], 81, American writer (''[[Darkness Visible (Styron)|Darkness Visible]]'', ''[[The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967)|Confessions of Nat Turner]]'', ''[[Sophie's Choice (novel)|Sophie's Choice]]''), [[pneumonia]]. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/11/01/national/a182157S24.DTL]
    +*[[Hilda van Stockum]], 98, [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Newberry Medal]]-winning author of children's books, [[stroke]]. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/obituaries/04stockum.html]
    +*[[Silvio Varviso]], 82, [[Switzerland|Swiss]] conductor of the Vlaamse Opera, illness. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/03/obituaries/03varviso.html]
    +
    +==[[October 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in October 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[September 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in September 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[August 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in August 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[July 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in July 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[June 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in June 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[May 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in May 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[April 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in April 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[March 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in March 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[February 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in February 2006]].''
    +
    +==[[January 2006]]==
    +''See [[Deaths in January 2006]].''
    +
    +
    +
    +==External links==
    +* Obituaries on general news websites
    +** [http://www.legacy.com/Legacy.asp?Page=APStories Recent AP Obituaries]
    +** [http://www.nytimes.com/pages/obituaries/ ''The New York Times'': Obituaries]
    +** [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/metro/obituaries/index.html ''Washington Post'' Obituaries]
    +** [http://www.topix.net/news/obits Topix.net Obituaries]
    +** [http://www.mg.co.za/articleList.aspx?area=/insight/obituaries/ ''Mail & Guardian'' (South Africa) Obituaries]
    +** [http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries ''The Guardian'' (UK) Obituaries]
    +** [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/obits ''Daily Telegraph'' Obituaries]
    +** [http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/ ''The Independent'' Obituaries]
    +**
    +** [[Google News]]: e.g. [http://news.google.com/news?hl=en&q=obituary&num=50 ''obituary'']
    +** [[Yahoo]] News: e.g. [http://news.search.yahoo.com/news/search?sm=Yahoo!+Search&toggle=1&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-web-t&p=obituaries ''obituaries'']
    +* Newsgroup: [http://groups.google.com/groups?group=alt.obituaries alt.obituaries]
    +* Specialised websites
    +**[http://www.vipatients.com VIPatients.com] - [[VIPatients]] (Very Important Patients)
    +** [http://www.findagrave.com/ Find a Grave — Millions of (US) Cemetery Records]
    +** [http://www.findadeath.com/ Find a Death — details on the circumstances behind the deaths of hundreds of celebrities]
    +** [http://www.deadpeople.info Dead People Server]
    +** [http://www.deadoraliveinfo.com Dead or Alive]
    +** [http://users.efortress.com/doc-rock/deadrock.html Dead Rock Stars Club]
    +** [http://www.friendsreincarnated.com Friends Reincarnated]
    +** [http://www.wa-wd.com Who's Alive and Who's Dead]
    +** [http://www.lifeinlegacy.com Life in Legacy: Week in Review]
    +** [http://www.blogofdeath.com The Blog of Death]
    +** [http://www.myspacedeaths.com/ MySpace Deaths]
    +** [http://www.livejournal.com/~celebdeathtoll/ The Celebrity Death Toll Update]
    +** [http://www.genealogybuff.com GenealogyBuff.com Obituary Search]
    +** [http://www.deathindexes.com/ Online Searchable Death Indexes and Records]: US genealogy directory
    +** [http://www.militarycity.com/valor/honor.html Operation Iraqi Freedom — US Combat Deaths]
    +** [http://www.obitcentral.com Obituary Central — index to obituary search engines arranged geographically]
    +** [http://www.obitlinkspage.com Obituary Links Page — state-by-state directory of obituary resources]
    +** [http://www.lasius.narod.ru/died2006.htm Russian Obituary Links Page — The List of Death]
    +** [http://www.nekrolog.cz Nekrolog] (Czech necrologies)
    +** [http://www.remembranceonline.co.uk Remembrance Online] Online Books of Remembrance and Condolence
    +** [http://www.theliterarycemetery.co.uk Written in Stone] Literary deaths and gravestones
    +** [http://www.christianmemorials.com Christian Online Memorials] - Online Christian Memorial Websites
    +
    +For earlier deaths, see [[Deaths in 2005]], [[Deaths in 2004]], [[Deaths in 2003]], [[Deaths in 2002]], [[Deaths in 2001]], [[2000#Deaths|2000]], [[1999#Deaths|1999]], [[1998#Deaths|1998]], [[1997#Deaths|1997]], [[1996#Deaths|1996]], [[1995#Deaths|1995]], [[1994#Deaths|1994]], [[1993#Deaths|1993]], [[1992#Deaths|1992]], [[1991#Deaths|1991]], [[1990#Deaths|1990]], [[1989#Deaths|1989]], [[1988#Deaths|1988]], ...
    +
    +
    +{{Contents pages (footer box)}}
    +
    +[[Category:2006 deaths|*2006-11]]
    +[[Category:2006]]
    +
    +[[ang:Sīðemestan dēaðas]]
    +[[cy:Marwolaethau diweddar]]
    +[[de:Nekrolog 2006]]
    +[[et:In memoriam 2006]]
    +[[el:Θάνατοι το 2006]]
    +[[fr:Décès en 2006]]
    +[[id:Daftar tokoh yang meninggal dunia pada tahun 2006]]
    +[[nl:2006#Overleden]]
    +[[ja:訃報 2006年]]
    +[[no:Nylig avdøde]]
    +[[pl:Zmarli w roku 2006]]
    +[[pt:2006#Falecimentos]]
    +[[ru:Умершие в 2006]]
    +[[sk:Aktuálne úmrtia]]
    +[[fi:Äskettäin kuolleita]]
    +[[sv:Nyligen avlidna]]
    +[[zh-yue:2006年死]]
    +[[zh:Portal:逝世公告]] 2013-03-16 13:08:18 90458222 Addbot Luckas-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2818338]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,152 +1 @@\n
    -{{Infobox Wrestler
    -| name=Dionicio Castellanos
    -| image = Psicosis.jpg
    -| names = '''Psicosis''',
    Psychosis,
    El Salvaje,
    Nicho El Millionaro,
    Nicho,
    Psicosis the Millionaire,
    El Jet de TJ
    -| height = 178 cm (5 ft 11 in)
    -| weight = 91 kg (213 lb)
    -| birth_date = [[May 19]], [[1971]]
    -| birth_place = [[Tijuana]], [[Baja California]]
    -| trainer = [[Rey Misterio, Sr.]]
    Fobia
    -| debut = [[March 10]], [[1989]]
    -|
    -}}
    -
    -'''Dionicio Castellanos Torres''' (born [[May 19]], [[1971]]) is a [[Mexico|Mexican]] professional wrestler best known by his stage names, '''Psychosis''' or '''Psicosis'''. He was a two-time [[WWE Cruiserweight Championship|WCW Cruiserweight Champion]] and is now performing for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] on the [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown!|SmackDown!]] brand in its [[Cruiserweight (professional wrestling)|cruiserweight]] division.
    -
    -==Career==
    -Castellanos started wrestling as '''Psicosis''' in his native [[Baja California]] in [[March 1989]] after being trained by [[Rey Misterio, Sr.]] and his brother, Fobia. Some of his biggest [[feud (professional wrestling)|feuds]] were with [[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Mysterio ]] and [[El Hijo del Santo]]. He frequently teamed with [[La Parka]], [[Juventud Guerrera]] and Juvi's father, [[Fuerza Guerrera]].
    -
    -Psicosis first made a name for himself in the [[United States]] in joining [[Extreme Championship Wrestling|ECW]] in [[1995]]. He is most remembered for putting on some fantastic matches against Misterio Jr. during this time. It is widely agreed on that the two performers were instrumental in introducing the high flying Mexican style to American wrestling fans of the mid-late [[1990s|'90s]].
    -
    -===World Championship Wrestling===
    -He then switched to [[World Championship Wrestling]] as '''Psychosis''' in [[1996]]. Through the early years, Psychosis would typically face other [[luchador|luchadores]], frequently getting a spot during [[Pay-Per-View]] events.
    -
    -In [[1999]], Psychosis joined [[Eddie Guerrero]]'s [[Latino World Order]] (LWO). The group, made up entirely of Mexican wrestlers, would be disbanded at the hands of the [[nWo]] shortly after.
    -
    -Later in his career, Psychosis was frequently managed by [[Kazuo Onoo|Sonny Onoo]] and had a regular [[tag team]] with [[Adolfo Tapia|La Parka]]. On occasion, he was also paired with [[Juventud Guerrera]]. When Guerrera won the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Title on WCW TV and then got injured, [[Vince Russo]] stripped Guerrera and had Psychosis and La Parka go for the vacant title, which Psychosis won. He then lost it to [[Jushin Liger]] the same night.
    -
    -During the [[April 19]], 1999 edition of ''[[WCW Monday Nitro]]'', Psychosis defeated [[Jay Ross|Blitzkrieg]], Juventud Guerrera, and Rey Mysterio in a 4-way bout to win the WCW Cruiserweight Championship for the first time. This reign would be short-lived, however, as he would lose it to Rey Mysterio not long after.
    -
    -On [[September 27]], 1999, Psychosis competed in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Luchas de Apuestas|máscara contra caballera]] (mask vs. hair) match against [[Billy Kidman]]. Kidman won, and like both Juventud Guerrera and Rey Mysterio before him, Psychosis was forced to unmask.
    -
    -Psychosis had a second, rather unforgettable Cruiserweight Title reign in WCW. When the previous champion [[Lenny Lane]] (who portrayed a flamboyant homosexual on television) got WCW in hot water with the [[GLAAD]], Lane was pulled from television. Psychosis was given the belt only to lose it to [[Glenn Gilberti|Disco Inferno]].
    -
    -===Other Promotions===
    -Psychosis left WCW before the sale to the [[WWE]] owner and chairman [[Vince McMahon]] and was part of the short-lived [[Xtreme Wrestling Federation]], wrestled in [[World Wrestling All-Stars]] and also for [[All Japan Pro Wrestling]]. He also made a brief return to [[Extreme Championship Wrestling|ECW]] as well, competing there from July-November 2000. The highlight of his second run was an incredible match with [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]] at the ECW Arena. Psychosis was also part of "La Familia" with [[Konnan]], Juventud Guerrera, Halloween and Damien in [[Xtreme Pro Wrestling]], an adaptation of the group in Mexico consisting of himself, Halloween, Damien 666 and Rey Misterio, Sr.
    -
    -Psychosis had a dispute with [[TICKLE]] in Mexico which held the rights to his ring name, so he switched it to '''Nicho El Millonario''' and continued to work in Mexico, mostly in Tijuana with occasional dates in the United States and [[Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre]]. In [[2005]], he returned to AAA to feud with a wrestler who assumed the name "Psicosis" when he originally left the promotion. The two had a "name vs. name" ladder match at Triplemania XIII but [[Histeria]] ran in and took the name for himself so the feud evolved into a three way feud.
    -
    -Psicosis made a few appearances for [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] and wrestled at the TNA Pay-Per-View Victory Road 2004 as part of the [[TNA 2004 Super X Cup Tournament|20 man international invitational]], he was eliminated and the Tournament went on to be won by fellow luchadore and former LWO member [[Héctor Garza]].
    -
    -===World Wrestling Entertainment===
    -In 2005, Castellanos signed a contract with WWE. He appeared at the WWE-promoted [[ECW One Night Stand 2005]] [[pay-per-view|PPV]] on [[June 12]], [[2005]] losing to [[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Mysterio]], and first appeared on WWE television on the [[June 18]], 2005 airing of [[WWE Velocity]], teaming with [[Super Crazy]] to defeat [[James Yun|Akio]] and [[Billy Kidman]].
    -
    -Psicosis, Super Crazy, and [[Juventud Guerrera|Juventud]] would group together to form a [[Stable (professional wrestling)|stable]] known as [[The Mexicools]]. The group made their debut as [[heel (professional wrestling)|heels]] on [[June 23]], 2005 when all three members rode to the ring on a [[Deere & Company|John Deere]] [[lawn mower]], with the sticker saying ''Juan'' Deere to be more Mexican, wearing matching [[coverall]]s and attacked both participants of a [[Chavo Guerrero, Jr.|Chavo Guerrero]] and [[Paul London]]'s [[WWE Cruiserweight Championship]] match.
    -
    -Juventud cut a promo questioning the lack of "true Mexican [[Lucha libre|Luchadores]]" in the [[cruiserweight (professional wrestling)|cruiserweight division]], before going on to deride the current state of [[Mexican American]]s in general. Psicosis dubbed the lawnmower they arrived on a "Mexican Limo 2005" and the group claimed that even Mexico's President mocks Mexicans in the United States (he was referring to [[Vicente Fox]]'s controversial remark that Mexican immigrants do the jobs "not even the blacks want to do"). Juventud then stated that they were "no longer there to clean toilets and work for "them" (the "gringos") but "they" were going to be working for "us" (The Mexicools)", before dubbing the team "not Mexi''cans'' but Mexi''cools''!" In the following weeks, they would continue to [[run-in (professional wrestling)|interfere]] in matches and mock the stereotypical image of Mexicans in the United States, even coming to the ring each with their own riding lawnmower.
    -
    -On [[July 24]], 2005 at the [[Great American Bash]] in [[Buffalo, New York]],in a match against the members of the [[bWo]] in a six-man tag match, the group pinned [[Michael Manna|Steven Richards]] to secure the Mexicools' first PPV win. The trio then turned face by feuding with [[James Maritato|Nunzio]] and [[Vito LaGrasso|Vito]].
    -
    -During the [[December 2]], 2005 edition of ''SmackDown!'' Super Crazy and Psicosis competed in an over the top rope battle royal against 5 other tag teams, the pair managed to win and earned themselves a match against [[MNM]] at [[WWE Armageddon#2005|Armageddon 2005]] for the WWE tag team titles, unfortunately for the Mexicools, MNM lost the tag team titles before their match.
    -
    -During the [[January 27]], [[2006]] edition of ''SmackDown!'' Super Crazy and Psicosis defeated [[ s]] and [[Full Blooded Italians|F.B.I.]] in a three-way tag team match to win spots in the [[Royal Rumble 2006|Royal Rumble match]] on [[January 29]], 2006. During that same Royal Rumble Match, Psicosis entered at Number 4, but was quickly eliminated by [[Rey Mysterio]].
    -
    -During mid-2006 the [[Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE)|ECW brand]] was redeveloped and with this came the expectations that Super Crazy would leave Psicosis, and ''SmackDown!'', for the new ECW. This was later fueled with a match that would see [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]] and Super Crazy team up and face the [[Full Blooded Italians#New ECW|F.B.I.]] at [[ECW One Night Stand 2006]]. At this time, Psicosis's partnership with Crazy began to crumble when Psicosis repeatedly abandoned Crazy during incidents with a [[Heel (professional wrestling)|monster heel]] known as [[The Great Khali]]. The team would soon split with Psicosis turning heel.
    -
    -Psicosis has since been held back on WWE's Smackdown! brand and has been virtually unseen since his last televised match against Super Crazy in July 2006.
    -
    -==Wrestling facts==
    -*'''Finishing and signature moves'''
    -:*'''''Psycho Guillotine''''' ([[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Diving leg drop|Diving leg drop]])
    -:*'''Super Suplex to Facebuster'''([[Suplex#Inverted suplex slam|Suplex to sit-out face buster]])
    -:*[[Suplex#Inverted suplex slam|Inverted suplex slam|]]
    -:*''Psycho Stunner'' ([[Stunner (professional wrestling)|Stunner]])
    -:*[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Frankensteiner|Super huracanrana]]
    -:*[[Professional wrestling attacks#Spinning heel-kick|Diving spinning heel-kick]]
    -:*[[Facebuster]]
    -:*[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Corkscrew senton|Corkscrew somersault senton]]
    -:*[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Senton|Senton Backsplash]] (as labeled by [[WCW]])
    -*'''Managers'''
    -:*[[Kazuo Onoo|Sonny Onoo]]
    -:*[[Nancy Daus|Woman]]
    -:*[[Juventud Guerrera|Juventud]]
    -
    -*'''Quotes'''
    -:*"''I am the real psycho, I am PSICOSIS!''"
    -:*"''We are not Mexicans, we are ... Mexicools!''"
    -:*"''Your ass is grass... and we are the lawnmower!''"
    -
    -==Championship succession==
    -{{start box}}
    -| colspan = 3 align = center | '''[[Mexico National Trios Championship]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''[[Octagón]]''', '''[[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Misterio, Jr.]]''' & '''Super Muñeco'''
    -| width = 30% align = center | First, with [[Fuerza Guerrera]] & [[Blue Panther]]
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''Vacant'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''[[Satánico]]''', '''[[Averno]]''' & '''[[Mephisto (wrestler)|Mephisto]]'''
    -| width = 30% align = center | Second , with [[Manuel Ortiz Partida|Halloween]] & [[Leonardo Carrera|Damián 666]]
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''Vacant'''
    -|-
    -| colspan = 3 align = center | '''[[Mexico National Welterweight Championship]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''[[El Hijo del Santo]]'''
    -| width = 30% align = center | First
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''[[Leonardo Carrera|Ultraman 2000]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''Won tournament'''
    -| width = 30% align = center | Second
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''[[Salsero]]'''
    -|-
    -| colspan = 3 align = center | '''[[WWA World Welterweight Championship]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''[[El Hijo del Santo]]'''
    -| width = 30% align = center | First
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''[[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Misterio, Jr.]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''[[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Misterio, Jr.]]'''
    -| width = 30% align = center | Second
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''[[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Misterio, Jr.]]'''
    -|-
    -| colspan = 3 align = center | '''[[WWE Cruiserweight Championship|WCW Cruiserweight Championship]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''[[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Misterio, Jr.]]'''
    -| width = 40% align = center | First
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''[[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Misterio, Jr.]]'''
    -|-
    -| width = 30% align = center | Preceded by:
    '''vacant'''
    -| width = 40% align = center | Second
    -| width = 30% align = center | Succeeded by:
    '''[[Glenn Gilberti|Disco Inferno]]'''
    -{{end box}}
    -
    -== Trivia ==
    -*Often misspelled as "Psichosis" most notably on the back cover of [[ECW One Night Stand 2005|ECW One Night Stand]] [[Dvd|DVD]]
    -*Has numerous [[Tattoo|Tatoos]] including a cross on his [[forearm]].
    -*Has allegedly wrestled [[Oscar Gutierrez|Rey Mysterio ]] over 500 times.
    -*Shortest reigning [[WWE Cruiserweight Championship|WCW cruiserweight champion]] with a reign that lasted less than an hour
    -*Enjoys computer programming in his free time.
    -*Favorite wrestlers gowing up were the [[Dynamite_Kid]] and his brother Fobia.
    -*Favorite sport out of wrestling is [[soccer]].
    -*Enjoys watching [[movies]].
    -*Enjoys listening to [[Metallica]] music.
    -
    -
    -== External links ==
    -*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/psicosis/ WWE Profile]
    -*[http://www.obsessedwithwrestling.com/profiles/p/psicosis.html OWW Profile]
    -*[http://www.luchawiki.com/index.php?title=Psicosis LuchaWiki Profile]
    -*[http://www.luchastyleonline.net/ Lucha Style Online (fansite)]
    -
    -[[Category:1971 births|Castellanos, Dionicio]]
    -[[Category:Mexican professional wrestlers|Castellanos, Dionicio]]
    -[[Category:People from Tijuana|Castellanos, Dionicio]]
    -[[Category:Extreme Championship Wrestling alumni|Castellanos, Dionicio]]
    -[[Category:Living people|Castellanos, Dionicio]]
    -[[Category:World Championship Wrestling alumni|Castellanos, Dionicio]]
    -
    -[[de:Dionicio Castellanos]]
    -[[es:Psicosis]]
    -[[ee:Psycosis]]
    -[[it:Dionicio Castellanos]]
    -[[nl:Psicosis]]
    -[[ja:ディオニシオ・カスティリアノス]]
    +{{album}} 2013-03-16 03:19:00 90394893 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2023328]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1 +1,161 @@\n
    -#REDIRECT[[Joan of Arc]]
    +[[Image:Ozu.jpg|thumb|250px|The Ozu family (left to right): [[#Isamu|Isamu]], [[#Tsubasa|Tsubasa]], [[#Urara|Urara]], [[#Hikaru|Hikaru]], [[#Kai|Kai]], [[#Houka|Houka]], [[#Makito|Makito]], and [[#Miyuki|Miyuki]]]]
    +[[Image:Magiranger.jpg|thumb|250px|The Ozu Family, transformed into the Magirangers (same order as above)]]
    +:''"Our bond of courage will open the way to the future! We are the Magical Family! Mahou Sentai Magiranger!"''
    +
    +The '''Ozu Family''' is a fictional family portrayed in the Japanese [[Super Sentai]] series ''[[Mahou Sentai Magiranger]]''. They are a family of mages in various proficiencies that battle the evil [[Underground Hades Empire Infershia]] with their magical ability to transform into the Magirangers.
    +
    +These five children (three brothers and two sisters) lived peacefully with their mother, on the notion that their father died in an expedition in Antarctica. But upon learning the truth, their mother revealed to them their family legacy. Over time, they learn their father was a Heavenly Saint. The five siblings also receive the power to attain "Legend" form. By the final half of the series, the siblings were reunited with their parents.
    +__TOC__
    +

    +
    +==Ozu Siblings==
    +===Kai===
    +
    +:''"The Burning Flame Element! Red Magician~(Legend) MagiRed!"''
    +
    +'''Kai Ozu''' (小津 魁 ''Ozu Kai'') / '''MagiRed''' (マジレッド ''Majireddo'') / '''Legend MagiRed''' (レジェンドマジレッド ''Rejendo Majireddo''), portrayed by [[Atsushi Hashimoto]] (橋本淳 ''Hashimoto Atsushi''), is 17 years old. The youngest, Kai is a '''Red Mage''', a wizard who has power over the Burning Flame Element. He's a sophomore student who's into soccer and fights a lot with Tsubasa. He's straightforward and impulsive, which often leads to him making mistakes, but he is also kind-hearted and very brave for his age. He hates to be babied and wants to be treated like an adult. He was most upset about his mother's apparent death by Wolzard, and swore vengeance for it, until he learned that Wolzard was his father. During the course of the series, he inherits many of Isamu's techniques, mainly his "Blazing Storm" and lives by his father's saying ''"Chance is something you make yourself."'' His primary attack is "Red Fire," where his body is engulfed in flame creating a [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]] which burns any adversary it flies through. As Legend MagiRed, Kai's MagiBolt "Flares Up Flame", which is more powerful than Red Fire. In the special ''"Tokusei Magiranger Special"'', Kai drops his MagiPhone into the Mini Garden Spring while dueling with MagiShine and the Goddess of the Spring gives him the option of getting either a Silver MagiPhone or the Golden GripPhone and so he lies to gain the Golden GripPhone and with it, the ability to become '''Heavenly Hero KaiShine''' (''Tenkū Yūsha Kaishain''). As KaiShine, he is able to wield the KingCalibur (or at least a human-sized version of it) and wears MagiShine's armor, with a red neck scarf in place of MagiShine's flowing golden cape. However, he accidentally transforms himself into a duplicate of Hades Beast Spider and since he lied to get the Golden GripPhone, its magic is closed off to him, fortunately the Goddess of the Mini Garden Spring is able to use magic to restore him when he pledges to never be dishonest again and is returned his normal MagiPhone. In the end of the series, he becomes a sort of a liaison between the "Surface World" and Infershia. He also now dresses in his father's traditional Magitopian robe and so foreshadows that he will carry on his father's legacy as a great warrior of magic.
    +* Magical Weapons: '''MagiStick Sword''', '''MagiPunch''', '''Magical Holy Staff DialRod'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Red Fire'', ''Blazing Storm'', ''MagiBolt'', ''Legend Fire'', ''Fatal Blade''
    +* Special Ability: Alchemy, meaning he can change an object into something else, such as a Zobil into a soccer ball, a car into a huge matress, and a backpack into a jetpack.
    +

    +
    +===Tsubasa===
    +
    +:''"The Galloping Thunder Element! Yellow Magician~(Legend) MagiYellow!"''
    +
    +'''Tsubasa Ozu''' (小津 翼 ''Ozu Tsubasa'') / '''MagiYellow''' (マジイエロー ''Majiierō'') / '''Legend MagiYellow''' (レジェンドマジイエロー ''Rejendo Majiierō''), portrayed by [[Hiroya Matsumoto]] (松本寛也 ''Matsumoto Hiroya''), is 19 years old. The 4th born, Tsubasa is a '''Yellow Mage''', a wizard who wields the power over the Galloping Thunder Element. He's intuitive, a realist and usually rational. He looks at life crossways, is a bit closed in himself, cynical and sarcastic. Tsubasa also boxes and even coaches when not fighting as a wizard. He often bickers with Kai and wants to live up to their older brother's standards. He also fell in love with Rei in Stage 28 and refused to set her soul free because he did not want them to be separated. Tsubasa managed to save her when Neries used her soul to heal her throat, and even though Rei did love him back, they could not remain together because Rei was already dead. By the end of the series he fulfilled his passion of being a boxer. His primary attack is "Yellow Thunder," where he shoots a barrage of lightning arrows from his MagiStick Bowgun. As Legend MagiYellow, Tsubasa's MagiBolt "Rains Forth Lightning". Along with Hikaru/MagiShine, Tsubasa is expected to appear in the 2007 team-up film "''[[GoGo Sentai Boukenger]]'' vs. Super Sentai."
    +* Magical Weapons: '''MagiStick Bowgun''', '''MagiPunch''', '''DialRod Bowgun'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Yellow Thunder'', ''MagiBolt''
    +* Special Ability: Potion Work.
    +

    +
    +===Urara===
    +
    +:''"The Shaking Water Element! Blue Magician~(Legend) MagiBlue!"''
    +
    +'''Urara Ozu''' (小津 麗 ''Ozu Urara'') / '''MagiBlue''' (マジブルー ''Majiburū'') / '''Legend MagiBlue''' (レジェンドマジブルー ''Rejendo Majiburū''), portrayed by [[Asami Kai]] (甲斐 麻美 ''Kai Asami''), is 20 years old. The 3rd born, Urara is a '''Blue Mage''', a sorceress with power over the Shaking Water Element. She has a gentle heart, often acting motherly (Smoky considers her his mother figure). She's a passive sort, listening to the others and holding her tongue, hiding her own feelings of hurt and distress until they boil over and she explodes. Furthermore, a practical joke Kai played on her when they were children induced a fear of frogs, which she had to overcome to restore Hikaru to normalcy, she also freaked out when the Hades God Toad was chosen to carry out his Divine Punishment (she was both frightened and disgusted by him and his plan for his Divine Punishment for the surface world). Although she initially shows great anomosity towards Hikaru, she eventually fell for and married him in Stage 47. Her primary attack is "Blue Splash," which acts as either a high powered stream of water or a barrage of exploding geysers. As Legend MagiBlue, Urara's MagiBolt "Becomes a Water Tornado". In the end of the series, she stays in Magitopia with Hikaru with Magiel still adjusting to her living there.
    +* Magical Weapons: '''MagiStick Wand''', '''Magical Holy Staff DialRod'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Blue Splash'', ''Smoky Blue Shining Attack'', ''MagiBolt'', ''Fantastic Splash''
    +* Special Ability: Fortune Telling and Prophecy.
    +

    +
    +===Houka===
    +
    +:''"The Blowing Wind Element! Pink Magician~(Legend) MagiPink!"''
    +
    +'''Houka Ozu''' (小津 芳香 ''Ozu Hōka'') / '''MagiPink''' (マジピンク ''Majipinku'') / '''Legend MagiPink''' (レジェンドマジピンク ''Rejendo Majipinku''), portrayed by [[Ayumi Beppu]] (別府あゆみ ''Beppu Ayumi''), is 22 years old. The 2nd born, Houka is a '''Pink Mage''', a sorceress with power over the Blowing Wind Element. She is cheerful and flighty, stringing along several boyfriends, and her catchphrase is "Yahoo!". She has a narrow focus, though, and can be a troublemaker. However, she also sees everything in a positive light (except for the Infershia), which can sometimes steer her into arguments with her older brother. She works as a fashion model when she feels like it. Her primary attack is "Pink Storm" where she transforms into an electric fan and blows away the bad guys. In Stage 5, Houka used a corkscrew kick variant of her primary attack. As Legend MagiPink, Houka's MagiBolt "Blows Piercing Wind".
    +* Magical Weapons: '''MagiStick Wand''', '''MagiPunch''', '''Magical Holy Staff DialRod'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Pink Storm'', ''MagiBolt''
    +* Special Ability: Transformation Magic, turning herself into any form she can imagine - such as a VW Beetle, a soccer ball launcher, a stereo, a pepper shaker, and a fishing rod - occasionally serving as comic relief. She can also transform herself into other characters (although in these forms she has a large pink bow which gives her away), for example in ''Stage 5'' she transformed herself into Vancuria to lure the Hades Beast Mimic into a trap since it was loyal to her, and in ''Stage 46'' she transformed herself into Hades God Titan to lure Hades God Wyvern away while the real Titan could make his way to the Lake of Slumber without hindrance although once Wyvern caught up with her and Makito he could easily see the difference and attacked.
    +

    +
    +===Makito===
    +
    +:''"The Howling Earth Element! Green Magician~(Legend) MagiGreen!"''
    +
    +'''Makito Ozu''' (小津 蒔人 ''Ozu Makito'') / '''MagiGreen''' (マジグリーン ''Majigurīn'') / '''Legend MagiGreen''' (レジェンドマジグリーン ''Rejendo Majigurīn''), portrayed by [[Yuuki Itou]] (伊藤友樹 ''Itō Yūki''), is 24 years old. The 1st born, Makito is a '''Green Mage''', a wizard who wields the power over the Howling Earth Element. He spent his life growing vegetables on his property, Aniki Farm, and cooking delicious meals himself. He's usually a cheerful fellow and moves at his own pace, but he does have a nasty temper and can get on people's nerves. He tends to be a father figure to his siblings, and even though he sometimes seems overemotional and overbearing, he is truly the lynchpin of the team; his determination brought the family back together after they lost to Branken, and when Shichijuurou cut their familial bonds, and his moral support allowed his siblings to defeat Wolzard when Makito had been afflicted with Mold. Hikaru's arrival initially leaves him feeling replaced both as head of the household and in the heart of his girlfriend Eriko. He tends to be emotional at weddings as evident during his sisters' weddings. His primary attack is "Green Ground" where he creates a ground shockwave by slamming his MagiStick Ax against the ground. He can also summon vines from the ground to tie up an enemy. As Legend MagiGreen, Makito's MagiBolt makes "Boulders Go" flying at any enemy. As seen in Stage 37, Makito can speak some (surprisingly colloquial, implying a deeper interest) [[English language|English]], in which he gave directions to an [[United States|American]] tourist.
    +* Magical Weapons: '''MagiStick Ax''', '''Magical Holy Staff DialRod'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Green Ground'', ''MagiBolt''
    +* Special Ability: Herbology.
    +

    +
    +==Miyuki==
    +
    +:''"The Sparkling Ice Element! White Magician~MagiMother!"''
    +
    +'''Miyuki Ozu''' (小津 深雪 ''Ozu Miyuki'') / '''MagiMother''' (マジマザー ''Majimazā'') is portrayed by [[Azusa Watanabe]] (渡辺梓 ''Watanabe Azusa''). A strong, gentle, ideal mother, she raised her five children alone after Isamu disappeared. She kept many secrets from them as Isamu had her promised, not the least of which was the truth about Isamu & herself. She is a very caring and sympathetic woman, even showing mercy to the Infershia. In ''Stage 48'', she even tried to reason with Dagon while Sleipnir was carrying out his divine punishment. She was a '''White Mage''', a sorceress wielding the power over the Sparkling Ice Element. She wore white armor with a snowflake emblem on her helmet and wand. Miyuki was seemingly killed by Wolzard, but in reality, her death was faked with her MagiStick remaining to have the siblings believe their mother was killed. She later helped her children in spirit when they battled Branken with MagiKing. Miyuki returned in Stage 44 to help her children defeat Toad, who held her prisoner prior to their reunion. Interestingly enough her appearance is identical to that of the Goddess of the Mini Garden Spring.
    +
    +In ''Stage 48'' she fought Dagon (although at first she tried to reason with him) while her children fought against Sleipnir and Isamu and Hikaru fought N Ma in Magitopia. Dagon captured her and took her to the Kedomono Realm after she and her children were defeated by the two remaining Hades Gods but she was saved when Sphinx and Vancuria came to her aid and Sphinx destroyed Dagon. She returned and aided her family against N Ma in their final battle against him in ''Stage 49''. She now lives with her children and husband in peace in their household.
    +
    +* Magical Weapon: '''MagiStick Staff'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Deep Freeze'', ''Ice Arrows''
    +

    +
    +==Hikaru==
    +
    +:''"The Shining Solar Element! Heavenly Hero~MagiShine!"''
    +
    +'''Hikaru''' (ヒカル) / '''Heavenly Saint Sungel''' (天空聖者サンジェル ''Tenkū Seija Sanjeru'') / '''Heavenly Hero MagiShine''' (天空勇者マジシャイン ''Tenkū Yūsha Majishain'') is portrayed by [[Yousuke Ichikawa]] (市川洋介 ''Ichikawa Yōsuke''). He is a Heavenly Saint who wields the power over the Shining Solar Element. His name is a pun on the Japanese word 'hikari', which means light. He was transformed into a frog by Raigel 15 years ago only to be restored by MagiBlue, as only a blue mage's kiss can break the spell. He currently lives with the Ozu siblings as their mentor in the ways of magic and comes to their aid when he's needed. His exploits are said to be extraordinary, he claims to have defeated the [[Cerberus]] himself, causing some tension between him and Makito, he also dislikes admitting that he was defeated in battle, something that Smoky often makes the object of his teasing whenever his master is beaten (such as the times when he was beaten up by King Glum do Bridon and Hades God Drake). Hikaru was the one who killed Meemy in a life or death game. Both Houka and Urara have dated him, but he ultimately marries Urara in Stage 47. Though he is not related to the Ozu family by blood, he considered his mentor Blagel as a father-like figure and can now amplify this since he is now Isamu's son-in-law. Hikaru foresaw his death at the hands of N Ma, and apparently the vision came true, when N Ma struck him down when both Hikaru and Isamu confronted him in Magitopia. However, he was soon revived by the Nightmare Sisters to fight N Ma at his wife's side. At the end of the series he lives in Magitopia with his wife, Urara by his side. Along with Tsubasa/MagiYellow, Hikaru is expected to appear in the 2007 team-up film "''[[GoGo Sentai Boukenger]]'' vs. Super Sentai."
    +* Magical Weapons: '''MagiLamp Buster''', '''Magitopian Sword'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Smoky Shinning Attack'', ''Prominence Crush'', ''Prominence Flare'', ''Prominence Shower'', ''Prominence Drop'', ''Prominence Shoot'', ''DekaBreak Shinning Fist'', ''Prominence Attack''.
    +

    +
    +==Isamu==
    +
    +:''"The Ferocious, Raging Fire Element! Heavenly Hero~Wolzard Fire!"''
    +
    +'''Isamu Ozu''' (小津勇 ''Ozu Isamu'') / '''Heavenly Saint Blagel''' (天空聖者ブレイジェル ''Tenkū Seija Bureijeru'') / '''Heavenly Hero Wolzard Fire''' (天空勇者ウルザードファイヤー ''Tenkū Yūsha Uruzādo Faiyā'') is portrayed by [[Tsutomu Isobe]] (磯部勉 ''Isobe Tsutomu''). He is the ultimate warrior and champion of the Heavenly Saints who wields the power over the Ferocious, Raging Fire Element. He was well-loved by his allies and family and even though he was their greatest enemy, he was respected among the ranks of the Infershia. Blagel took on the human form of Isamu Ozu and married Miyuki but he soon had to leave his family when the Magitopia/Infershia war escalated. Before he left, Isamu had Miyuki promise him not to reveal the truth about their magic to their children unless otherwise the right time came.
    +
    +Once more a Heavenly Saint, Blagel sacrificed himself to have Lunagel seal the Hades Gate if he should fail to destroy N Ma before he could enter the human world. But within the Gate, Blagel fought against Beastman Four Kings of Hell and although he managed to do some damage (such as injuring Neries' throat and therefore disabling her singing voice attacks) was severely wounded by Zee the Yeti. When he was sealing N Ma and the rest of the Hades Beastmen, N Ma seeped his darkness into the wound inflicted upon him by Zee the Yeti, causing him to become transformed into Wolzard by N Ma. He was then brainwashed to become loyal to N Ma but still fought with courage and honor even during his time serving the Infershia. Some time later, after he had saved the Magirangers from Meemy's High Mold, Wolzard began to piece together his memories of his past (because the mold acted as a catalyst) and finally regained his senses and became Blagel/Isamu again temporarily to save Kai from being killed by N Ma but was then captured and brainwashed again into being Wolzard by Meemy. However, his children managed to free him once and for all. He then went off to seal N Ma one last time.
    +
    +He was thought to have died in stopping N Ma, his last words revealed to the children that their mother, Miyuki, was still alive. He survived by holding N Ma's soul in his body. Dagon confronted him in spirit and tempted him to come out of hiding to help his children when the Ultimate Hades God, Drake, was commencing his Divine Punishment. It wasn't until Dagon raised the stakes by sending Sleipnir, the second Ultimate Hades God, to the surface despite not being his time for Divine Punishment, that Wolzard came out of hiding to help his children. He fought Sleipnir and his Hades Chariot as Wolkentaurus and then fought him as WolKaiser. As WolKaiser, Wolzard was unknowingly struck by Vancuria with one of Dagon's scales, which served as a tracking device for the Hades Gods to find him. Wolzard then dragged himself and Sleipnir back into Infershia where he then went into hiding. Nai and Mea found him and informed Dagon where he was hiding, who then arrived along with Wyvern and Titan to challenge him. Wyvern fought him at first but was wounded in both body and pride. Then Dagon had Titan battle him, who caused his Jagan Shield to break. Dagon then successfully extracted N Ma from him, then disposed of Blagel by opening a fissure beneath him.
    +
    +Left for dead, Isamu was soon healed by Miyuki and joined his family to fight the Hades Gods in a new Red-armored form, Wolzard Fire, by absorbing Wyvern's fire attack and using his newfound power to destroy Wyvern. After that he, along with Miyuki, went to seek counsel from Snowgel, knowing that N Ma's rebirth would bring disaster. He dueled Kai again in Stage 48, teaching him his ''Fatal Blade'' technique, before he left for Magitopia to confront N Ma in a battle which seemingly claimed his life. However, he was soon revived by the Nightmare Sisters to aid his family in destroying N Ma.
    +* Magical Weapons: '''WolSabre & Jagun Shield'''
    +* Special Attacks: ''Blazing Storm'', ''Raging Storm Slash'', ''Fatal Blade''
    +
    +==Arsenal==
    +Because of their magical prowess, the Ozu have many items at their disposal.
    +* '''Magical Holy Staff DialRods''' (魔法聖杖ダイヤルロッド): Predecessors to the Magiphones, and the result of combining the MagiPhone and MagiStick. Each one has a [[rotary dial]] design with the numbers 1-5 at the top, and performs a MagiBolt attack. When put together while casting the spell "Gii Golu MagiBolt", the Magirangers can perform the "Legend Finish" ("Family Legend Finish" when combined with MagiMother's MagiStick). Tsubasa transformed his DialRod into the '''DialRod Bowgun''' by casting the spell "Goo Magiiro". In the finale, MagiRed wielded both his MagiStick Sword and DialRod in performing the "Fatal Blade" attack, a technique taught to him by his father.
    +** '''MagiPhones''': The MagiRangers' transformation devices utilize the spell "Maagi Magi Magiro" (106). With the power of the Oath Rings, the MagiRanger can cast the spell "Maagi Magi Magi Magiro" (1006) to access their Legend powers.
    +** '''MagiSticks''': The MagiRanger's magic wands. Red, Yellow and Green's MagiSticks transform into various weapons (a sword, a crossbow and an axe respectively). Blue, Pink and Mother's are the only ones that don't transform. MagiMother's MagiStick was also longer, like the DialRods.
    +
    +* '''MagiPunch''': MagiRed's personal weapon, summoned via the "Gi Gi Gigiru" spell (883). The "Fire Screw Upper" finishing attack can be performed while wearing these gloves. MagiPink and MagiYellow have worn these gloves but use the same spell to summon pom-poms as well.
    +
    +* '''GripPhone''': MagiShine's transformation device. After inserting a MagiTicket, he casts the spell "Goolu Golu Goludiiro".
    +
    +* '''Green Muscles''': MagiGreen can cast the "Magi Maagi" spell (01) for extra strength - his body (in Magiranger form) becomes extremely muscular as a result. He becomes so strong that he can launch his siblings for aerial attacks.
    +
    +* '''Oath Rings''': Presented by Hikaru, said to be worn by the Five Legendary Magicians who helped create Magitopia. The rings powered up the Rangers' MagiPhones in order to obtain their Legend power. They also were engagement, and then wedding rings, by MagiBlue and MagiShine.
    +
    +* '''Flower of Heaven''': This item is the center of attention in ''Magiranger vs. Dekaranger''. A brooch from Miyuki given to Doggy and Swan to protect it from the wrong hands, but given back to Miyuki. Every ten years the brooch will suck the love within humans, so the Ozu family has a celebration of their love on that date so the evil will not escape. The Hades Beastman Demon Aboloth/Agent X and Alienizer Babon were after it to power their ApoTrex mecha and destroy the world. The two teams finally got possession of the brooch and used its ''Blizzard of Light'' power to destroy Agent X and Babon with the ''Fantastic Strike Out''.
    +
    +* '''Gold GripPhone''': The Goddess of the Mini-Spring presented a golden version of the GripPhone that can "make ideas real". Kai dishonestly chose it and ended up transforming into KaiShine. During this time he brandished the KingCalibur, trapped Hikaru in the MagiLamp with a mini-Destruction Fire, and finally turned himself into a copy of Hades Beast Spider (he started thinking of a spider while thinking of becoming the perfect date for Yuka), at which point the Phone closed itself off to Kai. "Golu Goolu Goo Goo" is the Gold GripPhone's primary spell.
    +
    +* '''Silver MagiPhone''': The Goddess of the Mini-Spring presented a silver version of the MagiPhone that "brings peace, like the snow falling on the ground". Although Kai didn't choose it, it later reversed his own backfired spell that transformed him into a copy of the Hades Beast Spider and reverted back to his original Magiphone. Miyuki's MagiPhone transformed into the silver version in Stage 44.
    +
    +* '''Rock Armor''': Upgraded version of Green Muscles used by Legend MagiGreen, summoned by the "Golu Maagi" spell, used once in Stage 37 as bulletproof armor. It served well until subjected to repeated shots on the same location.
    +
    +* '''Fire WolzaPhone''': Wolzard Fire's transformation device, a red version of the WolzaPhones that utilizes the Henshin spell "Goolu Golu Golu Goludiiro".
    +
    +===Vehicles===
    +* '''Sky Hokies''': Five brooms that transform into the MagiRangers' flying vehicles.
    +** '''Red Sky Hoki''': MagiRed's Sky Hoki.
    +** '''Yellow Sky Hoki''': MagiYellow's Sky Hoki.
    +** '''Blue Sky Hoki''': MagiBlue's Sky Hoki.
    +** '''Pink Sky Hoki''': MagiPink's Sky Hoki.
    +** '''Green Sky Hoki''': MagiGreen's Sky Hoki.
    +
    +* '''Skarpet''': MagiShine's flying carpet.
    +
    +==Majin, Majuu and Mecha==
    +When facing giant Hades Beasts, Beastmen or the Hades Gods, the MagiRangers press a special code on their MagiPhones: "Maagi Magi Magika" (107) to transform into giant armored forms called '''Majin''' (魔神 ''majin''); this is ''Mahou Great Transformation (魔法大変身 Mahō Dai Henshin)'' But upon obtaining the "Legend Power", the Magirangers gained the power to become armored beasts called '''Majuu''' (魔獣 ''majū'') as well. There are few Majuu that can be summoned to help the MagiRangers out when needed. Note that while the Magirangers actually become giant Majin/Majuu forms, they essentially pilot the humanoid combined forms, sitting in what are best described as game pieces on a board. The only real '''Mecha''' in the series is Travelion, which (in stark contrast to mecha from previous series) appears to be controlled with simple levers and rods.
    +
    +''"MagiKing, Number One!"''
    +* '''MagiKing''' (マジキング ''Majikingu''): The Majin perform when they dial "Maagi Giruma Magi Jinga" (1205) to invoke the "Majin Combination!" (魔神合体 ''Majin Gattai''). He wields the KingCalibur sword that is used in his "Magical Climax" finishers, "Magical Slash" and "Heavenly Magical Slash". Wolzard sealed MagiKing and took its power for his own, until FireKaiser destroyed the seal.
    +** '''MagiPhoenix''' (マジフェニックス ''Majifenikkusu'') / '''Saint MagiPhoenix''' (セイントマジフェニックス ''SeintoMajifenikkusu''): MagiRed's Majin Form. Wields the Phoenix Sword, which combines with the Mermaid Lance to form the Dragon Lancer, which MagiPhoenix wields while riding MagiDragon (the Dragon Lancer combines with the Dragon Tail to form KingCalibur). During the SaintKaiser formation, MagiPhoenix becomes Saint MagiPhoenix – a version of MagiPhoenix with gold in the silver areas, gold "'''M'''s" across its chest and head, and a red crown gem in place of the yellow on the original. Forms the chest of MagiKing, FireKaiser, or SaintKaiser.
    +** '''MagiDragon''' (マジドラゴン ''Majidoragon''): Its four components combine when they dial "Maagi Giruma Jinga" (125) on their MagiPhones; this is the "Magic Dragon Combination!" (魔竜合体 ''Maryū Gattai''), MagiPhoenix rides it into battle.
    +*** '''MagiGaruda''' (マジガルーダ ''Majigarūda''): MagiYellow's Majin form. His arms, Garuda Wing, can be used as weapons. Forms MagiDragon's back, wings, and neck, and MagiKing's wings and back.
    +*** '''MagiMermaid''' (マジマーメイド ''Majimāmeido''): MagiBlue's Majin Form. She wields the Mermaid Lance and can fuse her legs into a fishtail for swimming in water. Forms MagiDragon's tail or the anterior of MagiKing's legs, the Mermaid Shield on her back combines with the Taurus Axe to form the Dragon Tail, while the Mermaid Lance combines with the Phoenix Sword to form the Dragon Lancer, which combines with the Dragon Tail to make KingCalibur.
    +*** '''MagiFairy''' (マジフェアリー ''Majifearī'') / '''Magiranger Ball''': MagiPink's Majin Form. She wields the Fairy Cutter and can turn into the Magiranger Ball the others use in attacks. Notably smaller than the others (as tall as MagiTaurus' head). Forms MagiDragon's head and MagiKing's "sternum".
    +*** '''MagiTaurus''' (マジタウロス ''Majitaurusu''): MagiGreen's Majin Form. He wields the Taurus Axe. Notably bigger than the others (twice as tall as the average Majin). Forms the majority of MagiDragon (body, arms, and legs; Taurus Axe combines with the Mermaid Shield to form the Dragon Tail) and MagiKing (head, arms, and posterior; Dragon Tail combines with Dragon Lancer to form KingCalibur).
    +
    +''"Connection complete! Magical Iron-Man Travelion!"''
    +* '''Magical Train Travelion Express''' (魔法特急トラベリオンエクスプレス ''Mahō Tokkyū Toraberion Ekusupuresu'') / '''Magical Iron-Man Travelion''' (魔法鉄神トラベリオン ''Mahō Tetsujin Toraberion''): A magical train mecha MagiShine uses, able to cross dimensions, such as the Marudeyouna worlds. It can transform into Magical Iron-Man Travelion when MagiShine uses the Joint MagiTicket for the spell "Goo Goo Goludiiro", this is the ''Mahou Transformation'' (魔法変形 ''Mahō Henkei''). In battle mode, it can fire the cannon barrel in its chest for its "Destruction Fire" and "Destruction Fire Reverse Spray" attacks and from the funnel on top of its head "Steam Bazooka". Travelion has two miniature trains stored in its legs, the '''Remote Liners''', that can be used to bind an enemy. Travelion has also performed rapid-fire punches "Piston Punch", and kicks in battle. The Head Train becomes the chest, the Rear Train becomes the head and body, Cargo Trains 1 and 3 become the arms (right and left respectively), and Cargo Trains 2 and 4 make the legs (right and left respectively).
    +
    +''"When the light and fire become one, the Holy Majin will now appear!"''
    +* '''Horned Sacred Horse Unigolon''' (一角聖馬ユニゴルオン ''Ikkaku Seiba Yunigoruon''): Unicorn Majuu, he first appeared in the MagiRanger Movie and resurfaced in Stage 34 to help Kai try to free Blagel from being Wolzard. Unigolon appears to be a white version of Barikion with a horn on its forehead (in the toy, that horn can be removed to become Saint MagiPhoenix's Saint Horn). Unigolon used to be Blagel's partner years ago, and he saw a little of Blagel inside of Kai/MagiRed. Forms the head, "sternum", back, arms, and legs of SaintKaiser and the Horn Lancer.
    +** '''SaintKaiser''' ( セイントカイザー ''SeintoKaizā''): Unigolon becomes a suit of armor around Saint MagiPhoenix. His weapon is a staff made of Unigolon's mane and head. The spell used to invoke the "Heavenly Combination!" (天空合体 ''Tenkū Gattai'') is "Maagi Magi Giruma Jinga" (1025). SaintKaiser bares a remarkable resemblance to FireKaiser as well. The attack "Saint Horn Finish" involves flying into the sky and then falling back down again head first with his staff with the Unicorn head end.
    +
    +* '''MagiLegend''' ( マジレジェンド ''Majirejendo''): The fusion of MagiFirebird and MagiLion when the MagiRangers use the spell "Maagi Giruma Golu Jingajin" (5) "Legendary Combination!" (伝説合身 ''Densetsu Gasshin''). Armed with the ScrewCalibur, MagiLegend performs the "Magical Climax" finishers, "Fire Tornado", "Legend Fire Slash" and "Final Slash". Also armed with "Lion Claws", which MagiLegend can retract for hands.
    +** '''MagiFirebird''' (マジファイヤーバード ''Majifaiyābādo''): Legend MagiRed's Majuu Form when he uses the spell "Maagi Golu Majuulu" (3) on his DialRod. Forms MagiLegend's back and wings and the ScrewCalibur.
    +** '''MagiLion''' (マジライオン ''Majiraion''): Legend MagiYellow, Blue, Pink, and Green's Majuu Form when they use the spell "Maagi Giruma Golu Gogoolu" (4) on their DialRods. Forms the majority of MagiLegend (head, body, limbs).
    +
    +==See also==
    +* [[Mahou Sentai Magiranger]]
    +* [[Underground Hades Empire Infershia]]
    +
    +[[Category:Super Sentai|Ozu Family]]
    +[[Category:Fictional magicians|Ozu Family]]
    +[[Category:Japanese superheroes|Ozu Family]]
    +[[Category:Fictional martial artists|Ozu Family]] 2013-03-16 19:56:41 90513819 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2387677]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,24 +1,42 @@\n
    -'''Rocketship 7''' was a [[children's television series]] that aired on Channel 7 ([[WKBW-TV]]) in [[Buffalo, New York]] for 16 years beginning in 1962. When it was cancelled in August 1978, it had influenced a generation of children growing up in Western New York and Southern Ontario.
    +{{Taxobox
    +| color = lightgreen
    +| name = Oregon-grape
    +| image = Mahonia aquifolium.jpg
    +| image_width = 240px
    +| regnum = [[Plantae]]
    +| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
    +| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
    +| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
    +| familia = [[Berberidaceae]]
    +| genus = ''[[Mahonia]]''
    +| species = '''''M. aquifolium'''''
    +| binomial = ''Mahonia aquifolium''
    +| binomial_authority = (Pursh) Nutt.
    +}}

    -Commander Tom ([[Tom Jolls]]), a weatherman on Channel 7, hosted the long-running television show along with other [[WKBW-TV]] personalities. [[Dave Roberts (David Thomas Boreanaz)|Dave Thomas]] was the original host of the show. Another star of the show was [[David Boreanaz Sr.]], father of actor [[David Boreanaz]].
    +'''Oregon-grape''' (''[[Mahonia]] aquifolium'', [[Berberidaceae]]) is an evergreen [[shrub]] related to the [[barberry]]. Some authors submerge ''Mahonia'' in the barberry genus, ''[[Berberis]]''. The plant is in no way related to [[grape]]s, but gets the name from the purple clusters of berries. It is sometimes called '''Tall Oregon-grape''' to distinguish it from [[Creeping Oregon-grape]] (''Mahonia repens'') and "Cascade" or [[Dwarf Oregon-grape]] (''M. nervosa''). The name is often left un-hyphenated as '''Oregon grape''', though doing so invites confusion with the true [[grape]]s. It also occasionally appears in print as '''Oregongrape'''.

    -The show was initially called '''The Commander Tom Show'''. Commander Tom had many guests, both puppets and humans, and aired favorite cartoons such as [[Woody Woodpecker]], [[Rocket Robin Hood]] and [[Davey and Goliath]]. Commander Tom shared the studio with his comrade, Promo the Robot.
    +Oregon-grape grows to 1-2 m tall. Its leathery leaves resemble [[holly]] and the stems and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. The flowers, borne in late spring, are an attractive yellow.

    -A revival of the show aired from 1992 to 1993 on WKBW-TV. Commander Mike ([[Mike Randall]]) assumed hosting duties for this version of the show, although Commander Tom still made frequent guest appearances. Cartoons aired included [[Super Chicken]] and [[George of the Jungle]].
    +Oregon-grape is used in landscaping similarly to barberry, as a plant suited for low-maintenance plantings and loose hedges. Oregon-grape is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor soils, and neither spreads invasively nor creates excessive leaf litter. Its berries attract birds.

    -==Gallery==
    -
    -Image:CommanderTom.jpg
    -Image:Commander_Tom_1960s.jpg
    -
    +The plant is used medicinally by herbalists. Recent studies indicate that M. aquifolium contains a specific multidrug resistance pump inhibitor (MDR Inhibitor) named 5'methoxyhydnocarpin (5'MHC) which works to decrease bacterial resistance to antibiotics and antibacterial agents. [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/97/4/1433.pdf] The small purplish-black fruits, which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are sometimes used locally mixed with [[Salal]] to make jelly. As the leaves of Oregon-grape are holly-like and resist wilting, the foliage is sometimes used by florists for greenery and a small gathering industry has been established in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon-grape yield a yellow dye.

    -== External links ==
    +Oregon-grape is a native plant on the North American west coast from [[British Columbia]] to northern [[California]], occurring in the understory of [[Douglas-fir]] forests and in brushlands. It is the [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of [[Oregon]].

    -*[http://www.commandertomjolls.com/ Commander Tom Jolls' official website]
    -*[http://www.rocketship7.com/ Rocketship 7 fan website]
    +==See also==
    +*[[s:Our State Flowers: The Oregon Grape|The Oregon Grape]] in [[s:Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths|"Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths"]], ''[[National Geographic|The National Geographic Magazine]]'', XXXI (June 1917), pp. 481–517.
    +guruhiorejyiohuiotyr

    -[[Category:1960s TV shows in the United States]]
    -[[Category:1970s TV shows in the United States]]
    -[[Category:1990s TV shows in the United States]]
    -[[Category:Children's television series]]
    -{{child-tv-prog-stub}}
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/maaq2.htm ''Mahonia aquifolium'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
    +
    +[[Category:Berberidaceae]]
    +[[Category:Flora of Northwestern United States]]
    +[[Category:Flora of British Columbia]]
    +[[Category:Flora of Oregon]]
    +
    +[[cs:mahónie cesmínolistá]]
    +[[de:Gewöhnliche Mahonie]]
    +[[fr:Mahonia à feuilles de houx]]
    +[[pl:Mahonia ostrolistna]] 2013-03-15 22:42:11 90365951 Addbot DSisyphBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3396210]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,18 +1,5 @@\n
    -{{Wikify-date|March 2006}}
    -{{cleanup-date|April 2006}}
    -
    -'''Canopy Piloting''', also known as "'''Swooping'''", is a growing activity in the [[skydiving]] world. Many think the reason for this is that it is one of the only skydiving related events that are spectator friendly.
    +'''Clover''' was the backup band for [[Elvis Costello]] on his 1977 debut album ''[[My Aim Is True]]''. Part of the band later became [[Huey Lewis and The News]]. Another member was John McFee, currently with the [[Doobie Brothers.]]

    -Canopy Piloting entails the canopy pilot deploy their [[Canopy (aircraft)|canopy]] at 5000', piloting their canopy to an "execution" point over the swoop course, then turn, from 270 to 1080 degrees or more, into a [[rotating]] dive dramatically increasing the canopy's speed. The canopy pilot stops the canopy's rotation on the proper course heading, while at the correct altitude allowing their body to "pendulum" back beneath and level with the canopy before entering the course, all while going at speeds approaching fifty miles per hour. Pro Swooping Tour competitor Jay Moledzki was clocked at 91 mph as he entered the course during the 2005 PST Championships at Mile Hi Skydiving in [[Longmont]], Colorado.
    +{{US-rock-band-stub}}

    -Professional competition courses mark the entry gates with 5' tall wind blades, whereas some part of the pilots body must break the imaginary line across the top of the entry gate pair, often only 20' apart. These types of landings are inherently more dangerous than normal landings. For competitor safety this is usually done over a "swoop pond", a shallow artificial pond that can be narrow and long, but for safety a trend to build larger square or rectangular ponds is becoming more popular. At Mile Hi Skydiving their newly installed pond was the site for the inaugural Canopy Piloting Circuit/Go Fast Canopy Pilot Challenge events in Sep 2005. It was a huge success for canopy pilots, coming in as the largest yet built at 190' x 370'.
    -
    -The goal of the canopy piloting competition is to negotiate a number of different courses which challenge different performance characteristics of canopy flight and pilot skill. Speed, Distance and Accuracy are just three of the basic courses used at most competitions. Quickly evolving out of these courses is the Freestyle discipline. Freestyle typically uses a large body of water for competitors to drag through, or touch with different body parts and positions while maintaining nearly constant contact with the water. Gaining popularity both with competitors and spectators alike, freestyle puts the canopy pilot in contact with the water at high speeds, increasing their risk and chance of a violent impact, or a spectacular run over the pond, ultimately landing on solid ground on the other side.
    -
    -To become a high performance canopy pilot, an interested and competent skydiver will typically have at least 1000 jumps to their credit, and start a 1-2 year training process to become skilled and experienced enough to compete at the 'standard' level. Professional levels take 2-4 years of dedicated training, where some competitors have 10,000+ jumps.
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[Skydiving]]
    -*[[Drop zone]]
    -
    -[[Category: Parachuting]]
    +[[Category:American rock music groups]] 2013-03-14 08:01:34 90103163 Addbot KamikazeBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3388637]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,92 +1,243 @@\n
    -{{Infobox Automobile|name=The General Lee
    -|image=[[Image:general_lee.jpg|250px|''1969 Dodge Charger'']]
    -|aka=[[Dodge]] [[Dodge Charger (B-body)|Charger]]
    -|manufacturer=[[Chrysler Corporation]]
    -|production=[[1969]]
    -|class=[[Muscle car]]
    -|body_style=2-door [[coupe]]
    -|platform=[[FR layout|FR]] [[Chrysler B platform|B-body]]
    -|transmission=3-speed ''[[TorqueFlite]]'' [[automatic transmission|automatic]]
    -|similar=[[1968]]–[[1970]]
    -}}
    -
    -
    -
    -'''''The General Lee''''' is the car driven by the Duke cousins [[Bo Duke|Bo]] and [[Luke Duke|Luke]] in the television series ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]''. It is known for the chases and stunts, especially high jumps, in almost every episode. The car's name is a reference to the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[General]] [[Robert E. Lee]]. The idea for the ''General Lee'' was developed from [[Jerry Rushing]]'s car, which was named for General Lee's favorite horse, ''[[Traveller]]''. This was also the name of the car in ''[[Moonrunners]]'', the 1975 movie precursor to ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]''.
    -
    -
    -==Description==
    -[[Image:General.jpg|right|thumb|150px||Bo Duke, right and his cousin Luke Duke in their famous car, The ''General Lee'']]
    -''The General'' is an orange [[1969]] [[Dodge Charger (B-body)|Dodge Charger]] with a [[Flags of the Confederate States of America#The Battle Flag|Rebel flag]] painted on the roof, and the words "GENERAL LEE" over each door. Each door also has a large "01" in black. The upper left corner of the "1" in the "01" differs on occasion, causing [[continuity error]]s. When the car's horn is pressed, it plays the first 12 notes from the ''de facto'' [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]] anthem "[[Dixie (song)|Dixie]]" (See Media section below for sample).
    -
    -Though ''The General Lee'' is often used as a daily driver by Bo and Luke, the implied primary purpose of the car is dirt-track racing. The car has often been chased by the Hazzard police, being [[Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane]], Deputy [[Enos Strate]], and Deputy [[Cletus Hogg]]. Most of the time, the car outran the police or the Dukes figured a way not to get a ticket after they were stopped by the cops. Its windows are left open because the doors are welded shut—explained on the show as a common trait of race cars, especially those used in [[NASCAR]] racing events. This leads to various entry techniques, depending on the age and flexibility of the subject. [[Jesse Duke (TV)|Uncle Jesse]] is often picked up by Bo and Luke and lifted in, feet first. When in a hurry, others enter head first. Luke sometimes jumps onto the roof from the driver's side and enters the passenger window from above, or "knee-slides" across the hood to get to the passenger side. Occasionally, as a slip-up, the wired-up doors are actually opened to let Uncle Jesse in.
    -
    -(The doors were actually legitimate doors. In a 1995 promotion for a NASCAR Busch Series BellSouth / Opryland 320 at [[Music City Motorplex|Nashville Speedway USA]], Prime Time Country host Tom Wopat actually opened the door of a restored General Lee to let David and Jeff Green ride for a few laps around the track.
    -
    -==History==
    -According to [[Ben Jones (US)|Ben Jones]] ("Cooter" in the show), as well as builders involved with the show, 309 ''General Lee''s were used to film the series. Approximately twenty-three still exist in various states of repair. Among survivors is the very first General Lee known as Lee1. This car is seen in the debut episode and is the car seen jumping at the end of the opening credits of every episode with John Schneider and Tom Wopat. On average, more than one ''General Lee'' was used up per show. When filming a jump, anywhere from 500 to 1,000 pounds of lead or concrete [[ballast]] was placed in the trunk to prevent the car from nosing over. Stunt drivers report enjoying the flights but hating the landings. Despite the ballast, the landing attitude of the car was somewhat unpredictable, resulting in moderate to extremely violent forces, depending on how it landed. All cars used in large jumps were immediately retired because of frame damage.
    -[[Image:General Lee jump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''The General Lee'' takes flight.]]
    -From 1979 to 1985, Chargers of 1968 and 1969 vintage were sourced and converted to ''General Lee'' specifications. Despite popular belief, all builders involved over the years, as well as the VIN list supplied to Wayne Wooten of all Chargers used on the show, no 1970 models were ever used. The cars required the front entire front clip transplant from a 1968-69 car, which was the parts damaged worst in the jumps. Obtaining cars was not an issue until later years. By that time the car was the star of the show and Warner Brothers moved building of the cars in-house to keep the cars consistent in appearance. This is when side marker and rear backup lights are seen which were deleted on 1969 models as well as 1968 (seen from the start of the show).
    -
    -==Differing Eras of ''The General Lee''==
    -The three eras of TV show ''General Lee''s are:
    -
    -=== 1. The Georgia era===
    -Georgia episode cars consisted of 7 Dodge Chargers. Lees 1, 2, and 3 were built in California and shipped to Georgia. The first Lee was the template. It was originally a 1969 Charger 383, AC equipped, gold Charger with tan interior, 3 speaker dash, and chrome rocker trim. Lee2 was the true stunt car with a full real stuntcage. Lee3 was the closeup car. This car is the one seen in early promos with the doors open and no numbers on the doors. This car was a real R/T 440 car with AC. This car had real tan interior and a removable roll bar that allowed installation of a camera for in-car shots. Lee4 was the first 1968 Charger converted to look like a 1969. The tail light panel and front seats were taken from the wreckage of Lee1 (after the famous jump over [[Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane|Rosco]] at the end of the opening credits). The paint on these cars was 1975 Corvette Flame red. Interiors not originally tan were sprayed with SEM brand "Saddle tan" vinyl dye. Only Lee 1 had a set of crossed flags below the rear window on the filler panel. One Confederate flag, one finish checkered flag. The rims were American Racing vectors throughout the show.
    -
    -=== 2. The Valuzet era===
    -Andre and Renaud Valuzet built ''General Lee''s for Warner Brothers from the start of the 2nd season into the 4th season. Viewers can also see two Georgia cars used often up into the early second season. Lee3 and a specially caged car never appearing (but built) in Georgia were used heavily in early California episodes. The Valuzets were very inconsistent in how they built cars, so this is when the most variations are found. Color tends to be 1975 Corvette Flame Red, just like Georgia cars, but there does appear to be some variance here: Interiors were rather consistently dyed a brown color and sometimes SEM Saddle Tan. It has been said the Valuzet's charged Warner Brothers $250 a week per car for rental and a lump sum of $2000-3000 upon destruction of the vehicles. This included police cars as well. Warner Brothers mechanics had to maintain the cars at company expense.
    -* '''Trivia:''' The money generated by building ''General Lees'' financed the Valuzet family project of restoring [[Gene Autry]]'s Melody Ranch. This ranch is where many classic Westerns were shot as well as ''Gunsmoke''. It burned down in the 1960s. Today, it is a fully-functional movie ranch where shows like HBO's ''Deadwood'' are filmed.
    -
    -=== 3. The Warner Brothers era===
    -By 1983, Warner Brothers had assumed total control of building ''General Lee''s for two reasons: The Valuzets were caught selling back wrecked cars that had been somewhat fixed-up and tagged with forged [[VIN]]s; and The ''General Lee'' was now the highlight of the series. Warner Brothers was receiving an enormous amount of fan mail that nit-picked the inconsistencies of the cars. Because the ''General Lee'' was now so famous, WB had their staff mechanics build the cars to a strict appearance, even on the underside. All graphics had to meet specifications, all side markers and undercarriage chrome was to be removed, and all roll bars and push bars had to match. However, some changes were made before the specifications were laid-out: the pushbar became wider, the interior became a light beige color, and the roll bars were covered in a black foam padding. During this period, the only true way for fans to distinguish the 1968 conversions from the 1969 originals is by the shape of the dashpad.
    -As the WB era rolled on, finding the cars became an issue: [[Piper Cub]]s were hired to search out 1968 and 1969 Chargers amongst the populace; the jumped cars were now no longer scrapped after one jump if deemed salvageable, and were patched up and used until they could no longer function; and, as part of a last resort, miniature models were also brought in toward the end of the series, replacing most of the big stunts, thereby saving more cars. Taking full control also saved some money as now WB had the ability to buy cars, recondition them, and use them without paying daily rental fees. Considering that there were often a dozen General Lee's on the premises, this was far more economical than renting.
    -
    -==Engines==
    -Engines in ''General Lee''s were all sorts: 318, 383, and 440 were all used. The special purpose built "Ski Car" (the car that drives on the two-side wheels) had a 318, as it was lighter weight. Most of the workhorse stunt cars had 383's. The stunt drivers tended to prefer 440's for jumps, which were often saved for the higher and longer jumps (440 engines were often transplanted into other cars for this purpose, too). And, though sound effects lead many people to believe otherwise, only a very small handful of Chargers on the show were actually manual transmission cars.
    -
    -==Exhaust systems==
    -Exhaust systems were basic: some had [[glasspack]]s, but most had standard exhausts with the pipe cut just before the rear end. The sounds that can be heard in most of the California-era Lees is a glasspack/cherry bomb sound, but the sounds were dubbed in after the scene was filmed.
    -
    -==''"General"'' trivia and other references==
    -* Though they did not perform any of the jumps for which the car is famous, actors [[John Schneider (television actor)|John Schneider]] and [[Tom Wopat]] (Bo and Luke Duke) routinely drove ''The General'' quite aggressively on camera.
    -
    -* [[Johnny Cash]] performed the title song for the car on a ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard|Dukes of Hazzard]]'' [[soundtrack]], called "The General Lee".
    -
    -* John Schneider and Tom Wopat drive a [[Warner Bros.|WB]] [[The Dukes of Hazzard (film)|''Dukes'' movie]] promo ''General Lee'' in an episode of ''[[Smallville (TV series)|Smallville]]'', Season 5 Episode 6, "Exodus". [http://www.richardcummins.com/smallville]
    -
    -* After a long hiatus, ''The General Lee'' reappeared on American television in [[2005 in television|2005]] in the [[TLC Network]] car television series ''[[Rides (television)|Rides]]'' as "[http://www.kennywayneshepherd.net/photos/xtremelee/ Xtreme Lee]": a modified ''General Lee'' owned by performer [[Kenny Wayne Shepherd]]. The vehicle was originally unveiled at a [[2004]] [[SEMA]] show. It was upgraded to a 550hp [[V-8]] engine with six speed [[automatic transmission]]. The paint job kept most of the original elements intact, but with slight changes, including a stylized Confederate flag with apparent wind movement and minor battle damage.
    -
    -* [http://www.generalcarbuncle.com General Carbuncle] by [[James R Ford (artist)|James R Ford]] is a sculpture using thousands of toy cars to create a British version of the ''General Lee'' from the ''Dukes of Hazzard'' TV show.
    -
    -* In an episode of ''[[Family Guy]]'', ("[[To Live and Die in Dixie]]"), Peter Griffin modified his car to look like ''The General Lee'', and at one point crashed the station wagon ''General'' into the cabin where the Griffins were taking refuge. He and his dog Brian then rode it along a back road in the style of ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]'', complete with [[voiceover]] commentary by [[Waylon Jennings]]. This is referenced in a later episode ("[[The Fat Guy Strangler]]") when Brian throws a stone at Peter claiming "That's for rolling up the window when I tried to jump in ''The General Lee''."
    -
    -* The [[music video]] for "[[One Week]]" by [[Barenaked Ladies]] features a car chase segment with some band members driving in the ''General Lee'' while others drive in the car from ''[[Starsky and Hutch]]''.
    -
    -* ''The General Lee'' is also featured in ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Beyond Blunderdome]]". The front grill of the car is in the line-up at the car museum before Homer and Mel steal the road warrior car.
    -
    -* In a ''[[The Daily Show|Daily Show]]'' correspondent piece on the feature film, [[Stephen Colbert]] drives ''The [[Ulysses S. Grant|General Grant]]'', a parody of ''The General Lee'', a black car with the [[New York Yankees]] logo figured prominently, with a horn that plays "[[Hava Nagila]]".
    -
    -* A running gag in the [[webcomic]] ''[[PvP]]'' features Cole Richards and Brent Sienna jumping a hill in the ''General Lee''.
    -
    -* ''[[Three Wishes]]'': In the episode taped in [[Covington, Georgia]], [[Amy Grant]] opened the show driving ''The General Lee''.
    -
    -* ''The General Lee'' appears in the carport in the music video for "You Never Met a Motherfucker Quite Like Me" by [[Kid Rock]].
    -
    -* A 1:25 scale plastic kitset model has been a staple of [[AMT]]'s model line for years, and its boxart has frequently tied in with the various [[Dukes of Hazzard]] productions. However, the model itself has been a bugbear to experienced modellers, particularly as the bodyshell is that of a Charger 500 (rear window flush with the bodywork) rather than the regular Chargers of the TV show.
    -
    -* Worldwide, people build replicas of the General Lee, often as send-ups of the car. Examples painted in the General lee include early Toyota Corolla coupes, Morris Marinas and Hillman Hunters!
    -
    -==Media==
    -[[Image:Audiobutton.png]] [http://www.florawrecker.com/Merchant2/sounds/wol430.au Dixie Horn )]
    -
    -==References==
    -* [http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/LEE/hazard.html ''TV Guide'' article (1982) by David Barry]
    -* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0400074/ The 20th Anniversary Hazzard County Barbecue]
    -* [http://www.classictvcars.com/69-charger.php ''General Lee'' specifications]
    -* [http://www.wolo-mfg.com/spec.htm#dixie Wolo Manufacturing]
    -
    -{{The Dukes of Hazzard}}
    -
    -[[Category:Dukes of Hazzard characters|General Lee, The]]
    -[[Category:Fictional automobiles|General Lee, The]]
    ++id="talk"
    +style="border: 1px solid #CC9;
    + margin: 0em 1em 0em 1em;
    + text-align: center;
    + padding:5px;
    + clear: both;
    + background-color: #F1F1DE">
    +Welcome to my talk page. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Xaxafrad&action=edit§ion=new Start a new talk topic.]
    +

    +
    +-----
    +
    +'''Welcome!'''
    +
    +Hello, {{PAGENAME}}, and [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
    +*[[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to edit a page]]
    +*[[Help:Contents|Help pages]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:How to write a great article|How to write a great article]]
    +*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]
    +I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! Please [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out [[Wikipedia:Where to ask a question]], ask me on my talk page, or place {{helpme}} on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!  [[User:Dbraceyrules|D. J. Bracey]] [[User_talk:Dbraceyrules|(talk)]] [[Image:California state flag.png|25px]] 01:27, 18 August 2005 (UTC)
    +
    +==Tree of life==
    +
    +I don't know of an on-line source, but Darwinian evolutionists such as [[Stephen Jay Gould]] have always emphasised that evolution is a matter of adapatation to the environment, and any idea of progression is an anthropomorphic view, somewhat akin to the American intelligent design version of creationism.
    +
    +By far the most successful animals in terms of numbers of species and individuals are the insects (beetles alone account for a quarter of all species, yet the tree of life, like the sun-centred universe of old, leads to man as its focal point.
    +
    +This doesn't really answer your question, but it may at least clarify what I was trying to say. [[User:Jimfbleak|jimfbleak]] 06:38, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== re Native dab link fixes ==
    +
    +I responded on [[User_talk:ScottDavis#Native_dab_link_fixes|my talk page]]. Thanks for disambiguating the links. I'd guess there were a lot. The purpose of a disambig page is to help readers and editors to find the right page instead of leaving links pointing to ambiguous info. --[[User:ScottDavis|Scott Davis]] [[User talk:ScottDavis|Talk]] 05:36, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Plank cricket and Street cricket ==
    +
    +Hi Xaxafrad, I know you're trying to be helpful, but please do not merge content to other articles while an AfD is in progress. The consensus turned out to be a ''delete'', and since you merged content, it would violate [[GFDL]] to do so. I will now have to delete the [[Street cricket]] article and selectively restore all but your edits. This is going to be very difficult to do. Please take a look [[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion#You may edit the article during the discussion|here]] for a list of things you can do while an article is undergoing an AfD. Thanks, [[User:Deathphoenix|Deathphoenix]] [[User_talk:Deathphoenix|'''ʕ''']] 15:06, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Sorry for the misconduct. I'll refrain from bold actions like that in the future. I guess I'm more of an inclusionist. So, since the consensus was for "delete", what's this business about violating the GFDL? How does one violate the GFDL by deleting content that was moved from one article to another? You could've just deleted the list item and two references that I added to [[street cricket]]. Maybe it was too much work for you to look at the history and compare the differences I made. I would've fixed it myself if you had asked (apparently, somewhere between one half and two thirds of wikipedians would rather tell somebody what they did wrong, rather than just fixing the problem; you're the first person to do something to the edits I made, rather than simply sending me a message about what I should do to fix the bad changes I made).
    +
    +:Why did you have to delete the whole [[street cricket]] article because I merged in content which should've been deleted? "Selectively restore"? I haven't heard that phrase thrown around wikipedia yet. Does that mean you compared the differences between all the edits made since my edit, and then reinstated the genuine, non-vandal edits? In my efforts to figure out what you did, it seems you covered your tracks pretty well (at least, this newbie can't find the bread crumbs). The history for [[street cricket]] seems to be corrupted. Neither my edits, nor your deletes and restorations can be found.
    +
    +:What, exactly, did you do?
    +
    +:[[User:Xaxafrad|Xaxafrad]] 02:23, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::No problems, I wouldn't say what you did was "misconduct", it was a very specific problem that you wouldn't have any way of knowing. In a nutshell, [[GFDL]] means that you must provide proper attribution for content. What this means in our specific case is that if you merge content from one article to another, to preserve GFDL, you must provide information on each author who contributed to the first article. Normally, this is satisfied by providing a redirect from the first article to the next because the first article provides all the author information in the form of article history. However, when the first article is deleted, all author information is lost. Therefore, some of the content in the second article violates GFDL because we don't have author information on the content that was merged from the first article.
    +::Simply editing the second article to remove the new content from the first article isn't enough because this content is still retained within the article history. To remove this content from article history, I had to delete just your edits. Fortunately, I can do this by deleting the entire article, then specifically restoring only the edits that I want to save in the article history. This means clicking on a checkbox for every edit I wanted to save. Unfortunately, there were some 150 or 250 edits (I forget which) in that article, so I had to click 150 or 250 checkboxes to restore this content. This was one of the first times I performed a ''selective restore'', so it probably took me a lot longer than it should. :-P Don't worry, no harm done, but basically, this is one of the reasons why the guide I showed you above asks not to merge content from an article that is currently undergoing AfD: because that article might be deleted, then we'll have problems preserving GFDL. I hope I haven't confused you too much, I was beginning to confuse myself as I was typing it. Cheers, [[User:Deathphoenix|Deathphoenix]] [[User_talk:Deathphoenix|'''ʕ''']] 03:29, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:::It's always easier to keep stuff than it is to delete it, but there are times when deletion is absolutely necessary. But that's less important than the real issue here, one that's bothered me from a long time ago (since my [[D&D]] days): What is the purpose of a ten foot pole? Why get one when a quarterstaff will do the same thing? Hmmmmm... --[[User:Deathphoenix|Deathphoenix]] [[User_talk:Deathphoenix|'''ʕ''']] 04:29, 17 May 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== A short Esperanzial update ==
    +
    +As you may have gathered, discussions have been raging for about a week on [[WT:ESP|the ''Esperanza'' talk page]] as to the future direction of Esperanza. Some of these are still ongoing and warrant more input (such as the idea to scrap the members list altogether). However, some decisions have been made and the charter has hence been amended. [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AEsperanza%2FCharter&diff=59977509&oldid=52572171 See what happened]. Basically, the whole leadership has had a reshuffle, so please review the new, improved charter.
    +
    +As a result, we are electing 4 people this month. They will replace [[User:JoanneB|JoanneB]] and [[User:Pschemp|Pschemp]] and form a new tranche A, serving until December. Elections will begin on [[2006-07-02]] and last until [[2006-07-09]]. If you wish to run for a Council position, add your name to the list before [[2006-07-02]]. For more details, see [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/June 2006 elections]].
    +
    +Thanks and kind, Esperanzial regards, —[[user:Celestianpower|Cel]][[User:Celestianpower/Esperanza|es]][[User:Celestianpower|tianpower]] [[user talk:Celestianpower|háblame]] 16:00, 23 June 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== help me help me! ==
    +
    +Sorry, I'm not in the 100% state of mind right now, and the help desk was looking way to hard to navigate. I just wanted to know how I could find articles less than 2k, or 200 chars, or some low threshold, and were unstubbed. It seems like an awkward thing, but I think at least several dozen others must've wanted to do this by now. [[User:Xaxafrad|Xaxafrad]] 02:53, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:: Hi :). umm if u take a look at [[Special:Specialpages]], have a look for the link there, i thinks its like '[[Special:Shortpages|Shortpages]]' or 'Smallpages' etc ;) Have fun, hth --[[User:Deon555|Deon555]]|[[User_talk:Deon555|talk]] 03:18, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:: Sweet, thanks for the tip! There be fun there, arrrr. :) [[User:Xaxafrad|Xaxafrad]] 03:20, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::: lol, no worries ;) [[User_talk:Deon555&action=edit§ion=new|let me know]] if you need anything else ;). --[[User:Deon555|Deon555]]|[[User_talk:Deon555|talk]] 03:25, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::: I'll probably do that. ;) [[User:Xaxafrad|Xaxafrad]] 03:27, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Bot for {{tl|ISBN}} ==
    +
    +I have NO idea whether someone wrote a bot already. The request is not yet marked as fulfilled. However, many bots exists that do template substitution, and you might want to ask over at [[WP:VP/T|the Village Pump (technical)]] about it. [[User:Circeus|Circeus]] 03:07, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
    +:Substitution would be replacing {{ISBN|XXXXXXXXXX}} with (true substitution) {{subst:ISBN|XXXXXXXXXX}}, or ISBN XXXXXXXXXX (which would be the end result anyway.) See [[Wikipedia:ISBN]] and [[Wikipedia:Template substitution]] for the relevant pages. [[User:Circeus|Circeus]] 12:46, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== [[The Rabbit Joint]] ==
    +
    +'''The Rabbit Joint''' was an american musical duo, featuring [[Jesse Spence]] on drums/percussion and some vocals, and [[Joe Pleiman]] on guitars, vocals and keyboards. They released a single, self-titled album in [[1998]]. Pleiman has since been in several other bands, including [[Bluegrazer]], [[AM Ghost]], [[The Fall Leaves]], [[The Summer Villains]] and [[Hip Tanaka (band)|Hip Tanaka]].
    +
    +The album also features [[Kathryn Meany]] on ''The Night'', [[Alison LaCourse]] on "Momma" and [[Jayson Haedrich]] on "If I Were a Friend" and "It's Not Like That".
    +
    +Zelda, a song often circulated on the Internet, containing a melody inspired by [[Koji Kondo]]'s [[Legend of Zelda]] overworld theme, is often misattributed to [[System of a Down]] due to what some believe are similar-sounding vocals between the band's two singers.
    +
    +=== Track listing ===
    +All lyrics by Joe Pleiman.
    +# "Her First Time" (Pleiman)
    +# "Lonely Road" (Pleiman)
    +# "The Night" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "Salad Shooter" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "It's Not Like That" (Pleiman)
    +# "Hey Momma" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "One in a Million" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "Mr. Techno"
    +# "Sally"
    +# "Bethesda Yacht Club" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "Rufus on Parade" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "Mother Nature" (Pleiman, Spence)
    +# "Matthew Wants to Take a Piss" (Pleiman)
    +# "Domesticity" (Pleiman)
    +# "If I were a Friend" (Pleiman)
    +# "Zelda"
    +
    +The album also features multiple hidden tracks.
    +
    +Cheers, —''[[User:R._Koot|Ruud]]'' 14:34, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
    +:Sweet, thanks. Best info I've found on the Zelda song (but still not reputable, I think): [http://www.zeldauniverse.net/wiki/index.php/Zelda_%28song%29 zeldauniverse.net]
    +
    +== August Esperanza Newsletter ==
    +
    +{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background-color:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5fffa"
    +!
    Program Feature: [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/To-Do List|To-Do List]]

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|The [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/To-Do List|'''Esperanza To-Do List''']] is a place where you may list any request, big or small, for assistance. If you need help with archiving your usertalk, for example, all you need to do is list it here and somebody will help you out. Likewise, if you need help with some area of editing on Wikipedia, list it here! Again, any matter, trivial or not, can be placed on this page. However, all matters listed on this page must not be of an argumentative nature. You do not need to be a member of Esperanza (or this program) to place or fulfill requests on this page. If you don't have any requests, consider coming by and fulfilling a few! This program has not been very active, but has lots of potential!
    +|-
    +!
    What's New?

    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|In order to help proposed programs become specific enough to make into full-fledged programs, the [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Proposals#In_development|'''In development section''']] of the [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Proposals|proposals page]] has been created. Proposals that are promising, but need to be organized in more detail are listed here. Please take a look at what is there, and help the proposals turn into programs.
    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|To improve both the layout and text of the [[Wikipedia:Esperanza|front page]], in an attempt to clarify the image of Esperanza, the front page is going to have some redesigning take place. Please take your creative minds to '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Front page redesign]]''' to brainstorm good ideas.
    +|-
    +!
    Many thanks to [[User:MiszaBot|MiszaBot]], courtesy of [[User:Misza13|Misza13]], for delivering the newsletter.

    +|}
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff; vertical-align:top"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5faff"
    +!
    [[WP:ESP/ACM7|The last AC meeting]] ([[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Advisory_Committee_Meeting_August_2006/log|full log]])

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    +# In order to '''make sure all users who join Esperanza are welcomed''', a list of volunteers who are willing to welcome new Esperanzians is at [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Members#Esperanza_welcomers]]. Please add yourself if you are interested; we want to make sure all new Esperanza members are welcomed!
    +# The '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Proposals #In_development|In development]]''' section of the proposals page has been created.
    +# '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Proposals|Proposals page:]]''' Some proposals have been moved to the aforementioned "In development" section, some have been left as a proposal, and others have been [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Proposals/Archives/1|archived]]. For those proposals that were a good idea but didn't necessarily constitute a program, [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Programs#General Esperanzial Actions|General Esperanzial Actions]] has been created.
    +# Two small pieces of '''charter reform''' will be decided on in a straw poll at [[Wikipedia talk:Esperanza/Governance]]. One involves filling the position of any councillors who may leave, the other involves reforming the charter.
    +# Until '''cooperation with the [[Wikipedia:Kindness Campaign|Kindness Campaign]]''' is better defined, it remains as a proposed program.
    +# There is a page for discussing the '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Front page redesign|front page redesign]]'''.
    +|-
    +!
    Signed...

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    [[User:Natalya|Natalya]], [[User:Banes|Banes]], [[User:Celestianpower|Celestianpower]], [[User:EWS23|EWS23]], [[User:FireFox|FireFox]], [[User:Freakofnurture|Freakofnurture]], and [[User:Titoxd|Titoxd]]
    05:03, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

    +|}
    +|}
    +{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%;border:1px solid #ddcef2;background-color:#faf5ff;vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#faf5ff;color:#000"
    +|style="color:#000; text-align:center"|''Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone. If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may add yourself to [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Newsletter/Opt Out List]].''
    +|}
    +|}
    +
    +== September Esperanza Newsletter ==
    +
    +{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background-color:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5fffa"
    +!
    Program Feature: [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Barnstar Brigade|Barnstar Brigade]]

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|Here in Wikipedia there are hundreds of wikipedians whose work and efforts go unappreciated. One occasionally comes across editors who have thousands of good edits, but because they may not get around as much as others, their contributions and hard work often go unnoticed. As Esperanzians we can help to make people feel appreciated, be it by some kind words or the awarding of a Barnstar. This is where the Barnstar Brigade comes in. The object of this program is to seek out the people which deserve a Barnstar, and help them feel appreciated. With your help, we can recognize more dedicated editors!
    +|-
    +!
    What's New?

    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|'''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/September 2006 elections|September elections]]''' are upon us! Anyone wishing to be a part of the Advisory Council may list themselves as a candidate from 18 September until 24 September, with the voting taking place from 25 September to 30 September. Those who wish to help with the election staff should also list themselves!
    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Appreciation Week|Appreciation Week]], a program currently in development, now has [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Appreciation Week|its own subpage]]! Share your good ideas on how to make it awesome there!
    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|The [[WP:ESP|Esperanza front page]] has been redesigned! Many thanks to all who worked hard on it.
    +|-
    +!
    Many thanks to [[User:MiszaBot|MiszaBot]], courtesy of [[User:Misza13|Misza13]], for delivering the newsletter.

    +|}
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff; vertical-align:top"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5faff"
    +!
    [[WP:ESP/ACM8|The last AC meeting]] ([[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Advisory Committee Meeting September 2006/log|full log]])

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    +#The '''[[WP:ESP/PROP|proposals page]]''' has been updated, with some proposals being archived.
    +#Since the program in development '''[[WP:ESP/PROP#Appreciation_week|Appretiaion week]]''' is getting lots of good ideas, it now has [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Appreciation Week|its own subpage]].
    +#The '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/September 2006 elections|September 2006 Council elections]]''' will open for nominations on 18 September 2006. The voting will run from 25 September 2006 until 30 September 2006. If you wish to be a candidate or a member of the elections staff, please list yourself!
    +#The '''new [[WP:ESP|Esperanza front page]] design''' has but put up - many thanks to all who worked on it!
    +#TangoTango has written [[User:Tangotango/New members of Esperanza|a script for a bot]] that will '''list new members of Esperanza''', which will help those who welcome new Esperanzains greatly!
    +|-
    +!
    Signed...

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    [[User:Natalya|Natalya]], [[User:Banes|Banes]], [[User:Celestianpower|Celestianpower]], [[User:EWS23|EWS23]], [[User:FireFox|FireFox]], [[User:Freakofnurture|Freakofnurture]], and [[User:Titoxd|Titoxd]]
    04:04, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

    +|}
    +|}
    +{|style="border-spacing:8px;margin:-8px -8px"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%;border:1px solid #ddcef2;background-color:#faf5ff;vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#faf5ff;color:#000"
    +|style="color:#000; text-align:center"|''Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone. If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may add yourself to [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Newsletter/Opt Out List]].''
    +|}
    +|}
    +
    +== November Esperanza Newsletter ==
    +
    +{| style="border-spacing:8px;margin:0px -8px" width="100%"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background-color:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5fffa"
    +!
    Program Feature: [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Admin coaching|Admin Coaching]] (needs coaches!)

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|'''''Admin Coaching needs coaches!!!''''' If you are an administrator, or even a generally experienced user, do consider [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Admin coaching#Volunteers|signing up to be a coach]].
    +
    +Admin Coaching, now being coordinated by [[User:HighwayCello|HighwayCello]], is a program for people who want help learning some of the more subtle aspects of Wikipedia policy and culture. People are matched with experienced users who are willing to offer coaching. The program is designed for people who have figured out the basics of editing articles; they're not newcomers any more, but they might want some help in learning new roles. In this way, Esperanza would help keep hope alive for Wikipedia because we would always be grooming the next generation of admins.
    +|-
    +!
    What's New?

    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|The '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Tutorial Drive|Tutorial Drive]]''' is a new Esperanza program! In an effort to make complicated processes on Wikipedia easier for everyone, Esperanza working to create and compile a list of tutorials about processes here on Wikipedia. Consider writing one!
    +|-
    +| style="color:#000"|A discussion on '''how Esperanza relates to the encyclopedia''' has been started; [[Wikipedia_talk:Esperanza#Esperanza_and_the_encyclopedia|please add your thoughts]].
    +|-
    +!
    Many thanks to [[User:MiszaBot|MiszaBot]], courtesy of [[User:Misza13|Misza13]], for delivering the newsletter.

    +|}
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width: 45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background-color:#f5faff; vertical-align:top"|
    +{| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top; background-color:#f5faff"
    +!
    [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Advisory Committee Meeting October 2006|The last AC meeting]] ([[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Advisory Committee Meeting October 2006/log|full log]])

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    +*The list of '''[[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Proposals|proposed programs]]''' has been updated, with some proposals being archived.
    +*There is now a '''new program''': the [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Tutorial Drive|Tutorial Drive]]! Consider writing a tutorial on something you are good at doing on Wikipedia.
    +*The suggestion of adding '''a cohesive look to all the Esperanza pages''' is being considered; [[Wikipedia_talk:Esperanza#New_design_of_this_page|join the discussion]] if you are interested!
    +*In order to make a '''useful interlanguage welcome template''', those involved in translation projects will be asked what English Wikipedia policies are most important and confusing to editors coming from other language Wikipedias.
    +*A '''[[Wikipedia_talk:Esperanza#Esperanza_and_the_encyclopedia|discussion of Esperanza's role in Wikipedia]]''' is being held, with all thoughts of all Esperanzians wanted!
    +*[[User:Shreshth91|Shreshth91]] informed everyone that he will be '''leaving the Esperanza council''' as life is rather busy; his spot will be filled by the runner up from the last election, [[User:HighwayCello|HighwayCello]].
    +|-
    +!
    Signed...

    +|-
    +|style="color:#000"|
    [[User:Natalya|Natalya]], [[User:Banes|Banes]], [[User:Celestianpower|Celestianpower]], [[User:EWS23|EWS23]], [[User:FireFox|FireFox]], [[User:The Halo|The Halo]], [[User:Shreshth91|Shreshth91]] and [[User:HighwayCello|HighwayCello]]
    20:33, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

    +|}
    +|}
    +{|style="border-spacing:8px;margin:-8px -8px"
    +|class="MainPageBG" style="width:100%;border:1px solid #ddcef2;background-color:#faf5ff;vertical-align:top;color:#000"|
    +{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#faf5ff;color:#000"
    +|style="color:#000; text-align:center"|''Although having the newsletter appear on everyone's userpage is desired, this may not be ideal for everyone. If, in the future, you wish to receive a link to the newsletter, rather than the newsletter itself, you may add yourself to [[Wikipedia:Esperanza/Newsletter/Opt Out List]].''
    +|}
    +|}
    +
    +== Jellybeans ==
    +
    +{{User:-The Doctor-/Jellybeans}}
    +
    +== Eureka Article sections and issues ==
    +
    +A local editor who actually controls an online web based newspaper, has been focused only on a specific area or section I have been trying to gently (well, at first, not so gently) corral in the "Recent Government and law issues section." This editor was determined to create an entirely new major section on HOMELESSNESS a couple days back, which I had reduced to a bullet point. Now you have further reduced it and returned it to a paragraph (of course I agree that is better yet). We need to realistically expect that this editor will revert these edits and re-expand this controversial section. I, however, question the placement of this type of detail in an overview article of any city. Ultimately as the Eureka article matures (if we allow that to be based on ther recommended San Jose article or the very cool example of the SF article(s), much of the controversial or recent issues will be better served as DAUGHTER articles. All of this is in light of WikiProject US Cities suggestions. By the way, if my zealousness in the beginning caused you to lose any work, I apologize. I hope we can all work to consider the audience and the forum and serve the process in a professional and qualitative manner. Thanks [[User:Norcalal|Norcalal]] 22:45, 25 November 2006 (UTC) 2010-10-18 12:01:23 58198066 JAnDbot Luckas-bot robot Manually assisted solving of mixed interwiki; Retire: zh NaN 2013-03-14 23:09:46 90208423 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2170029]] NaN 2013-03-14 00:10:08 90057753 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1235759]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,41 +1,76 @@\n
    -'''Doug Kershaw''', born [[January 24]], [[1936]], is an American [[fiddle]] player from [[Louisiana]] known as "The Ragin Cajun."
    +[[Image:Bigrich.jpg |thumb|right|225px|Henry Hobson Richardson, portrait by Sir Hubert von Herkomer]]
    +[[Image:RichardsonTrinityBoston.jpg|thumb|225px|right| [[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]] in [[Boston]] is one of Richardson's most famous works.]]
    +[[Image:RichardsonNEatonLibrary.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Richardson's work can be seen in many areas around Boston, such as this library in [[Easton, Massachusetts|North Easton]].]]
    +[[Image:RichardsonGlesserChicago2.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Glessner House, Chicago, IL]]
    +'''Henry Hobson Richardson''' ([[September 29]], [[1838]]–[[1886]]) was a prominent [[United States|American]]
    +[[architect]] of the [[19th Century]] whose work left a significant impact on both [[Boston]] and [[Chicago]].

    -[[Image:DougKershawAlbum.png|thumb|250px|Doug Kershaw]]
    -Born Douglas James Kershaw in [[Tiel Ridge, Louisiana|Tiel Ridge]], [[Cameron Parish]] in an area known as the [[Cajun]] country, his ancestors are [[Acadian]]s who were part of the [[Great Expulsion]] by the [[Great Britain|British]] authorities from their homeland in eastern [[Canada]] in 1755. He grew up surrounded by [[Cajun]] fiddle and [[accordion]] music and as a 19-year-old, in 1955 he performed with his brother Rusty Kershaw on the [[Louisiana Hayride]] radio broadcast. The two were so popular that they were invited to perform at the Wheeling Jamboree in [[Wheeling, West Virginia]] and in 1957 appeared at the [[Grand Ole Opry]] in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].
    +==Biography==
    +Richardson was born at Priestly Plantation in [[St. James Parish, Louisiana]] and went to study at [[Harvard College]]. Initially he was intenterested in civil engineering, but eventually shifted to architecture which led him to go to Paris in 1860 to attend the famed [[Ecole des Beaux Arts]]. He but didn't finish his training there as family backing failed during the U.S. Civil War. Nonetheless, he was only the second US citizen to attent the Ecole - a school which was to play an increasingly important role in training Americans in the following decades. Richardson returned to the U.S. in 1865. The style that Richardson favored, however, was not the more classical style of the Ecole, but a more medieval-inspired style, influenced by [[William Morris]], [[John Ruskin]] and others. Richardson developed a unique idiom, however, improvising in particular upon the [[Romanesque]] of southern France. The term "[[Richardsonian Romanesque]]" has sometimes misled people to assess it as one of the Victorian revival styles, akin, perhaps to [[Neo-Gothic]], but it was actually much more personal, a synthesizing of the Beaux-Arts predilection for clear and legible plans with the heavy massing that was favored by the pro-medievalists. Richardson's work thus stands out for its innovativeness and for this some historians, [[Nicholas Pevsner]] for example, have argued that it constitutes a type of break from naive historicism and was thus quasi proto modern. But this interpretation depends to a large extent on the definition of [[modernism]]. Nonetheless, significant to Richardon's style was his picturesque massing and roofline profiles, along with his mastery of rustication and polychromy. When you see an 1880s building with massive rusticated,semi-circular arches supported on clusters of squat columns, round arches over clusters of windows on massive walls, you are seeing Richardsonian Romanesque.

    -After fulfilling his military obligation, Doug Kershaw returned to the music business scoring with an autobiographical song he wrote called "Louisiana Man." The song not only sold millions of copies but over the years has become the symbol of Cajun music. In June of 1969, Kershaw made his first network television appearance on the debut "Johnny Cash Show." His dynamic performance in front of a national audience led to [[Warner Bros. Records]], signing him to a long-term contract. In November of that year, "Louisiana Man" was broadcast back to earth by the crew of the [[Apollo 12]] moon mission. Beyond the southern venues, Kershaw's popularity soon extended to mainstream urban America, playing for packed audiences at such places as [[New York City]]'s [[Fillmore East]].
    +If a single work of Richardson's had to be selected over others it would have to be [[Trinity Church, Boston|Trinity Church]] in [[Copley Square]], Boston); Part of one of the outstanding American urban complexes built as the center piece of the newly developed [[Back Bay]]. The Boston Public Library was built across from it later by Richardson's former draftsman, [[Charles Follen McKim]]. The interior of the church is one of the leading examples of the [[Arts and Crafts]] asthetics in the US.

    -Singing in both French and English, Kershaw's stage performance is marked by his abundant energy. Simultaneously playing fiddle, singing, and dancing, it is not unusual for him to break several bow strings, sometimes during just one song. With more than twenty-five albums to his credit and a five decade-long career, Doug Kershaw has a loyal following and continues to tour worldwide.
    +A series of small public libraries donated by patrons for the improvement of New England towns makes a small coherent corpus that defines Richardson's style: libraries in [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]], [[Easton, Massachusetts|North Easton]] (''illustration, right''), [[Malden, Massachusetts|Malden]], Massachusetts, and the very fine [[Thomas Crane Public Library (Quincy, Massachusetts)]]. These buildings seem resolutely anti-modern, with the aura of an Episcopalian vicarage, dimly lit for solemnity rather than reading on site. They are preserves of culture that did not especially embrace the contemporary flood of newcomers to New England. Yet they offer clearly defined spaces, easy and natural circulation, and they are visually memorable. Richardson's libraries found many imitators in the "[[Richardsonian Romanesque]]" movement.

    -'''Partial discography [[single (music)|singles]]: '''
    -*''Cajun Joe''
    -*''Cajun Boogie Queen''
    -*''Colinda''
    -*''Dixie Creole''
    -*''Diggy Diggy Lo''
    -*''Fiddlin' Man''
    -*''Jambalaya on the Bayou''
    -*''Jole Blon''
    -*''Louisiana Man''
    -*''My Toot Toot''
    -*''On the Bayou''
    -*''Papa Died Old''
    -*''Rita Put Your Black Shoes On''
    +Richardson had a frequent collaborator in [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] who devised the landscaping schemes for half a dozen of his projects.

    +Other works:
    +* Sever Hall, Harvard University (1880), brickwork, with molded brick string courses with turrets embedded in the walls, strips of windows, under a huge hipped roof
    +* The [[Allegheny County Courthouse]], Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, (1883 - 1888) connected by a bridge to its jail across the narrow street: cyclopean masonry and a tall tower
    +* [[Marshall Field]] warehouse, Chicago, Illinois (1887) -[demolished 1930], graded variations in rusticated stonework, vast windowed arcading spanning three floors, with not a historical detail in sight
    +[[Image:RichardsonAsylumBuffalo.jpg|thumb|left|225px|New York State Asylum, Buffalo NY]]
    +* Buffalo's [[H.H. Richardson Complex|New York State Asylum]] (1870), shown on the left, was the largest building of the master's career and the first to display his characteristic style. The complex was also the first of many projects on which he worked with [[Frederick Law Olmsted]].

    -Artist: Doug Kershaw
    -Born: 1936
    +Richardson's work was contemporary with the residential [[Queen Anne style]], with which his work had little affinity, except for the species known as the "[[Shingle Style]]," which evidenced his sense of massing and picturesque composition.

    -Styles: Country, Traditional Country
    +Following Richardson's early death in 1886 at age 48, the style that he had pioneered was picked up by a variety of other architects whose works are grouped under the name of [[Richardsonian Romanesque]]. The style was applied to various types of buildings, churches, public buildings such as city halls, county buildings, court houses, train stations and libraries, as well as residences. [[Stanford White]] and [[Charles Follen McKim]], who each worked in his office as young men, and who went on to form the noted firm [[McKim, Mead and White]], moved into a different, historicist [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts mode]] style that became the norm around the turn of the twentieth century, replacing the Richardsonian Romanesque. Nonetheless, Richardsonian lessons of texture, massing, and the expressive language of stone walling can be felt in the work of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. Richardson found sympathetic reception among young Scandinavian architects of the following generation, the one known best in the English-speaking world being [[Eliel Saarinen]].

    -1969 was a pivital year in the musical career of Doug Kershaw (born Douglas James Kershaw). An appearance on the premier broadcast of The Johnny Cash Show, on June 7th, brought him to the attention of his largest audience and led to a contract with Warner Brothers/Seven Arts. Two months later, Kershaw's autobiographical tune, "Louisiana Man," became the first song broadcast back to Earth from the Moon by the astronauts of Apollo 12. Kershaw capped the year with a much-publicized, week-long, engagement at the Fillmore East in New York as opening act for Eric Clapton's Derek & the Dominos. While it seemed, to many rock and pop fans, that Kershaw had appeared out of nowhere, he had already sold more than 18-million copies of the records he had done in the early '60s with his brother, Rusty. "Louisiana Man" had been a Top Ten country hit in 1961 and its follow-up, "Diggy Diggy Lo," had done almost as well. The son of an alligator hunter, Kershaw was the seventh born to a family that eventually included five boys and four girls. Raised in a home where Cajun French was spoken, he didn't learn English until the age of eight. By that time, he had mastered the fiddle, which he played from the age of five, and was on his way to teaching himself to play an amazing 28 instruments. His first gig was at a local bar, the Bucket of Blood, where he was accompanied by his mother on guitar. After teaching his brother, Rusty (born Russell; February 2, 1938), to play guitar, he formed a band, the Continental Playboys, with Rusty and older brother, Peewee, in 1948.
    +[http://www.sbra.com/html/125th/125th_phase5.html].

    -Although they intially sang in French, J.D. Miller, owner of the Feature record label, persuaded them to incorporate songs in English into their repertoire. With the departure of Peewee from the group, in the early '50s, Doug and Rusty continued to perform as a duo. The brothers quickly built a solid reputation for their high-energy performances of Cajun two-steps and country ballads. In 1955, they recorded their first single, "So Lovely, Baby." Released on the Hickory label, the tune became a Top Five country hit in August 1955. Shortly afterward, they were invited to become cast members of the Louisiana Hayride, a popular radio show broadcast from Shreveport, LA. In 1957, they recorded a Top 40 country hit, "Love Me to Pieces." They became members of the Grand Ole Opry the following year. Despite the demands of his music career, Doug Kershaw enrolled in McNeese State University and earned an undergraduate degree in mathematics. At the peak of their early career, in 1958, Doug and Rusty decided to simulataneously enlist in the United States Army. They devoted their attention to the military until their dismissal three years later. Picking up where they left off, in February 1961, the two brothers recorded "Louisiana Man," a song Doug had written while in the Army. The song was eventually covered by more than 800 artists. By the time that their debut album, Rusty and Doug, was released in July 1964, however, the Kershaw brothers had elected to go their seperate ways.
    +==Images==
    +
    +Image:RichardsonBrattleSqBoston.jpg|Brattle Square Church, Boston, MA, sculpture by Bartholdi – who did the Statue of Liberty
    +Image:RichardsonAlbanyCityHall.jpg|Albany, NY, City Hall
    +Image:RichardsonAlbanyCH2.jpg|Albany, NY, City Hall, detail

    -It took another three years before Kershaw signed a songwriters' contract with BMI. Despite the success of his solo career, Kershaw continued to be plagued by depression and sorrow. His father had committed suicide when he was only seven. Until 1984, Kershaw battled drug and alcohol abuse and he became known for erratic behavior. Although he continued to perform and record, his albums of the 1970s failed to duplicate the commercial success of "Louisiana Man" and "Diggy Diggy Lo." In 1981, Kershaw rebounded with his biggest selling hit, "Hello Woman," which reached the country music Top 40. In 1988, he recorded a duet, "Cajun Baby," with Hank Williams, Jr. that became a Top 50 country hit. Marrying his wife, Pam, at the Astro Dome on June 21, 1975, Kershaw began raising his own family that included five sons -- Douglas, Victor, Zachary, Tyler, and Elijah -- and two grandsons. His son, Tyler, plays drums in his band. Kershaw released a French-language album, Two Step Fever, in 1999. Michael Doucet of Beausoleil is featured on the duet "Fievre De Deux Etapes." Hot Diggity Doug was released in mid-2000 and Still Cajun After All These Years followed in early 2001.
    +Image:RichardsonAlbanyCH3.jpg|Albany, NY, City Hall, detail
    +Image:AlleghenyCtyCourthouse-082904.jpg|Allegheny County Court House, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    +Image:RichardsonAlleghanyCH4.jpg|Allegheny County Court House, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, interior courtyard
    +Image:RichardsonAlleghanyCH.jpg|Allegheny County Court House, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    +Image:RichardsonChaneyHartford.jpg|Chaney Building, Hartford, CT

    -[[Category:1936 births|Kershaw, Doug]]
    -[[Category:American fiddlers|Kershaw, Doug]]
    -[[Category:Cajun and Louisiana Creole music|Kershaw, Doug]]
    -[[Category:Fiddlers|Kershaw, Doug]]
    -[[Category:People from Louisiana|Kershaw, Doug]]
    +Image:RichardsonGateHouseNEaton.jpg|Gate House, North Easton, MA
    +Image:RichardsonNEaton.jpg|Oakes Ames Memorial Hall, North Easton, MA
    +
    +Image:RichardsonGlessnerChicago1.jpg|Glessner House, Chicago, IL
    +Image:RichardsonAlleghenyCHBridge.jpg|Allegheny County Court House, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, bridge to prison
    +Image:Robert Treat Paine Estate - exterior view.JPG|[[Robert Treat Paine Estate]], [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]
    +
    +Image:RichardsonNEatonLibrary.jpg|Library, North [[Easton, Massachusetts]]
    +Image:Woburn, Massachusetts, Library with statue of Benjamin Thompson.JPG|Library, [[Woburn, Massachusetts]]
    +Image:Thomas Crane Public Library, Quincy, Massachusetts (Front view).JPG|[[Thomas Crane Public Library (Quincy, Massachusetts)]]
    +
    +Image:Stanford University 1980.jpg|The Inner Quad at [[Stanford University]]
    +
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[Salve Regina University#Watts Sherman|Watts Sherman House]]
    +
    +==References==
    +*Breisch, Kenneth A,. ''Henry Hobson Richardson and the Small Public Library in America: A Study in Typology.'' MIT Press, 1997
    +*Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, ''Pilgrimage: The Search for H.H. Richardson'', unpublished manuscript
    +*Larson, Paul C., Editor, with Susan Brown, ''The Spirit of H.H. Richardson on the Midland Prairies: Regional Transformations of an Architectural Style'', University At Museum, University of Minnesota, Minneopolis and Iowa State University Press, Ames 1988
    +*Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ''H.H. Richardson: Complete Architectural Works'', MIT Press, Cambridge MA 1984
    +*Roth, Leland M.,''A Concise History of American Architecture'', Harper & Row publishers, NY, NY 1979
    +*Shand-Tucci, Douglas, ''Built in Boston: City and Suburb, 1800 - 1950'', University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA 1988
    +*Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold, ''Henry Hobson Richardson and His Works'', Dover Publications, Inc. NY 1959 (Reprint of 1888 edition)
    +*[http://www.sbra.com/html/125th/125th_phase5.html Richardson's successor firms, to Shepley Bulfinch Richardson and Abbott]
    +
    +==External links==
    +*{{dmoz|Arts/Architecture/History/Architects/R/Richardson,_Henry_Hobson|Henry Hobson Richardson}}
    +
    +[[Category:1838 births|Richardson, H. H.]]
    +[[Category:1886 deaths|Richardson, H. H.]]
    +[[Category:American architects|Richardson, Henry Hobson]]
    +
    +[[fr:Henry Hobson Richardson]] 2007-11-13 17:00:35 22920158 DumZiBoT Aibot :Suppression interwikis ru-sib: (le wiki ru-sib a été démantelé) NaN 2013-03-14 16:05:14 90146919 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3160209]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,49 +1,5 @@\n
    -===[[User:Rama's Arrow|Rama's Arrow]]===
    -{{user|Rama's Arrow}} - I am requesting my colleagues to give me a second review as I feel the need to obtain honest criticism and suggestions on improvement before I consider a second RfA. I invite all comments from everyone on this page. Additionally:
    -
    -#I strongly request you to ask me questions, basically discuss any issues or concerns you may have. You can learn more about me and I can hope to understand your views better.
    -#Please be frank and fortright. Self-improvement is important to me. I'll be only too happy to lay any ghosts of the past to rest.
    -
    -Here are the links to [[Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Rama's Arrow|my first RfA]] in May and the [[Wikipedia:Editor review/Rama's Arrow|last editor review]] I had in April-May. If you need any more information, please see the talkpage archives, editcount and contributions chart accessible through my userpage. Thank you, [[User:Rama's Arrow|'''Rama's arrow''']] 15:31, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -'''Comments'''
    -*Sorry, but the reason I generally don't put to much stock in these is you know yourself whether you're working for the best interests of the project at all times and if you're maintaining your cool or not. But since you're looking for feedback, hopefully you'll get some useful ideas. One piece of advice I find works very well is for the most part we can tell when we're about to make an edit that might raise tensions. At that point it's very important to simply walk away for a while until we can think of a better contribution. I'm not always perfectly able to do that of course, but I'm getting better, and the more we can co that, the less arguments we'd have. The other thing is focus more on article writing which you're good at and worry less about the meta issues. In the end the articles are more important. We'll eventually look back and laugh at how seriously we take ourselves here. - [[User:Taxman|Taxman]] [[User talk:Taxman|Talk]] 16:47, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Your reasoning rings true only that this time I really do want/need serious criticism and advice. You are absolutely correct about where the real focus should be and even more so in taking things easier. [[User:Rama's Arrow|'''Rama's arrow''']] 13:46, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -*I've a lot of good things to say about you and your editing. But, I think more useful would be some "negative" feedback. You've admitted that you were temperamental initially. I find a lot of improvement on that front. But, it seems to surface on some occasions. For example, though [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Fundamental_Rights%2C_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India&diff=74715797&oldid=74710197 your] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Fundamental_Rights%2C_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India&diff=74716434&oldid=74715797 frustration] on Tony's [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Fundamental_Rights%2C_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India&diff=74696236&oldid=74691348 comment] based on a mistaken assumption was understandable and even justified, you could've assumed a little more good faith and could've tried to explain him. This is a case of what I call as "information asymmetry" and not any illwill. In such cases, it's desirable that the party who has more information explain the other with patience. Not that this quality is "essential" for an admin, but I feel that this is "highly desirable". Also, there's a [[couplet]] in [[Tirukkural]] - "இன்னா செய்தாரை ஒறுத்தல் அவர்நாண நன்நயம் செய்து விடல்" - which translates to (roughly) "Let a man conquer by his forbearance; Those who wrong him with arrogance."http://www.geocities.com/nvashraf/kur-eng/close02.htm In my experience, this has worked almost all the time with reasonable people. -- [[User:Sundar|Sundar]] \[[User talk:Sundar|talk]] \[[Special:Contributions/Sundar|contribs]] 13:31, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Your advice is appreciated and rings very true. Its certainly an ethic I will work with from now on. But I'd just like to add that firmness and candour are also valuable qualities; thus I hope folks won't interpret this exchange with Tony as uncivil. I do understand the need for [[WP:AGF]] - I was trying to be candid with Rlevse, but it got out of hand. [[User:Rama's Arrow|'''Rama's arrow''']] 13:46, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -''' Links '''
    -#[http://tools.wikimedia.de/~essjay/edit_count/Count.php?username=Rama%27s+Arrow Editcount with Essjay's tool]
    +{{Expand}}
    +Socastee High School is a large, 3 story school with about 1450 students. The school's mascot is the Brave and the school colors are black and gold. The current principal is Dr. Browning. Socastee High School provides the IB program and several AP courses for advanced students. The school's website is http://www.hcs.k12.sc.us/high/sh/index.htm This article was made by two really cool sophomores.


    -''' Questions'''
    -
    -# Of your articles or contributions to Wikipedia, are there any about which you are particularly pleased, and why?
    -#: ([[Wikipedia:Editor review/Rama's Arrow|Previous time's answer]]) I'm proud of all my work here. I've written 6 featured articles, 26 DYKs and (try to) manage 4 portals: [[Portal:Nanotechnology|Nanotechnology]], [[Portal:Sikhism|Sikhism]], [[Portal:Presidency of the United States|U.S. presidency]] and [[Portal:Himalaya region|Himalaya region]]. I'm also very proud of rendering my services as a copyeditor to help colleagues on a number of FACs and peer reviews. I try to be active in the discussions at [[WT:RFA]], [[WT:INWNB]] and previously crafted the [[Wikipedia:Defense of content]] policy proposal, which I greatly enjoyed working on.
    -# Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
    -#: ([[Wikipedia:Editor review/Rama's Arrow|Previous time's answer]]) I find myself very sober and grounded since the last RfA. I've had brief tiffs in August with [[user:Rlevse|Rlevse]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Ladakh], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rlevse&diff=prev&oldid=71491127], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rama%27s_Arrow&oldid=71488042], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rlevse&diff=prev&oldid=71487195], and [[user:SlimVirgin|SlimVirgin]] ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SlimVirgin&diff=67845277&oldid=67834325], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SlimVirgin&diff=67845664&oldid=67845277], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SlimVirgin&diff=67846393&oldid=67845664], [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:SlimVirgin&diff=67846532&oldid=67846393]) that weren't exactly incivil but not kosher either - I was basically pissed off by their reversion of my edits, as if they were vandalism. I've been a bit stressed occasionally while defending the article [[Muhammad Iqbal]] from POV-pushing, coming close on numerous occasions to breaking [[WP:3RR]]. There was an occasion when I found my temper tested on [[Talk:George W. Bush]], when a couple of editors were talking of reverting the revisions I had made (in an effort to make the article an FA). During the last RfA, some editors felt that I was not taking criticism well, and that I was representing some [[Hindu nationalist]]-angles, which to me is entirely untrue, but I'm willing to listen to any criticism.
    -
    -Question from -- [[User:Lostintherush|'''Lost''']][[User talk:Lostintherush|(talk)]]
    -*Can you give a recent example of where you were in conflict with another user and you handled it with a cool head? In other words, the conflicts that u handled in a "kosher" way :)?`
    -*A: In July, there were some issues with [[user:ARYAN818|ARYAN818]]([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ARYAN818&diff=63643529&oldid=63571000],[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:ARYAN818&diff=62740088&oldid=62728923]) and [[user:Elven6|Elven6]]([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Elven6#Severe_civility_issue]) where things got heated - I tried hard to stay firm without being rude, although ARYAN818 did feel that I was making fun of his name, which I never intended to. Regarding these editors, I filed two reports at [[WP:ANI]]. I've dealt with some issues which you can see on [[Talk:Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Talk:Sikhism]] and [[Talk:Muhammad Iqbal]]. I've also attempted to encourage other editors to be civil and keep cool[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bakasuprman/Archive4#WP:CIVIL],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Subhash_bose#Friendly_warning]. [[User:Rama's Arrow|'''Rama's arrow''']] 17:19, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Question from - [[User:Taxman|Taxman]] [[User talk:Taxman|Talk]]
    -*Follow up to the above, can you show a situation where others were in conflict and you were able to de-escalate or calm the situation down? It's not that you have to have been in a situation where you can do this, it's just helpful.
    -*A: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:JFD/Archive1#WP:CIVIL],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Rama%27s_Arrow/Archive2006-B#Apology],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Bakasuprman/Archive3#Reply]: these may not exactly fit your particular description, but I have been helpful to others in resolving problems and easing conflicts here. In these cases,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Spasage#Iqbal],[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notice_board_for_India-related_topics/India_disambiguation_discussion] I was able to work with [[user:Spasage|Spasage]] to resolve a sensitive issue, which I feared could lead to edit wars between South Asian editors - I'm especially proud of our discussion and ability to work together. [[User:Rama's Arrow|'''Rama's arrow''']] 17:19, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Two Questions from [[User:BostonMA|BostonMA]]:
    -*What will you do if there are a series of oppose votes to your nomination?
    -*A: I do not covet adminship so I am at peace at the prospect of opposition or the failure of my request. If I can give a cogent response to an opposition argument as I did with [[user:Lethe|Lethe]] (see [[Wikipedia talk:Requests for adminship/Rama's Arrow]]) then I will consider doing so. But I certainly don't want any such discussion to become a messy debate that tries everybody's nerves. I won't lose my sense of discipline nor do I want anybody else to get into a messy argument.
    -
    -*What will you do if spurious arguments are raised against your nomination?
    -*A: I have a conflict of interest, so I'll leave it to a bureaucrat (and the community in general) to decide on what is a "spurious" argument. I have certainly no inclination to reply to every opposer - ironically, this is what I was trying desperately to make clear in my last RfA. I realized some time ago that if I had exercised discretion in my previous RfA to begin with, then I would not have come to a point where withdrawal was the only way for my conscience to be at peace. I learnt pretty soon that my temperament was too volatile and unsuited for responsibility. Today I feel more experienced, peaceful and well-grounded.
    -
    -Question from [[User:Kylu|Kylu]]:
    -*What were the major points of opposition in your last RfA, and what have you done to counter them?
    -*A: The main point of opposition on my last RfA was that many editors didn't like my reaction to the oppose lodged by [[user:Ardenn|Ardenn]]. They felt that I couldn't take criticism and that I wasn't respecting the opposers. Individual editors believed that my conduct in Oct-Nov '05 was not satisfactory (I had a conflict with [[user:Gurubrahma|Gurubrahma]]) and that I was fixated on editcounts. One editor claimed that my username was offensive to non-[[Hindus]]. Now the conflict with Gurubrahma had been resolved long ago, and he supported me in the RfA. I have never thought in terms of disrespecting other religions and I'm not obsessed with counting edits at all. As for taking criticism, the only thing I've done to rectify that is to be myself. I was bewildered (and angry) that people had judged me as arrogant, which led me to frantically try to explain otherwise. In December 2005, I took Gurubrahma's criticism to heart and changed my behaviour 180 degrees (see [[Wikipedia:Editor review/Rama's Arrow|Gurubrahma's comments on my last editor review]]). After the RfA, I realised after a short while that I should have exercised discretion and temper from the very beginning. More recently I worked with [[user:Spasage|Spasage]] (mentioned in response to Taxman's question) on a sensitive issue to help prevent conflicts between South Asian editors. I was very temperamental last May but now I feel calm and experienced, so I'm fairly confident about doing an administrator's work with integrity.
    -
    -'''Question and Comment'''
    -*There seems to be a lot of comments (not just in our August situation) about civility and temper. In regards to our situation in August, see [[User_talk:Rlevse#LOOK...]], when I said "Let's just give it a rest", see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Rama%27s_Arrow&oldid=71488042], you should have bowed out, rather than pressing the issue and saying "Ruining your evening is the least I can do if it makes you a better person. Also, why even remove my comments at all? You afraid someone will see your stupidity?", see [[User_talk:Rlevse#LOOK...]]. Admins simply can not make statements like that. So my question is: What is your plan in the future when you're in a difficult or trying wiki situation? My comment is: That you're addressing this issue and attempting to improve yourself is good and I commend you for it and I consider you a wiki buddy. [[User:Rlevse|Rlevse]] 12:03, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    -*A: The answer to your question is - to keep a tight lid on my own behaviour at all times. I know that its very difficult to change a person's behaviour, but losing control myself is far more hurtful to me than not responding to someone's insult. At first I argued with you because I felt you were being rude to me on [[Ladakh]]'s FAC. The reason why I made hot-tempered remarks on your talkpage is that I was offended that you removed my comments. This is exactly what happened with [[user:SlimVirgin|SlimVirgin]]. I consider it a part of Wikiquette and we can't have a civil dialogue anyway if one does things like that. I know its your talkpage and you're free to do as you please, but there are some things you don't need an explicit policy or guideline for. Take a second look at my latter comment "Ruining your evening..." - in making this statement, I was angry but also "trying" some [[tough love]] - even if it upset you, if I could change your thinking it would be worth it. That's all I was trying to say, but obviously I didn't do it the right way - incivility cannot aid the cause of civility.
    -:OK. Thanks for explaining that. None of us are perfect, including myself, and we all know wiki can be very frustrating. However, admins have to be more careful than the rest of us. As for August, I in no way meant to insult you, I was merely disagreeing, and if you felt offended, I apologize for that part. [[User:Rlevse|Rlevse]] 12:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)
    +{{education-stub}} 2013-03-16 12:38:21 90454524 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q772025]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,198 +1,27 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_Company |
    - | company_name = Taco Bell
    - | company_slogan= think outside the bun
    - | company_logo = [[Image:Taco Bell logo.svg|center|150px|Corporate logo of Taco Bell]]
    - | company_type = Division of a [[Public]] Company
    - | foundation = [[Downey, California]] ([[March 21]], [[1962]])
    - | location = [[Irvine, California]]
    - | key_people = [[Glen Bell]] (founder)
    - | num_employees = 143,000
    - | industry = Quick Service Restaurants
    - | products = [[Tacos]], [[burritos]], and other [[Mexican]]-related [[fast food]]
    - | revenue =
    - | homepage = [http://www.tacobell.com www.tacobell.com]
    -|}}
    -'''Taco Bell''' is a [[Fast-food_restaurant|fast-food restaurant]] chain which is a division of [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]], previously part of [[PepsiCo]] located in [[Irvine, California]].
    +'''Philip Bosco''' (Born [[September 26]], [[1930]] in [[New Jersey]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[actor]].

    -Taco Bell serves food items loosely based on [[Tex-Mex cuisine|Tex-mex]] cuisine. Although it had its roots in Tex-Mex, it has now evolved into a cuisine of its own. It is headquartered in [[Irvine, California]].
    +Bosco is a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] theater actor, and later in his career, a [[television]] and [[film]].

    -==General operations==
    -Taco Bell encourages its diners to "think outside the bun", a reference to its advertising campaign that encourages bypassing the efforts and popularity wars of such [[hamburger]]-selling fast food chains as [[McDonald's]] and [[Burger King]] - through the [[tortilla]] instead of the bun. Previously, Taco Bell had a menu item called the "Bell Beefer" (bun, taco spiced [[beef]], [[lettuce]], [[cheese]] and [[tomato]]) in the mid to late [[1980s]] designed to compete with burger chains. The product did not prove popular and was discontinued.
    +Following his [[Tony Award|Tony]]-winning performance in the farce [[Lend Me a Tenor]] in [[1990]], Bosco began a streak of the choicest roles on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], including ''[[An Inspector Calls]]'' (as Birling) in [[1994]], ''[[The Heiress]]'' (as Dr. Sloper) in [[1995]], ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' (as Malvolio) in [[1998]], ''[[Copenhagen]]'' (as Bohr) in [[2000]], and ''[[Twelve Angry Men]]'' (as Juror #3) in [[2004]]. He played "Grandpa Potts" in the 2005 [[Broadway]] premiere production of ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)|Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]''.

    -Smaller '''Taco Bell Express''' outlets, offering a reduced version of the menu, appear in [[shopping mall|malls]], [[airport terminal|airport terminals]], [[department store|department stores]], [[hotel|hotels]], [[cafeteria|cafeterias]], [[gas station|gas stations]], and other locations. Some [[school lunch]] programs also offer Taco Bell items under the Taco Bell Express branding.
    +==External links==
    +* {{imdb name|id=0097842|name=Philip Bosco }}
    +*{{ibdb name | id=66920| name=Philip Bosco}}
    +*[http://www.americantheatrewing.org/downstagecenter/detail/philip_bosco_and_boyd_gaines Philip Bosco and Boyd Gaines] [http://www.americantheatrewing.org/downstagecenter/ Downstage Center] interview at [http://www.americantheatrewing.org/ American Theatre Wing]

    -The Taco Bell name is also used under license by [[Kraft Foods]], which offers a line of taco shells, spices, salsa, and other Mexican foods (including full meal kits) featuring the Taco Bell name in [[supermarket]]s nationwide.
    +[[Category:American film actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:American stage actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:American television actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:Law & Order: Criminal Intent actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:Law & Order actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:Law & Order: Special Victims Unit actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:Tony Award winners|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:Sherman Brothers|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:New Jersey actors|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:1930 births|Bosco, Philip]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Bosco, Philip]]

    -According to the Taco Bell website, there are currently over 6,500 Taco Bell franchises operating in the 48 mainland [[United States]], with 280 non-franchises.
    +{{US-theat-actor-stub}}

    -Australia had the Taco Bell concept introduced a few years back which had "piggybacked" off existing KFC or Pizza Hut sites and had moderate success but had found that Australians were not used to a "fast food Mexican" concept like Taco Bell. The Taco Bell dog was used in commercials shown in Australia.
    -
    -Over the last several years, [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]] has been co-locating its various restaurant franchises ([[KFC]], [[Long John Silver's]], and [[Pizza Hut]]). Combined Taco Bell/KFC locations are common.
    -
    -==History==
    -[[Image:Taco bell old.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Taco Bell's original restaurant design.]]
    -[[Image:Tacobellrestaurant.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Taco Bell's second restaurant design]]
    -[[Image:Tacobellsunnyvale.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Taco Bell's current restaurant design]]
    -[[Image:Taco Bell Headquarters Irvine.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Taco Bell's headquarters in Irvine, California]]
    -The founder of Taco Bell, [[Glen Bell]], started with a [[hot dog]] stand in [[San Bernardino, California]] in [[1946]]. After experimenting with alternative [[food]] items, he opened three Taco-Tia stands between [[1954]] and [[1955]], which he later sold to his partners. He then opened the first Taco Bell in [[Downey, California]] on [[March 21]], [[1962]].
    -
    -FIRST AND FOREMOST: TACO BELL FUCKING SUCKS !The first Taco Bell franchise was sold in [[1964]] and the company went [[Initial public offering|public]] in [[1969]]. In [[1978]], Bell sold the chain to [[PepsiCo, Inc.|PepsiCo]]. The chain was spun off along with Pepsi's other [[fast food ]] [[restaurant]] holdings as [[Tricon Global Restaurants]] in October [[1997]]. Tricon became [[Yum! Brands, Inc.]] in May [[2002]].
    -
    -In the early [[1990s]], Taco Bell changed its menu due to pressure concerning the nutritional value of items labeled "Lite". It was believed the term ''lite'' was vague or possibly deceptive. Many of the items were dropped entirely from the menu; one such item was the "Taco Lite", a [[frying|fried]] flour [[tortilla]] shell with lean [[beef]], fat free [[sour cream]], [[lettuce]], reduced fat [[cheese]] and [[tomatoes]]. Some items were altered to change the nutritional values, such as the removal of [[black olives]] from the list of ingredients, in an effort to reduce sodium.
    -
    -In early [[1995]], Taco Bell transformed the familiar rainbow logo, in favor of a simpler pink/purple combo logo in an effort to revitalize their almost 20 year old logo.
    -
    -On [[April 1]], [[1996]], Taco Bell took out a full-page advertisement in ''[[The New York Times]]'' announcing that they had purchased the [[Liberty Bell]] to "reduce the country's debt" and renamed it to "the Taco Liberty Bell." Thousands of people who did not immediately get the [[April Fool's Day]] [[hoax]] protested.
    -
    -In [[2003]], [[Costa Rican]] Taco Bell franchises temporarily marketed their tacos as "Tacos ticos," because for Costa Ricans, the word "taco" refers to what is known in [[Mexico]] as a [[flauta]]. ("Tico" and "Costarrican" are colloquial terms for natives of Costa Rica.)
    -
    -In [[2004]], a local Taco Bell franchisee bought the naming rights to the former Boise State Pavilion in [[Boise]], [[Idaho]] and renamed the stadium the [[Taco Bell Arena]]. [http://www.sde.state.id.us/webdocs/DailyEdNews/2004%20July-Dec%20Archive/04-10-26_Tuesday.htm]
    -
    -In the summer of 2004, PepsiCo and Taco Bell introduced [[Mountain Dew Baja Blast]]. The tropical-lime flavored drink is exclusive to Taco Bell stores. Along with this, Taco Bell introduced its [[Mountain Dew]] ''Viva Variety!'' promotional campaign, where a sign shows three cups of Mountain Dew, one normal, one Code Red and one Baja Blast.
    -
    -Added to the official menu in early [[2006]], the Crunchwrap Supreme is Taco Bell's latest permanent product. Their most recent "limited time only" item was the '''Ultimate [[Chalupa]]'''. It is a chalupa with chicken or steak, sour cream, lettuce, [[guacamole]], 3 cheese blend, and fiesta salsa. Newer items in some franchises are the Spicy Chicken Crunchwrap Supreme and the Nacho Crunch Grilled Stuft [[Burrito]]. The newest promotional item is the 7-Layer Crunchwrap Supreme, a vegetarian crunchwrap much like the 7-Layer Burrito.
    -
    -In [[Canada]], there are no Taco Bells in the province of [[Quebec]]. [[Priszm Brandz]] announced in April 2006 that their first Quebec Taco Bell should open in suburban [[Montreal]] during the summer with 20 to 30 more to follow across the province.http://www.canadianbusiness.com/markets/headline_news/article.jsp?content=b0427105A
    -
    -===Slogans===
    -*Taca-taca-taca-taca-taca-taca Taco Bell!
    -*Ooh! What a difference Taco Bell makes!
    -*Make a run for the border.
    -*Nothing ordinary about it.
    -*Cross the Border.
    -*Fetch that food!
    -*You can munch it! So good!
    -*Taste that food! Dong!
    -*Change Is Good
    -*Want some?
    -*Yo quiero [I want] Taco Bell.
    -*Think outside the bun.
    -*Spice up the night. (For the introduction of open Taco Bells at night)
    -*Good To Go (For the ''Crunchwrap Supreme'')
    -*The Fourth Meal
    -*I'm Full! (For the ''Big Bell Value Menu'')
    -*Is it hot in here?
    -
    -===Mascots===
    -Taco Bell has not had many mascots during its run. In [[1995]], they introduced two mascots to promote the Taco Bell kids' meal, Nacho and Dog. Nacho is a crazy cat who gets all his knowledge of the world by watching TV and is obsessed with Mexican food. Dog is a dog who is more well-behaved than Nacho and gets all his knowledge of the world by reading books. They were dropped in mid-[[1997]].
    -
    -In September [[1997]], the [[Taco Bell chihuahua]] was introduced. He spoke the line in commercials for their wildly popular "Yo quiero Taco Bell" campaign. In the [[Spanish language]], ''yo quiero'' means ''I want'' . The little dog's real name was "Gidget", but that was never publicized in the ad campaign. The character was [[Voice_actor|voiced]] by [[comedian]] [[Carlos Alazraqui]]. By [[1998]], the [[Taco Bell chihuahua]] was known as the biggest commercial star on the planet, but his popularity had dropped significantly by [[2000]]. As of the early [[2000s]], Taco Bell has gone away from the chihuahua and instead has promoted its [[Value Menu|value menu]] through "I'm Full!!" commercials and used "Think outside the bun" as its slogan. Gidget did, however, make a cameo in a [[2002]] [[Geico]] commercial where he met Geico's spokes-gecko. That commercial continued to air through [[2004]].
    -
    -===Lawsuit===
    -A lawsuit, which was filed in 1998 by Joseph Shields and Thomas Rinks, charged Taco Bell with failing to pay them for use of the Chihuahua character they created. The men claimed that Taco Bell had breached payment on a contract after they worked with the restaurant chain for a year to develop the talking Chihuahua for use in marketing. The talking Chihuahua became a hit with the first advertisement, in which the character bypasses a female Chihuahua for a Taco Bell taco and declares: "Yo quiero Taco Bell." Taco Bell said it would appeal the verdict. The two men got $30.1 million, plus an addition of $11.4 million in interest.
    -http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2003-06-04-taco-bell-lawsuit_x.htm
    -
    -===Acquisitions===
    -*In [[1984]], Taco Bell acquired [[Pup 'N' Taco]].
    -*In [[1986]], Taco Bell acquired the Faux-Mex restaurant chain known as [[Zantigo]], known for their [[Chilito]], a chili-cheese burrito. The chilito was added to the Taco Bell menu, then later quietly dropped after comedian [[Paul Rodriguez]] pointed out the negative connotations of the word ''chilito'' (a slang for [[penis]]) in [[Spanish language|Mexican Spanish dialect]]. [http://www.karolczak.com/blog/archives/2006/03/zantigo_a_blast_from_my_past.php]
    -
    -[http://www.columbustour.com/rest-history/images/5thAveZantigo.jpg A picture of a former Zantigo location acquired by Taco Bell in Columbus, Ohio]
    -
    -===Boycott===
    -In [[2001]], the [[Coalition of Immokalee Workers]] organized a [[boycott]] of Taco Bell restaurants one year after presenting a petition to Yum! Brands Inc., principally demanding higher rates of pay and better conditions for workers on [[tomato]] farms in [[Florida]] that Taco Bell buys produce from. In 2005, the company responded by meeting the workers' demands, resulting in the boycott being withdrawn. The efforts of the Coalition of Immokalee Workers and the response of Yum! Brands Inc. to this have been applauded by former American president [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Eric Schlosser]], author of ''[[Fast Food Nation]]''.
    -
    -Free-market economists associated with the [[Acton Institute]]Sirico, Fr. Robert. "Help Poor Workers; Eat Taco Bell Tomatoes." Acton Institute. 1 July 2004. [http://www.acton.org/press/pdf/2004-07-01_Sirico.pdf .PDF] and the [[Mises Institute]]D'Amico, Daniel. "That Taco Bell Boycott." ''[[Mises.org]]''. 4 October 2004. [http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?Id=1630]Carden, Art. "That Taco Bell Brouhaha." ''Mises.org''. 10 January 2005. [http://www.mises.org/fullstory.aspx?Id=1707] have criticized this strategy by arguing that boycotts are generally ineffective at raising standards of living.
    -
    -== Co-branding ==
    -[[Image:Tacobellkfcrestaurants.jpg|thumb|right|270px|A Co-branded Taco Bell and KFC]]
    -
    -Many Taco Bell Express brand outlets can be found in [[suburban]] [[strip mall]]s, often adjacent to other Yum!-brand eateries, most notably [[Pizza Hut]] and [[KFC]]; when all three occupy the same building, the structure is colloquially referred to as a "[[KenTaco Hut]]". Some Taco Bell/[[Long John Silver's]] combinations are colloquially referred to as "Taco Silvers". As well as Taco Bell and KFC combinations being referred to as "Taco Chicken".
    -
    -==Big Bell Value Menu==
    -[[Image:crunch.jpg|thumb|A Crunchwrap Supreme]]
    -
    -In the late 1980s, Taco Bell was famous for its "59 79 99" pricing plan, in which nearly everything on the menu was either 59, 79, or 99 cents.
    -
    -Despite Taco Bell's relatively cheap per-item pricing, it never had a true value menu until the mid 2000's. The menu features several items generally priced below $1.49. The introduction of the value menu also brought new items to the restaurant's offerings, notably items made with potatoes and Taco Bell's third dessert, the Caramel Apple Empanada. (Cinnamon Crispas, triangular fried flour tortilla shells were offered until being replaced by Cinnamon Twists)
    -The Cheesy Bean and Rice Burrito recently replaced the Bean Burrito Especial, which was removed because of its small profit margin.
    -Also of note is that half of the menu is not truly new, as Beef Combo Burritos, Cheesy Bean and Rice Burritos, Double Decker Tacos, and both Spicy Chicken items had been on the regular menu before, as permanent or limited time only items.
    -
    -The Big Bell Value Menu includes:
    -*Grande Soft Taco
    -*Double Decker Taco
    -*Cheesy Bean and Rice Burrito
    -*Beef Combo Burrito
    -*Beef & Potato Burrito
    -*Spicy Chicken Burrito
    -*Spicy Chicken Soft Taco
    -*Cheesy Fiesta Potatoes
    -*Caramel Apple Empanada
    -
    -==Notable employees==
    -*[[José Padilla (alleged terrorist)|José Padilla]], suspected terrorist
    -*[[Boyd Rice]], [[noise music]] pioneer and [[Social Darwinist]] ("...when I was sixteen. Just long enough to cause enough trouble to get kicked out of there." Recounted in ''[[RE/Search]] No. 11: [[Pranks!]]''.)
    -*[[Krist Novoselic]], [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] bassist.
    -*[[Steve Smith (NFL)|Steve Smith]], [[Wide Receiver]] for the [[Carolina Panthers]] [[NFL]] team.
    -*[[John C. Dvorak]], former TechTV personality and current [[This week in tech|This Week In Tech]] pundit, worked there while attending college.
    -*Tyler Spencer, aka "Dick Valentine" from [[Electric Six]].
    -
    -== Media References ==
    -;Film and television
    -*The 1993 movie ''[[Demolition Man (film)|Demolition Man]]'' contains several references to Taco Bell as being the only restaurant franchise in the future after the "franchise wars." Presumably there are different levels of Taco Bell restaurants, but "all restaurants are Taco Bell." A portion of the film is set against Taco Bell's corporate headquarters in Irvine, California. The fight scene with Sylvester Stallone at a futuristic Taco Bell was actually at the outdoor break area at [[Raytheon|Raytheon’s]] secure "E" Building in [[El Segundo, California]]. It was the only outdoor location "futuristic" enough to do the scene at the time. In the German-language dub of the movie, all references to Taco Bell were changed to references to Yum! sister brand [[Pizza Hut]]; scenes displaying the Taco Bell logo or signs were either replaced or digitally edited to show a Pizza Hut logo instead.
    -
    -*In an episode of the [[MTV]] series ''[[Beavis & Butt-head]]'', a teacher claims that the only [[Spanish language|Spanish]] words that have been learned by the title characters (who are enrolled in a high school Spanish class) were what they learned at Taco Bell ("...and Beavis can't even get that right," the teacher concludes). When asked to speak a sentence in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], Beavis replies "Taco Supreme."
    -
    -*The second season episode "Bender Gets Made" of the American animated television series ''[[Futurama]]'' mentions a hospital called "Taco Bellevue Hospital" wherein a chihuahua with a third eye is seen telling a woman her cyst is "grande".
    -
    -*In, the [[2001]] movie, ''[[Legally Blonde]]'' the Taco Bell chihuahua commercial was briefly shown being watched by the main character's own chihuahua.
    -
    -*In the 2004 motion picture ''[[Mean Girls]]'', the character Regina is crying over her break-up with her boyfriend when her friend Karen offers to go to Taco Bell in order to feel better.
    -
    -*In the 2004 motion picture ''[[White Chicks]]'', the character Marcus Copeland, who is dressed like Tiffany Wilson, hands Brittany Wilson's dog over to the footboy saying: ''[...] teach him how to say "Yo quiero Taco Bell!".''
    -
    -*In the ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter", Stewie makes a mention of Taco Bell.
    -
    -*In ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'' episode "Trial of the Monarch", Dr. Orpheus warns Brock not to be too hasty entering the restroom because he "had Taco Bell for lunch."
    -
    -*In ''[[Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby]]'' a scene depicts Ricky Bobby's family dining on many fast food items, including Taco Bell.
    -
    -;Music
    -*In [[1979]], the [[rock (music)|rock]] band [[Supertramp]] sang "I'm in this dumb hotel near the Taco Bell without a hope in hell..." in their song "Gone Hollywood".
    -
    -*In [[1995]], the rock band [[Primus (band)|Primus]] sang about Taco Bell's [[Seven Layer Burrito]] in their [[Grammy]]-nominated{{cite web|title=List of Grammy Nominees|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=1996-01-04|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9601/grammy_noms/grammy_list.html|accessdate=2006-10-10}} song "[[Wynona's Big Brown Beaver]]". On the same album, the "De Anza Jig" describes a young [[Les Claypool]] as "Hanging out at [[Jack in the Box]] but eat[sic] at Taco Bell."
    -
    -*In the 2001 song "Danger! High Voltage!" by [[Electric Six]], they make a reference to there being a "Fire in the Taco Bell!".
    -
    -*[[Zox]]'s song "Homebody" makes reference to eating at Taco Bell and getting high.
    -
    -== Trivia ==
    -*There are no Taco Bell restaurants in Mexico.
    -
    -== See also ==
    -*[[Priszm Brandz]]
    -*[[Taco Bell chihuahua]]
    -*[[Enchirito|Enchirito]]
    -
    -==References==
    -

    -
    -

    -
    -== External links ==
    -*[http://www.tacobell.com Official Taco Bell website]
    -
    -{{Yum!}}
    -
    -[[Category:Yum! Brands]]
    -[[Category:Fast-food Mexican restaurants]]
    -[[Category:Food companies of the United States]]
    -[[Category:Fast-food franchises]]
    -[[Category:Fast-food chains of the United States]]
    -[[Category:Fast-food chains of Canada]]
    -[[Category:1962 establishments]]
    -[[Category:Companies based in Orange County, California]]
    -[[Category:Restaurants in California]]
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    +[[de:Philip Bosco]]
    +[[fr:Philip Bosco]] 2013-03-13 23:50:36 90055493 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q365635]] --- \n
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    -[[Image:Bessiesmith.jpg|thumb|250px|Bessie Smith photographed by [[Carl Van Vechten]]]]
    -
    -'''Bessie Smith''' ([[April 15]], [[1894]] – [[September 26]] [[1937]]) is largely regarded as the most popular and successful [[blues]] singer of 1920s and 1930s, and she has had an enormous influence on singers throughout the history of American popular music, including [[Billie Holiday]], [[Mahalia Jackson]], [[Janis Joplin]], and [[Norah Jones]].
    -
    -==Biography==
    -Born in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], [[United States]] on April 15, 1894, Bessie Smith was one of six surviving children of William and Laura Smith. According to Smith's biographer Chris Albertson in his seminal book ''Bessie'' (1972, revised in 2003), William Smith was a laborer who also worked as a part-time Baptist preacher, but he died before Bessie could remember him. By the time Bessie was nine, she had lost her mother as well, and her older sister Viola was left in charge of caring for the younger sisters and brothers. As a way of earning money for her impoverished household, Bessie and her younger brother Andrew began performing on the streets of Chattanooga as a singer/guitarist duo; their preferred location was in front of the White Elephant Saloon at Thirteenth and Elm streets in the heart of the city's African American community. In 1904, her oldest brother Clarence left home to tour with a small traveling theatre company, and it was this decisive act of her brother's that convinced Bessie that she could make a living as an entertainer. As Bessie's niece-by-marriage Ruby Walker told biographer Albertson in 1971, "Bessie probably wouldn't have been in show business if it hadn't been for Clarence."
    -
    -When Clarence returned to Chattanooga in 1912 with the Moses Stokes Theatre Company, he arranged for the troupe's managers Lonnie and Cora Fisher to give his sister an audition. Bessie was initially hired as a dancer with the Moses Stokes company, a show that also included [[Ma Rainey]], who did not teach Smith to sing but probably helped her develop a stage presence. Smith began developing her own act around 1913, at [[Atlanta]]'s "81" Theatre. By 1920 she had gained a reputation in the [[American South|South]] and along the [[Eastern Seaboard]].
    -
    -In 1923, when blues had become popular enough to begin selling records, Smith was signed by [[Columbia records]], and quickly rose to stardom as a headliner on the [[T. O. B. A.]] (Theater Owners' Booking Association) theater circuit. Her biggest recorded hit was "Down Hearted Blues", a song written and previously recorded by [[Alberta Hunter]]. Working a heavy theater schedule during the winter months and doing tent tours for the rest of the year (traveling in her own railroad car), Smith became the highest-paid black entertainer of her day. Her recorded accompaniments included some of the finest musicians of the time, most notably [[Louis Armstrong]], [[James P. Johnson]], [[Joe Smith]], [[Charlie Green]], and [[Fletcher Henderson]].
    -
    -Smith's career was cut short by a combination of the [[Great Depression]] (which all but put the recording industry out of business) and the advent of "talkies", which spelled the end for [[vaudeville]]. Smith, however, never stopped performing. While the days of elaborate shows were over, she continued touring and occasionally singing in clubs. In 1929, she appeared in a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] flop called ''Pansy'', a [[Musical theater|musical]] in which, the top white critics agreed, she was the only asset. That same year, she made her only film appearance, starring in a two-reeler based on [[W. C. Handy]]'s "[[Saint Louis Blues (music)|St. Louis Blues]]." In the film, which was shot in Astoria, NY, she sings the title song accompanied by members of [[Fletcher Henderson]]'s orchestra, the Hall Johnson Choir, and a string section — a musical environment radically different than any found on her recordings.
    -
    -[[John H. Hammond|John Hammond]] asked her to record four sides for the Okeh label in 1933 after seeing her perform in a [[Philadelphia]] nightclub. These performances, for which Hammond paid her $37.50 each, were her final recordings. They are of particular interest because Bessie Smith was in the process of translating her blues artistry into something more apropos in the [[Swing Era]], and this session gives us a hint of what was to come. The accompanying band included such Swing Era musicians as Frankie Newton and Chu Berry. Even [[Benny Goodman]], who happened to be recording in the adjoining studio, dropped by for an almost inaudible guest visit. Hammond was not pleased with the result, preferring to have Smith back in her old blues groove, but "Take Me For A Buggy Ride" and "Gimme a Pigfoot" are among her most popular recordings.
    -
    -On [[September 26]], [[1937]], Smith was severely injured in a car accident while traveling from a concert in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] to [[Clarksdale, Mississippi]] along [[U.S. Route 61]] with her companion (and [[Lionel Hampton]]'s uncle) Richard Morgan. She was taken to Clarksdale's segregated Afro-Hospital and her arm was [[amputate]]d, but she never regained consciousness and died that morning.
    -
    -==Rumors surrounding her death==
    -Shortly after her death, Hammond stirred up controversy by suggesting, in a ''[[Down Beat]]'' article, that Smith was refused admittance to a white hospital and that she died as a consequence thereof. It was an unsubstantiated rumor that lingered for decades, fueled by [[Edward Albee]]'s 1959 play ''The Death of Bessie Smith''. Although made aware of the facts, and shown the evidence, Hammond never recanted his story. It was only when [[biography|biographer]] [[Chris Albertson]]'s 1972 book ''Bessie'' featured an interview with the attending doctor, Hugh Smith, that the story was put to rest. Surprisingly, given the eminence of the author, the story was repeated as fact in [[Alan Lomax]]'s 1993 book ''The Land Where the Blues Began''. Lomax's perpetuation of the myth is all the more inexplicable when one considers a letter received by his father, John Lomax, in October, 1941. In the letter, Dr. W. H. Brandon, who attended to Smith, wrote, in part: ''Bessie Smith was injured in an automobile accident several miles out from Clarksdale and was brought to Clarksdale in a colored ambulance....She died some eight or ten hours after admission to the hospital. We gave her every medical attention, but we were never able to rally her back from the shock.''
    -
    -:"They had heard about what happened to Bessie Smith in 1937 in their hometown," Lomax wrote. "Wounded in a local car wreck, the great blues singer was refused admission to three Clarksdale hospitals because she was black. In the end she bled to death without medical attention, while her friends pled with the hospital authorities to admit her. And this incident was typical of the Deep South."
    -
    -While Lomax claimed that this alleged incident was "typical" of [[racism]] in the South, the doctor who tended to Smith on the scene (quoted in Chris Albertson's book) confirmed that it was extremely unlikely that a black ambulance driver would have taken a black patient to a white hospital, especially when there was a nearby black hospital. The driver in question told writer George Hoefer, twenty years later, that he had taken Smith straight to Clarksdale's black hospital, which has been confirmed, but he also maintained that she had died en route, rather than bleeding slowly to death on a stretcher while waiting to be admitted. As we see, that part of his story was incorrect. Smith was in fact still alive when she was brought to the hospital, in the middle of the night, but she never regained consciousness, and died that morning at 11:50.
    -
    -==Artistic legacy==
    -A more recent play featuring fourteen of the songs Smith made famous, ''The Devil's Music: The Life and Blues of Bessie Smith'' by [[Angelo Parra]], was named one of the "top-10 Off-Broadway experiences" of 2001 by the [[New York Daily News]] (see [http://www.parrasite.homestead.com/Bessie.html]).
    -
    -Smith's impact on other singers has been substantial — singers including [[Billie Holiday]], [[Mahalia Jackson]] and [[Janis Joplin]] have all claimed her as a huge influence. In 1970, when it was discovered that Smith's grave remained unmarked, Joplin offered to pay for a stone and ended up sharing the cost with [[Juanita Green]], who said she owed her successful career to Bessie Smith. "I was a little girl in a talent contest at the Standard Theatre," Green told Albertson, "and when I came off stage, Bessie was standing in the wings. She asked me if I was in school, and when I nodded, she said, 'You better stay there, 'cause you can't sing.'
    -
    -The emo band [[Indian Summer]] also used samples from Bessie Smith's song 'See if I'll Care' in the song 'Angry Son'
    -
    -== Further reading ==
    -*[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0300099029 ''Bessie''], by Chris Albertson (Yale University Press, 2003). ISBN 0300099029
    -
    -*[http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0679771263 ''Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday.''], by Angela Y. Davis (Vintage Press, 1999). ISBN 0679771263
    -
    -*Liner notes, [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0000027HT Bessie Smith: The Complete Recordings, Volume 1]. Sony Music Entertainment, 1991.
    -==External links==
    -*[http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/jarvis6.html Remembering Bessie Smith].
    -
    -[[Category:1894 births|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:1937 deaths|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:African-American singers|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:American blues singers|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:American female singers|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:Bisexual musicians|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:Entertainers who died in their 40s|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:Lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender people|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:People from Tennessee|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:Road accident victims|Smith, Bessie]]
    -[[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees|Smith, Bessie]]
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    +== Bulgaria ==
    +
    +Hi, Tborg. I am Tyar, another W.I.T.C.H. fan. Your homepage says you are from Bulgaria. Well guess what, my mom is Bulgarian! We go to Sofia every summer (we live in the States) and also have a beach place in Sveti Vlas. I do agree with you that Jetix Russia has some really good programs! Sorry for wasting your time, but it is so exciting to find out about another Bulgarian. Also, I created the Shetfield Character page. Your help needed! Thanks. Bye! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 22:59, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Hi Tyar, I'd be glad to help out with your page, but I also suggest you see my thread on the discussion page about [[W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)]]. If you've already seen my thread, sorry 'bout the message. Though your idea is also pretty good, I have to say. Oh, and another thing, it's not exactly very beneficial living in Bulgaria, I mean, hello? We haven't even started airing W.I.T.C.H. season 2 here. How lame is that? [[User:T-borg|T-borg]] 09:58, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I just meant that Jetix Russia has some good other programs (I like Sonix X and Shaman King). Apperantly the leader states that W.I.T.C.H. season 2 will be on in the winter. However, I still think Jetix Ru is better because you have no commercials (10 minutes of commercials in the US) and they only play W.I.T.C.H. once a week (when new episodes air). RU, when it starts airing Season 2, will have new episodes airing every day. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 22:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Are you sure? They usually play two new episodes of a show or two episodes of a new show during weekends. I mean, that's what they did when they started airing W.I.T.C.H. Season 1, and they're doing it now with [[Monster Warriors]] and [[Galactik Football]]. But then again ONE EPISODE PER WEEK??? Man, that's harsh. And you've seen 'em all from A to M? I'm still waiting for L to come out on Youtube.com. That's how I've been tracking Season 2. Overall I'd have to agree with you. It seems Jetix RU is pretty cool.[[User:T-borg|T-borg]] 07:14, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Actually I just saw L yesterday. M will air next Monday (that will be the next time W.I.T.C.H. will be on TV in the US). But yeah, another better thing about Jetix RU is that they only have 2 minutes of advertisements in between shows. In the US, they have W.I.T.C.H. play for 5 minutes, then 2 minutes of commercial break, 8 minutes of W.I.T.C.H, then 2 more minutes of commercial breaks, etc. If you want to know anything about Season 2 (like new characters and quotes) just ask me. (Because youtube is not always working).
    +
    +Just to let you know, I have fixed the Sheffield Problem, has put a delete note on Shetfield, and has created a Sheffield page.
    +
    +So if you are going to edit any time today it is:
    +
    +[[List of Sheffield Institute Characters in W.I.T.C.H.]]
    +
    +[[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 19:47, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +No worries, I can wait. Plus, it's better that way. Thanks anyway.[[User:T-borg|T-borg]] 19:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Great job! Thumbs up! :) [[User:T-borg|T-borg]] 21:16, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Caleb's mother ==
    +
    +Uh, could you explain how you know that it's Nerissa, 'couse I don't seen to remember it being mentioned. But as I've seen only A through N, if it's in O, P, Q, R, S, or T sorry about the message. '''''May the Edit be with you.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 16:46, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Sorry, T-borg, if I gave you spoilers, but Nerissa is revealed to be Caleb's mom in O. Apparently she was out and about 17-18 years ago and killed the real Mage, becoming the Mage until now. Julian fell in love with the "Mage" and the two had a baby, Caleb. Nerissa did help Caleb and Julian in the rebeliion as the Mage and Trill because she did not like Phobos being ruler, lets just say she wanted herself to be ruler. Sorry about that, but O aired on TV today in the US, so yeah. Just to let you know, I like watching You Tube too, and one of my friends should have O up in a couple of days. (CLOW WINX IS HIS NAME). Talk to you later. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 17:04, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Got it, thanks. '''''May the Edit be with you.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 17:19, 23 September 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Good News ==
    +
    +T-borg, are you glad W.I.T.C.H. season 2 is going to start being shown on TV in Bulgaria? (Referring back to when you said it was not likely to start at this time to me when I said it would start around now: told ya' so!) Anyways, A and B are going to be shown in the next couple of weekends. Oh, and are you the Folenangel on TV. com? [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 02:29, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Well, I would have been, if my cable operator hadn't decided to broadcast [[Boomerang (British TV channel)|Boomerang]], instead of Jetix. They say it's only temporary, I sure hope so. And no, I'm not Folenangel on TV.com, I'm Todorank. But thanks anyway, at least I'll know what to expect when Jetix comes back again! '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 07:40, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +T-borg, you might be in a bit of trouble if they are showing Boomerang and not Jetix. I was watching W.I.T.C.H. (Russian Jetix Season 1) during the summer in Sveti Vlas (Nessebar Area) and the server switched to POP TV! That was in July, and they still have not fixed that as of today [meaning Season 2 might air and you will miss the whole episode debuts (yes, I know you watch them on You Tube) and will have to catch the reruns!] Does not sound good, but of course they COULD get it back on time. About the Folenangel, he is from Bulgaria too (he reveals that in S is for Self Forum Thread I THINK). Well, talk to you later, and I am going to start working on the character threads (I took a big break on Sheffield Characters) again. Oh, and did you see W or be smart and not (I did and got spoiled). [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 02:45, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Saw W, it's one of the best episodes of the season, certainly gonna have to see T, U, and V to get it all but, oh well. As for the debuts - if they decide to broadcast Jetix again, good, if not, then I'm glad I even got wind of season 2 and watched it on Youtube. And about the Sheffield article, what do you say we use it in a combined ''List of characters in W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)'' and ''List of minor characters in W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)'', it just seems more encyclopedic, don't you think? '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 08:49, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +A good idea you got there, but what is this Minor Character page you are talking about (it does not show up on the search.) Is it going to be a page full of guest stars that you will create? Anyways, good plan! Oh, and I was just wondering ( I doubt you will know the answer) J has been the last episode to feature the Meridian Knights (Aldarn, Tynar, Drake) and I was just wondering if you knew what happened to them (Julian, Vathek, Alborn and Miriadel are still around)! Drake, Aldarn, Uriah, Miranda, Irma and Matt are my favorite characters and 1/3 of them hasn't had a spotlight since J! Back to topic...... I am going to start working on the character page when I get a chance. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 22:15, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::I ment a separate page for main and secondary characters, actually, don't you think we should only describe the main characters (Will, Irma, Taranee, Cornelia, Hay Lin, Caleb, Blunk, etc.) on the [[W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)|W.I.T.C.H.]] article and have a separate page for the secondary characters? It seems more encyclopedic and neat, at least to me. You'll also notise I've proposed we merge [[List of Sheffield Institute Characters in W.I.T.C.H.]], as part of trying to organise everything to accordance with standarts. About Aldarn, Tynar, Drake and the others, I'd assume that they just weren't scripted for recent episodes, being secondary characters and all. Still we should get wind of them in upcomming episodes, featuring action on Meridian. On a side note, how about contacting [[User:Magicalboy|Magicalboy]] and [[User:Witchinsider|Witchinsider]], they also seem to be frequent contributors to the W.I.T.C.H. article, and they should be able to help out. I'm also adding links to [[List of Sheffield Institute Characters in W.I.T.C.H.]] and [[List of W.I.T.C.H. Characters (TV Show)]] on said article, so we get as much help as possible. This is T-borg, sighning out. PS: Planning on posting screens of the main characters as soon as possible (gotta remember all the rules for uploading images this time). '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 13:35, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Here is a link to the Character Page:
    +
    +[[List of W.I.T.C.H. Characters (TV Show)]]
    +
    +The intro could do some cleaning up, but I hope you can work on it. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 22:59, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Character Page ==
    +
    +I like how the character page is coming on, it has even attracted Witchinsider (who helps in the creation of W.I.T.C.H. at the studios!) The only thing is it needs major cleanup! Do you guys expect it to leave it that way? Oh, and have you seen T, it rocks!
    +
    +One other thing, do you know how to make the Character Charts from the Sheffield page, I can show you how! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 19:13, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +The page is indeed turning out well, first we'll naturally have to resolve all the issues surrounding the merging, after that priority ought to turn to quality. The Character charts won't be a problem, T is definitely a great episode, and I also intent on uploading screens of most of the characters, so you don't have to worry about them (this time I'll make sure I take all the precautions, so that they don't get deleted). '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 21:33, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +No offense, T-borg, but ARE YOU GOING to even work on the Character Page? You haven't for a few days now. Are you busy, because if you think it is good the way it is, "no way, Jose." Oh, and did you like the style I did for the Miranda and Gargoyle articles? [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 01:07, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Sorry, having some exam trouble here. I'll try to find time to cleanup the article, I don't plan on leaving it in this state, believe me. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 15:41, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +YESSSSSSSSSSSSS! Sorry but I am really excited about X! It is going to feature the Knights of Vengeance (Raythor, Miranda, Tracker, Sniffer, Gargoyle, Crimson, Frost and Sandpit have all been proved to appear), The Meridian Knights (Caleb, Aldarn, Drake, and Vathek all have speaking roles while Julian and Tynar are also to appear in non-speaking roles), Jeek, and dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum-dum, ELYON!!!!!!!!!!!! Nerissa is also back, but this seems to be a really great action episode. Anyways, I understand about your exam, hope you pass, and I will work on the Knights of Vengeance. I will also create the minor character page. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 22:41, 8 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Minor character page link: [[List of minor characters in W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)]]. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 16:01, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::It seems there's not enough material for two pages to be created. Even if [[List of minor characters in W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)]] gets deleted, we'll just have to keep working on the main characters page. Just in case, try posting test versions of articles on your talk page, that way we'll be able to prepare them more. Also, I don't know about you, but I personally can't wait for V ('cause Will's my fave and V sounds like a Will-episode).
    +
    +PS: What do you think about the userbox I made:
    +
    +{{Userbox
    + |border-c = #000
    + |border-s = 1
    + |id-c = #f0c
    + |id-s = 8
    + |id-fc = #609
    + |info-c = #609
    + |info-s = 8
    + |info-fc = #f0c
    + |id = ''W.I.T.C.H.''
    + |info = This user is a fan of the [[W.I.T.C.H. (TV series)|W.I.T.C.H.]] animated series, although he's never read any of the [[W.I.T.C.H.|comic books]].
    +}}
    +
    +Of course you can modify it if you'd like! '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 18:02, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Yes, I am looking forward for V (much more than U) because V is going to have personal Will. Since you are a Will fan, Witchinsider stated on the TV.com forums that D and S were Will episodes. Did you think so (D had a lot of Matt/Caleb and S had a real mix with some extra Hay Lin, and of course Matt)? Oh, and I like your new box for your page, while I am thinking of it I just bought the first American W.I.T.C.H. volume from the book store today. I will see what I can do with the minor character page, Tyar out. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 03:26, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +A, B, C and D have already aired in BG, just to let you know. Hope you enjoy finally watching them on TV and not on a computer. And, you still haven't replied, so did you really think S and D were Will episodes? Tyar's out, [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 16:45, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Well, I think S was a Will episode, D not so much, but still more Will, than a team episode. And no, they haven't returned Jetix. It's still Boomerang. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 16:51, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +A, B, C, and D aired on Jetix RU/RO is what I meant. And you still have Boomerang? Bummer. Yeah, I thought S was sort of a Will episode (the second half of it though), but definitately (spelling?) not D. I liked the W.I.T.C.H. book I read, and I also had an enjoyable time watching U this morning. U is awesome! For spoilers (does not have to do with main plot), Lilian starts liking Matt and acting like he is her brother (LOL)! You'll get it once you see it, Florapower should have it up Monday. Anyways, I am off to a Greek Church Festival, talk to you later. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 18:19, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== List of W.I.T.C.H. episodes ==
    +
    +Let me guess, we're going for something like [[List of Ben 10 episodes|this]], right? '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 17:57, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Close, but not so Tv.comish. I have original ideas for this page. You can share your ideas on how to set things up. I thought it would be a good idea to do this because I am tired to always going to Tv.com and they do not have a good summary and correct cast data. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 18:04, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Well, excluding summaries, the structure of the Ben 10 episodes page seemed OK to me, so I think we could do something like it. Screens won't be a problem, just have to check some tags. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 18:07, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Yeah, I guess we can do it that style. I am not good at those type of charts, so you can do that. I have started on "It Begins". Oh, do you think he should have a whole page of the W.I.T.C.H. cast (major and recurring characters only) because I think we need one. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 18:17, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +::Not really sure about that one. Oh, I have some work to do this evening, I won't be able to start on the episodes page atleast 'till tomorrow. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 18:25, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I understand about your work (it is about 8:40 your time), while it is only (1:40 my time). About the cast page, it will be harder and better than what you probably think it is going to be. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 18:36, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +I replied to you on the discussion of the episode page, just to let you know. For more solid proof, I have copied text directly from the W.I.T.C.H. comic book print:
    +
    +Part I: The War on Meridian
    +
    +Five teenage girls - Will, Irma, Taranee, Cornelia, and Hay Lin - are chosen to become the new Guardians of Kandrakar; a group of special powered warriors who keep peace in the universe and do the Oracle's bidding. They find that balancing this honorable position along with keeping up with their lives on Earth is a difficult task. Their first mission is to defeat the evil Prince Phobos who rules over Meridian, the capital of Metamoor. He plans to suck Metamoor dry of its magic and then move on to the next world and repeat this process until he is ruler of the universe and able to defeat the Oracle.
    +
    +For the "Metaworld" part, I think that was created from the TV show, but of course this page is for the Tv show, so remember
    +
    +*planet- Metamoor
    +*"world"- Metaworld
    +*capital- Meridian
    +
    +See 'ya! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 22:44, 12 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== More New Episodes ==
    +
    +Do not tell me you still have Boomerang, and not JETIX! E, F, G and H (some really good turning point episodes) are all on this weekend! You know, Bulgarian TV is pretty bad, as I have told you my tale too. Oh, and the last episode is Z is for Zenith (if you did not know). [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 12:00, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Well, I wished really hard Aldarn and Drake would appear once, and look what we get. Michael Bell and Dee Bradley Baker have both been put on the cast list as Aldarn and Drake (respectively) for X, Y and Z! Woohoo! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 02:22, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +That's good! '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 13:28, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +
    +
    +== Seasons 2, 3, and SIP ANIMATION!!! ==
    +
    +Well, M, N, O, and P are airing this weekend in Jetix RU/RO. X, Y and Z have not aired in America yet but if you didn't already know, they are all on Youtube! You should go watch them. They are really good. The only "problem" with them is that Nerissa was the villain from A-W, and now Phobos is the villain in X and Y, Cedric is the villain in Z, than Nerissa, then peace. Phobos and Cedric (having appeared in season 1 enough) didn't deserve to be in Season 2 that much. Nerissa kind of gotten cut off, and she was trapped in the jewel (with Elyon and the rest, and Elyon speaks) for X, Y, and Z. Do not want to spoil it anymore but if you haven't seen it, SEE IT! Since your W.I.T.C.H. userbox says you haven't read any of the comics, I don't know if you know, but you will see 2 guys, on Sylla (the computer teacher), and the other Mr. R (a villain in the third arc). With these guys having a major role in the comics saga 3, it is possible that we might get a Season 3.
    +
    +Season 3 is a season about Lord Ari of Arkhanta capturing the banshee Yua and trying to destroy the Oracle. But what makes Season 3 special is that there are numerous good side-plots, the core being: Taranee questions the Oracle's decisions, rebels against W.I.T.C.H., quits, and gets replaced by Orube from Basilade (she comes back later) , Interpol (government agency), finds out W.I.T.C.H.'s power and sends Sylla and Mr. R to capture them, the Astral Drops rebel and attack the girls, AND MORE!
    +
    +Since if there would be a Season 3, a lot of cool things would be happening. You need money to do so. Of couse you have probably heard of there is not going to be a Season 3. Well, the chances have risen more now that there will be (check TV. com W.I.T.C.H. forum "Season 3") a Season 3 produced. Curious about this, I sent an email to SIP Animation in France (the ones who animate the series) and they replied!!:
    +
    +Hello, *********, Thank you for you mail and your interest in our series W.I.T.C.H. Yes, we've received a lot of mail from W.I.T.C.H. fans but unfortunately we cannot provide a definite answer yet regarding a third season. All the best, Angela of Sip Animation.
    +
    +THAT IS EXACTLY THE REPLY! Hope is risen, be optimistic, and we might get a Season 3.
    +Sip's email adress is agiovinazzo@sipanimation.com. Sorry for a long message, but I hope you enjoy it. Reply soon! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 15:26, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Don't worry, I've already watched them, so you didn't spoil me. Let's just hope they do produce a third season. With all the E-mails they're getting, I'd be surprised, not to mention crushed, if they would decide not to. Thanks for the info on the third comic book ark, it sounds simply great! Don't know about you, but I can't wait for the third season. (Let's just hope the Edit is with us on this one ;-)). '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 16:37, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +No problem about saga 3. If you will get crushed without a Season 3, then I highly recommend you write to Sip, and sign all online petitions being sent to Disney US. If you thought Season/Saga/Arc 3 is interesting (come on, 4 plots!!!) then can you believe that it is the most hated saga ever! I loved it. Lord Ari of Arkhanta is the best villain ever, he is so sneaky and he really puts the stage for everything. I really recommend you read the books if you like the TV show if you want to become a true W.I.T.C.H. fan. I just hope Phobos and Cedric doesn't appear (I just wish Orube didn't fall in love with Cedric)! Go to the WITCH comic book page and you can learn more. SAVE SEASON 3! GOOD JOB SEASON 2! Have you seen all 52 episodes (I had to watch some S1 but now I have seen all of em'.) GOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO W.I.T.C.H.!!!!!!!!! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 17:55, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:'Course I've watched all 52, it'd be a shame not to! (Some friendly advice, take easy a bit, Tyar! Don't get so excited about things.) PS: From what I've heard, about the books, I think they might be just a bit too heavy for me, though the series was superb! Oh, and don't worry - I've already signed the petition. --'''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 19:44, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Happy Thanksgiving ==
    +
    +Just wanted to say that to you, you have been helping me a lot lately. Don't worry about the over-excited thing, its just some other things that have recently happened have made my life way better. I know you do not celebrate Thanksgiving in Bulgaria, but you can still have a good dinner/supper and be thankful. Got to go, I am going to send another letter to SIP. I will tell you their reply. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 19:33, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Got it, thanks. And, hey, I'm thankful that W.I.T.C.H. has so many fans. Happy hollidays! --'''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 19:38, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Thanks for the reply, before I go I just want to say that I am going to start my own petition. If you want to sign, the easiest way to do so is to just post here and I can copy it on Microsoft Word. Be sure to include any pen-name and a really convincing message. SIP in France (like the rest of Europe) is nice and friendly and they easily gave back a reply. However the money-greedy Disney US won't be that way, so do the best convincing message you can. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 19:43, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Episode Discussion Page ==
    +
    +I just typed up the email and if you were asking me if Meridian was located in the Metaworld, yes, if you were asking that other guy (Sarochi?) he will have to answer. And you are right about the kingdoms (although Yan Lin did say the planet of Meridian in "It Begins" but oh well). Meridian can also be thought up as a section/region of the world of Metaworld on Planet Metamoor. Like, the Kingdom of Urugay located in the "world" of Earth, on Planet Earth, etc. Same thing. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 19:50, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Wait, isn't world and planet kinda the same? '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 20:13, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Well not exactly. Scientifically and historically speaking, a world was a place that men could not find limit too. Like America, the New ''World''. Now that planets have been discovered, they were adapted into being worlds themselves. Worlds can be larger than planets, could be planets, or could be smaller than planets. It really depends. In these cases, the worlds are the span of the planets (as labeled by humans). There you go. I know, it is really confusing. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 23:07, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +For the quote thing, those are the quotes I like the best. If someone likes a quote better, they can always replace it or add it on. If this happens, they can be relabed "Quotes of the Episode." [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 23:10, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:Ok, Tyar, I'm planning something that might solve the Quotes problem. The Result should be visible very soon. (Oh, and don't forget [[WP:NPOV]], please.) --'''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 13:33, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== T-borg Special Talk Page ==
    +
    +:Thanks, I'll be sure to put it on my watchlist. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 21:26, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
    +::As I mentioned, the page is on my watchlist, so I will be able to notice changes to it. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 08:06, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +== Season 3 Episode List ==
    +
    +At first you might have caught site of this and thought, SEASON THREEEEEEEEEEEE! Not exactly. I came up with my own fanfic season 3 and I decided you would be a good person to show this to. Right now I will tell you the episode titles I created for the first half of the season.
    +
    +* 1. A Missing Celebrity
    +* 2. Nightmares and Decisions
    +* 3. The War Begins
    +* 4. Knowledge Quest
    +* 5. Major Difficulties
    +* 6. Going Toady
    +* 7. The Altermeres
    +* 8. The Phantom of the Castle
    +* 9. Serpenta's Warriors
    +* 10. The Replacement
    +* 11. Thanksgiving Fest
    +* 12. The End of Meridian
    +* 13. The Great Planet Switch
    +
    +Tell me what you think! Of course, soon, I will also tell you their summaries! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 02:59, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +:They sound great, but I prefer waiting for SIP to announce if there is going to be a third season. Excellent work though. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 08:08, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Thanks, yeah I know about the Season 3 problem, but SIP has confirmed no information regarding this season will be announced until June (bummer). Going back to Season 2, do you think it is kind of weird that Season 2 will end in Bulgaria a day before in America! Let me guess you still have Boomerang. Oh, well. I will give you the short summary of "A Missing Celebrity": Irma has to team up with Andrew and Martin to find out what happened to the missing celebrity Vance Michael Justin. Meanwhile, Caleb learns terrifying news from the Metamoorian guerilla Boren and W.T.C.H. meet Orube from Basilade.
    +
    +Tell me if sounds interesting. Remember, I am a writer (good enough to get my movie reviews into the newspaper)so these are not going to be corny work. If only we know what will become of the real Season 3. [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 14:17, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:First of all, I think it's pretty strange Season 2 is ending in Bulgaria a day before in America, secondly, yes, I still have Boomerang, I'm pretty sure now that I'll have it probably for 6 more months. Last but not least, the summary for "A Missing Celebrity" sounds as great as the possible third W.I.T.C.H. season should be. Keep up the good work! (If I was to write a fanfic, it would include Will (of cource!) and something nice happening to W.I.T.C.H. for a change(in season two, the girls won just at the end, I would have had it as several wins and several losses e.g. win one battle, lose another, win at the end)). That's it for now. '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 17:05, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +Thanks, T-borg, you are always someone who can brighten up my day. I hope I don't still have POP TV and Jetix instead in St. Vlas. Thanks for the response to my summary. Here's some more details on it (imaginary cast, they voice the characters in Seasons 1 and 2, so if that character appears it will have the guy or gal's name on it, I imagined Orube having a voice like Miranda so I made up her voice actress to be Orube, made up some other voice actors for characters, this just shows you what characters appear):
    +
    +"A Missing Celebrity"
    +
    +Stars- Kelly Stables (Will), Candi Milo (Irma), Miss Kittie (Taranee), Christel Khalil (Cornelia), Liza Del Mundo (Hay Lin), Lauren Tom (Yan Lin), Greg Cipes (Caleb), Jason Marsden (Matt), Serena Berman (Elyon), Steven Jay Blum (Blunk), Grey DeLisle (Orube), Pat Schlofelt (Serpenta)
    +
    +Recurring Roles- Dee Bradley Baker (Aldarn/Martin/Gargoyle/Joel McTiennian), Daran Norris (Tynar), Quinton Flynn (Elias), Alexander Polinsky (Vance), Steven Jay Blum (Raythor), Kath Soucie (Maria Medina), Byrne Offutt (Andrew), Michael Bell (Drake), Lloyd Sherr (Vathek), Jason Marsden (Shagon), Loren Lester (Julian), Marianne Muellerleile (Galgheita Rudolph), Justin Shenkarow (Eric), Mark L. Taylor (Alborn), Vanessa Marshall (Miriadel), Alexander Green (Rick/Boren)
    +
    +Guest Stars (completely imaginary)- Daran Norris (Guerilla Chief/Guerilla 3), Greg Cipes (Whispers/Guerilla 1), Jason Marsden (Guerilla 2/4), Loren Lester (Guerilla 5), Danny Mann (Cal/Hal/Charles/Manny), Michael Bell (Radio Announcer/Inspector Corman)
    +
    +Here are some notes-
    +
    +*-2 new characters appear in this episode. Rick Fortworth is Cornelia's secondary crush (from the comics), and Boren is the guerilla in the summary (I made him up).
    +*-Ari of Arkhanta was too hard of a villain to put in, so I created my own villain, the Meridianite Goddess of Dark Beauty and Control, Serpenta.
    +*-Vance Michael Justin is going to have a big role in this season as a brainwashed villain.
    +*-Maria and Joel are back, investigating the Vance Case.
    +*-Orube is the sixth guardian, when Taranee quits, she takes over as a replacement. Guess what happens in "The Replacement".
    +*-Vance was captured as the first boyfriend of the guardians. He was captured by Serpenta, who is going to weaken the girls if their boyfriends are gone.
    +
    +That's enough for now. Later! [[User:Tyar|Tyar]] 17:43, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +:Just one word. Nice! '''''May the Edit be with you, always.''''' [[User: T-borg|'''''T''''']]-[[Borg (Star Trek)|borg]] [[User talk: T-borg|(drop me a line)]] 17:55, 25 November 2006 (UTC)
    +
    +What to know what happens in "Nightmares and Decisions"? Here it is:
    +
    +“Nightmares and Decisions”
    +
    +Caleb has nightmares of former and current villains that make him question the near future. Meanwhile, Taranee must decide if she should go to Peter’s basketball game, Nigel’s concert, or Luke’s talent show and Serpenta creates an army of Hissbots.
    +
    +Stars- Kelly Stables (Will), Candi Milo (Irma), Kali Troy (Taranee), Christel Khalil (Cornelia), Liza Del Mundo (Hay Lin), Lauren Tom (Yan Lin), Greg Cipes (Caleb), Jason Marsden (Matt), Pat Schlofelt (Serpenta), Steven Jay Blum (Blunk), Serena Berman (Elyon), Grey DeLisle (Orube), Mitchell Whitfield (Phobos), Kath Soucie (Nerissa), Dee Bradley Baker (Cedric)
    +
    +Recurring Roles- Alexander Green (Rick/Boren/Luke/Joel), Michael Reisz (Nigel/Yatu/Hissbots), Loren Lester (Julian), Phil Lamarr (Zeleshi/Pedro), Ogie Banks (Peter), Dee Bradley Baker (Martin/Frost), Grey DeLisle (Miranda), Jim Cummings (Tridart), Cree Summer (Ember), Alexander Polinsky (Vance), Jeff Bennett (Tracker), Steven Jay Blum (Ed), Candi Milo (Knickerbocker/Trill)
    +
    +Guest Stars- Phil Lamarr (Jamie), Byrne Offutt (Concert Announcer), Dorian Harewood (Basketball Player/Lionel)
    +
    +If you have any questions about characters, summary, want to know some spoilers or stuff like that, I will tell you. Enough of that today, you want find out what happens in "The War Begins" until tomorrow. 2013-03-16 06:23:50 90411348 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1188512]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,531 +1,130 @@\n
    -:''This article is about the country of Turkey. For other uses, see [[Turkey (disambiguation)]].''
    -{{Infobox Country|
    -native_name = ''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''|
    -conventional_long_name = Republic of Turkey|
    -common_name = Turkey|
    -national_motto = [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Yurtta Sulh, Cihanda Sulh''
    ([[English language|English]]: "Peace at Home, Peace in the World")|
    -national_anthem = ''[[İstiklâl Marşı]]''
    (English: "Independence March")|
    -image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg|
    -image_coat = Turkey coat of arms.png|
    -symbol_type=Coat of arms|
    -image_map = LocationTurkey.png|
    -capital = [[Ankara]]|latd=52|latm=31|latNS=N|longd=13|longm=24|longEW=E|
    -largest_city = [[Istanbul|İstanbul]]|latd=41|latm=1|latNS=N|longd=28|longm=57|longEW=E|
    -official_languages = [[Turkish language|Turkish]]|
    -government_type = [[Republic]]|
    -leader_title1 = [[President of Turkey|President]] |
    -leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime Minister]]|
    -leader_name1 = [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]] |
    -leader_name2 = [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]|
    -sovereignty_type = [[Formation]]|
    -established_event1 = Ottoman Empire |
    -established_event2 = Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire |
    -established_event3 = Formation of Parliament |
    -established_event4 = Start of War of Independence |
    -established_event5 = Victory Day |
    -established_event6 = Declaration of Republic|
    -established_date1 = [[1299]] |
    -established_date2 = [[1908]]–[[1922]] |
    -established_date3 = [[23 April]] [[1920]] |
    -established_date4 = [[19 May]] [[1919]] |
    -established_date5 = [[30 August]] [[1922]] |
    -established_date6 = [[29 October]] [[1923]]|
    -area = 783,562|
    -areami²= 302,534 |
    -area_rank = 37th|
    -area_magnitude = 1 E11|
    -percent_water = 1.3|
    -population_estimate = 73,193,000|
    -population_estimate_year = 2005|
    -population_estimate_rank = 17th 1|
    -population_census = 67,844,903|
    -population_census_year = 2000|
    -population_density = 93|
    -population_densitymi² = 241 |
    -population_density_rank = 102nd 1|
    -GDP_PPP_year = 2006|
    -GDP_PPP = $612.3 billion|
    -GDP_PPP_rank = 17th|
    -GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,385|
    -GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =75th|
    -HDI_year = 2003|
    -HDI = 0.750|
    -HDI_rank = 94th|
    -HDI_category = medium|
    -currency = [[Turkish new lira|New Turkish Lira]]2|
    -currency_code = TRL|
    -time_zone = EET|
    -utc_offset = +2|
    -time_zone_DST = EEST|
    -utc_offset_DST = +3|
    -cctld = [[.tr]]|
    -calling_code = 90|
    -footnotes = 1. Population & Density ranks based on 2005 figures.
    2. Since [[1 January]] [[2005]], the [[New Turkish Lira]] (''Yeni Türk Lirası'') replaced the old [[Turkish Lira]].
    +[[Image:AustralianIdol.jpg|thumb|right|'''[[Australian Idol]]''']]
    +'''''Australian Idol 2004''''' was the second season of the [[Australia]]n television series ''[[Australian Idol]]''. It debuted on [[July 13]], [[2004]]. Over 50,000 people throughout Australia auditioned.
    +
    +As well as the five larger cities, the judges also visited [[Canberra]], [[Hobart]], [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] and [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]] this year. Of the twelve finalists, three were from [[Sydney]], two were from [[Melbourne]], and one each from [[Brisbane]], the [[Gold Coast, Australia|Gold Coast]], [[Hobart]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], [[Canberra]], [[Adelaide]] and [[Bega]].
    +
    +The winner was [[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]]. She beat out [[Anthony Callea]] (2nd), [[Courtney Murphy]] (3rd), [[Hayley Jensen]] (4th) & [[Chanel Cole]] (5th). The final 2, as well as [[Ricki-Lee Coulter]] (7th), were the only contestants of the Top 12 to score hits, although Chanel Cole & Daniel Belle did team up under the label [[Spook (band)|Spook]], to release an album in mid to late 2005, with the two best-selling contestants being Casey & Anthony. Ngaiire Joseph (Top 30 contestant) and Marty Worrall have released a single each in late 2005. Hayley will be releasing an album in late 2006.
    +
    +On a darker note, [[Telstra]], a major [[sponsor]] of the series, made an embarrassing error when they issued a series of half-page advertisements in major newspapers congratulating Donovan on her victory, and linking to her [[website]]. However, the address was incorrect, leading to a website about [[homosexual|gay]] [[porn star]] [[Casey Donovan (porn star)|Casey Donovan]], rather than the singer's. The company issued a prompt apology upon realising their mistake.
    +{{cite news
    +|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/11/22/1100972298598.html
    +|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]
    +|title=Porn apology over Idol win
    +|date=[[November 22]], [[2004]]
    }}
    -{{External_Timeline|Template:Timeline of History of the Republic of Turkey|History of the Republic of Turkey}}
    -'''Turkey''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Türkiye''), officially the '''Republic of Turkey''' ({{Audio|asd.ogg|''Türkiye Cumhuriyeti''}}), is a [[Eurasia]]n country that stretches across the [[Anatolia]]n [[peninsula]] in [[Southwest Asia|Southwestern]] [[Asia]] and the [[Balkan]] region of [[Southeastern Europe|Southeastern]] [[Europe]]. Turkey borders eight countries: [[Bulgaria]] to the northwest; [[Greece]] to the west; [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] to the northeast; [[Armenia]], [[Iran]] and the [[Nakhichevan]] exclave of [[Azerbaijan]] to the east; and [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]] to the southeast. In addition, it borders the [[Black Sea]] to the north; the [[Aegean Sea]] and the [[Sea of Marmara]] to the west; and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south.
    +

    -According to the [[Turkish Constitution]], The Republic of Turkey is a [[democracy|democratic]], [[secularism|secular]], [[constitution]]al [[republic]] whose political system was established in 1923. Turkey is a member state of the [[United Nations]], [[NATO]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[OECD]], [[Organisation of the Islamic Conference|OIC]], the [[Council of Europe]] and a candidate to join the [[European Union]]. Due to its strategic location [[transcontinental nation|straddling Europe and Asia]], and sandwiched between three seas, Turkey has been a historical crossroad between [[Eastern world|eastern]] and [[Western culture|western]] cultures. It has been a keystone in the development of world civilization and the location of many great civilizations.
    +After this season, judge Dicko bowed out of the series, later to appear in the [[Seven Network]] reality TV shows ''[[My Restaurant Rules]], [[Dancing with the Stars (Australia)|Dancing with the Stars]]'' and most recently, ''[[Australian Celebrity Survivor]]''. The 2004 season was also notable for an Asian contestant named "Flynn", who sang the [[Freestylers]] song "Push Up" after being found from a terrible audition, in the same vein as [[William Hung]].

    -== Etymology ==
    -The Turkish name ''Türkiye'' subdivides into two words: ''Türk'', means "strong" in [[Old Turkic]] and usually signifies the habitants of Turkey or a member of the Turkish nation; and the suffix ''-iye'' which means "owner" or "related to". The root appears commonly among early Altaic tribal ethnonyms, and also appears notably in the name of [[Turkmenistan]]. A common point of confusion that arises is the relationship between the country and the bird called "Turkey". European explorers who first encountered the bird in the [[New World]] named it as such, mistakenly believing it to have come from Turkey. The term "Türk" or "Türük" predates this by a long way, an example being the [[Göktürks]] (Sky Turks). Ironically, the Turkish name for the bird, turkey, is "Hindi" (meaning "Indian") which can be attributed to the belief that it originated in [[India]].
    +== Finalists ==
    +=== Daniel Belle ===
    +'''Daniel Belle''' was the fifth contestant to be voted out of the competition. He also visited Sacred Heart Cabramatta in Sydney with Chanel Cole.

    -== History ==
    -{{main2|History of Turkey|History of the Republic of Turkey}}
    +A classically trained singer, Belle was sometimes criticised by the judges for failing to demonstrate his abilities in [[pop music]]. Belle was voted into the final 12 by viewers votes, and was selected following a performance of [[Robbie Williams]]' "Rock DJ", described by judge [[Ian Dickson]] as "ridiculous". It was suggested that following Dickson's severe criticism, public sympathy earned Daniel a place in the finals.

    -Because of its strategic location at the intersection of [[Asia]] and [[Europe]], [[Anatolia]] has been a cradle for several [[civilization]]s since [[prehistoric]] times, with [[Neolithic]] settlements such as [[Çatalhöyük]] (Pottery Neolithic), [[Çayönü]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]] to pottery Neolithic), [[Nevali Cori]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B]]), [[Hacilar]] (Pottery Neolithic), [[Göbekli Tepe]] ([[Pre-Pottery Neolithic A]]) and [[Mersin]]. The settlement of [[Troy]] starts in the Neolithic and continues forward into the Iron Age. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] and [[South Caucasian languages|Kartvelian]] languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European [[Hittite language|Hittite]] and [[Luwian]] languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the [[Indo-European language]]s have radiated. Other authors have proposed an Anatolian origin for the [[Etruscans]] of ancient [[Italy]]. Iron Age peoples that have settled in or conquered Anatolia include the Sufists, [[Phrygia]]ns, [[Hittite]]s, [[Lydia]]ns, [[Lycia]]ns, [[Celt]]s, [[Mushki]], [[Urartians]], [[Kurds]], [[Cimmerian]]s, [[Armenians]], [[Persians]], [[Tabal]]s and [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]].
    +The judges considered that he redeemed himself somewhat after being selected and complimented him on some of his performances, particularly his version of [[Josh Groban]]'s "You Raise Me Up".

    -[[Image:Ottoman 1683.png|thumb|right|200px|The [[Ottoman Empire]] c. [[1683]]]]
    -The gradual conquest of Anatolia from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] by [[Turkic peoples]], under the [[Seljuks]] with the [[Battle of Manzikert]] and the rise of the [[Seljuk Empire]] in the [[11th century]] was finalized by the rise of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. By the end of the 16th century, at the height of its power, the Ottoman Empire grew to cover Anatolia, the [[Balkans]], [[North Africa]], the [[Middle East]], [[Eastern Europe]] and the [[Caucasus]]. It comprised an area of about 5.6 million [[Square kilometer|km²]]Regnal Chronologies. [http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html "To Rule the Earth..."]. Retrieved 6 April 2006., though it controlled a much larger area, if adjoining areas dominated mainly by [[nomad]]ic tribes, where the empire's [[suzerainty]] was recognized, are included. The empire interacted with both [[Eastern world|Eastern]] and [[Western culture|Western]] cultures throughout its 624-year history.
    +Belle is now a member of Australian [[trip hop]] group [[Spook (band)]].

    -In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire was among the world's most powerful political entities, often locking horns with the powers of eastern Europe in its steady advance through the [[Balkan Peninsula|Balkans]] and the southern part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Its navy was also a powerful force in the Mediterranean. On several occasions, the Ottoman army reached central Europe, laying [[siege]] to [[Vienna]] in 1529 and again in 1683 in an attempt to conquer the [[Habsburg]] domain, and was finally repulsed only by grand coalitions of European powers at sea and on land.
    +'''Performances'''
    +# Sydney Audition - "Thankyou" ([[Boyz II Men]]) & a classical song
    +# Semi Finals Group 2 - "Rock DJ" ([[Robbie Williams]])
    +# Final 12 (Aussie Hits) - "You Were There" (Southern Sons)
    +# Final 11 (Pop Hits) - "You Raise Me Up" ([[Josh Groban]])
    +# Final 10 (60's) - "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" ([[Neil Diamond]])
    +# Final 9 ([[Disco]]) - "Working My Way Back To You" ([[The Spinners]])
    +# Final 8 (Idol's Choice) - "Your Song" ([[Elton John]])

    -Following years of decline, the Ottoman Empire entered [[World War I]] in an alliance with [[German Empire|Germany]] in 1914, in which it was ultimately defeated. After the war, western powers sought to partition the empire through the [[Treaty of Sèvres]]. With the support of the Allies, Greece had occupied [[İzmir]] as provided for in the Treaty. On [[19 May]] [[1919]] this prompted the beginning of a nationalist movement under the command of [[Mustafa Kemal Pasha]], a military commander who had distinguished himself in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]] (see [[Rise of Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire]]). Kemal Pasha sought to revoke the terms of the treaty signed by the Sultan in [[Istanbul]]. This involved mobilizing every available part of Turkish society in what would become the [[Turkish War of Independence]] (Turkish: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı'').
    +=== [[Anthony Callea]] ===

    -[[Image:MustafaKemalATATURK.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] - Founder and first [[President of Turkey|President]] of the Republic of Turkey]]
    -By [[18 September]] [[1922]] the occupying armies were repelled and the country saw the birth of a Turkish state. On [[1 November]] [[1922]] the [[Turkish Grand National Assembly]] formally abolished the office of the Sultan, ending 631 years of Ottoman rule. In 1923 the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] recognized the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey. Kemal Pasha became the Republic's first President and instituted [[Atatürk's reforms|far reaching reforms]] with the aim of modernizing the new Republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past. According to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish Grand Assembly presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific name "Atatürk" (meaning ''Father of the Turks'') in 1934.
    +=== [[Chanel Cole]] ===

    -Turkey entered [[World War II]] on the Allied side in the latter stages of the war and became a charter member of the United Nations. Difficulties faced by Greece after World War II in quelling a communist rebellion and demands by the [[Soviet Union]] for military bases in the Turkish Straits prompted the United States to declare the [[Truman Doctrine]] in 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece and resulted in large scale U.S. military and economic support.
    +=== [[Ricki-Lee Coulter]] ===

    -After participating with United Nations forces in the [[Korean War|Korean conflict]], Turkey in 1952 joined the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)]]. Turkey intervened and militarily invaded [[Cyprus]] in July 1974 in response to a Greek Cypriot coup by [[EOKA-B]]. The resultant breakaway de-facto independent [[TRNC|Northern Cyprus]] is not officially recognised by any country except Turkey itself.
    +=== [[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]] ===

    -Turkey experienced a series of [[Coup d'état|coups]]: [[Military coup in Turkey, 1960|Coup of 60]], [[Coup by Memorandum]], [[Military coup in Turkey, 1980|Coup of 80]] and [[Postmodern Coup D'etat]]. The period of the 70s ([[Left-right clashes (Republic of Turkey)|Left-Right clashes]]) and 80s was marked by political instability and rapid, but at times erratic economic growth. A series of economic shocks led to new elections in [[2002]], bringing into power the conservative [[Justice and Development Party]] led by the former mayor of Istanbul, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. In October 2005, the [[European Union]] opened accession negotiations with Ankara and thus Turkey is a candidate country to join the European Union as a full member, having been an associate member since [[1964]].
    +=== [[Hayley Jensen]] ===

    -{{see also|History of Anatolia|History of the Turkish people|Atatürk's reforms}}
    +=== [[Courtney Murphy]] ===

    -== Politics ==
    -
    -{{morepolitics|country=Turkey}}
    -The Politics of Turkey takes place in a framework of a [[secularism|secular]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], whereby the [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] is the [[head of government]], and of a pluriform multi-party system. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature.
    +=== Angeline Narayan ===

    -===Executive branch===
    -The function of Head of State is performed by the [[List of Presidents of Turkey|President]] ''(Cumhurbaşkanı)''. A president is elected every seven years by the Grand National Assembly. The President does not have to be a member of parliament. The current President [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]], was elected by Parliament on [[May 16]], [[2000]].
    -Executive power rests in the [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime Minister]] ''(Başbakan)'' and the Council of Ministers ''(Bakanlar Kurulu)''. The Ministers have to be members of Parliament; however, the Prime Minister is no longer required to be an MP. The Prime Minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of confidence in his government. The Prime Minister is [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], whose Islamic conservative [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] won a majority of parliamentary seats in the [[2002]] general elections.
    -The Chairman of the Parliament is [[Bülent Arinç|Bülent Arınç]] from the same party. The current President of the Constitutional Court is [[Mustafa Bumin]].
    +=== [[Daniel O'Connor|Dan O'Connor]] ===

    -===Legislative branch===
    -
    -[[Legislature|Legislative]] power is invested in the 550-seat [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]] (''Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi''), representing 81 provinces. The members are elected for a five year term by mitigated [[proportional representation]] with an [[election threshold]] of 10%. To avoid fragmentation of parliament, a party must win at least 10% of the national vote in a national parliamentary election to gain parliamentary representation. Independent candidates may run, and to be elected, they must only win 10% of the vote in the province from which they are running. The Turkish military plays an informal political role, seeing itself as the guardian of the secular, unitary nature of the republic. Political parties deemed anti-secular or [[separatist]] by the judiciary can be banned. Turkey has a [[multi-party]] system, with several strong [[political parties|parties]]..
    +=== Emelia Rusciano ===

    -===Judicial branch===
    -{{Main|Legal System in Republic of Turkey}}
    -The freedom and independence of the Judicial System is protected within the constitution. There is no organization, person, or institution which can interfere in the running of the courts, and the executive and legislative structures must obey the courts' decisions. The courts, which are independent in discharging their duties, must explain each ruling on the basis of the provisions of the Constitution, the laws, jurisprudence, and their personal convictions.
    +=== Marty Worrall ===

    -The Judicial system is highly structured. Turkish courts have no jury system; judges render decisions after establishing the facts in each case based on evidence presented by lawyers and prosecutors. For minor civil complaints and offenses, justices of the peace take the case. This court has a single judge. It has jurisdiction over misdemeanors and petty crimes, with penalties ranging from small fines to brief prison sentences. Three-judge courts of first instance have jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes. Any conviction in a criminal case can be taken to a court of Appeals for judicial review.
    +=== [[Amali Ward]] ===

    -==Foreign Relations==
    -{{Main|Foreign relations of the Republic of Turkey}}
    +== Bottom three statistics ==
    +{| class=wikitable
    +! Date !! Theme !! colspan="3" | Order from bottom (left to right)
    +|-
    +|[[September 6]]
    +|Australian Made
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|Angeline Narayan
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|Emelia Rusciano
    +|[[Amali Ward]]
    +|-
    +|[[September 13]]
    +|Pop
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|[[Dan O'Connor]]
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Hayley Jensen]]
    +|Marty Worrall
    +|-
    +|[[September 20]]
    +|The 1960's
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|[[Amali Ward]] (2)
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Hayley Jensen]] (2)
    +|Marty Worrall (2)
    +|-
    +|[[September 27]]
    +|Disco
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|Emelia Rusciano (2)
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|Marty Worrall (3)
    +|[[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]]
    +|-
    +|[[October 4]]
    +|Contestant's Choice
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|Daniel Belle
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Chanel Cole]]
    +|[[Hayley Jensen]] (3)
    +|-
    +|[[October 11]]
    +|The Beatles
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|[[Ricki-Lee Coulter]]
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Chanel Cole]] (2)
    +|Marty Worrall (4)
    +|-
    +|[[October 18]]
    +|The 1980's
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|Marty Worrall (5)
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]] (2)
    +|[[Hayley Jensen]] (4)
    +|-
    +|[[October 25]]
    +|R&B
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|[[Chanel Cole]] (3)
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Courtney Murphy]]
    +|[[Hayley Jensen]] (5)
    +|-
    +|[[November 1]]
    +|Big Band
    +|bgcolor="#C0C0C0"|[[Hayley Jensen]] (6)
    +|bgcolor="#F0F0F0"|[[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]] (3)
    +|-
    +|[[November 8]]
    +|The 1970's
    +|bgcolor="C0C0C0"|[[Courtney Murphy]] (2)
    +|bgcolor="F0F0F0"|[[Anthony Callea]]
    +|-
    +|[[November 21]]
    +|Finale
    +|bgcolor="C0C0C0"|[[Anthony Callea]] (2)
    +|bgcolor="#7FF62B"|[[Casey Donovan (singer)|Casey Donovan]] (4)
    +|}

    -===Turkish-EU relations===
    +{{Australian Idol}}

    -Turkey's main political, economic and military relations remain rooted within [[Western Europe]] and the [[United States]]. An associate member of the European Union since 1964, Turkey is currently in the process of accession pending the completion of negotiations. A major source of tension in its EU aspirations is the [[Cyprus dispute|issue of Cyprus]], a member of the EU which Turkey does not recognise, but instead supports the ''de facto independent'' [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|Turkish Cypriot North]]. Other factors include Turkey's human rights record, its relatively large population, its relatively poor (although fast growing) economy and proximity to the volatile Middle East. Based on what it views as lukewarm support for its accession to the EU and alleged double standards in its negotiations (France and Austria have indicated they will hold [[referendums]] on Turkey's membership) the Turkish public has become increasingly [[euroskeptic]] in recent times. A mid-[[2006]] [[Eurobarometer]] survey revealed that 43% of Turkish citizens view the EU positively; just 35% trust the EU, 45% support enlargement and just 29% support an EU constitution.[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/4713737.asp?gid=74 New Eurobarometer poll results show a drop in Turkish support for the EU] ''Hurriyet'' Sunday, July 09, 2006 It is believed that the accession process would take at least 10 years which would mean that Turkey would enter the EU in 2015 at the earliest.
    -
    -===Turkish-American relations===
    -
    -Turkey has remained a close ally of the United States, supporting it in the [[war on terror]] in the post [[September 11th]] climate. However, the [[Iraq war]] faced strong domestic opposition in Turkey and as such, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing US troops to attack Iraq from its south-eastern border. This led to a period of cooling in relations, but soon regained momentum through diplomatic, humanitarian and indirect military support. Turkey is particularly cautious about an independent Kurdish state arising from a destabilised [[Iraq]]. Turkey has fought an insurgent war against the Kurdistan Workers Party ([[PKK]]), that seeks Kurdish independence, in which some estimated 30,000 people have lost their lives. This has led Ankara to pressure the US into clamping down on guerrilla training camps in northern Iraq, though it remains reluctant due to its relative stability compared to the rest of Iraq. Turkey must therefore balance domestic pressures with commitments to its strongest ally.
    -
    -===Turkish-Greek relations===
    -
    -Historically, relations with neighbour [[Greece]] have been strained and occasionally close to war. The antagonism can be traced all the way back to centuries of Ottoman Turkish rule over the Greek people and consequent struggle by the latter for the creation of a Greek nation state. The last one emerged over the [[Cyprus dispute]] and conflicts on the status of the [[Aegean Sea]] are the current main points of contention. Cyprus remains divided between a Greek Cypriot south, and a [[TRNC|Turkish Cypriot north]] recognized only by Turkey. Efforts to reunite the island under the auspices of the [[United Nations]] have failed thus far. As far as the Aegean Sea is concerned, Ankara considers it strategically important for easy passage of Turkish vessels. Turkey does not recognise the extension of Greek territorial waters to 12-mile around the islands of the Aegean. Ankara argues that the Turkish Aegean coasts would then be blocked by Greek territorial waters, despite the [[innocent passage]] of vessels that is universally recognised within the [[territorial waters]] of any state according to the [[Law of the Sea]]. Turkey has warned that such an act would be considered a ''[[casus belli]]'' or an act of war on Turkey.
    -
    -Nonetheless, following consecutive earthquakes in both Turkey and Greece and the prompt response of aid and rescue teams from both sides, the two nations have entered a much more positive period of relations, with Greece actively supporting Turkey's candidacy to enter the [[European Union]]. In 2002, Turkey and Greece made an unsuccessful attempt to jointly host the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship. The bid was one of the four candidacies that was recommended to the UEFA Executive Committee, the joint Austria/Switzerland bid winning the right to host the tournament.
    -
    -A clear sign of improved relations was visible in the response to a mid air collision by Greek and Turkish fighter jets in the southern Aegean. While the Turkish pilot ejected safely, the Greek pilot lost his life. However, both countries agreed that the event should not affect their bilateral relations.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5008178.stm BBC News Online] May 23, 2006.
    -
    -{{see also|Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Cyprus dispute|Greco-Turkish relations}}
    -
    -== Military ==
    -{{Main|Turkish Armed Forces}}
    -
    -[[Image:107284561zSfblF ph.jpg|thumb|right|240px|An [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] in the [[Turkish Air Force]]]]
    -
    -The [[Turkish Armed Forces]] ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'' or abbreviated as TSK) consists of the [[Turkish Army|Army]], [[Turkish Navy|Navy]] (includes Naval Air and Naval Infantry) and [[Turkish Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[Turkish Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] and [[Turkish Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] operate as the part the Department of Internal Affairs in peacetime and are subordinate to the Army and Navy Commands respectively. In wartime, both have law enforcement and military functions. The Turkish Armed forces, with a combined troop strength of 1,043,550Economist Intelligence Unit: Turkey 2005 p.23. people, is the second largest standing force in NATO after the United States. Currently, 36,000Ibid. troops are stationed in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Every fit male Turkish citizen has to serve military service for varying time periods ranging between 1 month to 15 months depending on his education, job location, and occasional paid options. The Turkish Armed Forces became a member of the NATO Alliance on [[February 18]], [[1952]].
    -
    -In 1998, Turkey announced a modernisation programme worth some $31 billion over a period of ten years including tanks, helicopters and assault rifles. Turkey is also a level three contributor to the [[F-35 Lightning II|Joint Strike Fighter]] (JSF) program, gaining an opportunity to develop and influence the creation of the next generation fighter spearheaded by the United States.
    -
    -[[Image:107284594iXXCtM ph.jpg|thumb|left|240px|[[Turkish Navy]] vessels]]
    -The Armed forces have traditionally been a politically powerful institution, considering themselves the guardians of Atatürk's legacy. They have staged three coups between 1960 and 1980, whilst also influencing the removal of the Islam-oriented government of [[Necmettin Erbakan]] in 1997. Through the [[National Security Council (Turkey)|National Security Council]], the army has influenced policy on issues it deems a threat to the country, including those relating to Kurdish insurgency and Islamism. In recent years, reforms have seen an increased civilian presence on the NSC and a decline in the military's influence as it attempts to comply with the EU's [[Copenhagen criteria]]. Despite its influence in civilian affairs, the military continues to enjoy strong support from the nation, frequently seen as Turkey's most trusted institution.A poll published in September 2005 in the national Hürriyet paper found the army to be Turkey's most trusted national institution. {{cite journal | last = Aydinli | first = Ersel | coauthors = Nihat Ali Özcan, and Dogan Akyaz | title = The Turkish Military's March Toward Europe | url = http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85108/ersel-aydinli-nihat-ali-ozcan-dogan-akyaz/the-turkish-military-s-march-toward-europe.html | journal = Foreign Affairs | issue = Jan/Feb | year = 2006}}
    -
    -The Commander of The Turkish Armed Forces is [[Chief of the Turkish General Staff|The Chief of the General Staff]] [[General]] [[Yaşar Büyükanıt]] who succeeded General [[Hilmi Özkök]] on August 30, 2006. The President, as the Head of State, is The Commander in Chief, in times of peace. The Chief of the General Staff becomes the Commander in Chief, on behalf of the President, in times of war.
    -{{clr}}
    -
    -==Geography==
    -:''Main article: [[Geography of Turkey]]
    -[[Image:Anatolia composite NASA.png|thumb|right|240px|Physical map of Turkey]]
    -[[Image:NEO ararat big.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Mount Ararat]] (''Ağrı Dağı'') - the tallest peak in Turkey at 5137m]]
    -The territory of Turkey extends from 36° to 42° N and from 26° to 45° E in [[Eurasia]]. It is roughly rectangular in shape and is 1,660 [[kilometer]]s (1,031 [[mile|mi]]) wide. Turkey's area inclusive of lakes is 814,578 [[square kilometre]]s (314,510 [[square mile|sq mi]]), of which 790,200 square kilometres (305,098 sq mi) occupies the [[Anatolia]]n [[peninsula]] (also called Asia Minor) in [[Western Asia]], and 3% or 24,378 square kilometres (9,412 sq mi) are located in [[Europe]]. Many geographers consider Turkey politically in Europe, although it is rather a transcontinental country between Asia and Europe. The land borders of Turkey total 2,573 kilometres (1,599 mi), and the [[coastal|coastlines]] (including islands) total another 8,333 kilometres (5,178 mi).
    -
    -Turkey's size makes it the world's [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|37th-largest]] country (after [[Mozambique]]). It is comparable in size to [[Chile]], and is somewhat larger than the US state of [[Texas]].
    -
    -Turkey is generally divided into seven regions: the [[Sea of Marmara|Marmara]], the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]], the [[Mediterranean]], Central Anatolia, East Anatolia, Southeast Anatolia and the [[Black Sea]] region. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the [[Black Sea]] resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward
    -
    -Turkey forms a bridge between Europe and Asia, with the division between the two running from the [[Black Sea]] (''Karadeniz'') to the north down along the [[Bosporus]] (''Istanbul Boğazı'') strait through the [[Sea of Marmara]] (''Marmara Denizi'') and the [[Dardanelles]] (''Çanakkale Boğazı'') strait to the Aegean Sea (''Ege Denizi'') and the larger Mediterranean Sea (''Akdeniz'') to the south. The Anatolian peninsula or Anatolia (''Anadolu'') consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, in between the Köroğlu and East-Black Sea mountain range to the north and the [[Taurus Mountains]] (''Toros Dağları'') to the south. To the east is found a more mountainous landscape, home to the sources of rivers such as the [[Euphrates]] (''Fırat''), [[Tigris]] (''Dicle'') and the [[Araks]] (''Aras''), as well as [[Lake Van]] (''Van Gölü'') and [[Mount Ararat]] (''Ağrı Dağı''), Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,853 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]).
    -
    -Turkey's varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosporus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey, leading to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east.
    -
    -The [[climate]] is a Mediterranean [[temperate climate]], with hot, dry summers and mild, wet and cold winters, though conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the interior of Turkey a continental climate with distinct seasons. The central Anatolian Plateau is much more subject to extremes than are the coastal areas. Winters on the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of -30°C to -40°C can occur in the mountainous areas in the east, and snow may lie on the ground 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1°C. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures above 30°C. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimeters, with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimeters. May is generally the wettest month and July and August, the driest.
    -
    -== Administrative divisions ==
    -[[Image:Turkey Cities.gif|300px|right|Provincial map of Turkey]]
    -{{main|Provinces of Turkey}}
    -Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (''iller'' in Turkish; singular ''il''). Each province is divided into subprovinces (''ilçeler''; singular ''ilçe''). The province usually bears the same name as the provincial capital, also called the central subprovince; exceptions are [[Hatay]] (capital: [[Antakya]]), [[Kocaeli]] (capital: [[İzmit]]) and [[Sakarya]] (capital: [[Adapazarı]]). Major provinces include: [[Istanbul Province|İstanbul]] 11 million, [[Ankara Province|Ankara]] 4 million, [[Izmir Province|İzmir]] 3.5 million, [[Bursa Province|Bursa]] 2.1 million, [[Konya Province|Konya]] 2.2 million, [[Adana Province|Adana]] 1.8 million.
    -
    -===Cities===
    -[[Image:Istanbul bridge.jpg|thumb|right|240px|İstanbul over the Bosporus]]
    -[[Image:Ankara-anitkabir.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Ankara]] with the [[Anıtkabir]] in the foreground]]
    -The capital city of Turkey is [[Ankara]], but the historic capital [[Istanbul|İstanbul]] remains the financial, economic and cultural centre of the country. Other important cities include [[İzmir]], [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]], [[Adana]], [[Trabzon]], [[Malatya]], [[Gaziantep]], [[Erzurum]], [[Kayseri]], [[Izmit|İzmit (Kocaeli)]], [[Konya]], [[Mersin]], [[Eskişehir]], [[Diyarbakir|Diyarbakır]], [[Antalya]] and [[Samsun]]. An estimated 68% of Turkey's population live in urban centers.[http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=30&Country=TR Globalis - an interactive world map - Turkey - Urban Population] In all, 12 cities have populations exceeding 500,000 and 48 cities have more than 100,000 people.
    -
    -'''Major Cities :'''
    -:''Note:Population figures given are those according to the [[2000]] census''
    -*[[İstanbul]] - 10,041,000
    -*[[Ankara]] - 4,319,000
    -*[[İzmir]] - 2,409,000
    -*[[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]] - 1,195,000
    -*[[Adana]] - 1,131,000
    -*[[Gaziantep]] - 854,000
    -*[[Konya]] - 743,000
    -*[[Antalya]] - 603,000
    -
    -{{see also|List of cities in Turkey}}
    -{{clr}}
    -
    -== Economy ==
    -{{Infobox Country Economy
    -|country=Republic of Turkey
    -|image=
    -|caption=
    -|Fiscal_year=Calendar year
    -|Trade_organisations= [[BSEC]], [[OECD]], [[OID]], [[WTO]], customs union with the [[EU]]
    -|Pop_poverty=20%(2002)
    -|GDP_by_sector=
    -|Inflation=7.7% (2005)
    -|Labour_force=25,900,000
    -|Labour_force_by_occupation=
    -|Unemployment=10% (plus underemployment of 4.0%) (2005 est.)
    -|Main_industries=
    -|Exports=$82bn
    -|export_partners=[[Germany]] 13.9%, [[United Kingdom|UK]] 8.8%,
    [[United States|U.S.]] 7.7%, [[Italy]] 7.4%, [[France]] 5.8%,
    [[Spain]] 4.2%
    -|Imports=$137bn
    -|import_partners=[[Germany]] 12.9%, [[Russia]] 9.3%, [[Italy]] 7.1%,
    [[France]] 6.4%, [[United States|U.S.]] 4.8%,
    [[China]] 4.6%, [[United Kingdom|UK]] 4.4%
    -|Public_debt=57.8% of GDP (2005)
    -|External_debt= $145B
    -|Revenues= $190B
    -|Expenses= $210B
    -}}
    -{{Main|Economy of Turkey}}
    -
    -Turkey's economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional [[agriculture]] sector that in [[as of 2005|2005]] still accounted for 30% of employment. Turkey has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, [[banking]], [[transport]], and [[communications]].
    -
    -Turkey began a series of reforms in the [[1980]]s designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, [[market]]-based model. The reforms spurred rapid growth, but this growth was punctuated by sharp [[recession]]s and financial crises in [[1994]], [[1999]], and [[2001]]. Turkey's failure to pursue additional reforms, combined with large and growing [[public sector]] [[deficits]], widespread [[corruption]] resulted in high [[inflation]], increasing macroeconomic volatility, and a weak [[banking]] sector.
    -
    -[http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html Current GDP per capita] soared by 210% in the Seventies. But this proved unsustainable and growth scaled back sharply to 70% in the Eighties and a disappointing 11% in the Nineties.
    -
    -The [[Ecevit]] government, in power from 1999 through [[2002]], restarted structural reforms in line with ongoing [[economic]] programs under the standby agreements signed with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), including passage of [[social security]] reform, public finance reform, state banks reform, banking sector reform, increasing transparency in public sector, and also introduction of related legislation to liberalize telecom, and energy markets. Under the IMF program, the government also sought to use [[exchange rate]] policies to curb inflation.
    -
    -[[Image:Maslak123.jpg|thumb|right|270px|İstanbul's [[Maslak]] business district]]
    -In the 1990s, Turkey’s economy suffered from a series of coalition governments with weak economic policies, leading to a boom-and-bust cycle culminating in a severe banking and economic crisis in 2001 and a deep economic downturn (GNP fell 9.5% in 2001) and increase in unemployment.
    -The government was forced to float the lira and adopt a more ambitious economic reform program, including a very tight [[fiscal policy]], enhanced structural reforms, and unprecedented levels of IMF lending.
    -
    -Large IMF loans tied to implementation of ambitious economic reforms, enabled Turkey to stabilize interest rates and the currency and to meet its debt obligations. In [[2002]] and [[2003]], the reforms began to show results. With the exception of a period of market jitters in the run-up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq war]], inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, and confidence has begun to return. Turkey's economy grew an average of 7.5% per year from 2002 through 2005 - one of the highest sustained rates of growth in the world, rivaling countries like [[China]] and [[India]]. Inflation and interest rates have fallen significantly, the currency has stabilized, government debt has declined to more supportable levels, and business and consumer confidence have returned. At the same time, the booming economy and large inflows of portfolio investment have contributed to a growing current account deficit. Though Turkey’s economic vulnerabilities have been greatly reduced, the economy could still face problems in the event there is a sudden change in investor sentiment that leads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. Continued implementation of reforms, including tight fiscal policy, is essential to sustain growth and stability.
    -
    -[[Image:TurkishYTL.JPG|left|thumb|140px|The currency of Turkey is the [[New Turkish Lira]] (''Yeni Türk Lirası'' or YTL for short)]] On 1 January 2005, the Turkish Lira was replaced by the [[New Turkish Lira]] by dropping six zeroes. That is, 1 new lira is equal to 1,000,000 old lira.
    -
    -Turkey has a number of bilateral investment and tax treaties, including with the United States, that guarantee free repatriation of capital in convertible currencies and eliminate double taxation. After years of low levels of foreign direct investment ([[FDI]]), in [[2005]] Turkey succeeded in attracting $9.6 billion in FDI and is expected to attract a similar level in 2006. A series of large privatizations, the stability fostered by the start of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations, strong and stable growth, and structural changes in the banking, retail, and telecommunications sectors have all contributed to the rise in foreign investment.
    -
    -Turkey seeks to improve its investment climate through administrative streamlining, an end to foreign investment screening, and strengthened intellectual property legislation. However, a number of disputes involving foreign investors in Turkey and certain policies, such as high taxation of cola products and continuing gaps in the intellectual property regime, inhibit investment. The Turkish privatization board is in the process of privatizing a series of state-owned companies, including the state [[alcohol]] and [[tobacco company]] and the oil refining parastatal. In [[2004]], the Privatization Board privatized the telephone company and some of the state-owned banks. The government also committed in the [[WTO|World Trade Organization]] to liberalize the telecommunications sector at the beginning of 2004.
    -
    -{{See also|Economic history of Turkey}}
    -
    -==Society==
    -=== Demographics ===
    -{{Infobox Country Demographics
    -|country=Republic of Turkey
    -|image=[[Image:Turkey-demography.png|180px]]
    -|caption=1961-2005
    -|size_of_population=70,413,958
    (2006 est.)
    -|growth=1.06% (2006 est.)
    -|birth=16.62 births/1,000
    population (2006 est.)
    -|death=5.97 deaths/1,000
    population (2006 est.)
    -|life= 72.62 years (2006 est.)
    -|life_male=70.18 years
    -|life_female=75.18 years
    -|fertility=1.92 children born/woman (2006 est.)
    -|age_0-14_years=25.5% (male 9,133,226; female 8,800,070)
    -|age_15-64_years= 67.7% (male 24,218,277; female 23,456,761)
    -|age_65_years=6.8% (male 2,198,073; female 2,607,551) (2006 est.)
    -|sr_total_mf_ratio=1.02 male(s)/female
    -|sr_at_birth=1.05 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
    -|sr_under_15=1.04 male(s)/female
    -|sr_15-64_years=1.03 male(s)/female
    -|sr_65_years=0.84 male(s)/female
    -|nation=''noun'': Turk(s) ''adjective'': Turkish
    -|major_ethnic=Turks
    -|minor_ethnic=Abkhazians, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Bosniaks, Chechens, Circassians, Georgians, Greeks, Hamshenis, Jews, Kabardin, Kurds, Laz, Levantines, Ossetians, Pomaks, Roma and Zazas.Within the defition established and internationally agreed in the [[1923]] [[Lausanne Treaty]], three minority groups are officially recognized in Turkey, namely [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]] and [[Jews]].
    -|official=Turkish
    -|spoken=Turkish, Kurdish, Azeri, Kabardian
    -}}
    -{{Main|Demographics of Turkey}}
    -
    -The legal use of term "Turkish" (a citizen of Turkey) is different from the ethnic definition (an [[Turkish people|ethnic Turk]]). However, the majority of the Turkish population are of Turkish ethnicity. Besides the minorities that have legal status as defined and internationally recognized by the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]; namely [[Greeks in Turkey|Greeks]], [[Armenians in Turkey|Armenians]] and [[Jews]]; [[ethnic groups]] include [[Abkhaz people|Abkhazians]], [[Albanians]], [[Arabs in Turkey|Arabs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Circassians]], [[Georgians]], [[Hamshenis]], [[Kabard|Kabardin]], [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Laz people|Laz]], [[Ossetians]], [[Pomaks]], [[Roma people|Roma]] and [[Zaza people|Zazas]], the largest non-Turkic ethnicity being the Kurds, a distinct ethnic group concentrated in the southeast. While the term "[[minority]]" itself remains a sensitive issue in Turkey, it is to be noted that the degree of [[assimilation]] within various [[ethnic groups]] outside the recognized minorities is high, the following generations generally adding into the melting-pot of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] main body. Within that main body, certain distinctions based on diverse [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origins could be made as well by taking account of the same tendency as mentioned.
    -
    -Though [[Turkish language|Turkish]] is the sole official language throughout Turkey, broadcasts in local languages and dialects on State media outlets include [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] (essentially [[Serbo-Croatian]]), [[Circassian language|Circassian]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]. Radio broadcasts are 60 minutes a day, five hours a week, 45 minutes a day, and four hours a week on television.[http://www.byegm.gov.tr/REFERENCES/radyo-tv2002.htm Directorate General of Press and Information - Historical background of radio and television broadcasting in Turkey]
    -
    -The Turkish population is relatively young with over a quarter falling within the [0-14] age bracket. Life expectancy stands at 70.2 years for males and 75.2 years for females, giving an overall 72.6 years for the populace. Due to a demand for an increased labour force in Post-World War II Europe, many Turkish citizens emigrated to [[Western Europe]] (particularly [[West Germany]]), forming a significant overseas population.
    -
    -{{see also|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
    -
    -===Education===
    -{{Main|Turkish education system}}
    -
    -Education is compulsory and free from ages 7 to 15. There are around 820 higher education institutes including universities, with a total student enrollment of over 1 million. The 15 main universities are in [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]]. Tertiary education is the responsibility of the Higher Education Council, and funding is provided by the state. From 1998 the universities were given greater autonomy, and were encouraged to raise funds from partnerships with industry.
    -
    -There are approximately 85 [[List of universities in Turkey|universities in Turkey]]. There are two types of universities, state and (private) foundational. State universities charge very low fees and foundationals are highly expensive with fees up to $15 000 or sometimes even more. The capacity in total of Turkish universities is approximately 300.000. Some universities can compete with the best world universities whereas some are unable to provide the necessary educational standards due to underfunding. However, university students are a lucky minority in Turkey. Universities provide either two or four years of education for undergraduate studies. For graduate studies, two further years is necessary, as is typical throughout the world.
    -
    -The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey coordinates basic and applied research and development. There are 64 research institutes and organisations. R&D strengths include agriculture, forestry, health, biotechnology, nuclear technologies, minerals, materials, IT, and defence.
    -
    -{{see also|Education in Turkey}}
    -
    -===Culture===
    -{{Main|Culture of Turkey}}
    -[[Image:Whirlingdervishes.JPG|thumb|right|270px|[[Whirling Dervishes]]]]
    -
    -Turkey has a very diverse culture derived from various elements of the Ottoman Empire, European, and the Islamic traditions. As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-driven former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, the increase in the methods of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into the fine arts, such as paintings, sculptures and architecture amongst other things. This was done as both a process of modernisation and of creating a cultural identity. Today the Turkish economy is diverse enough to subsidise individual artists with great freedom.
    -
    -Because of different historical factors playing an important role in defining a Turkish identity, the [[culture of Turkey]] is an interesting combination of clear efforts to be "modern" and [[Western culture|Western]], combined with the necessity felt to maintain traditional religious and historical values.
    -
    -[[Turkish cuisine]] is one of the world's most famous, blending ingredients and recipes inherited from the territories covered by the Ottoman Empire. Turkish Cuisine generally consists of sauced dishes prepared with cereals, various vegetables and some meat (usually [[Lamb (food)|Lamb]]), soups, cold dishes cooked with [[olive oil]] and pastry dishes.
    -
    -{|style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:2px; font-size:85%;" align=center
    -| colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb (204, 153, 51);" |[[Culture of Turkey]]
    -|-
    -|style="text-align: center;" | [[Music of Turkey|Music]]
    -|style="text-align: center;" | [[Cinema of Turkey|Cinema]]
    -|style="text-align: center;" | [[Poetry of the Republic of Turkey|Poetry]]
    -|style="text-align: center;" | [[Prose of the Republic of Turkey|Prose]]
    -|style="border-left: 3px solid #ddd; text-align: center;background-color: rgb (204, 204, 255)" |[[Cuisine of Turkey|Turkish Cuisine]]
    -|style="border-left: 3px solid #ddd; text-align: center;background-color: rgb (204, 204, 255)" |[[Turkish literature|History of Turkish Literature]]
    -|}
    -{{clear}}
    -
    -===Religion===
    -{{Main|Islam in Turkey}}
    -Nominally, 99% of the population is [[Islam|Muslim]]. Most belong to the [[Sunni]] branch of Islam. About 15-20% of the population are [[Alevi]]. There is also a small but significant [[Twelver]] [[Shi'a]] minority, mainly of [[Azeri]] descent.
    -
    -The remaining 1% of the population are of other religions, mostly [[Christian]] ([[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]], [[Armenian Apostolic]] (Gregorian), [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]], [[Molokans]], [[Roman Catholic]]s and [[Protestant]]s), [[Jewish]], [[Bahá'ís]] and [[Yezidis]].
    -
    -[[Image:Bluemosquefront.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque|Blue Mosque (''Sultanahmet Camii'')]]]]
    -Unlike in other [[Muslim]]-majority countries, there is a strong tradition of [[secularism]] in Turkey. The state actively monitors the area between the religions. The constitutional rule that prohibits discrimination on religious grounds is taken very seriously. The Turkish constitution recognises [[freedom of religion]] for ''individuals'', and the ''religious communities'' are placed under the protection of state, but the constitution explicitly states that they cannot become involved in the political process, by forming a religious party for example. No party can claim that it represents a form of religious belief. However, religious sensibilities are generally represented through conservative parties. Turkey, as a secular country, prohibits by law, the wearing of religious headcover and theo-political symbolic garments for both genders in government buildings, schools, and universities. [http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1153386329523 Ali Khan, Islamic propaganda on secular legislation] Although (Sunni) Islam is taught in State Schools
    -
    -The mainstream [[Hanafi|Hanafite]] school of [[Sunni Islam]] is largely organised by the state, through the ''[[Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı]]'' (Department of Religious Affairs). The Diyanet is the main Islamic framework established after abolition of the ''[[Ulama]]'' and [[Seyh-ul-Islam]] of the old régime. As a consequence, they control all [[mosque]]s and Muslim clerics. [[Imam]]s are trained in [[Imam Hatip school]]s and at theology departments at universities. The department is criticized by some Alevi Muslims for not supporting their beliefs and instead favoring the Sunni faith by financing the counstruction of Sunni mosques in Alevi districts.
    -
    -The [[Patriarch of Constantinople|Orthodox Patriarch]] (''Patrik'') is the head of the Greek-Orthodox Church in Turkey and serves as the [[Primus inter pares#Religion|spiritual leader]] of all [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox churches]] throughout the world. The [[Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople|Armenian Patriarch]] is the head of the Armenian Church in Turkey, while the Jewish community is led by the ''[[Hakham Bashi|Hahambasi]]'', Turkey's [[Chief Rabbi]], based in İstanbul.
    -
    -:{{see also|Jews of Turkey|Roman Catholicism in Turkey|Orthodox Church of Constantinople}}
    -
    -==Images of Turkey==
    -

    -
    -Image:413252 4345.jpg|[[Istanbul|İstanbul]]'s [[Beyoğlu]] district
    -Image:Istanbulmetros.jpg|[[Public transport in Istanbul|İstanbul metro]]
    -Image:60960175yfedKy ph.jpg|İstanbul's Levent business district
    -Image:30043366jOjqBsTAXT ph.jpg|[[Istiklal Avenue]] of Istanbul
    -Image:Levent6371.jpg|Levent,[[Istanbul]]'s business district
    -Image:Galata tower istanbul.jpg|İstanbul's [[Galata Tower]]
    -Image:240774807TYycPB ph.jpg|The [[Sultanahmet Mosque|Blue Mosque]] (''Sultanahmet Camii'')
    -Image:Ankarafromabove.jpg|[[Ankara]] from Atakule tower
    -Image:Ataturk Airport Istanbul.jpg|[[Atatürk International Airport]], İstanbul
    -Image:Ankaracenter.jpg|[[Ankara]]'s [[Kızılay]] central business district
    -Image:Ankara_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum.jpg|Ankara's State Art and Sculpture Museum.
    -Image:Dalyan_-_Caunos2.JPG|Rock cut tombs of [[Dalyan]]
    -Image:Izmir coast.jpg|[[Izmir]]'s Aegean coastline
    -Image:Karalosbay.jpg|Inlet of Karalos near [[Kekova]]
    -Image:Turkish folk.jpg|Turkish folkdancers
    -Image:Pamukkale3.jpg|Limestone formations and thermal springs in [[Pamukkale]] (cotton castle)
    -Image:Çeşme.jpg|[[Çeşme]] (Marina)
    -Image:Ephesus library-650px.jpg|Ancient ruins of [[Efes]]
    -
    -
    -

    -
    -==See also==
    -{{portal}}
    -*[[Anatolian rock]]
    -*[[Armenian-Turkish relations]]
    -*[[Festivals in Republic of Turkey]]
    -*[[Holidays in Turkey]]
    -*[[Human rights in Turkey]]
    -*[[Gay rights in Turkey]]
    -*[[Greco-Turkish relations]]
    -*[[Kurdistan Workers Party]]
    -*[[Laicism]]
    -*[[List of Turkey-related topics]]
    -*[[Media in Republic of Turkey]]
    -*[[Museums in Republic of Turkey]]
    -*[[Music of Turkey]]
    -*[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey]]
    -*[[Sports in Turkey]]
    -*[[Turkish Armed Forces]]
    -*[[Turkish Grand Prix]]
    -*[[Turkish pop music]]
    -*[[Türkiye İzcilik Federasyonu]]
    -
    -==References==
    -

    -
    -

    -
    -==External links==
    -{{sisterlinks|Turkey}}
    -'''Official Web Pages '''
    -*[http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/eng_flash/start.html Presidency of the Republic of Turkey]
    -*[http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/english.htm The Grand National Assembly of Turkey]
    -*[http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/sour.ce/index.asp?wpg=history The Prime Minister's Office]
    -*[http://www.mgk.gov.tr/Ingilizce/index_en.htm Official website of the National Security Council]
    -*[http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/index.htm Turkish Armed Forces]
    -*[http://www.turkishembassy.org Turkish Embassy in Washington D.C.]
    -*[http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Default.aspx?17A16AE30572D313D4AF1EF75F7A79681D9DD78D03148A6E Ministry of Culture and Tourism]
    -*[http://www.mfa.gov.tr/mfa National Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
    -*[http://www.msb.gov.tr/ National Ministry of Defense]
    -
    -'''Public Offices'''
    -*[http://www.icisleri.gov.tr Ministry of Interior Affairs]
    -*[http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/index.html Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]
    -*[http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/ebaskanmesaj.html Competition Authority]
    -*[http://www.byegm.gov.tr Directorate General of Press And Information]
    -*[http://www.dtm.gov.tr/engmenu.htm Foreign Trade]
    -*[http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/main.html National Intelligence Organisation]
    -*[http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing State Planning Organisation]
    -*[http://www.tse.org.tr/English/default.asp Turkish Standards Institution]
    -*[http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm Turkish Treasury]
    -*[http://www.gumruk.gov.tr/english Undersecretariat of Customs]
    -*[http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm The Scientific and Technological Research Council]
    -
    -'''Online Profiles'''
    -*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm BBC News country profile]
    -*[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html CIA Factbook]
    -*[http://www.economist.com/countries/Turkey/ Economist.com country briefing]
    -*[http://www.ekodialog.com Turkey Economy and Statistics]
    -'''News'''
    -*[http://www.gazeteler.im/ Gazeteler - Turkish Newspapers]
    -*[http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/ Hurriyet]
    -*[http://english.sabah.com.tr/ Sabah]
    -*[http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/ENGLISH_Front.asp NTV]
    -*[http://www.thenewanatolian.com/ The New Anatolian]
    -*[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/ Turkish Daily News]
    -*[http://www.turkishpress.com/ Turkish Press]
    -*[http://www.cumhuriyet.com/ Cumhuriyet Online]
    -*[http://www.zaman.com/ Zaman Online]
    -*[http://ansiklopedi.turkcebilgi.com/Türkiye Information about Turkey in Turkish language]
    -*[http://www.trboard.org/ Turk-Islam Arts]Art news - Turkish
    -* [http://turkey.usembassy.md/ Turkey Discussions Blogsearch]
    -
    -'''Travellers sites'''
    -
    -*[http://www.icep.org.tr Cultural Exchange Programs in Turkey]
    -*[http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/root Turkey Pictures]
    -*[http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/bayg/programlar/2221_konuk_kisa.php Visiting Scientist Travel Grants by The Scientific and Technological Research Council - In Turkish, for Foreign Scientists who should contact their hosting academic study counterpart]
    -
    -{{History of Turks}}
    -{{Turkic States}}
    -{{NATO}}
    -{{EU countries and candidates}}
    -{{Europe}}
    -{{Asia}}
    -{{Mediterranean}}
    -{{Middle East}}
    -{{Black Sea}}
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    -
    -[[ar:تركيا]]
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    -[[id:Turki]]
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    -[[is:Tyrkland]]
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    -[[he:תורכיה]]
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    -[[kw:Turki]]
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    -[[ro:Turcia]]
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    -[[scn:Turchìa]]
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    -[[uk:Туреччина]]
    -[[uz:Turkiya]]
    -[[yi:טערקיי]]
    -[[zh:土耳其]]
    +[[Category:Australian Idol]] 2013-03-27 07:31:08 91333036 Addbot Thehelpfulbot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q7884233]] NaN 2013-03-20 14:05:25 91034417 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3026467]] NaN 2013-03-14 22:33:26 90204366 Addbot Rezabot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3289761]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,82 +1 @@\n
    -[[image:CrocDundee.jpg|thumb|right|200px||Paul Hogan starring as ''[[Crocodile Dundee]]''.]]
    -[[Image:Paul-Hogan-Show.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paul Hogan and ''The Paul Hogan Show'' (VHS)]]
    -{{otherpeople|Paul Hogan}}
    -'''Paul Hogan [[Order of Australia|AM]]''' (born [[October 8]], [[1939]] in [[Reading, Berkshire, UK]]) is an [[Australia]]n actor and comedian.
    -
    -Formerly a [[Social Worker]] working in [[Staines]], Hogan rose to fame in the early [[1970s]] after a comical interview on ''[[A Current Affair (Australia)|A Current Affair]]''. Hogan followed this with his own comedy sketch programme, ''[[The Paul Hogan Show]]'', which he produced, co-wrote, and in which he played a panoply of characters with [[John Cornell]]. The series, which ran for 60 episodes between [[1973]] and [[1984]], proved to be popular both in his native country and in [[Australia]], and showcased his trademark lighthearted but laddish "Aussie" humour. In [[1985]], Hogan was awarded [[Australian of the Year]] and was also inducted into [[Australia]].
    -
    -During the [[1980s]] Hogan appeared on British television in a long-running series of advertisements for [[Foster's Lager]], in which he played an earthy Australian abroad in [[Reading]]. The character's most notable line (spoken incredulously at a [[ballet]] performance) ''"strewth, mate, there's a bloke down there with no strides on!"'' followed Hogan for years, and the popularity of its "fish out of water" humour was repeated with his next endeavour.
    -
    -Hogan's first film, ''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'', featuring a similarly down-to-earth hunter travelling from the Australian [[Outback]] to [[New York City]], was privately funded by Hogan and a group of private investors including much of its cast, entrepreneur [[Kerry Packer]], and [[cricket]]ers [[Greg Chappell]], [[Dennis Lillee]], and [[Rod Marsh]].
    -
    -[[1986]]'s ''Crocodile Dundee'' proved to be the most successful Australian film ever, and launched Hogan's international film career. ''Crocodile Dundee'' won Paul Hogan a [[Golden Globe Award]] for Best Actor in a Comedy, as well as an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination for Best Original Screenplay, and a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA Award]] nomination.
    -
    -Hogan married his Dundee co-star [[Linda Kozlowski]] in [[1990]] after divorcing his first wife Noeline. He has five children from his first marriage, and one, Chance, from his second.
    -
    -
    -==Filmography==
    -'''Acting:'''
    -
    -*''[[Strange Bedfellows]]'' ([[2004]]) .... Vince Hopgood
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles]]'' ([[2001]]) .... Michael J. 'Crocodile' Dundee
    -*''[[Floating Away]]'' ([[1998]]) .... Shane
    -*''[[Flipper (1996 film)|Flipper]]'' ([[1996]]) .... Porter
    -*''[[Lightning Jack]]'' ([[1994]]) .... Lightning Jack Kane
    -*''[[Almost an Angel]]'' ([[1990]]) .... Terry Dean/Bonzo Burger Man
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee II]]'' ([[1988]]) .... Michael J. 'Crocodile' Dundee
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' ([[1986]]) .... Michael J. 'Crocodile' Dundee ... aka "Crocodile" Dundee (USA)
    -*''[[Anzacs]]'' ([[1985]]) (mini) TV Series .... Pvt. Pat Cleary ... aka Anzacs: The War Down Under
    -*''[[Fatty Finn]]'' ([[1980]]) .... Third Delivery Man
    -
    -'''Writing:'''
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles]]'' ([[2001]]) (characters)
    -*''[[Lightning Jack]]'' ([[1994]]) (written by)
    -*''[[Almost An Angel]]'' ([[1990]])
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee II]]'' ([[1988]]) (characters) (written by)
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' ([[1986]]) (screenplay) (story) ... aka "Crocodile" Dundee (USA)
    -*''[[Hogan In London]]'' ([[1975]]) (TV)
    -*''[[The Paul Hogan Show]]'' ([[1973]]) TV Series
    -
    -'''Producing:'''
    -
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles]]'' ([[2001]]) (producer)
    -*''[[Lightning Jack]]'' ([[1994]]) (producer)
    -*''[[Almost an Angel]]'' ([[1990]]) (executive producer)
    -*''[[Crocodile Dundee II]]'' ([[1988]]) (executive producer)
    -
    -'''Self Portrait:'''
    -
    -*''[[Thank Ya, Thank Ya Kindly]]'' ([[1991]]) (TV) .... Himself
    -*[[Academy Awards|The 59th Annual Academy Awards]] ([[1987]]) (TV) .... Himself - Co-host
    -*[[Olympic Gala]] ([[1984]]) (TV) .... Himself
    -*''[[Hogan In London]]'' ([[1975]]) (TV) .... Himself
    -*''[[The Paul Hogan Show]]'' ([[1973]]) TV Series .... Himself/Various
    -*''[[A Current Affair (Australia)|A Current Affair]]'' ([[1971]]) TV Series .... Himself (1971)
    -
    -==References==
    -*{{imdb name|id=0001357|name=Paul Hogan}}
    -
    -==External links==
    -*{{imdb name|id=0001357|name=Paul Hogan}}
    -* [http://wwwmcc.murdoch.edu.au/ReadingRoom/film/Croc.html Biography of Paul Hogan's film career]
    -
    -{{start box}}
    -{{succession box | title=[[Australian of the Year]] | before=[[Lois O'Donoghue]] | after=[[Dick Smith]]| years=1985}}
    -{{end box}}
    -
    -[[Category:1939 births|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Living people|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Academy Awards hosts|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Australian comedians|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Australian film actors|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Australian Roman Catholics|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Australian television actors|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Irish Australians|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Members of the Order of Australia|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:People from New South Wales|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -[[Category:Roman Catholic entertainers|Hogan, Paul (actor)]]
    -
    -
    -[[de:Paul Hogan]]
    -[[fr:Paul Hogan]]
    -[[sv:Paul Hogan]]
    +#redirect [[Medel (Lucmagn)]]{{R to Swiss municipality (canton)}} 2013-04-13 22:03:20 92054982 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q800595]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,56 +1,233 @@\n
    -{{Infobox RPG
    -|title=D6 Space
    -|image=[[Image:D6Space.jpg|150px]]
    -|caption=D6 Space Rulebook
    -|designer=Nikola Vrtis
    -|publisher=[[West End Games]]
    -|date=[[2004]]
    -|genre=[[Science Fiction]]
    -|system=[[D6 System|The D6 System]]
    -|footnotes=
    +{{Infobox NBA Player
    +| image = Abduljabbar.jpg
    +| caption =
    +| position = [[center (basketball)|Center]]
    +| height_ft = 7
    +| height_in = 2
    +| weight_lb = 225
    +| nationality = USA
    +| birth_date = [[April 16]], [[1947]]
    +| birth_place = [[New York City|New York, NY]]
    +| college = [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]
    +| draft = 1st Round 1st Pick
    +| draft_year = 1969
    +| draft_team = [[Milwaukee Bucks]]
    +| career_start = 1969
    +| career_end = 1989
    +| former_teams = Milwaukee (1969 – 1975)
    [[Los Angeles Lakers|LA Lakers]] (1975 – 1989)
    +| awards = Six-time [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award|NBA MVP]]
    Six-time NBA Champion
    Two-time [[NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|Finals MVP]]
    [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]] (1970)
    +| halloffame = 1995
    }}
    -
    -'''D6 Space''' is a generic science fiction role-playing game (RPG) based on the [[D6 System]]. Although derived, in part, from material originally presented in The Star Wars Roleplaying Game, D6 Space is published as a stand alone rulebook (not dependent upon or requiring other D6 System or Star Wars rulebooks) and is supported by its own line of supplements.
    -
    -==Setting==
    -Being a generic system, the ''D6 Space Rulebook'' contains no setting information, and provides rules material for playing in a wide variety of cinematic [[space opera]] and [[cyberpunk]] settings. One setting, [[Fires of Amatsumara]] is currently available from West End Games. Another, Dead Space of Night, by licensee Final Sword Productions is compatible with these rules.
    -
    -==System==
    -D6 Space uses the D6 Classic System ruleset, and is thus compatible with other games using those rules. Some differences do exist between D6 Space and other related games. D6 Space uses Agility, Mechanical, Strength, Knowledge, Perception and Technical as its attributes. Apart from Agility replacing Dexterity, this is the same attribute set previously used by The Star Wars Roleplaying Game. A seventh optional attribute, Metaphysics, is also possible.
    -
    -The Metaphysics attribute is used by a new free form power system. This is based on the Special Effects system from [[Masterbook]] (which was derived from the magic system from [[Torg]]). This replaces the system for using The Force from The Star Wars RPG, and the Psionics system used in the earlier D6 Space Opera PDF.
    -
    -Scaling (a method of determing how combat is handled between combatants and objects of starkly different sizes) uses a numeric modifier in D6 Space, and does not conform to the ship class names used in The Star Wars RPG. This new scaling system is also present in [[D6 Fantasy]] and [[D6 Adventure]], though the benchmark names for the values listed differ between the three games.
    -
    -A disadvantages, advantages and special abilities system not present in the Star Wars RPG, is included, as is a system for using special abilities as Cybernetic implants.
    -
    -A basic star ship construction system is presented (which is expanded upon in the Space Ships supplement). This system differs from the systems presented throughout The Star Wars RPG line.
    -
    -==History==
    -
    -D6 Space was originally released in 2003 as a PDF format ebook under the name ''D6 Space Opera'' by Humanoids Publishing. It was sold as a core rulebook for their line of Shatterzone PDF re-releases. This was greatly expanded and revised by author Nikola Vrtis into the current ''D6 Space Rulebook'' (ISBN 1-932867-01-5), released in 2004 by Purgatory Publishing imprint West End Games.
    -
    -When the cover art was first announced for D6 Space, there was some negative reaction to the original version of the art. The original had the female principal nude (although genitalia and nipples were not visible), in a cyberpunk motif. In response to the reaction, West End Games revised the cover to it's current form.
    -
    -At present, D6 Space is supported by three source books.
    -
    -*''D6 Space Ships'' by various authors (ISBN 1-932867-07-4)
    -
    -*''D6 Space Aliens Volume 1'' by various authors (ISBN 1-932867-11-2)
    -
    -*''Fires of Amatsumara'' concept by Fred Jandt, by various authors (ISBN 1-932867-16-3)
    -
    -The Ships supplement contains expanded rules for star ship creation, and new rules for planet generation. The Aliens supplement demonstrates species templates for a variety of alien races and creatures, and methods for creating more. Fires of Amatsumara is a setting book, mixing elements of space opera and frontier westerns, comparable to [[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]].
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[D6 Adventure]]
    -*[[D6 Fantasy]]
    +{{for|the football player|Abdul-Karim al-Jabbar}}
    +'''Kareem Abdul-Jabbar''' (born '''Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr.''' on [[April 16]], [[1947]] in [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States]]; typically referred to as '''Lew Alcindor''') is an American former professional [[basketball]] player. He changed his name when he converted to [[Islam]].
    +
    +Considered one of the greatest players of all time, the 7ft-2in (2.18 m) Abdul-Jabbar played [[center (basketball)|center]] for [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] from 1965–69. Later, he played professionally for the [[Milwaukee Bucks]] (1969–75) and the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] (1975–89), accumulating 38,387 [[point (basketball)|points]], the NBA's highest career total. He was famous for his "[[hook shot|Skyhook]]" shot which defenders found virtually impossible to block. His on-court success was superlative, as he won a record six [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award]]s, while playing on six NBA championship teams; at UCLA, he played on three NCAA championship teams. His high-school team won 71 consecutive games and his UCLA teams were an unmatched 88-2. After a then-record 20 professional seasons in the NBA, Abdul-Jabbar retired from the game in [[1988-89 NBA season|1989]], leaving a legacy of professionalism, class, and success. Following his success as a professional athlete, Abdul-Jabbar has become known as a successful basketball coach, author, and part-time actor.
    +
    +==Early years==
    +He was born to Cora and Ferdinand Lewis "Al" Alcindor in [[Harlem]], New York City, in [[1947]], and was 12 pounds, 11 ounces, and was twenty-two and a half inches. [http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/2507/Mr_Basketball_and_much_more_Kareem_AbdulJabbar] He was raised as a [[Catholicism|Catholic]]. From an early age he began his record-breaking basketball accomplishments. In high school, he led [[Power Memorial Academy]] to three straight New York City Catholic championships, a 71-game winning streak, and a 96–6 overall record.
    +
    +===College===
    +Heavily sought by collegiate basketball programs, he played for the [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] Bruins from [[1966]] to [[1969]] under coach [[John Wooden]], contributing to the team's three-year record of 88 wins and only two losses (it must be noted that in his day, freshmen were not eligible for varsity athletics). During his college career, he was twice named Player of the Year (1967, 1969), was a three-time First Team All-American (1967-69), played on three [[NCAA Basketball]] champion teams (1967, 1968, 1969), was honored as the Most Outstanding Player in the NCAA Tournament (1967, 1968, 1969), and became the first-ever [[Naismith College Player of the Year]] in 1969.
    +
    +Lew Alcindor graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[History]] from UCLA in 1969. While playing for UCLA, he suffered a scratched left [[cornea]]. This would occur again during his pro career and he would then wear [[goggles]] for protection.
    +
    +Also during his studies at UCLA he converted to [[Islam]] and took his current name. The name translates to "noble servant of the Powerful"; ''al-Karim'' and ''al-Jabbar'' are two of the [[99 Names of God]] in Islamic tradition. He converted after meeting Khalifah Hamaas Abdul Khaalis, a former [[Nation of Islam]] leader and founder of a [[Washington, D.C.]]-based mosque of the [[Hanafi]] Madhhab. In 1973, he traveled to [[Libya]] and [[Saudi Arabia]], making [[Hajj|pilgrimage]]. He details this conversion in his autobiography "Giant Steps".
    +
    +==Professional athletics==
    +===Milwaukee Bucks===
    +The [[Harlem Globetrotters]] offered him $1 million to play for them, but he declined, and he was picked first in the 1969 [[NBA Draft]] by the Milwaukee Bucks, only in their second season, who won the coin-toss for first pick over the [[Phoenix Suns]].
    +
    +Lew Alcindor's entry into the NBA was timely, as center [[Bill Russell (basketball)|Bill Russell]] had just left the [[Boston Celtics]], and [[Wilt Chamberlain]], though still effective, was aging, at almost 35 years. Alcindor's presence enabled the [[1969-70 NBA season|1969-70]] Bucks to claim second place in the NBA's Eastern Division with a 56-26 record (up from 27-55 the previous year), and he was an instant star, ranking second in the league in scoring (28.8 ppg) and third in rebounding (14.5 rpg), for which he was awarded the title of [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|NBA Rookie of the Year]].
    +
    +With the addition of [[Oscar Robertson]], Milwaukee went on to record a league-best 66 victories in [[1970-71 NBA season|1970-71]], including a then-record of 20 straight wins. Alcindor was awarded his first of six [[NBA Most Valuable Player Award]]s, along with his first scoring title (31.7 ppg). In the playoffs, the Bucks went 12-2 (including a four-game [[sweep]] of the [[Washington Wizards|Baltimore Bullets]] in the [[NBA Finals]]) and Alcindor was named [[NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award|Finals MVP]]. On [[May 1]], [[1971]], the day after the Bucks won the NBA championship, he adopted the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name Kareem [[Abdul]]-Jabbar, meaning "noble, servant of the powerful one [i.e. of [[Allah]]]."
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar remained a dominant force for Milwaukee, repeating as scoring champion (34.8 ppg) and NBA Most Valuable Player the following year, and helping the Bucks to repeat as division leaders for four straight years. In 1973, Abdul-Jabbar won his third MVP Award in five years and was among the top five NBA players in scoring (27.0 ppg, third), rebounding (14.5 rpg, fourth), blocked shots (283, second), and field goal percentage (.539, second).
    +
    +While remaining relatively injury-free throughout his NBA career, Abdul-Jabbar twice broke his hand. The first time was during a pre-season game in 1974, when he was bumped hard and got his eye scratched, which angered him enough to punch the basket support [[Wiktionary:stanchion|stanchion]]. When he returned, after missing the first 16 games of the season, he started to wear protective goggles. The second time he broke his hand was in the opening game of the [[1977-78 NBA season|1977-78 season]]. Two minutes into the game, Abdul-Jabbar punched [[Milwaukee Bucks|Milwaukee]]'s [[Kent Benson]] in retaliation for an overly aggressive elbow. He was out for two months.
    +
    +After a few seasons in [[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]] under his new name, Kareem said that being in the Midwest did not fit his cultural needs and requested a trade to either [[New York Knicks|New York]] or [[Los Angeles Lakers|Los Angeles]].
    +
    +===Los Angeles Lakers===
    +{{expert}}
    +
    +In [[1975]], the Bucks traded him and reserve center [[Walt Wesley]] to the [[Los Angeles Lakers]] for center [[Elmore Smith]], guard [[Brian Winters]], and rookie "blue chippers" [[Dave Meyers (basketball)|Dave Meyers]] and [[Junior Bridgeman]]. The trade paved the way for a second Abdul-Jabbar dynasty as the Lakers went on to become one of the most dominant teams of the 1980's, appearing in the finals eight times and winning five NBA championships.
    +
    +While in LA, he started doing [[yoga]] in [[1976]] to improve his flexibility, and was notable for his physical fitness regimen. [http://www.yogaexpo.com/press/press27.htm] He was also a pupil of the [[kung fu]] master [[Bruce Lee]], and studied Lee's [[Jeet Kune Do]] style. [http://comment.imdb.com/name/nm0000717/bio]
    +
    +A little more than halfway into his career, in 1983, Abdul-Jabbar's house burnt down, among others incinerating his collection of jazz albums. Many Lakers fans started bringing him albums and other items to replace his losses, which Abdul-Jabbar found uplifting [http://lakersblog.latimes.com/lakersblog/2006/01/talking_with_ka_1.html].
    +
    +On [[June 28]], [[1989]], after a record-setting twenty professional seasons, Abdul-Jabbar announced his retirement. On his "retirement tour" he received standing ovations at all the games, home and away. In his biography ''My Life'', [[Magic Johnson]] recalls that in his farewell game, many Lakers and Celtics legends participated. Every player wore Abdul-Jabbar's trademark goggles and had to try a sky hook at least once, which led to comic results.
    +
    +===Post-NBA career===
    +Abdul-Jabbar had been interested in coaching since his retirement, and given the influence he has had on the league, he had presumed that opportunities in that realm would come easily. However, during his playing years, he had developed a reputation of being introverted and sullen, often refusing to speak to the press, leading to the impression that he had nothing to say. In his biography ''My Life'', [[Magic Johnson]] recalls instances when Abdul-Jabbar brushed him off when Magic (as a ballboy) asked for his autograph, Abdul-Jabbar froze out reporters who gave him a too enthusiastic handshake or even hugged him, or refused to stop reading the newspaper while giving an interview.
    +
    +It is widely believed, including by Abdul-Jabbar himself, though he acknowledges his own culpability in creating that impression, that this reputation has contributed greatly to the lack of coaching opportunities that have thus far been presented to him. In his words, he said he had a mindset he could not overcome, and went through his career unable to realise how much impact he had on and off the court. Abdul-Jabbar said: "I didn't understand that I also had affected people that way and that's what it was all about. I always saw it like they were trying to pry. I was way too suspicious and I paid a price for it."http://lakersblog.latimes.com/lakersblog/2006/01/talking_with_ka_1.html. Since he began lobbying for a coaching position in 1995, he has managed to obtain only low-level assistant and scouting positions in the NBA, and a head coaching position only in a minor professional league.
    +
    +He has worked as an assistant for the [[Los Angeles Clippers]] and the [[Seattle SuperSonics]], helping mentor their young centers, [[Michael Olowokandi]] and [[Jerome James]], respectively. Abdul-Jabbar was the head coach in [[2002]] of the [[Oklahoma Storm]] of the [[United States Basketball League]] (winning that league's championship that season), but he failed to land the head coaching position at [[Columbia University]] a year later. He then worked as a [[scout (sports)|scout]] for the [[New York Knicks]]. Finally, on [[September 2]], [[2005]], he returned to the Lakers as a special assistant to [[Phil Jackson]] to help develop the team's young center [[Andrew Bynum]]. Abdul-Jabbar has also served as a volunteer coach at Alchesay High School on the [[Fort Apache Indian Reservation]] in [[Whiteriver, Arizona]] since [[1998]].
    +
    +==Film career==
    +Playing in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] facilitated Abdul-Jabbar's trying his hand at [[actor|acting]]. Kareem made his movie debut in [[Bruce Lee]]'s 1978 film ''[[Game of Death]]'', in which his character Hakim fought Billy Lo (played by Lee). However, due to Lee's death during production, the film was never finished, and much of the footage has been lost{{fact}}.
    +
    +In 1980, he played co-pilot Roger Murdock in [[David Zucker]]'s comedy, ''[[Airplane!]]''. In this acclaimed movie, Abdul-Jabbar has a notable scene in which a little boy looks at him and remarks that he is in fact Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Staying in his role, he asserts he is merely Roger Murdock, but the boy continues that he thinks he is "the greatest", but that his dad thinks he does not "work hard on defense" and "never really tries, except during the playoffs". This causes Kareem to blow a fuse, grab the boy and snarl he has heard "that crap since [[UCLA]]", he "busts his buns every night" and he should tell his old man to "drag [[Bill Walton]] and [[Bob Lanier]] up and down the court for 48 minutes". When Murdock passes out later in the film, he is carried out wearing Abdul-Jabbar's goggles and yellow Lakers' shorts.
    +
    +He had numerous other [[Television|TV]] and film roles, often playing himself, such as in the hit [[Chevy Chase]] movie ''[[Fletch]]'', the ABC sitcom ''[[Full House]]'', and ''[[Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air]]'', and ''[[Scrubs (TV show)|Scrubs]]''. He also appeared in the telemovie version of [[Stephen King]]'s ''[[The Stand]]''. He played himself in ''[[Slam Dunk Ernest]]'' starring [[Jim Varney]] and made a brief non-speaking cameo appearance in another David Zucker comedy, 1998's ''[[BASEketball]]''. In addition, Abdul-Jabbar was co-executive producer of the 1994 TV movie, ''The [[Vernon Johns]] Story''.
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar also played Hakim in the film ''[[Game of Death]]''. His character was the last and most dangerous guardian that [[Bruce Lee]]'s character had to face. In the extended footage of the final fight scenes of the film, which last about half an hour, Abdul-Jabbar and Bruce Lee fight on the highest level of a pagoda which Bruce's character had to fight his way up. From Bruce's viewpoint, the highest level on the pagoda is where Jeet Kune Do, represented by Abdul-Jabbar himself, is found. Through the entire fight, both men not only fight with an ease hard to obtain, but they both make it known neither of them fear death. {{fact}}
    +
    +== Player profile ==
    +
    +:''His list of personal and team accomplishments is perhaps the most awesome in league history.''
    +::— introductory line of Abdul-Jabbar's [http://www.nba.com/history/players/abduljabbar_summary.html nba.com] biography
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar played the center position and is regarded as one of the best players of all time. He is the all-time leading NBA scorer with 38,387 points, having collected six titles, six regular season MVP and two Finals MVP awards, fifteen NBA First or Second Teams, a record nineteen NBA All-Star callups and averaging 24.6 points, 11.2 rebounds, 3.6 assists and 2.6 blocks per game. He is also the second all-time in registered blocks (3,189), which is even more impressive because this stat had not been recorded until the fourth year of his career (1974).
    +
    +On offense, Abdul-Jabbar was an unstoppable low post threat. In contrast to other low post dominators like [[Wilt Chamberlain]], [[Artis Gilmore]] or [[Shaquille O'Neal]], Abdul-Jabbar was a relatively slender player, standing 7-2 but "only" weighing 225 lbs.
    +However, he made up for his relative lack of bulk by showing textbook finesse and was famous for his ambidextrous '''skyhook''' shot (see below), which defenders found impossible to block. It contributed to his high .559 field goal accuracy, making him the eighth most accurate scorer of all time [http://www.basketball-reference.com/leaders/FGP_career.html] and a feared clutch shooter. Abdul-Jabbar was also quick enough to run the "Showtime" fast break led by [[Magic Johnson]] and was well-conditioned, standing on the hardwood an average 36.8 minutes. In contrast to other big men, Abdul-Jabbar also could reasonably hit his free throws, averaging a lifetime 72% average.
    +
    +On defense, Abdul-Jabbar was a terrifying defensive presence, proven by his eleven call-ups for the NBA All-Defensive Teams. He abused opponents with his stellar shot blocking ability, denying an average 2.6 shots a game. As a team mate, Abdul-Jabbar exuded a great natural leadership, being affectionately named "Cap" or "Captain" by his colleagues. He was also known for his strict fitness regime, which made him one of the most durable players of all time: in the NBA, his 20 seasons
    +and 1560 games are performances surpassed only by fellow great [[Robert Parish]].
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar made the NBA's 35th and 50th Anniversary Teams and was named one of the 50 Greatest Players of All Time in [[1996]].
    +
    +== Sky hook ==
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar was well-known for his trademark "sky hook", a [[hook shot]] in which he bent his body like a straw in one fluid motion to raise the ball (rather just than moving the arm) and let the ball go at the highest point of his arm's arcing motion. As he stood 7 feet 2 inches tall, the sky hook was nearly impossible for a defender to block without [[goaltending]]. It was a reliable and feared offensive weapon and contributed to his high lifetime field goal percentage of .559. As a twist, he was adept at shooting the skyhook with either hand, which made him even more difficult to defend. According to Abdul-Jabbar, he learned the move in fifth grade and soon learned to value it, as it was "the only shot I could use that didn't get smashed back in my face". [http://lakersblog.latimes.com/lakersblog/2006/01/talking_with_ka_2.html].
    +
    +== Professional basketball career and statistics ==
    +===Teams and years===
    +*1969-75 [[Milwaukee Bucks]]
    +*1975-89 [[Los Angeles Lakers]]
    +
    +===Statistics===
    +*Jersey number - 33
    +*Games played - 1560 (2nd most in NBA history)
    +*Field goal % - 55.9 (8th highest in NBA history)
    +*Free throw % - 72.1
    +*Three-point % - 65.6 (Note: he made just one three-point field goal in his career)
    +*Rebounds - 17,440 (3rd most in NBA history)
    +*Rebounds per game - 11.2 (tied for 24th highest in NBA history)
    +*Assists - 5660 (31st in NBA history)
    +*Assist per game - 3.6
    +*Steals - 1160
    +*Steals per game - 0.74
    +*Blocks - 3189 (2nd most in NBA history) (Note: blocks were not officially tabulated until the [[1973-74 NBA season|1973-1974 season]])
    +*Blocks per game - 2.57
    +*Points per game - 24.6 (12th highest)
    +*Holds NBA career record for:
    +**Most points in NBA history - 38,387
    +**Most minutes played (57,446)
    +**Most field goals made (15,837)
    +**Most field goals attempted (28,307)
    +**Most All-Star selections (19)
    +**Most All-Star games played (18)
    +**Most playoff games played (237)
    +
    +==Athletic honors==
    +* Naismith Memorial [[Basketball Hall of Fame]] ([[May 15]], [[1995]])
    +* College:
    +** Player of the Year (1967, 1969)
    +** Three-time First Team All-American (1967-69)
    +** Three-time [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] champion (1967, 1968, 1969)
    +** Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament (1967, 1968, 1969)
    +** [[Naismith College Player of the Year]] (1969)
    +* National Basketball Association:
    +**[[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]] (1970)
    +**Six-time [[NBA]] champion (1971, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988)
    +**[[NBA Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player]] (1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980)
    +**[[NBA Finals MVP Award|Finals Most Valuable Player]] (1971, 1985)
    +**''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' magazine's "[[Sportsman of the Year]]" (1985)
    +**One of the [[NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team|50 Greatest Players in NBA History]] (1996)
    +**First player in NBA history to play 20 seasons
    +**'''#7''' in [[SLAM Magazine]]'s Top 75 NBA Players of all time in [[2003]].
    +
    +==Books authored==
    +Abdul-Jabbar is also a bestselling author, the latest of his books being ''Brothers In Arms: The Epic Story of the 761st Tank Battalion, WWII's Forgotten Heroes'' (Publisher: Broadway 2004, ISBN 0-385-50338-5), co-written with Anthony Walton. It is the history of the [[U.S. 761st Tank Battalion|761st Battalion]], an all-black armored unit that served in Europe in World War Two.
    +
    +Other books:
    +* ''Giant Steps'' with Peter Knobler (1987) ISBN 0-553-05044-3
    +* ''Kareem'' (1990) ISBN 0-394-55927-4
    +* ''Selected from Giant Steps (Writers' Voices)'' (1999) ISBN 0-7857-9912-5
    +* ''Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African-American Achievement'' with Alan Steinberg (1996) ISBN 0-688-13097-6
    +* ''A Season on the Reservation: My Soujourn with the White Mountain Apaches'' with Stephen Singular (2000) ISBN 0-688-17077-3
    +
    +==Personal life==
    +Abdul-Jabbar was married to Habiba Abdul-Jabbar (nee Janice Brown), who bore him four children, daughters Habiba and Sultana and sons Kareem and Adam. They were divorced in 1978. He has another son Amir from Cheryl Pistono. He has also previously dated [[Pam Grier]] http://www.nndb.com/people/663/000022597/ http://ps1.sportsline.com/b/member/playboy/8606_b9.html.
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar was known as "Lew Alcindor" early in his life, before he converted to [[Islam]]. He explained his in an 1998 interview with ''Playboy'' magazine that he was "latching on to something that was part of my heritage, because many of the slaves who were brought here were Moslems. My family was brought to America by a French planter named Alcindor, who came here from Trinidad in the 18th Century. My people were [[Yoruba]], and their culture survived [[slavery]] (...) My father found out about that when I was a kid, and it gave me all I needed to know that, hey, I was somebody, even if nobody else knew about it. When I was a kid, no one would believe anything positive that you could say about black people. And that's a terrible burden on black people, because they don't have an accurate idea of their history, which has been either suppressed or distorted." http://ps1.sportsline.com/b/member/playboy/8606_b9.html.
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar was successful in suing [[Miami Dolphins]] running back [[Karim Abdul-Jabbar]] because he felt Karim was sponging off of the name he made famous by having the Abdul-Jabbar moniker and number 33 on Dolphins jerseys. As a result the younger Abdul-Jabbar had to change his jersey nameplate to simply 'Abdul' while playing for the Dolphins[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n2_v93/ai_20048711]. The football player had also been an athlete at UCLA.
    +
    +Abdul-Jabbar has a prescription to smoke [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] in the state of [[California]], the result of nausea-inducing [[migraine]] headaches [http://www.cleartest.com/testinfo/kareem.htm].
    +
    +==Appearances in the media==
    +
  • Abdul-Jabbar has twice appeared on ''[[Jeopardy!#Other versions#Celebrity Jeopardy!|Celebrity Jeopardy!]]'', coasting to dominant victories each time. His first appearance was against [[Larry King]] and [[Alexandra Paul]] in 1994; his second was against [[Martina Navratilova]] and [[Reggie Jackson]] in a special "athletes" edition in 1998.
    +
    +==In popular culture==
    +
  • In [[The Simpsons]] episode ''[[The Way We Weren't]]'', [[Homer Simpson]], as a child growing up and in an attempt to become more popular, says his name is "[[Elvis Presley|Elvis]] [[Mick Jagger|Jagger]] Abdul-Jabbar" when asked what his name is; a referrence to Abdul-Jabbar's status as a pop icon in the 1970s.
    +
    +
  • The rock band the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] honour him in their instrumental song "Salute to Kareem" and is an "all time great super super star" in their song "[[Magic Johnson]]".
    +
    +
  • [[Jeff Ament]] of [[Pearl Jam]] wrote a song about Abdul-Jabbar based on the urban myth that he lost all of his money investing in hotels for tall people. The song, entitled "Sweet Lew", appears on the band's album of B-sides, ''[[Lost Dogs (album)|Lost Dogs]]''. The liner notes explain that Ament was inspired to write the song after being brushed off by his boyhood idol after meeting him at a celebrity basketball game.

    ==References==
    -*[http://www.gamingreport.com/article.php?sid=12201 West End Games New D6 Releases Cover Shots] (from Gaming Report)
    -*[http://www.gamingreport.com/article.php?thold=-1&mode=flat&order=0&sid=12302 New Cover For D6 Space] (from Gaming Report)
    -*[http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/10/10508.phtml A review of the D6 Space Rulebook] (from RPG.net)
    -*[http://www.gamingreport.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Reviews&file=index&req=showcontent&id=1368 Another review of the D6 Space Rulebook] (from Gaming Report)
    -
    -[[Category:D6 System]]
    -[[Category:Science fiction role-playing games]]
    +
    +
    +==External links==
    +* [http://www.databasebasketball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=ABDULKA01 Career Statistics]
    +* {{imdb name|id=0000717|name='''Kareem Abdul-Jabbar'''}}
    +* [http://www.nba.com/history/players/abduljabbar_bio.html Kareem's complete bio @ NBA.com]
    +* [http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/Abdul-Jabbar.htm Kareem's page @ the Basketball Hall of Fame]
    +
    +==Further reading==
    +*{{cite book |last=Heisler |first=Mark |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Giants: The 25 Greatest Centers of All Time |year=2003 |publisher=Triumph Books |location=Chicago |id=ISBN 1-57243-577-1}}
    +
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box|title=[[NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player|NCAA Basketball Tournament
    Most Outstanding Player]] (men's)|years=[[1967]]–[[1969]]|before=[[Jerry Chambers]]|after=[[Sidney Wicks]]}}
    +{{succession box|title=[[Naismith College Player of the Year]] (men)|years=[[1969]]|before=None|after=[[Pete Maravich]]}}
    +{{end box}}
    +
    +
    +{{Los Angeles Lakers 1987-88 NBA champions}}
    +{{Los Angeles Lakers 1986-87 NBA champions}}
    +{{Los Angeles Lakers 1984-85 NBA champions}}
    +{{Los Angeles Lakers 1981-82 NBA champions}}
    +{{Los Angeles Lakers 1979-80 NBA champions}}
    +{{Milwaukee Bucks 1970-71 NBA champions}}
    +
    +{{NBA50}}
    +
    +[[Category:American basketball players|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Los Angeles Lakers players|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Milwaukee Bucks players|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:UCLA Bruins men's basketball players|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Basketball Hall of Fame|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:African American non-fiction writers|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:American film actors|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:American television actors|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Converts to Islam|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:American Muslims|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Jeet Kune Do practitioners|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:People from Manhattan|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:African American basketball players|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Full House actors|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Scrubs actors|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:1947 births|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +[[Category:Living people|Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem]]
    +
    +[[ar:كريم عبد الجبار]]
    +[[de:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[et:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[es:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[fr:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[id:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[it:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[he:כרים עבדול-ג'באר]]
    +[[nl:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[ja:カリーム・アブドゥル＝ジャバー]]
    +[[no:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[pl:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[pt:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[ru:Абдул Джаббар]]
    +[[fi:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[sv:Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
    +[[zh:卡里姆·阿卜杜勒·贾巴尔]] 2013-04-20 03:03:44 92267738 KLBot2 EmausBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q2066579]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,149 +1,284 @@\n
    -{{mergefrom|University College Record}}
    -{{Oxford_College_Infobox |
    - name = University College |
    - university = Oxford |
    - picture = [[Image:University College Oxford.jpg|294px]] |
    - colours =  
    - 
    - 
    - 
    - 
    - 
    - 
    - 
    - 
    - 
    -  |
    - college_name = University College |
    - name_Latin = Collegium Magnae Aulae Universitatis |
    - named_for = |
    - established = [[1249]] |
    - sister_college = [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]] |
    - head_name = Master |
    - head = [[Robin Butler, Baron Butler of Brockwell|Lord Butler of Brockwell]] |
    - JCR President = Peter Surr |
    - MCR President = Monte McDiarmid |
    - undergraduates = 420 |
    - graduates = 144 |
    - homepage = [http://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |
    - boat_club = [http://www.ucbc.org.uk/ Boatclub] |
    +{{Infobox Film
    +| name = The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift
    +| image = Thefastandthefurioustokyodrift_bigearlyposter.jpg
    +| caption = Poster for the film
    +| director = [[Justin Lin (director)|Justin Lin]]
    +| producer = [[Neal H. Moritz]]
    +| writer = [[Chris Morgan]]
    +| starring = [[Lucas Black]]
    [[Bow Wow]]
    [[Sung Kang]]
    [[Brian Tee]]
    [[Jason Tobin]]
    [[Nathalie Kelley]]
    [[Keiko Kitagawa]]
    +| music = Brian Tyler
    +| cinematography = [[Jan Kiesser]]
    [[Stephen F. Windon]]
    +| editing = [[Dallas Puett]]
    [[Fred Raskin]]
    +| distributor = [[Universal Studios]]
    +| released = [[June 16]], [[2006]]
    +| screened =
    +| runtime = 104 min
    +| language = [[English language|English]]
    +| budget =
    +| preceded_by = ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]''
    +| followed_by =
    +| imdb_id = 0463985
    +| footnotes =
    }}
    -[[Image:Univ crest.png|thumb|Crest of University College, Oxford]]
    -'''University College''' (in full, the '''College of the Great Hall of the University, commonly known as University College in the University of Oxford''', usually known by its abbreviation, '''Univ.'''), is a constituent college of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. It is a contender for being the oldest of the colleges of the university, and is amongst the largest in terms of population. It is one of the more wealthy colleges with an estimated [[financial endowment]] of £68m (2003).
    -
    -Univ was founded by [[William of Durham]] in [[1249]] (not [[King Alfred]] as has been claimed in the past), and until the [[sixteenth century]] was only open to Fellows studying [[theology]]. As Univ grew in size and wealth, its [[medieval]] buildings were replaced with a new Front Quad in [[1640]], followed by the additional [[Radcliffe Quad]] by [[1719]], and the Library was built in [[1861]]. Univ only began to accept [[female]] undergraduate students in [[1979]].
    -
    -The Master, [[Robin Butler|Lord Butler of Brockwell]], was appointed head of an [[Butler Inquiry|inquiry]] into the [[2003 Iraq War]] in February 2004. [[British monarch|Her Majesty The Queen]] is [[Visitor]]. Previous Masters include [[John Albery]], [[Kingman Brewster, Jr.|Kingman Brewster]], [[Lord Goodman]], [[Lord Redcliffe-Maud]], [[Arthur Lehman Goodhart]], and [[William Beveridge]].
    -
    -A specially constructed building in the College, the [[Shelley Memorial]], houses a statue by [[Edward Onslow Ford]] of the poet [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]] – a former member of the college, who was expelled for writing ''[[The Necessity of Atheism]]'' – depicted lying dead on the Italian sea-shore. Rumour has it that the sunken area around the statue was once filled with water and live goldfish as a student prank. Another apparently common student prank involving the statue has been to paint his genitalia bright colours; for this reason, the statue's appendage is somewhat smaller than it used to be.
    -
    -__NOTOC__
    -== Notable former students ==
    -* [[Clement Attlee]]
    -* [[Edwin Arnold]]
    -* Sir [[Jeremy Beecham]]
    -* [[William Beveridge]]
    -* [[Robert Boyle]]
    -* [[Jonathan Bowen]]
    -* [[Robin Butler]]
    -* [[Edmund Cartwright]]
    -* [[Robert Cecil]]
    -* [[Bill Clinton]]
    -* [[Chelsea Clinton]]
    -* [[Kenneth Diplock]]
    -* [[Paul Foot]]
    -* [[Paul Gambaccini]]
    -* [[Andrew George]]
    -* [[Philip Hammond]]
    -* [[Bob Hawke]]
    -* [[Stephen Hawking]]
    -* [[Michael Hoban]]
    -* [[Gordon Honeycombe]]
    -* [[Robert Hooke]]
    -* [[Armando Iannucci]]
    -* [[Richard Ingrams]]
    -* [[Kenneth Hamilton Jenkin]]
    -* [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]]
    -* [[C. S. Lewis]]
    -* [[Nick Mallett]]
    -* [[Luke McShane]]
    -* [[Cecil Mercer]]
    -* [[Warren Mitchell]]
    -* [[Monier Monier-Williams]]
    -* [[Andrew Motion]]
    -* [[V. S. Naipaul]]
    -* [[Nigel Playfair]]
    -* [[John Radcliffe]]
    -* [[Robert Reich]]
    -* [[John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon]]
    -* [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]]
    -* [[Roger Short]]
    -* [[Peter Sissons]]
    -* [[Charles Sorley]]
    -* [[Stephen Spender]]
    -* [[Adrian Stoop]]
    -* [[Henry Thrale]]
    -* [[William Weld]]
    -* [[Michael York (actor)|Michael York]]
    -* [[Felix Yusupov]]
    -
    -:See also [[:Category:Former students of University College, Oxford|Former students of University College]].
    -
    -== Partial list of fellows and lecturers ==
    -* [[Biochemistry]]: Catherine Pears, Gavin Screaton
    -* [[Chemistry]]: [[Mark Child]], FRS; [[Tony Orchard]], Robert K. Thomas, Paul Burn
    -* [[Classics]]: [[Barbara Kowalzig]], William Allan
    -* [[Computer science]]: [[Bill Roscoe]], [[Jotun Hein]]
    -* [[Economics]] and [[Management]]: Kate Doornik
    -* [[English literature|English]]: [[Jon Mee]], [[Tiffany Stern]]
    -* [[Geology]]: [[Philip England]], Gideon Henderson
    -* [[Law]]: [[John Finnis]], [[John Gardner (law)|John Gardner]]
    -* [[Mathematics]]: Michael Collins, Peter Howell
    -* [[Medicine]]: Keith Dorrington, Catherine Stoodley
    -* [[Modern history]]: [[Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann]], Catherine Holmes, Kathryn Gleadle
    -* [[Modern Languages]]: Michael Nicholson (Russian)
    -* [[Oriental studies]]: [[Glen Dudbridge]], Mark Smith
    -* [[Philosophy, Politics, and Economics]]: William Child (philosophy); [[Ngaire Woods]], [[Marc Stears]] (politics); [[Sujoy Mukerji]], [[Katherine Doornik]], [[Tarek Coury]] (economics)
    -* [[Physics]]: [[Robin Nicholas]], John Wheater, [[Patrick Baird]]
    -* [[Psychology]]: [[Nicholas Rawlins]]
    -
    -:See also [[:Category:Fellows of University College, Oxford|Fellows of University College]].
    -
    -== Grace ==
    -Univ. has the longest grace of any Oxford (and perhaps Cambridge) College. It is read before every Formal Hall, which takes place every night except Saturday at Univ.
    -
    -The reading is performed by a [[Scholar]] of the College, the same person doing it for a whole week, and whoever is sitting at the head of [[High Table]] (typically the Master, but maybe just the most senior [[Fellow]] at the table if the Master is not dining). The Scholar says the lines beginning "SCHOL."; the Fellow says the lines beginning "RESP.".
    -
    -The Scholar does not need to know it by heart, although it is not unusual for people to do so.
    -
    -GRATIARIUM ACTIO IN COLLEGIO MAGNAE AULAE UNIVERSITATIS QUOTIDIE ANTE MENSAM DICENDA.
    -
    -SCHOL. Benedictus sit Deus in donis suis.

    -RESP. Et sanctus in omnibus operibus suis.

    -SCHOL. Adiutorium nostrum in Nomine Domini.

    -RESP. Qui fecit coelum et terras.

    -SCHOL. Sit Nomen Domini benedictum.

    -RESP. Ab hoc tempore usque in saecula.

    -SCHOL. Domine Deus, Resurrectio et Vita credentium, Qui semper es laudandus tam in viventibus quam in defunctis, gratias Tibi agimus pro omnibus Fundatoribus caeterisque Benefactoribus nostris, quorum beneficiis hic ad pietatem et ad studia literarum alimur: Te rogantes ut nos, hisce Tuis donis ad Tuam gloriam recte utentes, una cum iis ad vitam immortalem perducamur. Per Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum.

    -RESP. Amen.

    -SCHOL. Deus det vivis gratiam, defunctis requiem: Ecclesiae, Reginae, Regnoque nostro, pacem et concordiam: et nobis peccatoribus vitam aeternam.

    -RESP. Amen.
    -
    -== Reference ==
    -* ''[[University College Record]]'', the official annual magazine of University College, Oxford. Issues 1996, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004.
    -
    -== See also ==
    -* [[University College Players]] (college dramatic society)
    -* [[University Challenge]] television programme (winners in 1976)
    -
    -== External link ==
    -* [http://archive.museophile.org/ox/univ-col/ Unofficial information]
    -
    -{{University_of_Oxford}}
    -
    -[[Category:1249 establishments]]
    -[[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]
    -[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 13th century]]
    -[[Category:University College, Oxford| ]]
    -
    -[[fr:University College (Oxford)]]
    +'''''The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift''''' ([[2006 in film|2006]]) is a spin-off to ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]'' and its sequel ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]]''. The film features a new cast of characters and a different setting ([[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]) from the other two films. Contrary to popular belief, the movie was not entirely shot in Tokyo. Some parts of the movie were shot in a [[Japanese American]] ethnic enclave north of downtown [[Los Angeles]]. The background in the movie was digitally programmed into the movie, as many filmmakers traveled to Tokyo and filmed various settings there.
    +
    +==Plot outline==
    +{{spoilers}}
    +The story starts with a typical day in a middle class American school where a young man named Sean Boswell ([[Lucas Black]]) is being given the once over by the security detail. Sean is a loner who has no friends and looks at the pep rally after school with contempt. As he's approaching his car(a street sleeper [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]]), a girl ([[Nikki Griffin]]) in a [[Dodge Viper]] flirts with him. Her boyfriend ([[Zachery Ty Bryan]]) notices this. He and his friends make fun of his car and how it's pure crap, so Sean retorts with a taunt that the Viper is Clay's father's car. As Sean drives off, the enraged Clay throws a baseball through the back windshield. Sean steps out of his car with a wrench, but before he can attack Clay, Clay's girlfiend says she'll go out with whoever wins a race between the two, and as an added incentive, they're racing for pinks.
    +
    +They race through a construction area and things are not going well for Sean at first. However, he manages to take a side road and ends up beating Clay's Dodge Viper in the end, after demolishing a house. Clay's girlfriend says "Looks like I have a new date for prom" and then Clay totals Sean's car by ramming it with his own, thereby giving him a wrecked Viper in the process, while Sean's car wipes out and flips several times before landing upside down.
    +
    +After getting booked by the police, Clay's and his girlfriend's parents get the two off, seeing as they're well connected, but it looks like Sean is going to jail due to the fact that he has priors and that they're going to trial him as an adult. Sean's mother (Lynda Boyd) comes in, and after flirting with the officer interrogating Sean, reveals that they've had to move several times due to Sean's racing. She ends up exhausting her last option by sending Sean to [[Tokyo]] to live with his dad, who serves in the [[U.S. Navy|U.S. Navy's]] outpost there.
    +
    +As Sean arrives and rings the doorbell, his dad (Brian Goodman) ushers out the hooker he rented for the night. Sean comes in and sees the tiny dump which will be his new home. The next morning, he finds a Japanese school uniform on his bed, and gives it another look of contempt. In a [[Lost In Translation]] montage, Sean attempts to navigate the Japanese subway system in order to get to school.
    +
    +When Sean finally arrives at school he notices an attractive girl, named Neela ([[Nathalie Kelley]]), in his homeroom. Later, as he's eating lunch, an [[Army brat]] comes in and introduces himself as Twinkie ([[Bow Wow]]), a cheap hustler who sells American goods such as [[Air Jordan]] sneakers, [[Snickers]] bars and the like. After they leave school Twinkie shows him his ride, which is a [[Volkswagen Touran]] that has basically been made to resemble the [[Hulk]]. Sean asks where all the action is and Twinkie takes him to an underground parking lot, where we see many tuned [[Nissan Silvia|Silvias]], [[Mazda RX-8]] and a Veilside [[Honda NSX]].
    +
    +Sean sees Neela and they start talking while DK, short for Drift King, ([[Brian Tee]]) and his business partner Han ([[Sung Kang]]) talk and wonder who this ''Gaijin'' (Japanese for outsider) is. DK walks over and claims Neela. Twinkie stops Sean from getting into a confrontation and tells him that DK's uncle is part of the [[Yakuza]] crime syndicate. Sean doesn't back down though, and DK challenges him to a race. Han gives Sean the keys to his ride, a [[Nissan|Nissan Silva S15 Spec-R]], and the race is on.
    +
    +At the very beginning Sean has a big lead on DK, but DK just smiles at Sean. Sean sees a very sharp turn, but doesn't go around in time, and smashes Han's ride. DK on the other hand pulls off a perfect drift and he's soon way ahead of Sean. DK ends up winning in a blowout and afterwards, Han just tells Sean not to leave town. Han also reveals he's been doing business with DK, and that DK is trying to prove his worth to his uncle by helping with the money laundering.
    +
    +When Sean comes home his dad tells him that he knows what's going on. He threatens to send Sean back home (i.e. to jail) if he ever catches him street racing again.
    +
    +The next day, Sean gets picked up by Han in his new [[Mazda Rx-7|Veilside Fortune Mazda RX-7]] and he tells Sean that he will be working with him to pay off the car that Sean smashed in the race with DK. Sean is sent inside a public bath/sauna and is forced to ask a [[Sumo]] wrestler for money that he owes Han. After repeatedly tossing Sean out of the building (literally) the wrestler gives Han his money.
    +
    +Later that night, Sean is driving Han's Veilside RX-7 down the highway, and after beating another car in a road race, two cops register his speed around 197 km/h but Sean notices that they don't give chase. Han explains that the cop cars are just stock models, and can't go over 180, so they don't even bother to try and catch him. Sean asks Han why he doesn't drift, and he says that there is rarely any good reason to do so. Sean asks why people do it then, so Han shows him by doing donuts around two girls in a [[Nissan Skyline GT-R|Nissan Skyline GT-R R33]], and they proceed to give him their phone numbers.
    +
    +Han takes Sean to a party with lots of beautiful girls, and he takes him to his garage inside. Han gives him a heavily modified [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX]], and later on the roof, Han tells Sean that "Life is simple, you make choices, and never look back". Later Sean breaks up a fight between Twinkie and Morimoto, a guy in DK's crew, over a broken [[iPod]]. Twinkie is pissed and tells him that everyone will want refunds now.
    +
    +Sean begins to learn how to drift with the help of Han. Meanwhile, two fishermen (one of whom is played by the real life Drift King [[Keiichi Tsuchiya]]) make snide comments about Sean's initial technique. However, he starts getting better and and he easily beats Morimoto in a race. DK is noticeably mad because earlier he promised Han a [[Toyota AE86]] if Sean beat Morimoto.
    +
    +In class later, Sean sends Neela a message on her laptop asking why she never shows him her drifting. She responds with "You never ask" and next, we see them in Neela's [[Mazda RX-8]], where she tells him that her mother was pretty much a prostitute, and she died when Neela was young. Neela also reveals that DK's grandmother took her in and when they were growing up, her and DK came to the current mountain she's drifting on with Sean, to watch the older kids drift.
    +
    +The next day, DK pulls up to the harbor where Sean is practicing drifting and he brutally beats Sean and tells him to stay away from Neela. At school, Neela notices Sean's bruises so she confronts DK in his shop and tells him that they're done. DK says that she owes him and that she'd have ended up just like her mother if it wasn't for him and his family. She slaps him and promptly leaves. She shows up at Han's garage, crying, and Sean holds her and takes care of her.
    +
    +Meanwhile, DK's uncle comes to see him. His uncle tells him that there is a discrepancy in the books, and that Han must be cheating them out of money. His uncle sighs and says to DK "I wish your father was here," but he starts to laugh, indicating DK's father possibly did the same thing as Han, and paid the price. DK is noticeably shaken and scared.
    +
    +DK confronts Han in his garage and he punches him and pulls out a gun. (DK:I put my reputation on the line for you!We were partners!You think you can keep your side deals from me?!) Han tells him that "this is what we do", and DK cocks his gun. Twinkie thinks fast and creates a distraction, giving Han and Sean & Neela a chance to escape. A car chase ensues through the Tokyo streets. Morimoto (driving a gold [[Nissan Fairlady|Nissan Fairlady Z]]) rams Sean and when he tries to pass him, he crashes head-on into an oncoming [[Toyota Aristo]], and it triggers a massive pile-up. DK is now after Sean, ramming him continuously until Han gets in his way. Sean tries to flee with Neela but he crashes in to an oncoming car, wrecking his Lancer Evolution IX instantly. DK (driving his Nissan Fairlady Z 350Z) overtakes Han and turns his car 180 degrees and he is now driving backwards. DK wields his gun and starts firing at the windshield of the Veilside RX-7 to try and kill Han but Han dodges and rams DK while he is driving backwards, spinning him, but then Han is hit hard by an oncoming car and flips his vehicle, landing upside-down.Han,injured and bleeding on the face ,is pinned in his wreck of a car. Sean starts to rush to his rescue but the gasoline and the [[Nitrous]] in his car catch fire and the car explodes, killing Han instantly.
    +
    +Sean and Neela go to his dad's house but DK follows them. After getting punched out three times by Sean, DK pulls out his gun. Sean's dad however pulls his gun on DK and tells him to leave, but DK says he won't unless Neela goes with him. Neela agrees and they drive off. Sean's dad wants him to get on a plane that night for his own safety, but Sean says it's his mess and he has to fix it.
    +
    +Twinkie meets Sean and gives him the money that Han took from the Yakuza. Sean takes it to the local Yakuza club, and gives it to DK's uncle. He tells him that he wants to race DK and whoever loses has to leave town because they've both dishonored him. DK's uncle agrees.
    +
    +Sean goes back to Han's garage, but all the cars are gone, except for the Silvia S15 he ruined in his first race at the parking garage. They take out the Silvia S15's RB26DETT engine, and place it into the [[Ford Mustang|1967 Ford Mustang]] that Sean's father had been building in his free time. The race is on [[Hakone]] mountain, the mountain Neela took him to, but DK has the advantage because he's the only one to ever make it down to the bottom in one piece.
    +
    +The race is a sequence of drifts down the hills and there is danger at every turn. Sean's Ford Mustang tries to catch up to DK's Fairlady Z, but when they get side-by-side DK rams him, scraping the paint across their cars. As they go further downhill, DK jumps a rock suffering major damage to his car. At one sharp turn, DK makes a wide drift and collides into a parked car and Sean takes the lead. As a final desperate maneuver DK tries to fishtail Sean, but Sean suddenly stops the car, sending DK flying off the edge of the turn. As Sean makes his way towards the finish line, DK's car comes dropping down, almost crushing the Mustang and killing Sean but he manages to narrowly evade the falling car before it hits the ground. Sean makes his way across the finish line, victorious. The now dethroned DK survives the crash but he suffers a humiliating defeat at the hands of Sean. DK's uncle tells Sean he is free to go, and DK presumably leaves Tokyo.
    +
    +Later, Sean is hanging out in the underground parking lot with his friends and Twinkie comes up and tells him someone wants to race the new Drift King. He says the guy has been beating everyone across Asia. Sean says no at first but then Twinkie tells him that this guy knew Han and that he considered Han to be family. The mystery car pulls up and we see that it's none other than Dominic Toretto (first "Fast and the Furious" movie), driving his [[Plymouth Road Runner|1970 Plymouth Roadrunner]] (there is much speculation on what car this is but when you freeze-frame the movie on the part where the back of Dominic's car is showing, the car has a 6 letter name. It says HAMMER referring to the name given to the car by the original creators of the car, Pure Vision). Dominic ([[Vin Diesel]]) tells Sean that he won his car from Han a few years ago and Sean states that he didn't know Han was into American muscle. As the movie comes to a close Sean tells Dom that this is no 10 second race. He responds with "I got nothin' but time", Dominic then says "You ready kid?", Neela then comes to start the race and they go off. There is no resolution as to who won that race. The movie then cuts to the [[credits]].
    +{{endspoiler}}
    +
    +==Featured carsKris Palmer ''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Motorbooks ISBN 0-7603-2568-5 ISBN-13 9780760325681==
    +{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="5"
    +|'''Car'''
    +|'''Color'''
    +|'''Year'''
    +|'''Driven by'''
    +|'''Condition/Fate in Film'''
    +|-
    +|[[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII]]
    +|Red
    +|2006
    +|Sean Boswell''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 94-99
    +|Wrecked by the incoming car on the side while fleeing, triggering few more cars crashing.
    +|-
    +|[[Ford Mustang]] [[Fastback]] (RB26 engine swap)
    +|Highland Green/White Stripes
    +|1967
    +|Sean Boswell''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 94-99
    +|Cosmetic damage throughout the entire body. Still driveable.
    +|-
    +|[[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]]
    +|Beige/Gray
    +|1971
    +|Sean Boswell''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 70-75
    +|Rolled multiple times during race with Clay's Dodge Viper.Wrecked and landed upside down. Crushed by Phoenix police following Sean's arrest.
    +|-
    +|[[Nissan Silvia|Nissan Silvia S15]]
    +|Blue/Orange
    +|2000
    +|Sean Boswell (originally Han)''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 76-79
    +|Major cosmetic and suspension damage due to Sean's inexperience with drifting. RB26DETT engine taken out and transplanted into 1967 Ford Mustang Fastback.
    +|-
    +|[[Mazda RX-8]]
    +|Aqua/Blue/Black
    +|2006
    +|Neela''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 86-89
    +|Driven on a Touge mountain with Sean.
    +|-
    +|[[Nissan 350Z|Nissan Fairlady 350Z]]
    +|Black/Gunmetal
    +|2006
    +|D.K.''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 90-93
    +|Flipped multiple times and fell off the road several hundred feet down and landed upside down during the race with the 1967 Ford Mustang Fastback.
    +|-
    +|[[RX-7#Third generation|Veilside RX-7]]
    +|Orange/Black
    +|1994
    +|Han''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 94-99
    +|Wrecked after a side collision with a [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]] and flipped upside down. Ruptured fluids ignited and exploded, killing Han.
    +|-
    +|Nissan Fairlady 350Z
    +|Gold/Black
    +|2002
    +|Morimoto ''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 100-103
    +|Smashed into a dark green [[Toyota Aristo]] at high speed during the city chase.
    +|-
    +|Nissan Fairlady 350Z
    +|Blue/Silver
    +|2003
    +|Tea Hair''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 106-109
    +|Major cosmetic damage to roof when crushed by Han's garage door
    +|-
    +|Nissan Silvia S-13
    +|
    +|1993
    +|Virgil ''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 104-105
    +|-
    +|[[Mazda RX-8]]
    +|Red
    +|2006
    +|Jan Rodriguez''The Fast and the Furious The Official Car Guide'' Pg 86-89
    +|-
    +|[[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]]
    +|Black
    +|1999
    +|Kamata
    +|-
    +|[[Volkswagen Golf|Volkswagen Golf R32]]
    +|
    +|2006
    +|Reiko
    +|Possible front end damage.The DVD features a deleted scene where Earl ([[Jason J. Tobin]]) shoots his mouth about everyone in the garage. As a result, he gets tied up to the roof of the Golf R32 while Twinkie ([[Bow Wow]]) and Reiko ([[Keiko Kitagawa]]) take it for a spin.
    +|-
    +|[[Volkswagen Touran]]
    +|Green with [[The Incredible Hulk]] design scheme
    +|2006
    +|Twinkie
    +|[[Dodge Viper|Dodge Viper SRT10]]
    +|Red
    +|2004
    +|Clay
    +|Wrecked into the concrete pipe.
    +|-
    +|[[Plymouth Roadrunner]] "Hammer"
    +|
    +|1970
    +|Dominic
    +|Ended the movie by racing Sean's Nissan Silvia
    +|
    +|Lamborgini Gallardo
    +|2004
    +|Silver
    +
    +==Rumors and information leaked prior to release==\t
    +Given the nature of the movie, fans of the import and drifting scenes cast a critical eye on information that leaked prior to the release of the movie.
    +\t
    +*[[Modified Magazine]] pictured in their October 2005 editorial that two of the cars in the film were a [[Veilside]] [[RX-7]] and a 1960's [[Ford Mustang]] [[Fastback]] with an engine swap from a [[Nissan Skyline]]. The article also mentioned possible appearances of other show cars from the various Tuning firms.
    +*The website [http://www.moviecarz.com/casting.asp MovieCarZ] was one of several car locating firms that posted a list of wanted cars for the film, mainly background and set cars. According to the Modified Magazine editorial, most of the "Star Cars" were ones from Tuning firms and already filled. Among some of the wanted cars on their list were the [[Toyota Corolla]] [[AE86]] (a homage to the [[anime]] ''[[Initial D]]''); mainstays in the tuning world like [[Toyota Supra]], [[Mazda RX-7]], [[Nissan Silvia]], and [[Honda Civic]]; Luxury and Exotic Cars (possibly Japanese luxury cars like the [[Lexus LS400|Toyota Celsior/Lexus LS400]] and the [[Nissan Cefiro|Nissan Cefiro/Infiniti I30]]), RHD (Right-Hand-Drive) cars, and even Japanese Classics. \t
    +*On the website [http://videos.streetfire.net/player.aspx?fileid=8B431675-E32B-42B0-B99A-22F22E1B99BE Streetfire.net], spy footage from a set shoot shows a [[Nissan 350Z]] and a Ford Mustang Fastback in what appears to be [[Touge]] action.
    +*The forums at Toyota Nation had a posting where the set of F&F: Tokyo Drift took over a portion of downtown LA. In the spy shots, a fleet of modified RX-7's, [[Nissan 350Z|Nissan 350Z's]], [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution]]s, and a fleet of [[keicar]]s were stored in a lot, while other shots showed the set crew putting up Japanese signs over existing signs and setting up shots."[http://www.toyotanation.com/forum/showthread.php?t=116266 Toyota Nation Forums Posting]." Toyotanation.com. Accessed [[24 February]] [[2006]]
    +* [[Sport Compact Car]] tested the cars of the film, and noted that the cars in ''Tokyo Drift'' were slightly faster in an acceleration matchup with the cars from ''[[2 Fast 2 Furious]].''''Sport Compact Car'' "Fast, Furious, & Drifting" By John Pearley Huffman July 2006 Pg. 56-92
    +* [[Hot Rod Magazine]] reviewed the domestic cars of the film (The RB26 equipped Mustang, the Monte Carlo, and the Dodge Viper) and noted that most of the drifting action done by the Mustang were handled by Mustangs equipped with the [[Ford Windsor engine|Windsor Engine]]. They also lamented the possibility that tuners might swap in Japanese motors into American cars.''Hot Rod Magazine'' "Build Fast. Fabricate Furiously." By John Pearley Huffman July 2006 Pg. 56-64
    + Lamborgini Gallardo
    +
    +==Reaction to the film==
    +===Fans' Response===
    +Despite mixed reviews, ''Tokyo Drift'' brought in over $24 million on its opening weekend. The movie itself was in limited release in [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. As of November 17, 2006 the domestic box office take has totalled $62,514,415 with another $95,318,994 from the foreign box office, resulting in total receipts of $157,833,409.[http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fastandthefurious3.htm]
    +
    +===Critics' Response===
    +The film received mixed reviews by film critics, such as [[Michael Medved]], who gave ''Tokyo Drift'' 1 1/2 stars (out of four) saying, "There’s no discernible plot...or emotion, or humor.""[http://www.michaelmedved.com/pg/jsp/eot/archives.jsp Michael Medved's Eye On Entertainment]." MichaelMedved.com. Accessed [[21 June]] [[2006]] [[James Berardinelli]] from Reelviews also gave it 1 1/2 stars out of four, saying that "There's something odd about ''Tokyo Drift''. It fetishizes cars in a way that's almost unhealthy. When the vehicles appear in the same scene as a bunch of scantily clad Asian women, the camera is drawn not to cleavage but to carburetors.""[http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/movies/f/fast_furious3.html Review: Fast and The Furious, The: Tokyo Drift]." ReelViews: James Berardinelli's Movie Reviews. Accessed [[3 July]] [[2006]]
    +
    +[[Richard Roeper]] also levelled strong criticism of the film, writing: "The whole thing is preposterous. The acting is so awful, some of the worst performances I’ve seen in a long, long time." [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/author-3822/ Richard Roper] rottentomatoes.com accessed July 18, 2006
    +
    +Several critics found much to like about the film, including Roeper's cohort [[Roger Ebert]], who rated the film three out of four stars saying director [[Justin Lin (director)|Justin Lin]] "takes an established franchise and makes it surprisingly fresh and intriguing," and also concludes that the film is "more observant than we expect... the story about something more than fast cars.""[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060615/REVIEWS/60606006/1023 Reviews :: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]." RogerEbert.com. Accessed [[3 July]] [[2006]]
    +Empire Magazine in the UK gave the film 3 out of 5 stars.
    +
    +==Trivia==
    +===Cameos===
    +*[[Vin Diesel]] makes an uncredited appearance as Dominic Toretto (his character from the original ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|Fast and the Furious]]'' film), claiming to be a friend of Han's.
    +*Real life "Drift King" and drift pioneer [[Keiichi Tsuchiya]] also makes an appearance during the scenes where Lucas Black's character (Sean Boswell) is learning how to drift. He appears as an old fisherman who makes snide comments on Sean's lack of proper drift technique.
    +*[[Rhys Millen]], the primary stunt driver in the film, has a cameo appearance as one of the passengers in the airplane scene.
    +*[[John Cho]], the Korean American actor who appeared in Justin Lin's Better Luck Tomorrow also appears in the airplane scene.
    +*Former [[sumo]] wrestler [[Konishiki]] makes an appearance in the [[Sentō|bathhouse]] scene as one of the collection marks that owes money to Han.
    +*Japanese pop superstars [[Ayumi Hamasaki]] and [[Mika Nakashima]] can be seen in background pans around Tokyo.
    +*[[Import Model]]s [[Verena Mei]] and [[Mari Jaramillo]] are in the Skyline drifted around in circles by Han.
    +*During the start lines near the beginning and at the end of the movie, Import Models [[Aiko Tanaka]] (''Setto'') and [[Kaila Yu]] (''Ready'') flank the start line. [[Satoshi Tsumabuki]] (''Go'') starts off the first race in the parking garage.
    +*[[Toshi Hayama]], the English language speaking commentator at both the US and UK [[D1 Grand Prix]] events, makes an appearance at the gate to the parking garage.
    +*[[MC Hammer]] makes numerous cameo appearances throughout the film, hawking electronics and cell phones on advertisements. The cameos stem from a chance encounter with Lin at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] before he made Better Luck Tomorrow.Interrogation Room: What up, Toshi? by Jonathan Wong [[Super Street]] September 2006, pg. 116
    +*[[Ricardo Mazul and Alex Rodriguez (The original Latin kings of comedy)]] made numerous appearences. The most noticeable part was when they were at the party in the room where Han took Sean that was filled with mostly women. After this movie they went back to the drawing board, so to speak, to think up of their next film and continue as the prestigious filmakers everyone knows them as.
    +
    +===Technical===
    +*The [[Nissan RB engine|RB26DETT]] (Motor found in the [[Nissan Skyline|Nissan Skyline GT-R]]) powered [[Mustang]] in the film has been subject to much criticism by fans of both [[USDM]] cars and [[JDM]] cars. The criticism grew when it was revealed that the car itself barely had any screen time, and regular stunt Mustangs used for the drifting scenes were powered by 430[[Cubic inch|cid]] [[Ford Windsor engine|Windsor]] [[V8]] engines.''Hot Rod Magazine'' "Build Fast. Fabricate Furiously." By John Pearley Huffman July 2006 Pg. 59 Sidebar [http://www.moddedmustangs.com/tokyo-drift-skyline-powered-1967-ford-mustang.html Tokyo Drift: Skyline-Powered 1967 Ford Mustang] modifiedmustangs.com Accessed 2006, 25 July.
    +**According to [[Sport Compact Car|SCC]], 1 Mustang received the RB26 swap, while 5 other Mustangs were created for drifting purposes. 2 were destroyed in the process.''Sport Compact Car'' "Tokyo Drift by the Numbers" By John Pearley Huffman July 2006 Pg. 92
    +**In addition, the RB26 Mustang was shown to be faster than its V8 powered kin, with times of 0-60 in 5.38 seconds, and the quarter mile in 13.36 seconds at 109.83 MPH. The V8 powered machine was designed for drifting and suffered from no traction, while the inline 6 version was set strictly for straight line performance.''Sport Compact Car'' "Ford Mustang GT-R; Pony with a Skyline's Heart" By John Pearley Huffman July 2006 Pg. 84-86
    +**Actually the RB26 powered car was setup with exactly the same suspension as the rest of the Mustangs. The RB26 powered car was setup as the "hero" car, so it was never planned to use in any scene where it could be damaged. The RB powered car was faster than the V8 car, and the picture car coordinators didn't like it being faster. If you watch the Edmunds tests on the two cars, you will see that the RB Mustang is on the 19" Volk wheels, while the V8 Mustang was on slicks.
    +**Behind the scene pictures[http://rbmotoring.dreamhosters.com/gallery/fastandfurious?page=1] of the RB26 powered Mustang, and other cars.
    +*The [[Nissan Silvia|S15 Silvia]] which Black's character trashes in his first race in Japan is depicted as having an RB26DET [[engine swap]] which itself is donated to the Mustang. However, the car used was actually powered by the S15's base [[Nissan SR engine#SR20DET|SR20DET]] engine"[http://cars.ign.com/articles/713/713047p1.html IGN Cars: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift Car of the Day: Han's S15]." IGN Cars Accessed [[19 June]] [[2006]].
    +**There were several copies of each car. The S15 shown to have the RB26 in it, had an [[Nissan SR engine#SR20DET|SR20DET]] in it prior to the RB26DETT being mocked up in it.
    +*The [[Veilside]] Fortune body-kitted [[Mazda RX-7|RX-7]] driven by Sung Kang's character was originally built by Veilside for the 2005 Tokyo Auto Salon but was later bought by Universal and repainted (the original was dark red and not orange and black like in the film)"[http://cars.ign.com/articles/712/712399p1.html IGN Cars: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift Car of the Day: VeilSide RX-7]." IGN Cars Accessed [[19 June]] [[2006]].
    +*Notable [[Drifting (motorsport)|drifting]] personalities [[Keiichi Tsuchiya]], [[Rhys Millen]], and [[Samuel Hubinette]] were consulted and employed by the movie to provide and execute the drifting and driving stunts in the film.http://media.filmforce.ign.com/media/665/665274/vid_1535879.html [[Tanner Faust]], [[Rich Rutherford]], [[Calvin Wan]], and [[Alex Pfeiffer]] were also brought in when it was revealed that none of Universal's own stunt drivers could drift.Interrogation Room: What up, Toshi? by Jonathan Wong [[Super Street]] Septemeber 2006, pg. 116
    +*Toshi Hayama was also brought in to keep elements of the film portrayed correctly after being contacted by Roger Fan, an old high school friend that starred in Justin Lin's [[Better Luck Tomorrow]], the organizers of the Japanese D1 Grand Prix series, and his former boss at A'PEXi. Among them are keeping certain references in check (the usage of [[Nitrous Oxide]] in straights but not in turns, keeping the usage of references from sponsors to a minimum, etc.).Interrogation Room: What up, Toshi? by Jonathan Wong [[Super Street]] Septemeber 2006, pgs. 144-118
    +*Toshi Hayama also claims that a prop car was "stolen" by some of the action stars and taken for an impromptu "Drift Session" and never returned by the stars.Interrogation Room: What up, Toshi? by Jonathan Wong [[Super Street]] Septemeber 2006, pg. 116
    +**An Evo IX was crashed by an actor, during an unauthorized session...
    +
    +===Inside references===
    +*The [[sentō]] proprietor is reading ''[[Initial D]]'', an [[anime]] and [[manga]] franchise about a young teenage boy whom has a hidden talent for drift [[touge|racing]] in the mountain passes of [[Gunma Prefecture]].
    +*DK bets his "86 Corolla" with Han on the result of a race, while Han puts up the "72 Skyline". "Drift King" Keiichi Tsuchiya is famously known for drifting in a [[Toyota AE86|Toyota AE86 Corolla Sprinter Trueno]], while the 1972 [[Nissan Skyline]] (popularly known by the Japanese as the Hakosuka (ハコスカ), meaning box-Skyline) happens to be Keiichi Tsuchiya's first drift car.
    +
    +===Miscellaneous===
    +*The drifting done inside the parking lot was actually filmed in Los Angeles's old Hawthorne Mall parking lot. http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/Features/articleId=115709 Edmund's Article
    +*A section of Wilshire Blvd. in Downtown Los Angeles was retrofitted with signs and other props to resemble Tokyo's Shinjuku District during the city chase scene.
    +*An intersection in Burbank, CA, was used to film the Shibuya District high-speed drift scene. Thousands of boxes were placed to represent the buildings, which were later added to the final print via CG, along with the swarm of pedestrians.
    +*Subtle locality/regional flaws can be seen in the movie, such as the appearance of American Market Japanese Cars (Nissan Maxima & Mazda 626) in the street chase scene and numerous left-hand drive imports in the parking lot scene.
    +*When Sean takes his Evo for the first mountain drifting lesson, video editing flaws are seen when his car appears with and without the rear wing alternately. As a side note, the rear wing was lost in his first practice at the bay.
    +
    +==Original Soundtrack==
    +
    +*1. [[Teriyaki Boyz]] - "Tokyo Drift (Fast & Furious)" - 4:19
    +*2. [[DJ Shadow]] feat. [[Mos Def]] - "Six Days the Remix" - 3:54
    +*3. [[The 5.6.7.8's]] - "The Barracuda" - 2:34
    +*4. [[Evil Nine]] - "Restless" - 4:56
    +*5. Far*East Movement - "Round Round" - 3:22
    +*6. [[N.E.R.D.]] - "She Wants to Move" (DFA) Remix - 7:42
    +*7. Teriyaki Boyz - "Cho Large" - 5:17
    +*8. [[Dragon Ash]] - "Resound" - 4:49
    +*9. [[Atari Teenage Riot]] - "Speed" - 2:49
    +*10. [[Don Omar]] feat. [[Tego Calderon]] - "Bandoleros" - 5:07
    +*11. Don Omar - "Conteo" - 3:16
    +*12. [[Brian Tyler]] feat. [[Slash (musician)|Slash]] - "Mustang Nismo" - 2:30
    +*13. [[Pharrell]] feat. [[Daddy Yankee]] - "Mamacita"- 5:30
    +*14. [[Juelz Santana]] - "[[There It Go (The Whistle Song)]]"- 3:40
    +*15. [[GRITS]] - "Ooh Ahh" - 3:53
    +
    +==References==
    +

    +
    +

    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.thefastandthefurious.com/ Official site]
    +*[http://www.wx3.jp/top.html Official site in Japan]
    +*{{imdb title|id=0463985|title=The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift}}
    +*[http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/fastandthefurioustokyodrift Tokyo Drift Reviews] at Metacritic
    +*[http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808715999/trailer Yahoo! Movies - Theatrical trailer]
    +*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=fast_and_the_furious_3_tokyo_drift|title=The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift}}
    +*[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_463985-The-Fast-and-the-Furious--Tokyo-Drift.html Internet Movies Car Data Base] Info and pics of the cars @ IMCDB
    +*[http://www.nichibeitimes.com/issues/articles/062206/tokyodrift.html Nichi Bei Times commentary] Analysis of API representation
    +
    +[[Category:2006 films|Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, The]]
    +[[Category:Sequel films|Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, The]]
    +[[Category:Action films|Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, The]]
    +[[Category:American films|Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, The]]
    +[[Category:Films shot in Super 35|Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, The]]
    +[[Category:Auto racing films|Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]
    +
    +[[de:The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]
    +[[fr:Fast & Furious 3 - Tokyo Drift]]
    +[[it:The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]
    +[[lt:Greiti ir įsiutę 3: Tokijo lenktynės]]
    +[[ms:The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]
    +[[nl:The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]
    +[[ja:ワイルドスピードX3 TOKYO DRIFT]]
    +[[no:The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]
    +[[pl:Szybcy i wściekli: Tokio Drift]]
    +[[pt:The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]] 2013-03-13 15:09:57 89989915 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1218451]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,21 +1,102 @@\n
    -'''Myles and Milo Dunphy''' were Australian [[conservationist]]s who played an important role in creating the [[Australia]]n wilderness movement.
    +:''Note: [[Mátra]] is also a mountain in [[Hungary]].''

    -''Myles Dunphy'' ([[1891]] - [[1985]]) lived in [[Katoomba]] and started his wilderness publicity work in [[1910]]. He mapped the [[Blue Mountains]] and started a campaign for more wilderness areas in [[New South Wales]].
    +'''Mécanique Avion TRAction''' or '''Matra''' was a [[France|French]] company covering a wide range of activities mainly related to [[aeronautics]] and weaponry which from 1994 was a subsidiary of '''[[Lagardère Group]]''' and which now operates under that name.

    -His interest in [[bushwalking]] led to the formation of the [[Sydney Bushwalkers]] and the [[Confederation of Bushwalking Clubs]] in [[1932]]. He also formed the [[National Parks and Primitive Areas Council]], and made steps to establish a professional parks service.
    +Matra was owned by the Floirat family. The name Matra became famous in the [[1960s]] when it went into car production by buying [[Automobiles René Bonnet]]. Matra Automobiles produced racing cars and sports cars, and was very successful in racing.

    -He received an [[Order of the British Empire]] for his efforts in conservation and an [[IUCN]] Packer Award for Long Merit in National Parks.
    +==Lagardère involvement==
    +By merging with various companies Matra CEO [[Jean-Luc Lagardère]] built around Matra a group diversified in media, weaponry, high technologies, aeronautics and formerly in automobiles and records production and distribution. Matra was privatized in 1988, with Lagardère holding 6% of the stock and by 1992 25%.

    -''Milo Dunphy'' ([[1928]]-[[1996]]) was mainly known for his work in the [[Colong Caves]], which were being quarried for [[limestone]], and also for saving the [[Boyd Platfeau]] from being planted with [[lime]] trees. He helped to double the of [[national park]] space in New South Wales from 2 to 4.5 percent.
    +In 1992 Lagardère was radically restructured; acquiring more shares in Matra from Floirat, Daimler Benz and GEC, and Hachette from loirat, Crédit Lyonnais and Aberly. Lagardère merged Matra and Hachette to form Matra Hachette, of which Lagardère held 37.6%. Following a share swap in 1994 Lagardère held 93.3% of Matra Hachette’s stock. In 1996 Matra Hachette was formally merged into Lagardère.

    -He was awarded an [[Member of the Order of Australia]], the [[Sydney Luker Award]] from the [[Australian Institute of Planning]], and a honorary degree from the [[University of New South Wales]].
    +==Matra Hautes Technologies==
    +Matra Hautes Technologies (Matra High Technology) or MHT was the defence arm of Matra. The company was involved in [[aerospace]], defence and telecommunications. In February 1999 Matra Hautes Technologies merged with [[Aérospatiale]] to form [[Aérospatiale-Matra]]. On [[July 10]] [[2000]] Aérospatiale-Matra became part of [[EADS]].

    -The work of the Dunphys goes on through the [[Dunphy Wilderness Fund]], which spends one million dollars a year (since September [[1996]]) to purchase leasehold and privately held areas of natural significance.
    +===Divisions (as of aérospatiale merger)===
    +*'''Matra Défense'''
    +*'''Matra Systèmes & Information'''
    +*'''[[Matra BAe Dynamics]]''' (50% [[British Aerospace]])
    Formed in 1996, Matra BAe Dynamics brought together the missile business of BAe ([[BAe Dynamics]]) and half of the missile business of Matra Défense. (The other half remained as [[Aerospatiale Matra Missiles]]).
    +*'''[[Matra Marconi Space]]''' (49% [[The General Electric Company|GEC]])
    Matra Espace was the space division of Matra which merged with the space operations of GEC ([[Marconi Space Systems]]) in 1989 to form [[Matra Marconi Space]]. In 2000, it was merged with the space division of DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG ([[DASA]]) to form [[EADS Astrium|Astrium]]. This was later renamed to EADS Astrium
    +*'''Matra Nortel Communications''' (50% [[Nortel]])
    +
    +==Matra road cars==
    +The Matra name was first used for road cars with the [[Renault]]-powered Matra Djet (pronounced "Jet"), which was an update of the Bonnet Jet.
    +
    +The Djet was replaced with the Matra 530, which was powered by a [[Ford Taunus V4 engine]]. Matra also developed a close partnership with [[Simca]] in the [[1970]]s, producing Simca-engined sports cars such as the [[Matra Bagheera|Bagheera]], the [[Matra Murena|Murena]] and the [[Matra Rancho|Rancho]], an early type of [[SUV]] - albeit that it was two-wheel-drive - which was based on the [[Simca 1100]] pick-up bodyshell. This car remained in production into the '80s, after Simca's takeover by [[Peugeot]].
    +
    +In [[1984]] [[Renault]] launched the Matra built [[Renault Espace|Espace]] [[minivan]], a car conceived at [[Rootes|Chrysler UK]]{{cite book
    + | author=Lewin, Tony
    + | title=How to Design Cars Like a Pro: A Complete Guide to Car Design from the Top Professionals
    + | publisher=Motorbooks International
    + | year=2003
    + | id=ISBN 0-7603-1641-4}}
    +    , and designed originally for Chrysler production in partnership with Matra, the car became a popular success.
    +
    +After the failure of the [[Renault Avantime]] (designed and built by Matra), on February 27, 2003 Matra announced its intention to close its automobile factory in [[Romorantin-Lanthenay|Romorantin]]. In September 2003, [[Pininfarina SpA]] acquired Matra Automobile's engineering, testing and prototype businesses. The company was subsequently named [http://www.matra-automobile.com/en/ Matra Automobile Engineering]
    +
    +===Street models===
    +*[[Matra Djet]]
    +*[[Matra 530]]
    +*[[Matra Bagheera]]
    +*[[Matra Murena]]
    +*[[Matra Rancho]] (United Kingdom: [[Talbot Matra Rancho]])
    +*[[Renault Espace]]
    +*[[Renault Avantime]]
    +
    +==Matra racing history==
    +In the mid-1960's Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing with (especially) its MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French and European championships. In 1967, [[Jacky Ickx]] famously amazed the F1 establishment by clocking in the 3rd-fastest qualifying time of 8:14" on the German [[Nürburgring]] in his 1600 cc MS5 F2, which was allowed to enter alongside the 3000 cc F1 cars. In the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension.
    +
    +Matra entered [[Formula One]] in [[1968]] when [[Jackie Stewart]] was a serious contender, winning several Grands Prix in the [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-run Matra MS10 which competed alonside the works team. The car's most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks. These allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970.
    +
    +Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a radical strategic decision for the 1969 championship: The Matra works team would not compete in Formula One. Matra would instead focus its efforts on the Tyrrell team (renamed Matra International) and build a new [[Cosworth DFV|DFV]] powered car with structural fuel tanks, even though it would only be eligible for a single season. The decision was even more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with [[Simca]], then a subsidiary of the American company [[Chrysler]], which would preclude using Ford-branded engines for the following year. Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which corrected most of the weaknesses of the MS10. Stewart's title was the first won by a French chassis, and the only one won by a chassis built in France. It was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year, but it had little impact on the French general public because the British contribution was too large to fulfil nationalistic pride.
    +
    +Matra joined [[Cosworth]], [[Lotus]] and [[McLaren]] in experimentined with four wheel drive during 1969. [[Johnny Servoz-Gavin]] became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix. The MS84, along with [[Brabham]]'s BT26A, was one of the last [[spaceframe]] cars to compete in Formula One.
    +
    +For 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 rather than the Cosworth. Stewart tested the Matra V12 and found it inferior to the DFV. As a large part of the Tyrrell budget was provided by Ford, and another significant element came from French state-owned petroleum company Elf, which had an agreement with Renault that precluded supporting a Simca partner, the partnership between Matra and Tyrrell ended.
    +
    +The firm was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the [[V12]] engine. The [[Matra 670]] won [[le Mans]] in 1972, 1973, and 1974.
    +===F1 Drivers===
    +* [[Jackie Stewart]] ([[1968]]-[[1969]]): 25 GP, 11 victories, world champion 1969
    +* [[Jean-Pierre Beltoise]] ([[1967]]-[[1971]]): 47 GP
    +* [[Chris Amon]] ([[1971]]-[[1972]]): 23 GP
    +* [[Henri Pescarolo]] ([[1968]], [[1970]]): 15 GP
    +
    +===Football===
    +Matra was also involved in [[football]] during the 80's when [[Jean-Luc Lagardère]] bought the [[RCF Paris]] and became its president (1983-1989). The club did not win any major title (only a second division championship) and eventually folded after his reign and came back to amateur ranks.
    +
    +==Other activities==
    +*Matra produced a home computer, the [[Matra Alice]].
    +*Matra created an automatic (driverless) light [[rubber-tired metro|rubber-tired]] [[metro]], the [[VAL]]
    +*Matra attempted, and failed to produce a [[personal rapid transit]] system, ''[[Aramis (personal rapid transit)|Aramis]]''.
    +
    +== References ==
    +

    ==External links==
    -* [http://www.colongwilderness.org.au/dunphy.htm Colong Foundation]
    +*http://www.matra.com/
    +*http://www.matrasport.dk/
    +*http://www.matra-automobile.com/en/
    +*[http://www.matrasport.dk/Cars/Espace/espace-index.html History of Renault Espace includes opinions about demise of Matra]

    -[[Category:Australian conservationists|Dunphy, Myles]]
    +{{start box}}
    +{{succession box|title=[[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Formula One Constructors' Champion]] |before=[[Team Lotus|Lotus]]|after=[[Team Lotus|Lotus]]|years=[[1969 Formula One season|1969]]}}
    +{{end box}}

    +----

    -{{Environment-stub}}
    +'''[[Matra, Haute-Corse|Matra]]''' is also the name of a [[commune in France|commune]] of the [[Haute-Corse]] ''[[département]]'' in [[France]], on the island of [[Corsica]].
    +
    +[[Category:Aerospace companies]]
    +[[Category:Companies of France]]
    +[[Category:Formula One constructors]]
    +[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of France]]
    +
    +[[de:Matra]]
    +[[es:Matra]]
    +[[fr:Matra (aéronautique)]]
    +[[it:Matra]]
    +[[nl:Matra (automerk)]]
    +[[no:Matra]]
    +[[pl:Matra (Francja)]]
    +[[pt:Matra]]
    +[[sv:Matra]] 2013-04-20 14:46:41 92285477 EmausBot Makecat-bot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:Q3493334]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,56 +1,109 @@\n
    -{{Future album}}
    -{{Infobox Album |
    -Name = The Sweet Escape |
    -Type = [[Album]] |
    -Artist = [[Gwen Stefani]] |
    -Cover = Gwen_TheSweetEscape.JPG |
    -Released = [[December 5]] [[2006]] |
    -Recorded = 2004-2006 |
    -Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] |
    -Label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]] |
    -Producer = [[Akon]],
    [[Andre 3000]],
    [[Swizz Beatz]],
    [[J.D. Crutch]],
    [[Sean Garrett]],
    [[Nellee Hooper]],
    [[Tony Kanal]],
    [[The Neptunes]],
    [[Linda Perry]],
    [[Tim Rice-Oxley|Keane]]

    -|Last album = ''[[Love. Angel. Music. Baby.]]''
    (2004)
    -|This album = ''The Sweet Escape''
    (2006)
    -|Next album =
    - |}}
    -'''''The Sweet Escape''''' is the second solo [[album]] by American [[pop music|pop]]–[[rock music|rock]] singer [[Gwen Stefani]]. It is slated for release in Australia on [[December 2]] [[2006]] (see [[2006 in music]]), in North America on [[December 5]] [[2006]] and elsewhere in the world on [[December 4]] [[2006]].
    +{{pokeinfobox |
    +image=[[Image:Feraligatr.png]] |
    +name=Feraligatr|
    +number=160|
    +preceding=[[Croconaw]] |
    +following=[[Sentret]] |
    +johtonumber=009|
    +johtopreceding=[[Croconaw]] |
    +johtofollowing=[[Pidgey]] |
    +japanname=オーダイル Ōdairu|
    +generation=Second|
    +species=Big [[Jaw]] Pokémon|
    +stage=Stage 2|
    +evolvesfrom=[[Croconaw]]|
    +type=Water|
    +height=7 [[Foot (unit of length)|ft]] 7 [[in]]|
    +metricheight=2.3|
    +weight=196.0|
    +metricweight=88.8|
    +color=Nylon purple
    +shinycolor=The areas of its body that are blue turn light green and its red scales turn blue.|
    +ability=Torrent|
    +sigattack=Bite / Scary Face
    +}}

    -It is speculated that the album will contain songs originally written for her debut solo album ''[[Love. Angel. Music. Baby.]]'' (2004) that did not make the final track listing and new material recorded during 2005 and 2006. ''The Sweet Escape'''s first single is "[[Wind It Up (Gwen Stefani song)|Wind It Up]]", which Stefani premiered on her [[Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005|Harajuku Lovers Tour]] in 2005. Unlike Stefani's first solo record, this one carries a [[Parental Advisory]] label in North America.
    +{{nihongo|'''Feraligatr'''|オーダイル|Ōdairu }} is one of the {{pokenum}} [[fictional species]] of Pokémon from the [[Pokémon|Pokémon Franchise]] – a series of [[video game]]s, [[anime]], [[manga]], [[book]]s, [[trading card]]s and other media created by [[Satoshi Tajiri]].

    -== Track listing ==
    -# "[[Wind It Up (Gwen Stefani song)|Wind It Up]]"
    -# "The Sweet Escape" (featuring [[Akon]])
    -# "[[Orange County Girl]]"
    -# "Early Winter"
    -# "Now That You Got It"
    -# "4 in the Morning"
    -# "Yummy" (featuring [[Pharrell]])
    -# "Fluorescent"
    -# "Breakin’ Up"
    -# "Don't Get It Twisted"
    -# "U Started It"
    -# "Wonderful Life (For Him)"
    -# "Candyland (featuring [[Pharrell]]) (bonus track)
    -# "Wind It Up (Neptune Mix)"
    -
    +The purpose of Feraligatr in the games, anime and manga, as with all other Pokémon, is to battle both wild Pokémon, untamed creatures encountered while the player passes through various environments, and tamed Pokémon owned by [[Pokémon trainer]]s. [http://uk.gameboy.ign.com/articles/389/389660p1.html ''Pokémon Ruby'' and ''Pokémon Sapphire'' Review (page 1)] ''Ign.com''. URL Accessed June 1, 2006.

    -'''Europeran Bonus Track(s)'''
    -# "Wind It Up" (Live)
    +Feraligatr's name is derived from a combination of the words ''[[feral]]'' and ''[[alligator]]''. Rumour has it that the full spelling should be Feralligator but the names of Pokémon species, as dictated by the code to any Pokémon game, are limited to a maximum of 10 characters, so the second letter "l" and the "o" were discarded. Most fans like the unique spelling of this Pokémon's name, however. Its Japanese name is a [[portmanteau]] of {{nihongo|''ō''|大}}, large, and {{nihongo|''kurokodairu''|クロコダイル}}, [[crocodile]].

    -'''Uk Bonus Track(s)'''
    -# "Wind It Up" (Live)
    -# "Orange County Girl" (Live)
    +==Appearance==
    +Feraligatr resembles a [[crocodile]] and/or an [[alligator]]. It has a long blue body with four legs, although it can also stand upright. Its appendages have sharp claws at their ends and its jaw is lined with teeth. On its head, back and tail there are red jagged scales. The yellow band it had as a [[Totodile]] reappears when it evolves from [[Croconaw]]. Feraligatr resembles a two-legged alligator with a hunched back. This gives it the appearance of bending over to eat people and scratch people.

    -'''Japanese Track(s)'''
    -# "Wind It Up" (Live)
    -# "Orange County Girl" (Live)
    -# "Wind It Up" (Live Video)
    +is an amphibious Pokémon. Its hind legs are not powerful enough to support its great weight on their own when Feraligatr is out of water, but they are strong enough to help it move on land just as fast as it swims.
    +
    +Like its pre-evolved forms, Feraligatr has a large and powerful jaw filled with hook-shaped teeth, which is a great asset. Just opening its mouth can intimidate many foes. In battle, Feraligatr charges at opponents at great speed by kicking at the ground with its hind legs and then tries to bite them. Once it does, it shakes its head trying to tear its opponent apart, a behavior also shared by its real world counterparts.
    +
    +Feraligatrs prefer to live around or under waterfalls. They can easily climb the waterfall to get to different areas if they wish.
    +
    +==In the video games==
    +Feraligatr is not found in the wild, but it can be evolved from [[Croconaw]]. Therefore, the availability of Croconaw dictates the availability of Feraligatr.
    +
    +Feraligatr has excellent attack and defense, but its speed and special attack/special defense are only average, which make a moveset based on physical attacks a better choice. Feraligatr can learn some attacks that protect it from Pokémon types it is weak against, such as Aerial Ace and Ice Beam for Grass-type Pokémon and Earthquake for Electric-type Pokémon. When building a move set for this Pokémon, it's recommended to mainly use physical attacks and possibly one Sp.Attack (Hydro Pump/Surf).
    +
    +Feraligatr is much improved in [[Pokemon Diamond and Pearl]] because it is able to use water type moves that depend on physical attack such as Waterfall and Aqua Tail. Feraligatr can now learn Crunch naturally, which it originally learned in Gold and Silver via breeding, and Superpower, a powerful Fighting attack. Ice Punch and Ice Fang are now at its disposal too. In addition, Feraligatr can now learn Dragon Dance, to boost its high attack and mediocre speed. However, Feraligatr is not obtainable in Diamond and Pearl normally. It can be transferred to D/P from Ruby/Sapphire/Emerald/FireRed/LeafGreen after conditions are met in the newer games, along with the other starter Pokemon from all three previous generations..Feraligator eats people and they get in his belly. He eats all of his enemies up and then they stay in his belly and never come back out and they are really tasty for him. Especialy typhlosion but he burns because he is fire.
    +
    +==Animé appearances==
    +Feraligatr has appeared in episode #196 (Ring Masters), where a trainer entered one in a Pokémon [[Sumo]] Tournament in which [[Ash (Pokémon)|Ash's]] [[Snorlax]] also participated. Snorlax beat Feraligatr in the finals.
    +
    +Feraligatr have appeared in a couple of [[Pokémon Chronicles]] episodes. One lives in Big Town with the [[Pichu]] Brothers, while another is owned by the official Gym-badge maker, although it only made a cameo.
    +
    +==In the trading card game==
    +Feraligatr comes close to the legacy of [[Blastoise]] in the Trading Card Game. These are its appearances:
    +*''Neo Genesis''
    +*''Neo Genesis''
    +*''Neo Destiny'' (as Dark Feraligatr)
    +*''Expedition''
    +*''Expedition''
    +*''EX Unseen Forces''
    +*''EX Unseen Forces'' (as Feraligatr EX)

    ==References==
    -* [http://www.lambfashionshow.com/ Some Confirmed Songs Can Be Heard]
    -* [http://www.gwenstefani.com/news/?nid=6677 Gwen Stefani site with official track listing]
    +*The following games and their instruction manuals: ''[[Pokémon Red and Blue|Pokémon Red]]'', ''[[Pokémon Green|Green]]'', and ''[[Pokémon Red and Blue|Blue]]''; ''[[Pokémon Yellow]]''; ''[[Pokémon Stadium]]'' and ''[[Pokémon Stadium#Pokémon Stadium 2|Pokémon Stadium 2]]''; ''[[Pokémon Gold and Silver|Pokémon Gold]]'', ''[[Pokémon Gold and Silver|Silver]]'', and ''[[Pokémon Crystal|Crystal]]''; ''[[Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire|Pokémon Ruby]]'', ''[[Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire|Sapphire]]'', and ''[[Pokémon Emerald|Emerald]]''; ''[[Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen|Pokémon FireRed]]'' and ''[[Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen|LeafGreen]]''; ''[[Pokémon Colosseum]]'' and ''[[Pokémon XD: Gale of Darkness]]''
    +;Publications
    +*Barbo, Maria. ''The Official Pokémon Handbook''. Scholastic Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-439-15404-9.
    +*Loe, Casey, ed. ''Pokémon Special Pikachu Edition Official Perfect Guide''. Sunnydale, CA: Empire 21 Publishing, 1999. ISBN 1-930206-15-1.
    +*Nintendo Power. ''Official Nintendo Pokémon FireRed & Pokémon LeafGreen Player’s Guide''. Nintendo of America Inc., August 2004. ISBN 1-930206-50-X
    +*Mylonas, Eric. ''Pokémon Pokédex Collector’s Edition: Prima’s Official Pokémon Guide''. Prima Games, September 21 2004. ISBN 0-7615-4761-4
    +*Nintendo Power. ''Official Nintendo Pokémon Emerald Version Player’s Guide''. Nintendo of America Inc., April 2005. ISBN 1-930206-58-5

    -* [http://www.sanity.com.au/product/rockpop.asp?sku=-946456 Australian Pre-Order/Release Date Information]
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.pokemon.com/ Official Pokémon website]
    +*[http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Feraligatr_(Pokémon) Bulbapedia] (a Pokémon-centric Wiki)’s article about Feraligatr as a species
    +*{{Serebiidex|160|Feraligatr}}
    +*[http://www.pokemondungeon.com/pokedex/feraligatr.shtml Pokémon Dungeon] Pokédex entry, full of statistics analysis
    +*[http://www.psypokes.com/dex/pokedex.php?id=161&view=general PsyPoke] - Feraligatr Pokédex entry and Usage Overview
    +*[http://www.smogon.com/advance/feraligatr Smogon.com] - Feraligatr Tactical Data

    -[[Category:2006 albums]]
    -[[Category:Gwen Stefani albums]]
    +[[Category:Water Pokémon]]
    +[[Category:Stage 2 Pokémon]]
    +[[Category:Fictional crocodiles and alligators]]
    +
    +[[it:Feraligatr]]
    +[[ja:オーダイル]]
    +[[pl:Feraligatr]]
    +[[pt:Feraligatr]] 2013-03-16 22:30:02 90532014 Addbot KamikazeBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2888493]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,97 +1,214 @@\n
    -
    -'''Kevin Delaney Kline''' (born [[October 24]], [[1947 in film|1947]] in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]) is a [[Tony Award|Tony]] and [[Academy Award]]-winning [[Untied States|American]] stage and film [[actor]].
    -
    -The second of four children born to Robert Joseph Kline (a [[Germany|German]]-born [[Jew]]) and Agnes Delaney (an [[Irish American]] [[Catholic]]), Kline was raised in his mother's faith and graduated from the Roman Catholic [[Saint Louis Priory School]] in [[1965]]. Afterward he attended [[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University]] in [[Bloomington, Indiana]], where he began as an aspiring classical pianist, but after joining the on-campus theater group "Vest Pocket Players" as an undergraduate fell in love with the theater, and switched to acting.
    -
    -In 1970 he was awarded a scholarship to the newly-formed [[Juilliard Drama School]] in [[New York]]. In [[1972]], he joined with fellow Juilliard graduates, including [[Patti Lupone]] and [[David Ogden Stiers]], and formed the City Center Acting Company (now [[The Acting Company]]), under the aegis of famed British actor [[John Houseman]]. The Company traveled across the U.S. performing [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] and other classical works, founding a dedication and mission unparalleled in American repertory theatre.
    -
    -In 1976, Kline left [[The Acting Company]] and settled in New York City, doing a brief stint as the character "Woody Reed" in the now defunct soap opera ''[[Search for Tomorrow]]''. This was followed in 1978 by a small role as "Bruce Granit", a matinee' idol caricature, in [[Hal Prince]]'s ''[[On The Twentieth Century]]'' for which Kline won his first [[Tony Award]].
    -
    -In 1981, Kline paired up with rock diva [[Linda Ronstadt]] and singer [[Rex Smith]] in the New York Shakespeare Festival's Central Park production of ''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'', garnering another [[Tony Award]] for Best Leading Actor in a Musical, for his comically dashing portrayal of the Pirate King. He later played the role in a film version of the musical, also with Ronstadt, which had a limited theatrical release.
    -
    -In the ensuing years, Kline appeared many times in New York Shakespeare Festival productions of Shakespeare, including title roles in ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'', ''[[Much Ado About Nothing (film)|Much Ado About Nothing]]'', ''[[Henry V (play)|Henry V]]'', and two productions of ''[[Hamlet]]'', one of which he also directed. Dubbed "the American Olivier" by New York Times theater critic [[Frank Rich]] for his stage acting, Kline finally ventured into film in 1982, winning the coveted role of the tormented and mercurial "Nathan" opposite [[Meryl Streep]] in [[Alan Pakula]]'s ''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (Streep won an [[Academy Award]] for her performance in the film)
    -
    -During the 80s and early 90s, Kline made several films with director [[Lawrence Kasdan]], including ''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]'', ''[[Silverado]]'', ''[[Grand Canyon]]'', ''[[I Love You To Death]]'', and ''[[French Kiss]]''.
    -
    -In 1989, Kline won an [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his role in the British comedy, ''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]'', in which he played a caricature of a painfully stupid American ex-[[CIA]] thug opposite [[John Cleese]]'s genteel British barrister. (In 2000, the [[American Film Institute]] ranked the film twenty-first on [[AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs]]).
    -
    -Though he has been offered many roles that could have boosted him to box-office stardom, Kline has kept a wary distance from the Hollywood star-making machine and developed a reputation for picking parts with discrimination (such as strong roles in [[Grand Canyon]] and [[Life as a House]]), leading to the industry moniker "Kevin Decline".
    -
    -Other awards have included [[New York Drama Desk]] awards, [[Golden Globe]] awards, a [[Gotham Actor Award]], a [[Hasty Pudding Theatricals|Hasty Pudding Theatricals Man of the Year Award]], and a [[St. Louis International Film Festival]] Lifetime Achievement Award. He also has a star on the [[St. Louis Walk of Fame]].
    -
    -==Personal life==
    -Romantically linked to [[Patti Lupone]], [[Gilda Radner]], and [[Linda Ronstadt]], Kline married actress [[Phoebe Cates]] (sixteen years his junior), in [[1989]]. The couple make their home in [[New York City]] and have two children, Owen (born in 1991) who had a featured role in ''[[The Squid and the Whale]]'', and Greta (born in 1994).
    -
    -Since his son's diagnosis with juvenile diabetes, Kline has been active with the [[Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation]], and in November 2004 he was presented with the JDRF's Humanitarian of the Year award by [[Meryl Streep]] for his volunteer efforts on behalf of the organization.
    -
    -In 2004, the St. Louis professional theater community honored its boy-done-good by founding an awards ceremony in his name. The [[Kevin Kline Awards]] honor theater professionals in St. Louis in a wide array of categories, which include best actor and actress, set design, choreography, and original play. The first awards ceremony took place on March 20, 2006 in downtown St. Louis.
    -
    -==Selected filmography==
    -[[Image:A Fish Called Wanda DVD.jpg|thumb|255px|right|[[A Fish Called Wanda]] for which Kline won an [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Oscar]]]]
    -*''[[Sophie's Choice (film)|Sophie's Choice]]'' (1982) Nathan
    -*''[[The Pirates of Penzance]]'' (1983) The Pirate King
    -*''[[The Big Chill (film)|The Big Chill]]'' (1983) Harold
    -*''[[Silverado]]'' (1985) Paden
    -*''[[Cry Freedom]]'' (1987) Donald Woods
    -*''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]'' (1988) Otto West
    -*''[[January Man]]'' (1989) Nick Starkey
    -*''[[I Love You to Death]]'' (1990) Joey Boca
    -*''[[Soapdish]]'' (1991) Jeffery Anderson/Dr. Rod Randall
    -*''[[Grand Canyon (film)|Grand Canyon]]'' (1991) Mack \t
    -*''[[Consenting Adults]]'' (1992) Richard Parker
    -*''[[Chaplin]]'' (1992) Douglas Fairbanks
    -*''[[Dave (movie)|Dave]]'' (1993) Dave Kovic/President William Harrison 'Bill' Mitchell
    -*''[[The Nutcracker]]'' (1993) Narrator
    -*''[[Princess Caraboo]]'' (1994) Frixos
    -*''[[French Kiss]]'' (1995) Luc Teyssier\t
    -*''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1996) Captain Phoebus
    -*''[[The Ice Storm]]'' (1997) Ben Hood
    -*''[[Fierce Creatures]]'' (1997) Vince McCain/Rod McCain
    -*''[[In & Out]]'' (1997) Howard Brackett
    -*''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (1999) Nick Bottom
    -*''[[Wild Wild West (movie)|Wild Wild West]]'' (1999) U.S. Marshal Artemus 'Artie' Gordon
    -*''[[The Road to El Dorado]]'' (2000) Tulio
    -*''[[The Anniversary Party]]'' (2001) Cal Gold
    -*''[[Life as a House]]'' (2001) George Monroe
    -*''[[The Emperor's Club]]'' (2002) William Hundert
    -*''[[De-Lovely]]'' (2005) [[Cole Porter]]
    -*''[[The Pink Panther (2006 film)|The Pink Panther]]'' Chief Inspector Dreyfus
    -*''[[A Prairie Home Companion (film)|A Prairie Home Companion]]'' (2006)
    -*''[[As You Like It]]'' (2006)
    -*''[[Welcome to America]]'' (2006)
    -*''[[The Great Buck Howard]]'' (2006)
    -
    -{{start box}}
    -{{succession box
    -| title=[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
    -| years=1988
    '''for ''[[A Fish Called Wanda]]'' '''
    -| before=[[Sean Connery]]
    for ''[[The Untouchables (1987 film)|The Untouchables]]''
    -| after=[[Denzel Washington]]
    for ''[[Glory (film)|Glory]]''}}
    -{{end}}
    +[[Image:Champagne.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Champagne is often consumed as part of a celebration]]
    +'''Champagne''' is a [[sparkling wine]] produced by inducing the in-bottle [[secondary fermentation]] of [[wine]] to effect [[carbonation]]. It is named after the [[Champagne (province)|Champagne region]] of [[France]]. While the term "champagne" is often used by makers of sparkling wine in other parts of the world, many claim it should properly be used to refer only to the wines made in the Champagne region.
    +
    +==Origins==
    +Wines from the Champagne region were already known before [[Middle Ages|medieval]] times. [[Church]]es owned [[vineyard]]s, and [[monk]]s produced wine for use in the sacrament of [[Eucharist]]. [[List of French monarchs|French kings]] were traditionally anointed in [[Reims]]. Champagne wine flowed as part of [[coronation]] festivities.
    +
    +Kings appreciated the still, light, and crisp wine, and offered it as an homage to other monarchs in Europe. In the [[17th century]], still wines of Champagne were the chosen wines for celebration in European countries. English people were the biggest consumers of Champagne wines, and drank a lot of sparkling wines.
    +
    +The first commercial sparkling wine was produced in the [[Limoux]] area of [[Languedoc]] about [[1535]]. They did not invent it; nobody knows who first made it, although the British make a reasonably good claim. Contrary to legend and popular belief, the French monk [[Dom Perignon (person)|Dom Perignon]] did not invent champagne, although it is almost certainly true that he developed many advances in the production of this beverage. Some people believe that champagne was created quite by accident, but no one has been able to prove that this is the case. Some others believe that the first champagne was made with [[rhubarb]] but was changed due to the high cost.
    +
    +Somewhere in the end of the 17th century, the sparkling method was imported to the Champagne region, associated with specific procedures for production (including smooth pressing and dosage), and stronger bottles (invented in England) that could hold the added pressure. Around [[1700]], sparkling Champagne was born.
    +
    +"The leading manufacturers devoted considerable energy to creating a history and identity for their wine, associating it and themselves with nobility and royalty. Through advertising and packaging they persuaded the world to turn to champagne for festivities and rites de passage and to enjoy it as a luxury and form of conspicuous consumption. Their efforts coincided with an emerging middle class that was looking for ways to spend its money on symbols of upward mobility."
    +
    +In 1866, the famous entertainer and star of his day, [[George Leybourne]] (who called himself Champagne Charlie) began a career of making celebrity endorsements for Champagne. The Champagne maker Moet commissioned him to write and perform songs extolling the virtues of Champagne, especially as a reflection of taste, affluence, and the good life. He also agreed to drink nothing but Champagne in public. Leybourne was seen as highly sophisticated and his image and efforts did much to establish Champagne as an important element in enhancing social status. It was a marketing triumph the results of which endure to this day.
    +
    +English people loved the new sparkling wine, and spread it all over the world. ''Brut'' Champagne, the modern Champagne, was created for the British in 1876. The [[Russia|Russian]] royalty also consumed huge quantities, preferring the sweeter styles.
    +
    +== "Champagne" and the law==
    +[[Image:Anbau_champagner.gif|thumb|right|275px|The Champagne appellation highlighted in red]]
    +In Europe and most other countries, the name "Champagne" is [[Protected designation of origin|legally protected]] as part of the [[Treaty of Madrid (1891)]] to mean only sparkling wine produced in its namesake region and adhering to the standards defined for that name as an ''[[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée]]''. This right was reaffirmed in the [[Treaty of Versailles]] following [[World War I]]. Even the term ''méthode champenoise,'' or ''champagne method'' is, as of 2005, forbidden in favor of ''méthode traditionnelle''. There are sparkling wines made all over the world, and many use special terms to define their own sparkling wines: Spain uses ''[[Cava]]'', Italy calls it [[spumante]], and South Africa uses ''[[Cap Classique]]''. A sparkling wine made from [[Muscat grape]]s in Italy uses the [[Denominazione di Origine Controllata|DOCG]] ''[[Asti]]''. In [[Germany]], [[Sekt]] is a common sparkling wine. Other regions of France are forbidden to use the name Champagne; for example, wine-makers in [[Burgundy]] and [[Alsace]] produce [[Crémant]]. However, some Crémant producers label their product in a manner apparently designed to mislead consumers into believing that they are actually purchasing Champagne.{{fact}}
    +
    +Other sparkling wines not from Champagne sometimes use the term "sparkling wine" on their label. While most countries have labeling laws which prevent the use of the term Champagne on any wine not from the region, some – including the [[United States]] – permit wine producers to use the name “Champagne” as a [[semi-generic]] name. One reason U.S. wine producers are allowed to use the European names is that the [[Treaty of Versailles]], though signed by [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]], was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. The Treaty of Versailles included a clause designed to limit the German wine industry and to allow the use of the term Champagne only on wines from the Champagne region of France (which had been in the middle of numerous WWI battles). As the U.S. Senate never ratified the Treaty, this language never was implemented in the United States.
    +
    +Current U.S regulations require that what is defined as a [[semi-generic]] name (such as Champagne) shall be used on a wine label only if there appears next to that name the appellation of "the actual place of origin" in order to prevent any possible consumer confusion. Because the quality of their wines are now widely recognized, many US producers of quality sparkling wine no longer find the term "Champagne" useful in marketing. In addition, some key US wine growing areas such as [[Napa]], [[Oregon]] and [[Washington]] now view semi-generic labeling as harmful to their reputations (see [[Napa Declaration on Place]]).
    +
    +The Champagne winemaking community, under the auspices of the [[Comité Interprofessionel du Vin de Champagne]], has developed a comprehensive set of rules and regulations for all wine that comes from the region in order to protect the economic interests of that community. They include a codification of the most suitable places for grapes to grow; the most suitable types of grapes (most Champagne is produced from one or a blend of up to three varieties of grapes - [[chardonnay]], [[Pinot Noir|pinot noir]], and [[Pinot Meunier|meunier]] - although five other varietals are permitted); and a lengthy set of requirements that specifies most aspects of [[viticulture]]. This includes vine pruning, the yield of the vineyard, the degree of pressing applied to the grapes, and the time that bottles must remain on the [[Lees (fermentation)|lees]]. It can also limit the release of Champagne into the market in order to maintain prices. Only if a wine meets all these requirements may the name Champagne be placed on the bottle. The rules that have been agreed upon by the CIVC are then presented to the [[INAO]] for final approval.
    +
    +Reporter Pierre-Marie Doutrelant revealed that "many famous Champagne houses, when short of stock, bought bottled but unlabeled wine from cooperatives or one of the big private-label producers in the region, then sold it as their own" (Prial).
    +
    +==Production==
    +[[Image:Mumm cellars in Reims.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Mumm cellars in Reims]]
    +Grapes used for Champagne are generally picked earlier, when sugar levels are lower and acid levels higher. Except for pink or rosé Champagnes, the juice of harvested grapes is pressed off quickly, to keep the wine white. The traditional method of making Champagne is known as the [[Méthode Champenoise]].
    +
    +The first fermentation begins in the same way as any wine, converting the natural sugar in the grapes into alcohol while the resultant [[carbon dioxide]] is allowed to escape. This produces the "base wine". This wine is not very pleasant by itself, being too acidic. At this point the blend is assembled, using wines from various vineyards, and, in the case of non-vintage Champagne, various years.
    +
    +The blended wine is put in bottles along with yeast and a small amount of sugar, called the ''liqueur de tirage'', and stored in a wine cellar horizontally, for a second fermentation. During the secondary fermentation the [[carbon dioxide]] is trapped in the bottle, keeping it dissolved in the wine. The amount of added sugar will determine the pressure of the bottle. To reach the standard value of 6 [[bars]] inside the bottle is necessary to have 18 grams of sugar, and the amount of yeast, ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', is regulated by the European Commission (Regulation 1622/2000, [[24 July]] [[2000]]) to be 0.3 grams per bottle. The "liqueur de tirage" is then a mixture of sugar, yeast and still champagne wine.
    +[[Image:Bottles in riddling rack.jpg|thumb|right|Bottles in a riddling rack]]
    +
    +After aging (a minimum from one and a half to three years), they undergo a process known as ''[[riddling]]'' (''remuage'' in French), in which they are rotated a small amount each day and gradually moved to a neck-down orientation, so that the sediment ('lees') collects in their necks and can be removed. The removal process is called "[[disgorging]]" (''dégorgement'' in French), and was a skilled manual process, where the [[cork (material)|cork]] and the lees were removed without losing large quantities of the liquid, and a ''dosage'' (a varying amount of additional sugar) is added. Until this process was invented (reputedly by [[Madame Clicquot]] in 1800) Champagne was cloudy, a style still seen occasionally today under the label ''méthode ancestrale''. Modern disgorgement is automated by freezing a small amount of the liquid in the neck and removing this plug of ice containing the lees. A cork is then inserted with a capsule and wire cage securing it in place.
    +
    +Wines from Champagne cannot legally be sold until it has aged on the lees in the bottle for at least 15 months. Champagne's AOC regulations require that vintage Champagnes are aged in cellars for three years or more before disgorgement, but most top producers exceed this minimum requirement, holding bottles on the lees for 6 to 8 years before disgorgement.
    +[[Image:ChampagneCapsulesLarge.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Champagne Capsules]]
    +Even experts disagree about the effects of aging on Champagne after disgorgement. Some prefer the freshness and vitality of young, recently disgorged Champagne, and others prefer the baked apple and caramel flavors that develop from a year or more of aging.
    +
    +The majority of the Champagne produced is 'non-vintage' (also known as 'mixed vintage'), a blend of wines from several years. This means that no declared year will be displayed on the bottle label. Typically, however, the majority of the wine is from the current year but a percentage is made of "reserve wine" from previous years. This serves to smooth out some of the vintage variations caused by the marginal growing climate of Champagne, which is the most northerly winegrowing region in France. Most Champagne houses strive for a consistent "house style" from year to year (largely for reasons related to price-setting and successful marketing), and this is arguably one of the hardest tasks of the house winemaker.
    +
    +The grapes to produce vintage Champagne must be 100% from the year indicated (some other wines in the EU need only be 85% to be called vintage, depending on their type and appellation). To maintain the quality of non-vintage champagne a maximum of half the grapes harvested in one year can be used in the production of vintage Champagne ensuring at least 50%, though usually more, is reserved for non-vintage wines. Vintage Champagnes are the product of a single high-quality year, and bottles from prestigious makers can be rare and expensive.
    +
    +Champagne's sugar content varies. The sweetest level is doux (meaning sweet), proceeding in order of increasing dryness to demi-sec (half-dry), sec (dry), extra sec (extra dry), brut (almost completely dry), and extra brut / brut nature / brut zero (no additional sugar, sometimes ferociously dry).
    +
    +===Champagne producers===
    +{{main|List of champagne producers}}
    +There are over 100 champagne houses and 15,000 smaller vignerons (vine-growing producers) operating in Champagne. These companies manage some 32,000 hectares of vineyards in the region, and employ over 10,000 people.
    +
    +Annual sales by all producers total over 300 million bottles per year, equating to roughly €4.3 billion of revenue. Roughly two-thirds of these sales are made by the large champagne houses and their grandes marques (major brands). 58% of total production is sold within France, with the remaining 42% being exported around the world – primarily to the UK, the U.S., and Germany.
    +
    +At any one time, champagne producers collectively hold a stock of about 1 billion bottles which are being matured, equating to more than three years of sales volume.
    +
    +The type of champagne producer can be identified from the abbreviations followed by the official number on the bottle:
    +*'''NM''': ''Négociant manipulant''. These companies (including the majority of the larger brands) buy grapes and make the wine
    +*'''CM''': ''Coopérative de manipulation''. [[Co-operatives]] that make wines from the growers who are members, with all the grapes pooled together
    +*'''RM''': ''Récoltant manipulant''. A grower that also makes wine from their own grapes
    +*'''SR''': ''Société de récoltants''. An association of growers making a shared Champagne but who are not a co-operative
    +*'''RC''': ''Récoltant coopérateur''. A co-operative member selling Champagne produced by the co-operative under its own name
    +*'''MA''': ''Marque auxiliaire'' or ''Marque d'acheteur''. A brand name unrelated to the producer or grower; the name is owned by someone else, for example a supermarket
    +*'''ND''': ''Négociant distributeur''. A wine merchant selling under his own name
    +
    +==Varieties==
    +Champagne is a single [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée]]. Grapes must be the white [[Chardonnay]], or the red [[Pinot Noir]] or [[Pinot Meunier]] (a few very rare other grapes that were historically important are allowed, but very unusual). Champagnes made exclusively from Chardonnay are known as ''blanc de blancs'', and those exclusively from the red grapes as ''blanc de noirs''.
    +
    +Champagne is typically a white wine even if it is produced with red grapes, because the juice is extracted from the grapes using a gentle process that minimizes the amount of time the juice spends in contact with the skins, which is what gives [[red wine]] its colour. [[Rosé]] wines are also produced, either by permitting the juice to spend more time with the skins to impart a pink color to the wine, or by adding a small amount of red wine during blending. The amount of [[sugar]] (dosage) added after the second fermentation and ageing also varies, from ''brut zéro'' or ''brut natural'', where none is added, through ''brut'', ''extra-dry'', ''sec'', ''demi-sec'' and ''doux''. The most common is brut, although in the early 20th century Champagne was generally much sweeter.
    +
    +Most Champagne is non-[[vintage]], produced from a blend of years (the exact blend is only mentioned on the label by a few growers), while that produced from a single vintage is labelled with the year and [[Millésimé]].
    +
    +Many Champagnes are produced from bought-in grapes by well known brands such as [[Veuve Clicquot]] or [[Mumm]].
    +
    +==The Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne==
    +{{main|Comité Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne}}
    +All of the over 15,000 growers, cooperatives and over 300 houses that are central to producing Champagne are members of the Comite Interprofessionnel du Vin de Champagne (CIVC), established in 1941 under the auspices of the French government (now represented by the Ministry of Agriculture). This organization has a system in which both the houses and the growers are represented at all levels. This includes a co-presidency where a grower representative and a representative of the houses share the running of the organization. This system is designed to ensure that the CIVC's primary mission, to promote and protect Champagne and those who produce it, is done in a manner that represents the interests of all involved. This power structure has played an important role in the success of Champagne worldwide and the integrity of the appellation itself.
    +
    +The CIVC is charged with organizing and controlling the production, distribution, and promotion of Champagne. Until 1990, it set the price for grapes and still intervenes to regulate the size of the harvest, to decide if any should be withheld from production into Champagne and, if so, the amount to be withheld from the market.
    +
    +==Bubbles==
    +{{see also|Carbonation|Effervescence}}
    +[[Image:Rose Champagne Bubbles.jpg|thumb|right|Bubbles from rose champagne]]
    +
    +
    +An initial burst of effervescence occurs when the champagne contacts the dry glass on pouring. These bubbles may form on imperfections in the [[glass]] that facilitate nucleation. However, after the initial rush, these naturally occurring imperfections are typically too small to consistently act as nucleation points as the surface tension of the liquid smooths out these minute irregularities.
    +
    +::"Contrary to a generally accepted idea, nucleation sites are not located on irregularities of the glass itself. The length-scale of glass and crystal irregularities is far below the critical radius of curvature required for the non-classical heterogeneous nucleation." G. Liger-Belair et al, (2002) Europhysics News 33 (1)
    +
    +The nucleation sites that act as a source for the ongoing effervescence are not natural imperfections in the glass, but actually occur either:
    +
    +:*where the glass has been etched by the manufacturer or the customer. This etching is typically done with acid, a laser, or a glass etching tool from a craft shop to provide nucleation sites for continuous bubble formation (note that not all glasses are etched in this way); or, to a lesser extent,
    +:*on cellulose fibres left over from the wiping/drying process as shown by Gérard Liger-Belair, Richard Marchal, and Philippe Jeandel with a high-speed [[video camera]]. (See: [[#References|References]])
    +
    +It is interesting to note that [[Dom Perignon (person)|Dom Perignon]] was originally charged by his superiors at the [[Abbey|Abbey of Hautvillers]] to get rid of the bubbles since the pressure in the bottles caused many of them to explode in the cellar and was thought to be the work of the devil.
    +
    +It is widely accepted that the smaller the bubbles the better the Champagne.
    +
    +==Champagne bottles==
    +{{details|Wine bottle nomenclature}}
    +Champagne is mostly fermented in two sizes bottles, standard bottle (750 [[millilitre|mL]]), and Magnum (1.5 [[Litre|L]]). In general, magnums are thought to be higher quality, as there is less oxygen in the bottle, and the volume to surface area favors the creation of appropriately-sized bubbles. However, there is no hard evidence for this view. Other bottle sizes, named for Biblical figures, are generally filled with Champagne that has been fermented in standard bottles or magnums.
    +
    +Sizes larger than Jeroboam (3.0 L) are rare. Primat sized bottles (27 L) - and as of 2002 Melchizedek sized bottles (30 L) - are exclusively offered by the House [[Drappier]]. The same names are used for bottles containing wine and port; however Jeroboam, Rehoboam and Methuselah refer to different bottle volumes.
    +On occasion unique sizes have been made for special occasions and people, the most notable example perhaps being the 20 fluid ounce / 60 cL. bottle (Imperial pint) made specially for Sir Winston Churchill by Pol Roger. This was routinely served to Churchill by his butler at 11:00AM as he was getting up (Churchill was famous for regularly enjoying Champagne as a part of his breakfast). {{fact}}
    +
    +===Opening Champagne bottles===
    +[[Image:ChampagneCorksLarge.jpg|250px|thumb|A selection of Champagne [[Cork (material)|corks]]]]
    +The deliberate spraying of Champagne has become an integral part of some sports trophy presentations, such as the famous podium presentation at the conclusion of a [[Formula 1]] [[Grand Prix]]; however, Champagne enthusiasts sometimes cringe at the waste. To reduce the risk of spilling Champagne and/or turning the cork into a [[projectile]], open a Champagne bottle as follows:
    +*Remove the foil and pull down the wire loop;
    +*Drape a towel over the bottle:
    +*Place your hand over the cork;
    +*Loosen but don't remove the wire cage;
    +*Grasp the cork and the cage firmly with your hand, then rotate the bottle (rather than the cork) by holding it at the base; this should allow the cork to come out on its own.
    +
    +The desired effect is to ease the cork out with a sigh or a whisper rather than a ''[[onomatopoeia|pop]]'' or to shoot the cork across the room or produce a fountain of foamy wine. Most wine connoisseurs insist that the ideal way to open a bottle of Champagne is to do it so carefully and gently that very little sound is emitted at all.
    +
    +====Sabrage====
    +A [[sabre]] can be used to open a Champagne bottle with great ceremony. This technique is called sabrage. The sabre is slid along the body of the bottle toward the neck. The force of the blade hitting the lip separates the lip from the neck of the bottle. The cork and lip remain together after separating from the neck. Sabrage does not involve a slicing motion. To properly execute, one should:
    +*Select a heavy sabre, with a rather short blade and broad back;
    +*Hold in one hand the sabre. Use the back and not the cut of the blade;
    +*Hold in the other hand the Champagne bottle on its lowest part, the wire cage loosened or removed;
    +*Touch and slide the blade alongside the bottle until it hits the swelling on the bottleneck. The jolt will break the bottle and its tip will fly away in a [[trajectory]];
    +*Have part of the spray spill out in order to wash away potential glass splinters;
    +
    +Using the sabre method is not particularly difficult, but some precautions are necessary:
    +*The sabre is a weapon and might be dangerous;
    +*The tip of the bottle will fly away with force. Keep the foreseen [[trajectory]] free of obstacles;
    +*Check fluid for glass splinters before drinking;
    +*Do not touch the top of the bottle after opening; it is likely to have [[razor]] sharp edges
    +
    +==Serving Champagne==
    +Champagne is usually served in a [[champagne flute]], whose characteristics include a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl and opening. The wider, flat [[champagne coupe]]; which has a saucer-shaped bowl and is commonly associated with Champagne, is no longer preferred by connoisseurs because it does not preserve the bubbles and aroma of the wine as well.
    +
    +Alternatively, when tasting Champagne, a big red wine glass (i.e. a glass for Bordeaux) can be used, as the aroma spreads better in the larger volume of the glass.
    +
    +Glasses should not be overfilled: flutes should be filled only to ⅔ of the glass, and big red wine glasses not more than ⅓ of the glass.
    +
    +Champagne is always served cold, and is best drunk at a temperature of around 7 to 9 °C (43 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice and water before and after opening. Champagne buckets are made specifically for this purpose, and often have a larger volume than standard wine-cooling buckets (to accommodate the larger bottle, and more water and ice).
    +
    +Note: When drinking vintage Champagnes, the goal is to open a cold bottle and serve from a bottle and/or drink from a glass that is warming up to 11 to 15 °C (52 to 60°F) range. (Do not artificially warm it, just let it happen.)
    +
    +Once a bottle (of good Champagne) is opened there is no reason to put it back in the ice bucket. The primary use of an ice bucket is to get the bottle open without losing bubbles or wine. Once the bottle is open the bucket has served its purpose.
    +
    +== Aging ==
    +There is a debate about the aging of champagne. Champagne's freshness has contributed to most people's impression that it should be enjoyed soon after purchase. Vintage champagne is often put aside to be enjoyed years after its release. As champagne ages, it deepens in color and often develops bready, caramelized flavors and aromas.
    +
    +* [http://www.thewinenews.com/decjan0001/cover.html Aged Champagne]
    +
    +==See also==
    +*[[Champagne Riots]]
    +*[[Coteaux Champenois AOC]]
    +*[[Conspicuous consumption]]
    +*[[List of cocktails]]
    +*[[Rosé des Riceys AOC]]
    +*[[Sparkling wine]]
    +*[[Wine fraud]]
    +
    +==References==
    +*{{fr}} {{cite journal | author=G. Liger-Belair | title=La physique des bulles de champagne | journal=Annales de Physique | year=2002 | volume=27 | issue=4 | pages=1-106
    + | url=http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/anphys/abs/2002/04/ann042002/ann042002.html}}
    +
    +*{{cite journal | author=G. Liger-Belair et al | title=Close-up on Bubble Nucleation in a Glass of Champagne | journal=American Society for Enology and Viticulture | year=2002 | volume=53 | issue=2 | pages=151-153 | url=http://www.asev.org/Journal/Volumes/53_2/Pgs151-153%20Abstract.pdf }} PDF abstract
    +
    +*{{cite journal | author=G. Liger-Belair et al | title=Effervescence in a glass of champagne: A bubble story | journal=Europhysics News | year=2002 | volume=33 | issue=1 | url=http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/13/article3/article3.html }}
    +
    +* Guy, Kolleen. ''When Champagne became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity''. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.
    +* Robinson, Jancis (Ed.) ''The Oxford Companion to Wine''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, second edition, 1999.
    +*Prial, Frank J. ''Decantations''. New Yrk: St. Maritin's and grifin Publishers, 2001, p. 24.

    ==External links==
    -*{{imdb name|id=0000177|name=Kevin Kline}}
    -*[http://dramafan.tripod.com/kevinkline Kevin Kline - as in the Actor - Online]
    -*[http://www.stlouiswalkoffame.org/inductees/kevin-kline.html St. Louis Walk of Fame]
    -
    -
    -
    -[[Category:1947 births|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:American film actors|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:American stage actors|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:Best Supporting Actor Oscar|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:Irish-American actors|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:Jewish American actors|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:Living people|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:People from Missouri|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:St. Louisans|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:Worst Actor Razzie nominees|Kline, Kevin]]
    -[[Category:St. Louis Walk of Fame|Kline, Kevin]]
    -
    -[[de:Kevin Kline]]
    -[[es:Kevin Kline]]
    -[[fr:Kevin Kline]]
    -[[ja:ケヴィン・クライン]]
    -[[pl:Kevin Kline]]
    -[[fi:Kevin Kline]]
    -[[sv:Kevin Kline]]
    +*[http://www.champagne.com/en_indx.html Official site] of the [[Comité Interprofessionel du Vin de Champagne]] [[trade association]]
    +*[http://www.champagne.us/ Official site] of the [[Office of Champagne, USA]]
    +*[http://www.maisons-champagne.com/traduction/english/index_gb.php Grand Marques and Houses] Official site of the Union of Champagne Houses
    +
    +==Further reading==
    +*Tom Stevenson (2003) ''World Encyclopedia of Champagne and Sparkling Wine''. Wine Appreciation Guild ISBN 1-891267-61-2
    +*Gérard Liger-Belair (2004) ''Uncorked: The Science of Champagne''. Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-11919-8
    +
    +{{Wines}}
    +
    +[[Category:Champagne wine AOCs]]
    +[[Category:Sparkling wines]]
    +[[Category:Brand name food products]]
    +[[Category:French wines]]
    +
    +{{Link FA|de}}
    +
    +
    +[[bg:Шампанско вино]]
    +[[ca:Xampany]]
    +[[da:Champagne]]
    +[[de:Champagner]]
    +[[es:Champán]]
    +[[eo:Ĉampano]]
    +[[fa:شامپاین]]
    +[[fr:Vin de Champagne]]
    +[[hr:Šampanjac]]
    +[[id:Sampanye]]
    +[[it:Champagne]]
    +[[he:שמפניה]]
    +[[ka:შამპანური]]
    +[[lt:Šampanas]]
    +[[nl:Champagne (wijn)]]
    +[[ja:シャンパン]]
    +[[pl:Szampan]]
    +[[pt:Champagne (vinho)]]
    +[[ru:Шампанское]]
    +[[fi:Samppanja]]
    +[[sv:Champagne]]
    +[[uk:Шампанське]]
    +[[zh:香槟酒]] 2013-03-15 08:33:31 90266891 Addbot AttoBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3000107]] NaN 2013-03-19 21:59:56 90929409 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3546170]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,698 +1,58 @@\n
    -{{Redirect5|The Big Easy|the movie|The Big Easy (1987 film)}}
    -{{redirect|New Orleans}}
    -{{Infobox City |official_name = City of New Orleans
    -|nickname = "The Crescent City", "The Big Easy", "The City That Care Forgot", "NOLA" (acronym for New Orleans, LA)
    -|website = http://www.cityofno.com/
    -|image_skyline = New Orleans Skyline PD.jpg
    -|image_flag = New Orleans, Louisiana flag.svg
    -|image_seal = NO city seal.gif
    -|image_map = Orleans Parish Louisiana.png
    -|map_caption = Location in the State of [[Louisiana]] and the [[United States]]
    -|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
    -|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
    -|subdivision_type2 = [[List of parishes of Louisiana|Parish]]
    -|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
    -|subdivision_name1 = [[Louisiana]]
    -|subdivision_name2 = [[Orleans Parish|Orleans]]
    -|established_title = Founded
    -|established_date = [[1718]]
    -|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
    -|leader_name = [[Ray Nagin]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
    -|area_magnitude = 1 E8
    -|area_total = 350.2 mi² / 907
    -|area_land = 180.6 mi² / 467.6
    -|area_water = 169.7 mi² / 439.4
    -|population_as_of = 2005
    -|population_total = 454,863
    -|population_metro = 1,319,367
    -|population_density = 2518 per mi² / 973
    -|timezone = [[Central Standard Time Zone|CST]]
    -|utc_offset = -6
    -|timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
    -|utc_offset_DST = -5
    -|latd = 29
    -|latm = 57
    -|lats = 53
    -|latNS = N
    -|longd = 90
    -|longm = 4
    -|longs = 14
    -|longEW = W
    -|elevation = -2 to 6
    -|footnotes =
    -}}
    -'''New Orleans''' (local pronunciations: {{IPA|/nuːˈɔɹliːnz/}}, {{IPA|/nuːˈɔɹliːənz/}}, or {{IPA|/nuːˈɔɹlənz/}}) ([[French language|French]]: '''''La Nouvelle-Orléans''''', pronounced [[Image:ltspkr.png]] [[Media:La Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg|{{IPA|/la nuvɛl ɔʀleɑ̃/}}]] in standard French accent) ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: '''''Nueva Orleans'''''), is a major [[United States]] port city and historically the largest city in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]]. It is in southeastern Louisiana along the [[Mississippi River]], just south of [[Lake Pontchartrain]], and is coextensive with '''Orleans Parish'''. New Orleans is named after [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], Regent of France, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States.
    +{{notability|notability}}

    -New Orleans is known for its [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] heritage as well as its music and cuisine. It is considered the birthplace of [[jazz]].{{cite web
    - | title=New Orleans: The Birthplace of Jazz
    - | work=PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns
    - | format=primarily excerpted from Jazz: A History of America's Music
    - | url=http://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/places_new_orleans.htm
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}
    -    {{cite web
    - | title=America Savors Its Music During Jazz Appreciation Month
    - | work=U.S. Dept. of State – USINFO
    - | url=http://usinfo.state.gov/scv/Archive/2006/Apr/03-859354.html
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}     Its status as a world-famous [[Tourism|tourist]] destination is due in part to its architecture and its annual [[New Orleans Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras]] and other celebrations. It is often called the "most unique city" in America. [http://katrina.house.gov/hearings/12_14_05/nagin_121405.doc], [http://www.googlism.com/when_is/n/new_orleans/],
    -[http://www.wtop.com/index.php?nid=114&sid=603030],
    -[http://www.blackprof.com/archives/2006/07/post_3.html]
    +The '''Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area''' is a [[United States Census Bureau]] defined [[United States metropolitan area|Metropolitan Statistical Area]] located in the [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] region of the [[Colorado|State of Colorado]]. The Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area includes ten Colorado counties.

    -The city's several nicknames are illustrative. '''Crescent City''' alludes to the course of the [[Lower Mississippi River|Mississippi River]] around and through the city; '''The Big Easy''' was possibly a reference by musicians in the early [[1900s]] to the relative ease of finding work there, but most New Orleanians attribute the term to the city being more carefree and slowed down than cities like New York (the Big Apple); and ''''The City that Care Forgot'''" refers to the outwardly easy-going, carefree nature of many of the residents.{{cite web
    - | title=Origins of New Orleans Words and Traditions
    - | work=Louisiana Division, New Orleans Public Library
    - | url=http://nutrias.org/facts/origins.htm
    - | accessdate=2006-06-17}}
    -    {{cite web
    - | title=New Orleans—''"The City That Care Forgot" and Other Nicknames: A Preliminary Investigation''
    - | work=New Orleans Public Library
    - | url=http://nutrias.org/facts/careforgot.htm#_ftnref13
    - | accessdate=2006-06-17}}
    -    {{cite news
    - | url=http://www.bestofneworleans.com/dispatch/2002-04-09/blake.html
    - | title=Blake Ponthchartrain, New Orleans Know-it-all
    - | work=Gambit Weekly
    - | date=[[2002-04-09]]
    - | accessdate=2006-06-17
    - }}
    +{| border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 align=center
    +|+ '''Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area'''{{cite web | year = [[August 18]] [[2006]] | url = http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metropop/2005/cbsa-01-fmt.csv | title = CBSA-EST2005-alldata: Population Estimates and Estimated Components of Change for Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Their Geographic Components: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005 | format = [[text file]] | work = 2005 Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division | accessdate = November 28 | accessyear = 2006}}
    +|-
    +! County
    +! 2005 Population
    +|-
    +| [[Adams County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 399,426
    +|-
    +| [[Arapahoe County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 529,090
    +|-
    +| [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 43,478
    +|-
    +| [[Clear Creek County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 9,197
    +|-
    +| [[Denver, Colorado|City and County of Denver, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 557,917
    +|-
    +| [[Douglas County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 249,416
    +|-
    +| [[Elbert County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 22,788
    +|-
    +| [[Gilpin County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 4,932
    +|-
    +| [[Jefferson County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 526,801
    +|-
    +| [[Park County, Colorado]]
    +| align=right | 16,949
    +|-
    +| align=right | '''Total'''
    +| align=right | '''2,359,994'''
    +|}
    +

    +The Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area includes the [[Denver, Colorado|City and County of Denver]], the [[Aurora, Colorado|City of Aurora]], the [[Arvada, Colorado|City of Arvada]], the [[Black Hawk, Colorado|City of Black Hawk]], the [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]], the [[Centennial, Colorado|City of Centennial]], [[Central City, Colorado|Central City]], the [[Cherry Hills Village, Colorado|City of Cherry Hills Village]], the [[Commerce City, Colorado|City of Commerce City]], the [[Edgewater, Colorado|City of Edgewater]], the [[Englewood, Colorado|City of Englewood]], the [[Federal Heights, Colorado|City of Federal Heights]], the [[Glendale, Colorado|City of Glendale]], the [[Golden, Colorado|City of Golden]], the [[Greenwood Village, Colorado|City of Greenwood Village]], the [[Idaho Springs, Colorado|City of Idaho Springs]], the [[Lakewood, Colorado|City of Lakewood]], the [[Littleton, Colorado|City of Littleton]], the [[Lone Tree, Colorado|City of Lone Tree]], the [[Sheridan, Colorado|City of Sheridan]], the [[Westminster, Colorado|City of Westminster]], the [[Wheat Ridge, Colorado|City of Wheat Ridge]], the [[Alma, Colorado|Town of Alma]], the [[Bennett, Colorado|Town of Bennett]], the [[Bow Mar, Colorado|Town of Bow Mar]], the [[Castle Rock, Colorado|Town of Castle Rock]], the [[Columbine Valley, Colorado|Town of Columbine Valley]], the [[Deer Trail, Colorado|Town of Deer Trail]], the [[Elizabeth, Colorado|Town of Elizabeth]], the [[Empire, Colorado|Town of Empire]], the [[Fairplay, Colorado|Town of Fairplay]], the [[Foxfield, Colorado|Town of Foxfield]], the [[Georgetown, Colorado|Town of Georgetown]], the [[Kiowa, Colorado|Town of Kiowa]], the [[Lakeside, Colorado|Town of Lakeside]], the [[Larkspur, Colorado|Town of Larkspur]], the [[Morrison, Colorado|Town of Morrison]], the [[Mountain View, Colorado|Town of Mountain View]], the [[Parker, Colorado|Town of Parker]], the [[Silver Plume, Colorado|Town of Silver Plume]], the [[Simla, Colorado|Town of Simla]], the [[Watkins, Colorado|Town of Watkins]], most of the [[Brighton, Colorado|City of Brighton]], most of the [[Northglenn, Colorado|City of Northglenn]], most of the [[Thornton, Colorado|City of Thornton]], part of the [[Lochbuie, Colorado|Town of Lochbuie]], part of the [[Superior, Colorado|Town of Superior]], and the [[unincorporated area]]s of the ten counties.

    -The [[New Orleans Metropolitan Area]], as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, currently includes seven Parishes: Orleans, Jefferson, St. Bernard, Plaquemines, St. Tammany, St. Charles, and St. John the Baptist; with a total poulation of 1.4 million, making it the 35th largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States. The metro area suffered a lost of population as a result of hurricane Katrina in August 2005. As of December 2005 the metro area's population was estimated at 950,000 but as of August 2006 the metro area's population has rebounded to 1.2 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in the state once again. [http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/phc-t3.html]
    +The Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area, the [[Boulder Metropolitan Statistical Area]], and the [[Greeley Metropolitan Statistical Area]] comprise the [[Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area]].

    -The [[United States Census, 2000|2000 U.S. census]] put New Orleans's population at 484,674, but [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 caused the city's evacuation. After the extensive damage caused by the storm, many residents have not yet returned. The current population is estimated at 187,525 as of October of 2006, although this estimate has been disputed since the census bureau did not count the massive number of residents residing in FEMA provided housing (between 50,000 to 100,000) in the New Orleans area, nor did they count the 17,000 Mexican workers who have chosen to make New Orleans their permenant home.
    -[http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl100506khsurvey.cb83b4f.html]
    -
    -== History ==
    -[[Image:New Orleans PD 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sign at Jackson Square in the French Quarter]]
    -{{main|History of New Orleans}}
    -===Beginnings===
    -New Orleans was founded in 1718 by the [[French Mississippi Company]] as '''''la Nouvelle-Orléans''''', under the direction of [[Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville]]. The site was selected because of its relatively high elevation along the [[flood]]-prone banks of the [[Lower Mississippi River]] and its location adjacent to a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] trading route and [[portage]] between the river and [[Lake Pontchartrain]].
    -
    -In [[1723]], New Orleans became the third capital of French colonial Louisiana, following [[Biloxi]] ([[1720]]), and [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] (1702).
    -
    -In 1763, the French colony was ceded to the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish Empire]] and remained under Spanish control for 40 years. Most of the surviving architecture of the [[French Quarter]] dates from this Spanish period. Louisiana reverted to French control in 1801, but two years later [[Napoleon]] sold it to the United States in the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. The city grew rapidly, with influxes of Americans, French and [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]] French.
    -
    -During the [[War of 1812]] the [[United Kingdom|British]] sent a force to conquer the city. The British were defeated by American forces led by [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[Battle of New Orleans]] on [[January 8]], [[1815]]. A peace treaty had been signed between the United States and Britain on [[December 24]], [[1814]], but news of the treaty did not reach the United States in time to prevent the battle from occurring.
    -
    -By 1840, New Orleans had become by far the wealthiest city in the nation, and was also ranked as the third most populous city, being beaten by Baltimore by only 119 people. Since that time, the city has become the thirteenth poorest large city in the Nation. Up until 1960 New Orleans had consistently been ranked in the top fifteen largest Cities in the U.S. but since that time, the city has shrunk to the thirty-fifth largest city in the U.S.
    -
    -[[image:Karte New Orleans MKL1888.png|thumb|200px|1888 German map of New Orleans]]
    -The population of the city doubled in the 1830s, and by 1840 the city's population was over 100,000—one of the largest cities in the U.S. Population growth was frequently interrupted by [[yellow fever]] epidemics, the last of which occurred in 1905.
    -
    -As a principal port, New Orleans had a leading role in the [[slave trade]], while at the same time having the most prosperous community of free persons of color in the South.{{cite web
    - | title=History of Les Gens De Couleur Libres
    - | url=http://www.creolehistory.com/
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}     Early in the [[American Civil War]] New Orleans was captured by the Union. This action spared the city the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South.
    -
    -===Twentieth Century===
    -In the early [[20th century]], New Orleans was a progressive major city whose most portentous development was a drainage plan devised by engineer and inventor [[A. Baldwin Wood]]. Urban development theretofore was largely limited to higher ground along natural river levees and [[bayou]]s. Wood's pump system allowed the city to expand into low-lying areas. Over the 20th century, rapid [[subsidence]], both natural and human-induced, left these newly-populated areas several feet below sea level.{{Cite paper | author=Kusky, Timothy M. | title=Why is New Orleans Sinking? | publisher=Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University|date=[[2005-12-29]] | url=http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/TMKusky/original%20files/Why%20is%20New%20Orleans%20Sinking.pdf | accessdate=2006-06-17 }}{{cite news
    - | first=Larry
    - | last=O'Hanlon
    - | url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060327/neworleans_pla.html
    - | title=New Orleans Sits Atop Giant Landslide
    - | work=Discovery Channel
    - | date=[[2006-03-31]]
    - | accessdate=2006-06-17
    - }}
    -
    -New Orleans was vulnerable to flooding even before the age of negative elevation. In the late 20th century, however, scientists and New Orleans residents gradually became aware of the city's increased vulnerability. [[Hurricane Betsy]] in 1965 had killed dozens of residents even though the majority of the city remained dry. The rain-induced [[May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood|1995 flood]] demonstrated the weakness of the pumping system.
    -
    -===Hurricanes Katrina and Rita===
    -[[Image:NewOrleansCBDfromUptown.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A view across Uptown New Orleans, with the Central Business District in the background (1990s).]]
    -
    -By the time [[Hurricane Katrina]] approached the city at the end of August 2005, most residents had evacuated. [[Storm surge]] pushed ashore by the hurricane caused the city to suffer the worst [[civil engineering]] disaster in American history.{{cite news
    - | first=Bob
    - | last=Marshall
    - | url=http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-4/1133336859287360.xml
    - | title=17th Street Canal levee was doomed
    - | work=Times-Picayune
    - | date=[[2005-11-30]]
    - | accessdate=2006-03-12
    - }}     Floodwalls constructed by the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] failed, and 80% of the city flooded. Tens of thousands of remaining residents were rescued by helicopter or otherwise made their way to shelters of last resort at the [[Louisiana Superdome|Superdome]] or the [[Ernest N. Morial Convention Center|convention center]]. Over 1,500 people died.
    -
    -The city was declared off-limits to residents while clean-up efforts began. The approach of [[Hurricane Rita]] caused repopulation efforts to be postponed,{{cite web| url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/15/katrina.impact/index.html| title=Mayor: Parts of New Orleans to reopen| year=September 15, 2005| publisher=CNN.com| accessdate=2006-05-02}} and the [[Lower Ninth Ward]] was reflooded by Rita's storm surge. By [[October 1]], parts of the city accounting for about one-third of the population of New Orleans had been reopened.{{cite web| url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/01/katrina.recovery.ap/index.html| title=404 error (Note:Reference no longer appears at original web address)| accessdate=2006-05-02}}
    -
    -As of July 2006, efforts continue to clean up debris and restore infrastructure. Although most of the city has reopened to residents, and areas that suffered moderate damage have substantially resumed functioning, the parts of the city most severely damaged still have irregular utilities and city services, and the most severely damaged section of the Lower Ninth Ward is still not officially open for residents to return to live.
    -
    -{{seealso|Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans|Drainage in New Orleans}}
    -
    -===New Orleans Revival===
    -Even though some areas of New Orleans remain in ruin, depending significantly on the area visited, the city itself is in for a big revival. The "Bayou Classic", the battle between Southern University and Grambling State University, have recently made a commitment to the New Orleans area. As of October 2006 the Essence Music Festival made a commitment to return to New Orleans in July of 2007, so has the National Football League and the National Basketball Association, even granting New Orleans the 2008 NBA All Star game, joining the major tourist attractions such as Mardi Gras, Jazz Fest, etc which never left. Most of the displaced residents are currently waiting for grants from the Louisiana Recovery Authority's Road Home program as well as the 2006 hurricane season to officially end and some reassurance on the levee system before making a commitment. Estimates by New Orleans mayor C. Ray Nagin puts the repopulation efforts between three to five years.
    -
    -==Geography and climate==
    -[[Image:New Orleans Levee System.gif|thumb|200px|right|Vertical cross-section of New Orleans, showing maximum levee height of 23 feet (7 m).]]
    -New Orleans is located at {{coor dms|29|57|53|N|90|4|14|W|region:US}} (29.964722, -90.070556){{GR|1}} on the banks of the [[Mississippi River]], approximately 100 miles upriver from the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 907 [[square kilometre|km²]] (350.2 [[square mile|mi²]]). 467.6 km² (180.6 mi²) of it is land and 439.4 km² (169.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 48.45% water.
    -
    -The city is located in the [[Mississippi Plain]], mostly between the Mississippi River in the south and [[Lake Pontchartrain]] in the north. The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows. Fields atop the ridges along the river are referred to as the "frontlands." The land contour slopes away from the frontlands to the "backlands", comprised of clay and silt.{{fact}}
    -
    -The city of New Orleans has the lowest elevation in the state of Louisiana, and the third lowest point in the [[United States]], after [[Death Valley]] and the [[Salton Sea]].{{cite web
    - | title=Profile of the People and Land of the United States
    - | work=nationalatlas.gov
    - | url=http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_general.html
    - | accessdate=2006-05-16}}     Much of the city is one to ten feet (0.3 to 3 m) below [[sea level]]. Areas above sea level are primarily adjacent to the Mississippi River. These were the areas developed before 1900. Rainwater is pumped into Lake Pontchartrain via a series of [[canal]]s lined by [[levees]], [[Dike (construction)|dikes]], and [[Flood wall|floodwalls]]. Because of the city's high water table, most houses do not have [[basement]]s. In the cemeteries, most [[crypt]]s are above ground. The city has considered passing a building code that would require all new residences being constructed on negatively elevated ground to have a garage and storage level on the first floor to protect people's living spaces from floodwaters.
    -
    -===Cityscape===
    -[[Image:NewOrleansSkylineTulane.JPG|1600x1200, 381KB|thumb|250px|right|New Orleans' skyline seen from Tulane University located Uptown]]
    -
    -[[Image:IMG 7317 4.jpg|1600x1200, 381KB|thumb|250px|right|New Orleans' skyline seen from above the Industrial Canal]]
    -{{seealso|Wards of New Orleans|New Orleans neighborhoods}}
    -The [[Central Business District, New Orleans|Central Business District]] of New Orleans is located immediately north and west of the Mississippi River, and was historically called the "American Quarter." Most streets in this area fan out from a central point in the city. Major streets of the area include [[Canal Street, New Orleans|Canal Street]] and Poydras Street. In the local [[wikt:parlance|parlance]] "downtown" means downriver from Canal Street, while "uptown" means upriver from Canal Street. Downtown neighborhoods include the French Quarter, [[Treme]], the 7th Ward, [[Faubourg Marigny|Faubourg-Marigny]], [[Bywater, New Orleans|Bywater]] (the Upper Ninth Ward), and the Lower [[Ninth Ward of New Orleans|Ninth Ward]]. [[Uptown New Orleans|Uptown]] neighborhoods include the [[Garden District]], the Irish Channel, the University District, [[Carrollton, Louisiana|Carrollton]], Gert Town, Fontainebleau, and Broadmoor.
    -
    -Other major districts within the city include Bayou St. John, Mid-City, Gentilly, Lakeview, Lakefront, New Orleans East, and [[Algiers, Louisiana|Algiers]].
    -
    -Parishes located adjacent to the city include [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany Parish]] to the north, [[St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana|St. Bernard Parish]] to the south and east, [[Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana|Plaquemines Parish]] to the south and southeast, and [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson Parish]] to the south and west.
    -
    -===Major Roads===
    -
    -* Claiborne Avenue ([[US 90]]; [[LA 39]]) is considered the city's most important east-west route after [[Interstate 10]]. It is known as [[Judge Perez Drive]] East of the city limits and Jefferson Highway west of the city limits.
    -
    -* [[Canal Street]] is the most famous street in the entire city. It is the widest boulevard in the world with three automobile lanes in each direction, two streetcar lines on the neutral ground, and one bus lane on the neutral ground.
    -
    -* Tulane Avenue ([[US 61]]) is considered to be a major thoroughfare in the Central Business District and Mid-City New Orleans.
    -
    -* General DeGaulle Drive is the major thoroughfare in Algiers, the only section of the city that is located on the west bank of the [[Mississippi River]].
    -
    -* Broad Street (US 90) is a major thoroughfare located in Mid-City New Orleans.
    -
    -* Gentilly Boulevard (US 90) is the major thoroughfare in the Gentilly neighborhood of New Orleans.
    -
    -* Chef Menteur Highway (US 90) is the second most important road in New Orleans East after [[Interstate 10]]. It is connected to the main section of the city via the [[Danziger Bridge]] which spans the Industrial Canal.
    -
    -===Climate===
    -[[Image:Landsat_new_orleans_nfl.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A true-color satellite image of New Orleans taken on NASA's Landsat 7]]
    -The climate of New Orleans is [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]], with cool winters and hot, humid summers. In January, morning lows average around 43°F (5°C), and daily highs around 62°F (17°C). In July, lows average 74°F (23°C), and highs average 91°F (33°C). The lowest recorded temperature was 11°F (-11.7°C) on [[December 23]], [[1989]]. The highest recorded temperature was 102°F (38.9°C) on [[August 22]], [[1980]]. The average precipitation is 64.2 inches (1630 mm) annually; the summer months are the wettest, while October is the driest month.{{cite web
    - | title=Monthly Averages for New Orleans, LA
    - | url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USLA0338?from=search
    - | accessdate=2006-08-06}}     Precipitation in winter usually accompanies the passing of a cold front. Hurricanes also pose a threat to the area, and the city is particularly vulnerable because of its low elevation. According to a recent report by [[The Weather Channel]], the city is one the most vulnerable in the country when it comes to hurricanes.{{cite web
    - | title=The Weather Channel's Special Report: Vulnerable Cities - New Orleans, LA
    - |
    -url=http://www.weather.com/newscenter/specialreports/hurricanes/vulnerablecities/neworleans.html
    - | accessdate=2006-10-26}}     In addition, a hurricane striking New Orleans is also one of the top scenarios most feared by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
    -
    -New Orleans experiences snowfall only on rare occasions. Most recently, a small amount of [[snow]] fell on Christmas in 2004, during the [[2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm]]. On [[December 25]], a combination of rain, sleet, and snow fell on the city, leaving some bridges icy. Before that, the last [[white Christmas]] was in [[1954]], and brought 4.5 inches (110 mm). The last significant snowfall in New Orleans fell on [[December 22]], [[1989]], when most of the city received 1 or 2 inches of [[snow]].
    -
    -==Demographics==
    -:'''''Note:''' Many Hurricane Katrina evacuees, though they have not returned, remain residents of the city.
    -Projections of the city's eventual population following reconstruction are highly speculative. The 2000 U.S. Census figures presented here are the most recent verifiable data for the city's population.
    -A January 2006 survey pegged the population at approximately 190,000.'' M – {{cite web
    - | author=Emergency Operations Center, City of New Orleans
    - | year=2006
    - | title=Rapid Population Estimate Project, January 28-29 2006 Survey Report
    - | format=PDF
    - | url=http://www.cityofno.com/Resources/RPEP_Draft%20Report_Jan2.pdf
    - | accessdate=2006-03-12}}    WWL TV gives a brief report on the above survey. – {{cite news
    - | url=http://www.wwltv.com/topstories/stories/WWL030706tppop.1fa55e4.html
    - | title=Study says city's population close to 200,000
    - | work=WWLTV.com
    - | date=[[2006-03-07]]
    - | accessdate=2006-05-14
    - }}
    -Population estimates as of June 2006 pegged the population at approximately 225,000.
    -
    -{| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;"
    -|-
    -! colspan="2" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| '''City of New Orleans
    Population by year{{cite web| url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html| title=Population Of The 100 Largest Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States: 1790 To 1990| first=Campbell| last=Gibson| publisher=Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census| year=June 1998| accessdate=2006-05-02}}'''
    -|-
    -| align="center" | '''Census
    year''' || align="center" | '''Population'''
    -|-
    -| colspan="2"|

    -|-
    -|1810 || 17,242
    -|-
    -|1820 || 27,176
    -|-
    -|1830 || 46,082
    -|-
    -|1840 || 102,193
    -|-
    -|1850 || 116,375
    -|-
    -|1860 || 168,675
    -|-
    -|1870 || 191,418
    -|-
    -|1880 || 216,090
    -|-
    -|1890 || 242,039
    -|-
    -|1900 || 287,104
    -|-
    -|1910 || 339,075
    -|-
    -|1920 || 387,219
    -|-
    -|1930 || 458,762
    -|-
    -|1940 || 494,537
    -|-
    -|1950 || 570,445
    -|-
    -|1960 || 627,525
    -|-
    -|1970 || 593,471
    -|-
    -|1980 || 557,515
    -|-
    -|1990 || 496,938
    -|-
    -|2000 || 484,674{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?_lang=en| title=American Factfinder| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| accessdate=2006-05-02}}
    -|}
    -As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of [[2000]], there were 484,674 people, 188,251 households, and 112,950 families residing in the city. The most recent ([[2004]]) population estimate for the city is 462,269. The [[population density]] was 1,036.4/km² (2,684.3/mi²). There were 215,091 housing units at an average density of 459.9/km² (1,191.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 67.25% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 28.05% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.20% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 2.26% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.93% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.28% from two or more races. 3.06% of the population were [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.
    -
    -[[Image:Colorful houses in New Orleans.jpg|thumb|left|200px|New Orleans contains many distinctive neighborhoods.]]
    -The population of [[Greater New Orleans]] stood at 1,337,726 in 2000, making it the 35th largest metropolitan area in the United States. These population statistics are based on legal residents of the city. But due to the enormous annual tourist flow, the number of people inside the city at a given time, such as [[Mardi Gras]] season, tends to exceed these numbers sometimes by the hundreds of thousands.
    -
    -There were 188,251 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 24.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 40% were non-families, 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.23.
    -
    -The age distribution of the city's population is 26.7% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.
    -
    -The median income for a household in the city was $27,133, and the median income for a family was $32,338. Males had a median income of $30,862 versus $23,768 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $17,258. 27.9% of the population and 23.7% of families were below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 40.3% of those under the age of 18 and 19.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
    -
    -The population of New Orleans peaked in 1960. Since then, suburban parishes such as [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson]] and [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany]] have increased in population.
    -
    -An analysis by [[Brown University]] sociologist [[John R. Logan]] in January of 2006{{cite web| url=http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-068.html | title=Katrina's Impact| accessdate=2006-05-02| first=John R.| last=Logan| year=January 2006| publisher=Brown University}} suggests that as many as 50% of whites and 80% of blacks displaced by Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath may relocate permanently.
    -
    -A more recent study by the [[Louisiana Recovery Authority]] (LRA) completed in October 2006 estimates that the city is currently about 44% white and 46% black. The LRA concludes that 187,525 people are living in New Orleans compared to 484,674 pre-Katrina.{{cite web| url=http://www.popest.org | title=2006 Louisiana Health and Population Survey| accessdate=2006-10-23 | publisher=Louisiana Recovery Authority | year=October 2006|}}
    -
    -==Government==
    -New Orleans has a [[mayor-council government]]. The city council consists of five councilmembers who are elected by district and two at large councilmembers. Mayor [[Ray Nagin|C. Ray Nagin, Jr.]] was elected in May 2002, and was reelected in the [[New Orleans mayoral election, 2006|mayoral election]] of [[April 22]], [[2006]].
    -
    -The New Orleans Police Department provides professional police services to the public in order to maintain order and protect life and property. The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office [[Service of process|serves]] papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. The Criminal Sheriff's Office maintains the parish prison system, provides security for the Criminal District Court, and provides backup for various New Orleans Police Department patrols.
    -
    -The city of New Orleans and the [[Civil parish|parish]] of Orleans operate as a merged city-parish government.{{GR|6}} Before the city of New Orleans became co-extensive with Orleans Parish, Orleans Parish was home to numerous smaller communities. Some of these communities within Orleans Parish have historically had separate identities from the city of New Orleans, such as [[Irish Bayou]] and [[Carrollton, Louisiana|Carrollton]] . The original City of New Orleans was comprised of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The City of Lafayette (including the Garden District) was added in 1852 as the 10th and 11th wards. In 1870, Jefferson City, including Faubourg Bouligny and much of the Audubon and University areas, was annexed as the 12th, 13th, and 14th wards. [[Algiers, Louisiana|Algiers]], on the West Bank of the Mississippi, was also annexed in 1870, becoming the 15th ward. Four years later, Orleans Parish ceased being separate from the city of New Orleans when the city of [[Carrollton, Louisiana|Carrollton]] was annexed as the 16th and 17th wards. However, to this day, the USPS still recognizes and accepts mailings which are addressed to Carrollton, LA, as legal and will deliver them to the ZIP code 70118.
    -
    -New Orleans' government is now largely centralized in the City Council and Mayor's office, but it maintains a number of relics from earlier systems when various sections of the city ran much of their affairs separately. For example, New Orleans has seven elected tax assessors, each with their own staff, representing various districts of the city, rather than one centralized office.
    -
    -:''See also: [[:Category:Mayors of New Orleans|Mayors of New Orleans]]''
    -
    -==Economy==
    -[[Image:Barge on the Mississippi River in New Orleans.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|A tanker on the Mississippi River in New Orleans.]]
    -
    -New Orleans is one of the most visited cities in the United States, and tourism is a major staple in the area's economy. Approximately 14 million people visit New Orleans each year.{{fact}} The city's colorful Carnival celebrations (leading up to mardi gras or "Fat Tuesday", the feast day before "Ash Wednesday") during the pre-Lenten season, centered (for tourists at least) on the French Quarter, draw particularly large crowds. Other major tourist events and attractions in the city include the [[Sugar Bowl]], the [[New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival]] (popularly known by locals as "Jazz Fest"), [[Voodoo Music Experience]], [[Southern Decadence]] (one of the largest annual Gay/Lesbian celebrations in the world), and the [[Essence Festival]], not to mention sporting events including Super Bowls and NCAA final fours.
    -
    -New Orleans is also an industrial and distribution center, and the busiest [[port|port system]] in the world by gross tonnage. The [[Port of New Orleans]] is the largest U.S. port for several major commodities including rubber, cement and coffee.{{citation needed}} The [[Port of South Louisiana]], also based in the New Orleans area, is the world's busiest in terms of bulk tonnage; and when combined with the Port of N.O., forms the 4th largest port system in volume handled.
    -
    -Like [[Houston, Texas]], New Orleans is located in proximity to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and the many oil rigs lying just offshore. Louisiana ranks 5th in oil production and 8th in reserves. Louisiana is also home to two of the four Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) storage facilities: West Hackberry in Cameron Parish and Bayou Choctaw in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. Other infrastructure includes 17 petroleum refineries with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 2.8 million barrels per calendar day, the second highest in the nation after Texas. Louisiana has numerous ports including the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOP), which is capable of receiving ultra large oil tankers. Natural gas and electricity dominate the home heating market with similar market shares totaling about 47 percent each. With all of the product to distribute, Louisiana is home to many major pipelines supplying the nation: Crude Oil - Chevron, BP, Texaco, Shell, Exxon, Scurloch-Permian, Mid-Valley, Calumet, Conoco, Koch, Unocal, Dept. of Energy, Locap.
    -Product - TEPPCO, Colonial, Chevron, Shell, Plantation, Explorer, Texaco, Collins, BP.
    -Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Dixie, TEPPCO, Black Lake, Koch, Chevron, Dynegy, Kinder, Dow, Bridgeline, FMP, Tejas, Texaco, UTP. [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/state/la.html]
    -There are a substantial number of energy companies that have their regional headquarters in the city, including [[BP]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[ConocoPhillips]], and [[Shell Oil Company]]. The city is the home and worldwide headquarters of two [[Fortune 500]] companies: [[Entergy Corporation]], an energy and infrastructure providing company, and [[Freeport-McMoRan]], a copper and gold exploration company.
    -
    -The [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] has a significant presence in the area. The [[NASA]] [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] is located in the eastern portion of Orleans Parish. The facility is operated by [[Lockheed-Martin]] and is a large manufacturing facility where external fuel tanks for space shuttles are produced. The [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] also houses the [http://www.nfc.usda.gov/index.htm National Finance Center] operated by the [[USDA]].
    -
    -In recent years, in an effort to diversify her economy, New Orleans has become known as "Hollywood South". Many large budget and critically acclaimed feature films have been made in and around New Orleans over the last few years, such as ''[[Ray (film)|Ray]]'', ''[[Runaway Jury]]'', ''[[The Pelican Brief (film)|The Pelican Brief]]'', ''[[The Skeleton Key]]'', ''[[Glory Road (film)|Glory Road]]'', ''[[All the King's Men (2006 film)|All the King's Men]]'', ''[[Deja Vu (film)|Déjà Vu]]'', ''[[Last Holiday]]'', ''[[Failure to Launch]]'', and countless other full-length films and documentaries.
    -
    -Other companies with a significant presence or base in New Orleans include the worldwide headquarters of Entergy Corporation and its subsidiaries, [[BellSouth]], [[IBM]], Navtech, [[Harrah's]] (downtown casino), [[Popeye's Fried Chicken]], [[Zatarain's]], Whitney Bank (corp. HQ), [[Capital One]](banking HQ), [[Southern Comfort]], Tidewater (Corp. HQ), McMoran Exploration(worldwide corporate HQ) and Energy Partners (corp.HQ).
    -
    -Most major corporations that had offices or headquarters in New Orleans have returned post-Katrina. Also, over 95% of businesses whose annual income is over $20,000,000 have come back.
    -
    -==Crime & Police==
    -New Orleans has a high violent crime rate. Its [[homicide]] rate has consistently ranked in the top five of large cities in the country since the 1980s along with Detroit, St. Louis, and Atlanta. In 1994, 421 people were killed (85.8 per 100,000 people), a homicide rate which has not been matched by any major US city to date. However, Detroit came very close one year with 416 killings.{{cite news
    - | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8999837
    - | title=New Orleans murder rate on the rise again
    - | work=MSNBC
    - | date=[[2005-08-18]]
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17
    - }}
    -
    -     The homicide rate rose and fell year to year throughout the late 1990s, but the overall trend from 1994 to 1999 was a steady reduction in homicides.
    -
    -From 1999 to 2004, the homicide rate again increased. New Orleans had the highest murder rate of any major American city in 2002 (53.3 per 100,000 people), and again retained the highest murder rate in 2003, with 275 murders according to this [http://www.nola.com/speced/cycleofdeath/pdf/02080405.pdf report].
    -
    -Violent crime is a serious problem for New Orleans residents, especially African American, yet far less of a problem for tourists. Reports show that almost 90% of Whites living within the city limits felt safe in their surroundings, while only about 25% of Blacks felt safe in their surroundings. As in other U.S. cities of comparable size, the incidence of homicide and other violent crimes is highly concentrated in certain city neighborhoods, such as [[Housing Projects of New Orleans|housing projects]], that are sites of open air drug trade. Most murder victims have criminal records. In 2003, most victims in New Orleans were killed within three months of their last arrest. The statistics state that only about 9% of murder victims in 2004 year were of European or Asian Ancestry. The crime is primarily black on black drug related. [http://www.nola.com/speced/cycleofdeath/pdf/02080405.pdf link] The homicide rate for the New Orleans [[metropolitan statistical area]], which includes the suburbs, was 24.4 per 100,000 in 2002.http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_02/html/web/offreported/02-table06NO.html
    -
    -After Hurricane Katrina, media attention focused on the reduced violent crime rate following the exodus of many New Orleanians. That trend is beginning to reverse itself as more people return to the city, although calculating the homicide rate remains difficult given that no authoritative source can cite a total population figure.http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/30/national/nationalspecial/30crime.html?ex=1301374800&en=f848a95030af9495&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Regardless, statistics are showing that violent crime is beginning to return to the city. The city finished the month of July 2006 with 22 murders, which was the same as the pre-Katrina average for the city since 2002 when the population was much higher. The numbers for this year, with 80 murders by the end of July, put the city on pace to have 58.36 murders per 100,000 citizens, and the number of murders has continued to rise each month.[http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/news/pdf/073106_violentjuly.jpg][http://www.wwltv.com/local/stories/wwl073106jbdispute.d3b5de.html]
    -
    -==Education==
    -===Schools===
    -
    -[[New Orleans Public Schools]], the city's school district, was one of the area's largest school districts before Hurricane Katrina. It was widely recognized as the lowest performing school district in Louisiana. According to researchers [[Carl L. Bankston]] and Stephen J. Caldas, only 12 of the 103 school districts in New Orleans showed reasonably good performance at the beginning of the twenty-first century.{{cite web| url=http://www.vanderbiltuniversitypress.com/bookdetail.asp?book_id=3850 | title=A Troubled Dream: The Promise and Failure of School Desegregation in Louisiana| first=Carl L.| last=Bankston III| year=2002| publisher=Vanderbilt University}} Following Hurricane Katrina, the state of Louisiana took over most of the schools within the system (all schools that fell into a certain "worst-performing" metric); about 20 new charter schools have also been started since the storm, educating about 15,000 students.
    -
    -The Greater New Orleans area has approximately 200 parochial schools. The prevalence of parochial schools has been both a cause and a consequence of the troubles in the public schools. Because so many middle class students have been enrolled in non-public schools, middle class support for public education has been relatively weak. At the same time, the apparent low quality of public schools in New Orleans has encouraged middle class families to educate their children in private or parochial schools.
    -
    -===Colleges and universities===
    -Several institutions of higher education also exist within the city, including [[University of New Orleans]], [[Tulane University]], [[Loyola University New Orleans]], [[Dillard University]], [[Southern University at New Orleans]], [[Xavier University of Louisiana]], [[Louisiana State University Medical School]], and [[Our Lady of Holy Cross College]]. Other schools include [[Delgado Community College]], [[Culinary Institute of New Orleans]], [[Herzing College]], [[Commonwealth University]], [[Notre Dame Seminary]], and [[New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary]].
    -
    -===Libraries===
    -There are numerous [[List of university libraries|academic]] and [[public libraries]] and archives in New Orleans, including [[Loyola University New Orleans#Monroe Library|Monroe Library]] at Loyola University, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane University,{{cite web
    - | title=Howard-Tilton Memorial Library
    - | url=http://library.tulane.edu/
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}     the Law Library of Louisiana,{{cite web
    - | title=Law Library of Louisiana
    - | work=Louisiana Supreme Court
    - | url=http://www.lasc.org/law_library/library_information.asp
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}     and Earl K. Long Library at the University of New Orleans.{{cite web
    - | title=Earl K. Long Library
    - | work=University of New Orleans
    - | url=http://library.uno.edu/
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}
    -
    -The [[New Orleans Public Library]] includes 13 locations, most of which were damaged by Hurricane Katrina.{{cite web
    - | title=NOPL Branches
    - | work=Hubbell Library
    - | url=http://www.hubbelllibrary.org/nopl/branches.mgi
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}     The main library includes a Louisiana Division housing city archives and special collections.{{cite web
    - | title=Louisiana Division, City Archives and Special Collections
    - | work=New Orleans Public Library
    - | url=http://nutrias.org/~nopl/spec/speclist.htm
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}
    -
    -Other research archives are located at the [[Historic New Orleans Collection]]{{cite web
    - | title=Williams Research Center
    - | work=Historic New Orleans Collection
    - | url=http://www.hnoc.org/willcent.htm
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}     and the [[New Orleans Mint|Old U.S. Mint]].{{cite web
    - | title=Old US Mint
    - | work=Louisiana State Museum
    - | url=http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/mintex.htm
    - | accessdate=2006-05-17}}
    -
    -==Culture==
    -[[Image:New Orleans - French Quarter - balcon.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Balcony in New Orleans]]
    -===Dialect===
    -{{seealso|Yat (New Orleans)}}
    -New Orleans is usually pronounced by locals as "Noo-AW-lyenz," "New-Or-linz," or "New-Or-lenz." The tendency among people around the world to say "New-Or-LEENZ" stems both from the use of that pronunciation by singers and songwriters, who find it easy to rhyme, and from accepted pronunciations of other cities named Orleans in the English speaking world. However, that pronunciation is generally disdained by the residents of New Orleans. The pronunciation "NAW-linz" is likewise not generally used nor liked by locals but has been popularized by the tourist trade.
    -
    -The distinctive local accent is unlike either [[Cajun]] or the stereotypical [[Southern American English|Southern]] accent so often misportrayed by film and television actors. It does, like earlier Southern Englishes, feature frequent [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|deletion of post-vocalic "r"]]. It is similar to a [[New York City|New York]] "[[New York-New Jersey English|Brooklynese]]" accent to people unfamiliar with it. There are many theories to how the accent came to be, but it likely results from New Orleans' geographic isolation by water, and the fact that New Orleans was a major port of entry into the United States throughout the 19th century. Many of the immigrant groups who reside in Brooklyn also reside in New Orleans, with [[Irish American|Irish]], [[Italian American|Italian]]s, and [[German American|German]]s being among the largest groups.
    -
    -The prestige associated with being from New Orleans by many residents is likely a factor in the linguistic assimilation of the ethnically divergent population. This distinctive accent is dying out generation by generation in the city (but remains very strong in the surrounding Parishes). As with many [[sociolinguistics|sociolinguistic]] artifacts, it is usually attested much more strongly by older members of the population. One subtype of the New Orleans accent is sometimes identified as [[Yat (New Orleans)|Yat]] (from "Where y'at). This word is not used as a generalized term for the New Orleans accent, and is generally reserved for the strongest varieties. Also notable are [[Regional vocabularies of American English|lexical items specific to the city]], such as "[[lagniappe]]" (pronounced LAN-yap) meaning "a little something extra," "makin' groceries" (from the French 'Faire l'épicerie'- to make/do shopping) for grocery shopping, or "[[neutral ground]]" for a street [[central reservation|median]] (derived from a traditional area between new American neighborhoods and native French, Spanish and creole neighborhoods or 'faubourgs' where it was acceptable for all to meet).
    -
    -Some other words and names are pronounced differently in the New Orleans vocabulary, while the spelling remains consistent with standard English, or the word's original language. [[Burgundy]] for example is pronounced buh-GUN-dee when referring to the New Orleans street, though other usages of the word (as in the color or the wine) are pronounced as the standard BUR-gun-dee.
    -
    -===Tribute "City"===
    -The culture of the city has had a profound impact on many people, one of which was [[Walt Disney]], who built a replica of the [[French Quarter]] called [[New Orleans Square]] in his park [[Disneyland]] in 1966, with buildings and landscaping fitting that of 19th Century New Orleans set upon the park's [[Rivers of America]] port. When it opened, Walt Disney had then New Orleans mayor, [[Victor H. Schiro]] be made honorary mayor of New Orleans Square, and Schiro, in turn, made Disney an honorary citizen of the real New Orleans.
    -
    -===Events===
    -[[Image:ToHorses.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|Mounted Krewe Officers in the Thoth Parade during [[Mardi Gras]].]]
    -Greater New Orleans is home to numerous celebrations, including [[New Orleans Mardi Gras|Mardi Gras]], the [[New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival]] and [[Southern Decadence]]. New Orleans' most popular celebration is her [[Carnival]]. The [[Carnival]] season is often known (especially by out-of-towners) by the name of its last day, [[Mardi Gras]] (literally, "Fat Tuesday"), held just before the beginning of the [[Catholic]] liturgical season of [[Lent]]. The Carnival season officially begins on the [[Feast of the Epiphany]]; which locals sometimes refer to as "[[Twelfth Night (holiday)|Twelfth Night]]."
    -
    -The largest of the city's many musical festivals is the [[New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival]]. Commonly referred to simply as "Jazz Fest," it is one of the largest music festivals in the nation; and features crowds coming from all over the world to experience music, food, arts and crafts. Despite the name, it features not only jazz but a large variety of music, including both native Louisiana music and nationally-known popular music artists.
    -
    -===Magick===
    -New Orleans has an ancient reputation for occult practitioners. The majority of black residents being able to trace their lineage to Haiti holds true for the 15% of the city still practicing a form of Haitian [[Voodoo]]. Many shops serve the large occult practitioners in the area, and hubs of occult activity such as the [[Alombrados]] Encampment of the [[OTO]] and [[Island of Salvation Botanica]] offer numerous activities and rituals for visitors, tourists, and residents.
    -
    -===Music===
    -[[Image:Louis Armstrong NYWTS2.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Louis Armstrong, famous New Orleans [[Jazz]] [[musician]].]]
    -New Orleans has always been a significant center for [[music]] with its intertwined European, Latin American, and African-American cultures. New Orleans' unique musical heritage was born in its pre-American and early American days with a unique blending of European instruments with African rythms. As the only North American city to allow slaves to gather in public and play their native music (largely in "Congo Square", now "Armstrong Park"), likely due to the more relaxed attitudes of French and Creole slave owners as compared to their Anglo-American neighbors, New Orleans was blessed to give birth to the nation's only indigenous music, jazz. With New Orleans' large, educated and influential Creole, Haitian and free black population, these African beats intertwined with trained musicians and the city's now famous brass bands gained wide popularity (and they remain just as popular today). Decades later it was home to a distinctive brand of [[rhythm and blues]] that contributed greatly to the growth of [[rock and roll]]. A great example of the New Orleans sound in the 60s is the #1 US hit "Chapel Of Love" by The Dixie Cups, a song which had the distinction of knocking the Beatles out of the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100. New Orleans became a hotbed for [[funk]] music in the 60s and 70s. By the late 1980s it had developed its own localized variant of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] called [[bounce music]] which, while never commercially successful outside of the [[Deep South]], remained immensely popular in the poor African-American neighborhoods of the city through the 1990s. A cousin of Bounce, [[New Orleans Rap]] has seen commercial success locally and internationally.{{citationneeded}} Throughout the 1990s many sludge/doom metal bands have started in the New Orleans area. Notable bands include: Acid Bath, Crowbar, Goatwhore, Soilent Green, Eyehategod, and Down (whose first album was entitled "NOLA"). New Orleans is also home to hardcore political punk rock band In Distress. In addition, the nearby countryside is the home of [[Cajun music]], [[Zydeco music]], and [[blues|Delta blues]].
    -
    -The city also created its own spin on the old tradition of military [[brass band]] funerals; traditional New Orleans funerals with music feature sad music (mostly dirges and hymns) on the way to the cemetery and happy music (hot jazz) on the way back. Such traditional musical funerals still take place when a local musician, a member of a club, [[krewe]], or benevolent society, or a noted dignitary has passed. Until the [[1990s]] most locals preferred to call these "funerals with music," but out of town visitors have long dubbed them "[[jazz funeral]]s." Younger bands, especially those based in the [[Treme]] neighborhood, have embraced the term and now have funerals featuring only jazz music.
    -
    -===Media===
    -The major daily newspaper is the ''[[New Orleans Times-Picayune]]'', publishing since 1837. Weekly publications include ''[[The Louisiana Weekly]]'' and ''[[Gambit Weekly]]''.[http://www.bestofneworleans.com/ Gambit Weekly] Also in wide circulation is the ''[[Clarion Herald]]'', the biweeky newspaper of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans|Archdioscese of New Orleans]].
    -
    -Greater New Orleans is well served by television and radio. The market is the 54th largest [[Designated Market Area]] (DMA) in the U.S., serving 566,960 homes and 0.509% of the U.S. Major television network affiliates serving the area include:
    -* 4 [[WWL-TV|WWL]] ([[CBS]])
    -* 6 [[WDSU]] ([[National Broadcasting Company|NBC]]
    -* 8 [[WVUE]] ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]])
    -* 12 [[WYES]] ([[Public Broadcasting System|PBS]])
    -* 26 [[WGNO]] ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]])
    -* 32 [[WLAE]] (PBS)
    -* 38 [[WNOL]] ([[The CW Television Network|The CW]])
    -* 49 [[WPXL]] ([[I (TV network)|i]])
    -* 54 [[WUPL]] ([[My Network TV]])
    -
    -[[WHNO]] 20 also operates as an independent station in the area, providing mainly religious programming.
    -
    -Radio stations serving Greater New Orleans include:
    -* Jazz: [http://wwno.org WWNO-FM] (88.9), [http://www.wwoz.org WWOZ-FM] (90.7), [http://wtul.fm WTUL-FM] (91.5)
    -* Classical: [http://wwno.org WWNO-FM] (89.9)
    -* Country: [http://wnoe.com WNOE-FM] (101.1), [http://www.1067theend.com KKND-FM] (106.7)
    -* Contemporary: [http://www.klrzfm.com KLRZ-FM] (100.3), [http://www.magic1019.com WLMG-FM] (101.9), [http://www.diva923.com WDVW-FM] (92.3)
    -* Gospel/Christian: KHEV-FM (104.1), [http://www.am940.com WYLD-AM] (940), [http://www.wbsn.com WBSN-FM] (89.1), [http://www.wlno.com WLNO-AM] (1060), WSHO-FM (800), WOPR-FM (94.9), WVOG-AM (600)
    -* Latino: [http://www.tropical1540.com KGLA-AM] (1540), [http://hispanicneworleans.com/50.html WFNO-FM] (830)
    -* Oldies: [http://www.northshore1047.com WJSH-FM] (104.7)
    -* Progressive: [http://wtul.fm WTUL-FM] (91.5)
    -* Public: [http://www.wrbh.org WRBH-FM] (88.3), [http://www.wwno.org WWNO-FM] (89.9)
    -* Rock: [http://www.wrno.com WRNO-FM] (99.5), [http://www.b97.com WEZB-FM] (97.1), [http://www.bayou1053.com WKBU-FM] (95.7)
    -* Sports: WODT-AM (1280)
    -* Talk: [http://www.wwl.com WWL-AM] (870), [http://www.wwl.com WWL-FM] (105.3), [http://www.pt1350.com WSMB-AM] (1350), [http://www.wistradio.com WIST-AM] (690)
    -* Urban/Urban Contemporary: [http://www.oldschool1029.com KMEZ-FM] (102.9), [http://www.q93.com WQUE-FM] (93.3), [http://www.wyldfm.com WYLD-FM] (98.5)
    -
    -An additional note about WWOZ and WTUL: WWOZ not only plays modern and traditional New Orleans jazz, but also blues, New Orleans R&B, Cajun, zydeco, gospel, Latin, Brazilian, Caribbean, Americana, and more. (It is fondly referred to by many New Orleanians as the "best radio station in the world".) WTUL, the Tulane University station, plays mostly alternative "college circuit" rock on week days; on nights and weekends it has DJs that play Americana, alternative country/bluegrass, jazz, classical, punk/ska, reggae, world beat, and many of the finest local bands and songwriters.
    -
    -Two very famous pop music stations in New Orleans, quite influential in playing and promoting New Orleans-based bands and singers, were 50,000-watt WNOE-1060 and 10,000-watt WTIX-690. These two stations competed head-to-head for most of the period from the late 50's to the late 70's, and are considered by many in the Gulf Coast region as legendary top 40 radio stations.
    -
    -===Sites of interest===
    -[[Image:orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Bourbon Street, New Orleans, in 2003, looking towards Canal Street.]]
    -Greater New Orleans has many major attractions, from the world-renowned [[Bourbon Street]] and the [[French Quarter]]'s notorious nightlife, St. Charles Avenue (home of [[Tulane University|Tulane]] and [[Loyola University New Orleans|Loyola]] Universities), and many stately [[19th century]] mansions.
    -
    -Favorite tourist scenes in New Orleans include the French Quarter (known locally as "the Quarter"), which dates from the French and Spanish eras and is bounded by the Mississippi River and Rampart Street, Canal Street and Esplanade Ave. The French Quarter contains many popular hotels, bars, and nightclubs, most notably around Bourbon Street. Other notable tourist attractions in the quarter include Jackson Square, St. Louis Cathedral, the French Market (including [[Café du Monde]], famous for [[café au lait]] and [[beignet]]s), and jazz at [[Preservation Hall]].
    -
    -Also located near the French Quarter is the old [[New Orleans Mint]], formerly a branch of the [[United States Mint]], now operates as a museum. The [[National D-Day Museum]] (renamed as the National WWII Museum) is a relatively new museum (opened on [[June 6]] [[2000]]) dedicated to providing information and materials related to the allied invasion of [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy, France]]. The ''Natchez'' is an authentic [[steamboat]] with a [[Calliope (music)|calliope]] which tours the Mississippi twice daily.
    -
    -Art museums in the city include the [[Contemporary Arts Center]], [[New Orleans Museum of Art]] (NOMA) in [[City Park, New Orleans|City Park]] and the [[Ogden Museum of Southern Art]]. [[Audubon Park in New Orleans|Audubon Park]], the [[Audubon Zoo]], and the [[Aquarium of the Americas]] are also located in the city of New Orleans. New Orleans is also noted for its many beautiful cemeteries. Some notable cemeteries in the city include [[Saint Louis Cemetery]] and [[Metairie Cemetery]].
    -
    -Significant gardens include [[Longue Vue House and Gardens]] and the [[New Orleans Botanical Garden]]. Gardens are also found in places like City Park and Audubon Park. City Park still has one of the largest if not the largest stands of oak trees in the world.
    -
    -Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, bus tours of the damaged areas became popular and are still available.
    -
    -===Food===
    -New Orleans is world-famous for its food. Like its Jazz, New Orleans is blessed with the only truly indigenous local cuisine in the nation. From the infiltration of hearty cajun country fare over the centuries to the local creole, haute creole and New Orleans French cuisines, New Orleans food is perhaps its most cherished possession. Local ingredients, African, French, Spanish and Cajun traditions combine to produce a truly unique and easily recognizable New Orleans flavor.
    -
    -Unique specialties include [[beignet]]s, square-shaped fried pastries that are sometimes called French doughnuts (served with coffee and chicory "au lait"); [[Po'boy]] and Italian [[Muffaletta]]s; Gulf oysters on the half-shell, boiled [[crawfish]], and other [[seafood]]; [[étouffée]], [[jambalaya]], [[gumbo]], and other Creole dishes; and the Monday evening favorite of red beans and rice. ([[Louis Armstrong]] often signed his letters, "red beans and ricely yours.") New Orleans residents enjoy some of the best restaurants in the United States that cater specifically to locals, and visitors are encouraged to try the local establishments recommended by their hosts.
    -
    -===Sports===
    -New Orleans is the home of four professional sports teams, the [[New Orleans Saints]] of the [[NFL]], the [[New Orleans Hornets]] of the [[NBA]], the [[New Orleans VooDoo]] of the [[Arena Football League|AFL]], and the [[New Orleans Zephyrs]], a [[Pacific Coast League|PCL]] baseball team affiliated with the [[New York Mets]]. New Orleans also has college teams from Tulane, Loyola, UNO, Xavier, and Dillard. The city hosts two [[college football]] [[bowl game]]s annually: the [[New Orleans Bowl]] and the [[Sugar Bowl]]. The city also holds the [[Bayou Classic]], which is an annual college football game between [[Grambling State University]] and [[Southern University]]. Nine Super Bowls have been held in New Orleans.
    -
    -Historically, many teams have been formerly located in the city, including the [[New Orleans Pelicans]] baseball team (1887–1959), the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League, the [[New Orleans Night]] of the [[Arena Football League]] (1991–1992), and the [[New Orleans Brass]] [[ice hockey]] team (1997–2003). Former [[basketball]] teams were the [[New Orleans Buccaneers]] (c. 1967–1970), and the New Orleans Jazz (1974–1980) which became the [[Utah Jazz]].
    -
    -New Orleans is also home to the [[New Orleans Yacht Club]] and [[Southern Yacht Club]], both of which are located at West End on the shore of [[Lake Pontchartrain]]. Southern Yacht Club was established in [[1849]], it is the second oldest [[yacht]] club in the United States. The building was severely damaged, first by storm surge and then by fire, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
    -
    -In 1991, 1992, and 1995, New Orleans was also home to the Grand Prix du Mardi Gras. The sports car races took place on 2 different street circuits downtown. The circuit used in 1991 used streets near the riverfront, but was regarded as being too narrow. A course that ran around the Superdome was used the other years. Low attendance, dates that resulted in hot or rainy weather, and complaints from business owners contributed to the event's demise. However, rumors in the area have pointed to the race being revived in 2008 under the sanction of the Champ Car World Series.
    -
    -The Big Easy Rollergirls have the distinction of being the only flat-track derby team in the nation that had to start up twice - Katrina scattered many of its members to other cities. As of September 2006, The Big Easy Rollergirls has about 60 active members and will begin their first public bout season this month.
    -
    -{|border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 width=98%
    -|- bgcolor="#ADADAD"
    -|width="160px"|'''Club'''
    -|width="125px"|'''Sport'''
    -|width="280px"| '''League'''
    -|width="80px"| '''Founded'''
    -|width="180px"| '''Venue'''
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans Saints]]
    -|[[American Football]]
    -|[[National Football League]]
    -|[[1967]]
    -|[[Louisiana Superdome]]
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans Hornets]]
    -|[[Basketball]]
    -|[[National Basketball Association]]
    -|[[1988]]
    -|[[New Orleans Arena]]
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans VooDoo]]
    -|[[Arena Football]]
    -|[[Arena Football League]]
    -|[[2004]]
    -|[[New Orleans Arena]]
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans Zephyrs]]
    -|[[Baseball]]
    -|[[Pacific Coast League]]
    -|[[1902]]
    -|[[Zephyr Field]]
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans Shell Shockers]]
    -|[[Soccer]]
    -|[[Premier Development League]]
    -|[[2003]]
    -|[[Muss Bertolino Stadium]]
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans Blaze]]
    -|[[Women's Football]]
    -|[[National Women's Football Association]]
    -|[[2002]]
    -|[[Muss Bertolino Stadium]]
    -|-
    -|[[New Orleans Blues|Louisiana Blues]]
    -|[[Basketball]]
    -|[[American Basketball Association (21st century)|American Basketball Association]]
    -|[[2006]]
    -|[[North Shore Harbor Center]]
    -|-
    -|[[Big Easy Rollergirls]]
    -|[[Roller Derby]]
    -|[[Women's Flat Track Derby Association]]
    -|[[2005]]
    -|[[Mardi Gras World]]
    -|}
    -
    -==Infrastructure==
    -: ''see also:'' [[Famous streets of New Orleans]]
    -
    -===Notable buildings===
    -[[Image:Place St Charles.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Bank One Center, the second tallest building in New Orleans.]]
    -
    -New Orleans' tallest building is the 51-story [[One Shell Square]]. The approved 67-story [[Trump International Hotel & Tower (New Orleans)|Trump International Hotel & Tower]] would be the tallest building in the city and state if built at the proposed height of 700 feet (213 m). New Orleans is now entering what could become a large downtown residential building boom, with multiple high-rise towers already planned for the city.
    -{| class="wikitable"
    -|+ '''Tallest buildings'''
    -|-
    -! Name
    -! Stories
    -! Height
    -|-
    -| [[One Shell Square]] || 51 || 697 ft (213 m)
    -|-
    -| [[Bank One Center (New Orleans)|Bank One Center]] (former Place St. Charles) || 53 || 645 ft (197 m)
    -|-
    -| [[Crescent City Towers]] (former Plaza Tower) || 45 || 531 ft (162 m)
    -|-
    -| [[Energy Centre]] || 39 || 530 ft (162 m)
    -|-
    -| [[LL&E Tower]] (now 909 Poydras Building)|| 36 || 481 ft (147 m)
    -|-
    -| [[Sheraton New Orleans]] || 48 || 479 ft (146 m)
    -|-
    -| [[New Orleans Marriott]] || 42 || 449 ft (137 m)
    -|-
    -| [[Texaco Center]] || 32 || 442 ft (135 m)
    -|-
    -| [[One Canal Place]] || 32 || 440 ft (134 m)
    -|-
    -| [[1010 Common]] || 31 || 438 ft (134 m)
    -|}
    -
    -===Transportation===
    -[[Image:IMG 3666border cropped.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A Saint Charles Avenue streetcar headed down Canal Street]]
    -
    -The metropolitan area is served by [[Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport]], located approximately nine miles west of the city in the suburb of [[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]]. Prior to Hurricane Katrina, it served millions of passengers on approximately 300 nonstop flights per day to or from destinations throughout the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Latin America]], and the [[Caribbean]]. The airport also handled a significant amount of charter operations to/from [[Europe]], with which it's had a significant degree of success in retrieving. As of September 2006, Armstrong International is projected to return to 67% of its pre-Katrina total traffic, by seat-count; and 75% of the number of pre-stormed destinations served.
    -
    -Within the city itself is [[Lakefront Airport]], a small, [[general aviation]] airport, as well as the New Orleans Downtown Heliport, located on the roof of the [[Louisiana Superdome]]'s parking garage. There are also several regional airports located throughout the metropolitan area.
    -
    -The city is also served by rail via [[Amtrak]]. The [[New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal]] is the central rail depot, and it is served by three trains: the ''[[Crescent (Amtrak)|Crescent]]'' to [[New York City]], the ''[[City of New Orleans]]'' to [[Chicago]], and the ''[[Sunset Limited]]'' from [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] to [[Los Angeles]].
    -
    -In addition, the city is served by seven [[Class I railroad|Class I]] freight railroads. [[Union Pacific Railroad]] and [[BNSF Railway]] approach the city from the west, [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] and [[CSX Transportation|CSX]] from the east, and the [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Kansas City Southern Railway]] from the north.
    -and [[New Orleans Public Belt]]
    -
    -[[Public transportation]] in the city is operated by [[New Orleans Regional Transit Authority]] ("RTA"). In addition to the many [[bus]] routes connecting the city and suburban areas, there are three active [[streetcar]] lines moved by electric motors powered by [[direct current|DC]] wires overhead. The [[St. Charles Avenue Streetcar|St. Charles line]] (green cars, formerly connecting New Orleans with the then independent suburb of Carrollton) is the oldest continuously operating streetcar line in New Orleans and a historic landmark. The Riverfront line (also known as the ''Ladies in Red'' since the cars are painted red) runs parallel to the river from Canal Street through the French Quarter to the Convention Center above Julia Street in the Arts District. The Canal Street line uses the Riverfront line tracks from Esplanade Street to Canal Street, then branches off down Canal Street and ends at the cemeteries at City Park Avenue with a spur running from the intersection of Canal and Carrollton Avenue to the entrance of City Park at Esplanade near the entrance to the New Orleans Museum of Art.
    -
    -The city's streetcars were also featured in the [[Tennessee Williams]] play, ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire]]''. The streetcar line to Desire Street became a bus line in 1948. There are proposals to revive a Desire [[light rail]] streetcar line.
    -
    -As of April 2006, the St. Charles streetcar line is still not operational due to overhead wire damage from [[Hurricane Katrina]]. The Canal line is functioning, but the red cars were flooded by the hurricane, so the green cars are currently running on the Canal line.
    -
    -Recently, many have proposed extending New Orleans's public transit system by adding [[light rail]] routes from downtown along Airline Highway through the airport to [[Baton Rouge]] and from downtown to [[Slidell]] and the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Proponents of this idea claim that these new routes would boost the region's economy, which has been badly damaged by [[Hurricane Katrina]], and serve as an evacuation option for hospital patients out of the city.
    -
    -The [[Jefferson Parish, Louisiana|Jefferson Parish]] Department of Transit Administration [http://www.jeffparish.net/index.cfm?DocID=1196] operates Jefferson Transit [http://www.jeffersontransit.org] which provides service between the city and its suburbs.
    -
    -Roads in the city are arranged in a radial grid pattern, emanating out to various parts of town from a central point north of the [[New Orleans Central Business District|Central Business District]]. [[Interstate 10|I-10]] loops east-west through the city, and traverses the northern edge of the Central Business District, taking traffic west towards [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] and east-northeast to [[Slidell, Louisiana]]. The "Highrise" carries I-10 across the [[Industrial Canal]].
    -
    -Farther east, the I-10 connects New Orleans East with Slidell, bridging an arm of Lake Pontchartrain. This crossing, a dual causeway known as the "Twin Spans," was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina. By October 2005 single lanes in each direction had been reopened on the eastbound span. The westbound span was reopened in early January 2006. The Twin Spans is to be replaced with a new six-lane bridge, expected to be completed in 2009.[http://www.nola.com/traffic/t-p/index.ssf?/base/news-0/1136531379233490.xml] As I-10 heads south from Metairie towards the Central Business District, it is called the ''Pontchartrain Expressway''.
    -
    -[[Interstate 610 (Louisiana)|I-610]] provides a direct shortcut across Lakeview and Gentilly, allowing through traffic to bypass I-10's L-shaped route which traverses the more congested areas.
    -
    -[[US 90]] leaves the Central Business District and goes west through the city's Uptown neighborhood via South Claiborne Avenue, crossing the Missisisppi River at the Huey P. Long Bridge near the unincorporated suburb of Jefferson. I-10 is also connected to [[Interstate 12|I-12]], north of Lake Pontchartrain, via the tolled [[Lake Pontchartrain Causeway]], consisting of two parallel bridges, which are also the longest in the world.
    -
    -The interstate highways serving New Orleans were laid out in the middle of the 20th century, a time when a larger proportion of Gulf of Mexico freight traffic passed through New Orleans. [[Interstate 10|I-10]] goes west to [[Houston]] and beyond and east to [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]] and Florida, with [[Interstate 59|I-59]] and [[Interstate 55|I-55]] heading northward to [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] and [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], respectively. Later, [[Interstate 12|I-12]] created a shortcut that avoided crossing Lake Pontchartrain. In Slidell, I-59 and I-12 both end at an interchange with I-10, which turns southward toward New Orleans while I-12 continues straight to rejoin I-10 in Baton Rouge. There are also plans to extend [[Interstate 49|I-49]] from Lafayette to New Orleans. The route would follow U.S. Highway 90 and the Westbank Expressway, placing the southern terminus at I-10 behind the Superdome. The southern termini of US Highways 11 and 61 are in New Orleans, and US 51 terminates just west of the city, [[Laplace, Louisiana|Laplace]].
    -
    -The Pontchartrain Expressway ([[U.S. Highway 90]]'s business route), becomes the [[Westbank Expressway]] south of the Mississippi River. Along its route west then northwest from the [[Crescent City Connection]] bridge to its terminus at I-10 near the Superdome, the Pontchartrain Expressway follows the path of the former New Basin Canal, dug in the 19th century by thousands of immigrant (mostly Irish) laborers, and filled in in 1947. Some of the older warehouse structures still standing along the Pontchartrain Expressway can trace their roots to their days along the banks of the canal.
    -
    -Roads along the Mississippi River were the first to carry overland traffic into New Orleans. US 51 (the "[[Old Hammond Highway]]"), US 90, and US 11 followed old Indian routes along slight ridges to become the first automotive highways. Louisiana governor [[Huey P. Long]] championed Airline Highway (US 61) to bypass the circuitous river road between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. The route of today's US 90 east of New Orleans once included a ferry crossing at Fort Pike. Governor Long built public draw bridges at the Rigolets as political retaliation against the operators of a then-private toll bridge across Lake Pontchartrain. Long achieved his objective: the US 11 toll bridge failed commercially and is owned by the State. US 11 was the escape route for Ignatius J. Reilly at the end of John Kennedy Toole's novel, ''A Confederacy of Dunces''.
    -
    -West of New Orleans, the Ruddock exit at milepost 6 of [[Interstate 55|I-55]] is the only trace left of a thriving community that was literally washed away by the hurricane of September 1915. [http://www.tulane.edu/~biochem/biophys00/sam2.htm Frenier Beach Hurricane Storm Surge Revisited]
    -In the 1960s, a controversial "Dixie Freeway" that would have been designated I-410 would have created an "outer loop" encompassing St. Bernard Parish, the westbank areas of New Orleans and Jefferson, and back across the river in St. Charles Parish where I-310 now runs. Environmental concern for the wetlands south of New Orleans and economic considerations derailed those plans.
    -
    -==Sister cities==
    -New Orleans has ten [[town twinning|sister cities]]:Sister Cities designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/usa/LA Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]. Retrieved [[June 8]], [[2006]].
    -
    -*{{flagicon|France}} [[Juan-les-Pins]], [[France]]
    -*{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]]
    -*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Matsue]], [[Japan]]
    -*{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], [[Mexico]]
    -*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Innsbruck]], [[Austria]]
    -*{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Pointe Noire]], [[Republic of the Congo]]
    -*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[San Miguel de Tucuman]], [[Argentina]]
    -*{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Tegucigalpa]], [[Honduras]]
    -*{{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]]
    -*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Glenelg, South Australia|Holdfast Bay]], [[Australia]]
    -
    -==Gallery==
    -
    -
    -Image:New Orleans - street music.jpg| New Orleans - street music
    -
    -
    -==See also==
    -*[[Reconstruction of New Orleans]]
    -*[[List of New Orleanians]]
    -*[[New Orleans in Fiction]]
    -*[[Wards of New Orleans]]
    +See also: [[List of United States metropolitan areas|U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas]], [[Denver, Colorado]], the [[Denver Metropolitan Area]], the [[Colorado#Metropolitan_Areas|Metropolitan Areas of Colorado]], and the [[Front Range Urban Corridor]].

    ==References==

    -
    +

    +

    +{{Colorado}}

    -==External links==
    -{{sisterlinks|New Orleans}}
    -*[http://www.cityofno.com Official Website of the City of New Orleans]
    -*[http://wikitravel.org/en/New_Orleans New Orleans travel guide] by [[Wikitravel]]
    -*[http://thinknola.com/wiki/New_Orleans_Wiki New Orleans Wiki]
    -*[http://www.watchingneworleans.com/ Info on Katrina recovery]
    -*[http://www.neworleanscvb.com New Orleans Convention & Visitors Bureau]
    -*[http://www.experienceneworleans.com/ New Orleans Travel Guide]
    -*[http://www.NewOrleansOnline.com NewOrleansOnline.com]
    -*[http://www.neworleans.com/ NewOrleans.com]
    -*[http://www.FrenchQuarter.com/ FrenchQuarter.com]
    -*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/home.html Thayer's Gazetteer: Historical Documents on New Orleans and its Water Management]
    -*[http://www.peopleofneworleans.com/ People Of New Orleans] - Video interviews with New Orleanians, post-Katrina.
    -*[http://cafesatan.bravehost.com/louisiana.html Lousiana Trip] - Gallery of images of French Quarter and other places in Southern Louisiana, taken a few months before Katrina
    -*[http://www.ridetheroutes.com/ New Orleans Streetcars]
    -*[http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1862/may/new-orleans.htm 1862 Aerial View of New Orleans]
    -*[http://sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0004B83F-4437-13CD-843783414B7F0101 Scientific American Magazine (February 2006 Issue) Protecting New Orleans]
    -*[http://www.psychogeo.com A psychogeographic guide to the city of New Orleans]
    -*[http://reference.aol.com/nowyouknow/neworleans New Orleans: Flood History in Photos]
    -{{Mapit-US-cityscale|29.972754|-90.059011}}
    -
    -{{Louisiana}}
    -{{USLargestCities}}
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    -[[Category:1718 establishments]]
    -[[Category:Former U.S. state capitals|Louisiana]]
    -[[Category:Greater New Orleans]]
    -[[Category:New Orleans, Louisiana|*]]
    -[[Category:Port cities]]
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    +[[Category:Colorado]] 2013-03-19 11:00:02 90863465 Addbot EmausBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2292621]] --- \n
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    -
    -
    -'''Bradfield College''' is a [[public school]] located in the small village of Bradfield in the English county of [[Berkshire]].
    -
    -The college was founded in the 1850s by Thomas Stevens, Rector and Lord of the Manor of Bradfield. It now has some 500 male and 120 female pupils.
    -
    -==Overview==
    -
    -The school, which admits peoples between the ages of 13-18, has been co-educational throughout since September 2005. All first years pupils (fourth formers) enter a first year boarding house (Faulkners) and then, from the second year (the shell), they move to their main boarding houses for the remaining four years.
    -
    -==The Greek Play==
    -
    -Bradfield is most renowned for its Greek theatre and triennial Greek play, which is performed on a three-year rota in conjunction with [[Cambridge University]] and [[Oxford University]] respectively. Started to save the school from bankruptcy, the school has been staging Greek plays for almost 150 years. The students who act in it receive no formal training in speaking [[Ancient Greek]], and have only nine months to learn the lines and direction, as well as keeping up with their other studies. Many of the students who participate in the play are taking major public exams during rehearsals and even performances. The 2006 play was [[Euripides’s]] [[Medea]], directed by John Taylor, which received exceptional reviews, some stating it to be the best Greek play any of the three participating companies has performed. It has been noted for its groundbreaking advances, including the addition of projected subtitles and the bold decision of incorporating the orchestra into the [[skene]] using a ramp covered in sand and flooded to symbolise the sea and Medea's situation of being "between places".
    -
    -==In the News==
    -
    -In 2005 the school was embroiled in the so-called “Sevenoaks survey” fee-fixing scandal, exposed by ''[[The Times]]''. They were eventually found guilty, with fifty other schools, of breaking the [[Competition Act (1998)]].
    -
    -The Commission for Social Care Inspection, which routinely inspects standards at both private and state boarding schools, praised Bradfield, in an otherwise damming report, for its "safe and caring environment" and for endeavoring to "develop a more modern approach to boarding". The ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that, ‘against the relevant 47 standards, Bradfield achieved 16 gold stars. In only two areas was it judged to have "minor shortcomings”.
    -
    -==Trivia==
    -
    -Former footballing hardman turned [[Hollywood]] actor, Vincent Peter Jones, known as [[Vinnie Jones]], once worked in the kitchens at the college. 'He got me in at a boys’ public school, Bradfield College, near [[Reading, Berkshire]]. Neil’s dad, Tom, was the hairdresser who called at the school a couple of times a week. He went to see the bursar and got me a job: washing pots and pans!' explains Jones in his hard-hitting autobiography ''Vinnie: My Life'' (Headline Books 2001). Although at the time Jones was at a particularly low-ebb – the Bradfield days appear in a chapter entitled ‘Life in a Bin Liner’ – he writes with some tenderness about the friends he made, and the room in which he lived: 'It was built on a corner and overlooked the gardens and the sports field, which was lovely, and there was a river [the pang] at the bottom.'
    -
    -In 2005, girls taking [[German language|German]] [[A-level]] at Bradfield scored the highest results of any independent school in the country.
    -
    -== Notable Old Bradfieldians ==
    -
    -*[[Edward Armstrong]] (1846–1928), historian and Pro-[[Provost (education)|Provost]], [[Queen's College, Oxford]]
    -*[[Archibald Robertson]] (1853–1931), [[Bishop of Exeter]]
    -*[[Stephen Coleridge]] (1854–1936), author, anti-[[vivisection]]ist and co-founder of the [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]]
    -*[[Cecil Tyndale-Biscoe]] (1863–1949), missionary in [[Kashmir]]
    -*[[Edward Gordon Craig|Gordon Craig]] (1872–1966), theatre director, stage designer and wood engraver
    -*[[Zachary Nugent Brooke]] (1883–1946), historian
    -*[[William Ormston Backhouse]] (1885–1962), agricultural geneticist
    -*[[Cyril Falls]] (1888–1971), military historian
    -*[[Bruce Fraser, Baron Fraser of North Cape|Admiral of the Fleet Bruce Fraser, Baron Fraser of North Cape]] (1888–1981), [[Chief of the Naval Staff]]
    -*[[George Grey Wornum]] (1888–1957), architect
    -*[[Christopher Courtney|Air Chief Marshal Sir Christopher Courtney]] (1890–1976), [[Royal Air Force]] officer
    -*[[Guy Garrod|Air Chief Marshal Sir Guy Garrod]] (1891–1965), [[Royal Air Force]] officer
    -*[[Oscar Henderson]] (1891–1969), [[Royal Navy]] officer, Private Secretary to the [[Governor of Northern Ireland]], and television executive
    -*[[G. Norman Knight]] (1891–1978), civil servant and indexer
    -*[[Roderic Hill|Air Chief Marshal Sir Roderic Hill]] (1894–1954), [[Royal Air Force]] officer
    -*[[Hubert Foss]] (1899–1953), composer and music publisher
    -*[[Basil Gray]] (1904–1989), [[British Museum]] curator
    -*[[Robin Ironside]] (1912–1965), painter and writer
    -*[[Mike Calvert|Brigadier Mike Calvert]] (1913–1998), [[Chindits]] and [[Special Air Service]] commander
    -*[[Terence Reese]] (1913–1996), [[bridge (game)|bridge]] player and writer
    -*[[Martin Wight]] (1913–1972), historian and international affairs expert
    -*[[Vivian H. H. Green]] (1915–2005), historian and Rector of [[Lincoln College, Oxford]]
    -*[[John Morrice Cairns James|Morrice James, Baron Saint Brides]] (1916–1989), [[High Commissioner]] in [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and [[Australia]]
    -*[[Charles Phillips (neurophysiologist)|Charles Phillips]] (1916–1994), [[neurophysiology|neurophysiologist]]
    -*[[George Paine (registrar)|George Paine]] (1918–1992), [[Registrar General]]
    -*[[Martin Ryle|Sir Martin Ryle]] (1918–1984), [[Astronomer Royal]]
    -*[[Richard Adams (author)|Richard Adams]] (born 1920), author
    -*[[Andrew Humphrey|Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Andrew Humphrey]] (1921–1977), [[Chief of the Air Staff]] and [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]
    -*[[Tony Hancock]] (1924–1968), comedian
    -*[[Michael Marshall (politician)|Sir Michael Marshall]] (born 1930), politician
    -*[[John Nott|Sir John Nott]] (born 1932), [[Secretary of State for Defence]]
    -*[[Cyril Townsend|Sir Cyril Townsend]] (born 1937), politician
    -*[[David Owen|David Owen, Baron Owen]] (born 1938), [[Foreign Secretary]] and co-founder of the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|SDP]]
    -*[[Graham Roope]] (born 1946), [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] and [[England Cricket|England]] cricketer
    -*[[Nick Clarke]] (born 1948), journalist and [[BBC Radio 4]] presenter
    -*[[Louis de Bernières]] (born 1954), novelist
    -*[[Peter Ainsworth]] (born 1956), [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament]] for [[East Surrey (UK Parliament constituency)|East Surrey]] and member of the [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (UK)|Shadow Cabinet]]
    -*[[Mark Nicholas]] (born 1957), [[cricket]]er and [[TV presenter]]
    -*[[Charles Tannock]] (born 1957) [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of the European Parliament]]
    -*[[Richard Benyon]] (born 1960), [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Newbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Newbury]]
    -*[[Claudia Harrison]], actress
    -*[[Will Lyons]] (born 1976), wine writer
    -*[[Kaddy Lee-Preston]], TV weather presenter
    -*[[H. Pelham Lee]] (1877–1953), [[internal combustion engine]] pioneer and founder of the [[Coventry Climax Engines]] company
    -
    -== See also ==
    -
    -*[[List of schools in the United Kingdom]]
    -*[[List of UK Independent Schools]]
    -
    -== External links ==
    -*[http://www.bradfieldcollege.org.uk/ Bradfield College Website]
    -*[http://www.schoolsguidebook.co.uk/schools/Bradfield_College.html Schoolsguidebook]
    -
    -{{WBSchools}}
    -
    -[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1850s]]
    -[[Category:Educational institutions established in an unknown year]]
    -[[Category:Public schools in Berkshire]]
    -[[Category:Schools with Combined Cadet Forces]]
    +{{Infobox Biography
    +| subject_name = Truman Capote
    +| image_name = TrumanCapote1959.jpg
    +| image_size = 200px
    +| image_caption = Truman Capote, as photographed by Roger Higgins in 1959
    +| date_of_birth = [[September 30]], [[1924]]
    +| place_of_birth = [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
    +| date_of_death = [[August 25]], [[1984]]
    +| place_of_death = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
    +}}
    +'''Truman García Capote''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|pronounced]] {{IPA|[ˈtruː.mən kəˈpoʊ.ti]}}) ([[September 30]], [[1924]] – [[August 25]], [[1984]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[writer]] whose non-fiction, stories, novels and plays are recognized literary classics. He is best known for ''[[In Cold Blood (book)|In Cold Blood]]'' (1965) and the [[novella]] ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'' (1958). At least 20 films and TV dramas have been produced from Capote novels, stories and screenplays.
    +
    +==Biography==
    +Truman Capote was born '''Truman Streckfus Persons''' in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], to salesman Archulus "Arch" Persons and 17-year-old Lillie Mae Faulk. When he was four, his parents divorced, and he was sent to [[Monroeville, Alabama]], where he was raised by his mother's relatives. As a lonely child, Capote taught himself to read and write before he entered the first grade in school. [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0930.html] He was often seen at age five carrying his dictionary and notepad, and he claimed to have written a book when he was nine years old. When he was ten, his short story, "Old Mr. Busybody," won a children's writing contest sponsored by the ''[[Press-Register|Mobile Press Register]]''. When he was 11, he began writing seriously in daily three-hour sessions.
    +
    +In 1933, he moved to [[New York City]] to live with his mother and her second husband, Joseph Capote, who adopted him and renamed him '''Truman García Capote.''' In 1935, Capote attended the [[Trinity School (New York)|Trinity School]]. In 1939, the Capotes moved to [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], and Truman attended [[Greenwich High School]], where he wrote for both the school's literary journal, ''The Green Witch'', and the school newspaper. Back in New York in 1942, he graduated from the [[Dwight School]], an Upper West Side private school where an award is now given annually in his name.
    +
    +When he was 17, Capote ended his formal education and began a two-year job at ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Years later, he wrote, "Not a very grand job, for all it really involved was sorting cartoons and clipping newspapers. Still, I was fortunate to have it, especially since I was determined never to set a studious foot inside a college classroom. I felt that either one was or wasn't a writer, and no combination of professors could influence the outcome. I still think I was correct, at least in my own case."
    +
    +Between [[1943 in literature|1943]] and [[1946 in literature|1946]], Capote wrote a continual flow of short fiction, including "A Mink of One's Own," "Miriam," "My Side of the Matter," "Preacher's Legend," "Shut a Final Door" and "The Walls Are Cold." These stories were published in both literary quarterlies and well-known magazines, including ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', ''[[Mademoiselle (magazine)|Mademoiselle]]'', ''The New Yorker'', ''Prairie Schooner'' and ''Story''. Interviewed in 1957 for the ''[[The Paris Review]]'', Capote was asked about his [[short-story]] technique, answering:
    +:Since each story presents its own technical problems, obviously one can't generalize about them on a two-times-two-equals-four basis. Finding the right form for your story is simply to realize the most ''natural'' way of telling the story. The test of whether or not a writer has divined the natural shape of his story is just this: After reading it, can you imagine it differently, or does it silence your imagination and seem to you absolute and final? As an orange is final. As an orange is something nature has made just right.
    +
    +In 1943 Capote wrote his first novel, ''Summer Crossing'' [http://www.randomhouse.com/modernlibrary/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780812975932&view=excerpt] about the summer romance of Fifth Avenue socialite Grady O'Neil with a parking lot attendant. Capote later claimed to have destroyed it, and it was regarded as a lost work. However, it was stolen in 1966 by a housesitter Capote hired to watch his [[Brooklyn]] apartment, resurfaced in 2004 and was published by [[Random House]] in [[2005 in literature|2005]].
    +
    +===''Other Voices, Other Rooms''===
    +In June 1945, ''Mademoiselle'' published his short story "Miriam" which won an [[O. Henry Award]] (Best First-Published Story) in 1946. In the spring of 1946, Capote was accepted at [[Yaddo]], the 400-acre artists and writers colony at [[Saratoga Springs, New York]].
    +
    +"Miriam" attracted the attention of publisher [[Bennett Cerf]], resulting in a contract with Random House to write a novel. With an advance of $1,500, Capote returned to Monroeville and began ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'', continuing to work on the manuscript in [[New Orleans]], Saratoga Springs and [[North Carolina]], eventually completing it in [[Nantucket, Massachusetts]]. Capote described the symbolic tale as "a poetic explosion in highly suppressed emotion." The novel is a semi-autobiographical refraction of Capote's [[Alabama]] childhood. Decades later, writing in ''The Dogs Bark'' (1973), he looked back:
    +:''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' was an attempt to exorcise demons, an unconscious, altogether intuitive attempt, for I was not aware, except for a few incidents and descriptions, of its being in any serious degree autobiographical. Rereading it now, I find such self-deception unpardonable.
    +
    +The story focuses on 13-year-old Joel Knox following the loss of his mother. Joel is sent from [[New Orleans]] to live with his father who abandoned him at the time of his birth. Arriving at Skully's Landing, a vast, decaying mansion in rural Alabama, Joel meets his sullen stepmother Amy, debauched [[transvestite]] Randolph and defiant Idabel, a girl who becomes his friend. He also sees a spectral "queer lady" with "fat dribbling curls" watching him from a top window. Despite Joel's queries, the whereabouts of his father remain a mystery. When he finally is allowed to see his father, Joel is stunned to find he is paralyzed and near speechless. He runs away with Idabel but catches pneumonia and eventually returns to the Landing where he is nursed back to health by Randolph. The "queer lady", beckoning from the window, turns out to be Randolph in an old [[Mardi Gras]] costume. Gerald Clarke, in ''Capote: A Biography'' (1988) described the conclusion:
    +:Finally, when he goes to join the queer lady in the window, Joel accepts his destiny, which is to be homosexual, to always hear other voices and live in other rooms. Yet acceptance is not a surrender; it is a liberation. "I am me," he whoops. "I am Joel, we are the same people." So, in a sense, had Truman rejoiced when he made peace with his own identity.
    +[[Image:Other.jpg|right|thumb|350px|This much-discussed 1947 Harold Halma photo on the back of ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' (1948) was a key factor in Capote's rise to fame during the 1940s.]]
    +
    +When ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' was published in 1948, it stayed on the ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller list for nine weeks, selling more than 26,000 copies. The promotion and controversy surrounding this novel catapulted Capote to fame. A 1947 Harold Halma photograph, used to promote the book, showed a reclining Capote gazing into the camera. Gerald Clarke, in ''Capote: A Biography'' (1988), wrote, "The famous photograph: Harold Halma's picture on the dustjacket of ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' (1948) caused as much comment and controversy as the prose inside. Truman claimed that the camera had caught him off guard, but in fact he had posed himself and was responsible for both the picture and the publicity." Much of the early attention to Capote centered around different interpretations of this photograph, which was viewed as a suggestive pose by some. According to Clarke, the photo created an "uproar" and gave Capote "not only the literary, but also the public personality he had always wanted." The photo made a huge impression on the 20-year-old [[Andy Warhol]], who often talked about the picture and wrote fan letters to Capote. [http://www.warholstars.org/warhol1/2trumancapote.html] When Warhol moved to New York in 1949, he made numerous attempts to meet Capote, and Warhol's fascination with the author led to his first New York one-man show, ''Fifteen Drawings Based on the Writings of Truman Capote'' at the Hugo Gallery (June 16 - July 3, 1952.).
    +[[Image:Truman Capote 1924 1.jpg|thumb|left|Capote photographed by [[Carl Van Vechten]], 1948]]
    +When the picture was reprinted along with reviews in magazines and newspapers, some readers were amused, but others were outraged and offended. The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that Capote looked "as if he were dreamily contemplating some outrage against conventional morality." The novelist [[Merle Miller]] issued a complaint about the photo at a publishing forum, and the humorist [[Max Shulman]] satirized it by adopting an identical pose for the dustjacket of his collection, ''Max Shulman's Large Economy Size'' (1948). Random House featured the Halma photo in their "This is Truman Capote" ads, and large blowups were displayed in bookstore windows. Walking on Fifth Avenue, Halma overheard two middle-aged women looking at a Capote blowup in the window of a bookstore. When one woman said, "I'm telling you: he's just young," the other woman responded, "And I'm telling you, if he isn't young, he's dangerous!" Capote delighted in retelling this anecdote.
    +
    +Random House followed the success of ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' with ''A Tree of Night and Other Stories'' in 1949. In addition to "Miriam," this collection also includes "Shut a Final Door." First published in ''The Atlantic Monthly'' (August, 1947), "Shut a Final Door" won an O. Henry Award (First Prize) in 1948.
    +
    +After ''A Tree of Night'' was published, Capote traveled about [[Europe]], including a two-year sojourn in [[Sicily]]. This led to a collection of his European travel essays, ''Local Color'' (1950), indicative of his increasing interest in writing nonfiction. In the early 1950s, Capote took on Broadway and films, adapting his 1951 novella, ''The Grass Harp,'' into a 1952 play (later a 1971 musical and a 1995 film), followed by the musical ''[[House of Flowers (musical)|House of Flowers]]'' (1954). Capote co-wrote with [[John Huston]] the screenplay for Huston's film ''[[Beat the Devil (1953 film)|Beat the Devil]]'' (1953). Traveling through the [[Soviet Union]] with a touring production of ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'', he produced a series of articles for ''The New Yorker'' that became his first book-length work of nonfiction, ''The Muses Are Heard'' (1956).
    +
    +===Friendship with Harper Lee===
    +Capote was a lifelong friend of his [[Monroeville, Alabama|Monroeville]] neighbor [[Harper Lee]], and he based the character of Idabel in ''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' on her. He in turn was the inspiration for Dill Harris in her 1960 bestseller ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]].'' In an interview with Lawrence Grobel, Capote recalled his childhood, "Mr. and Mrs. Lee, Harper Lee's mother and father, lived very near. Harper Lee was my best friend. Did you ever read her book, ''To Kill a Mockingbird''? I'm a character in that book, which takes place in the same small town in Alabama where we both lived."
    +
    +It was rumored that Capote had written portions of her novel; some said he [[ghostwriter|ghosted]] the entire novel. At least one person — Pearl Kazin Bell, an editor at ''[[Harper's]]'' — believed the rumor was true. However, Capote would likely have been much more aggressive in claiming credit for the novel's Pulitzer Prize had he been the real author, since he never achieved a Pulitzer for his own work. His persona was far more flamboyant than hers, and their writing styles reflect this difference. A [[July 9]], [[1959]] letter from Capote to his aunt indicates that Harper Lee did indeed write the entire book herself,[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5244492] and most literary experts accept Lee's authorship.
    +
    +===''Breakfast at Tiffany's''===
    +[[Image:Breakfastat.jpg|thumb|right|150px]]
    +''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)|Breakfast at Tiffany's: A Short Novel and Three Stories]]'' brought together tales of personal loss: "House of Flowers," "A Diamond Guitar" and "A Christmas Memory." A first edition of this book might sell for between $500 to more than $3000, depending upon conditon. For Capote, ''Breakfast at Tiffany's'' was a turning point, as he explained to Roy Newquist (''Counterpoint'', 1964):
    +:I think I've had two careers. One was the career of precocity, the young person who published a series of books that were really quite remarkable. I can even read them now and evaluate them favorably, as though they were the work of a stranger... My second career began, I guess it really began with ''Breakfast at Tiffany's''. It involves a different point of view, a different prose style to some degree. Actually, the prose style is an evolvement from one to the other–-a pruning and thinning-out to a more subdued, clearer prose. I don't find it as evocative, in many respects, as the other, or even as original, but it is more difficult to do. But I'm nowhere near reaching what I want to do, where I want to go. Presumably this new book is as close as I'm going to get, at least stylistically.
    +
    +===''In Cold Blood''===
    +The "new book," ''[[In Cold Blood (book)|In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences]]'', was inspired by a 300-word article that ran on page 19 of ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' on Monday, [[November 16]], [[1959]]. The story described the unexplained murder of the [[Herbert Clutter|Clutter family]] in rural [[Holcomb, Kansas]].
    +
    +
    +:'''Wealthy Farmer, 3 of Family Slain'''
    +
    +:A wealthy wheat farmer, his wife and their two young children were found shot to death today in their home. They had been killed by shotgun blasts at close range after being bound and gagged. The father, 48-year-old Herbert W. Clutter, was found in the basement with his son, Kenyon, 15. His wife Bonnie, 45, and a daughter, Nancy, 16, were in their beds. There were no signs of a struggle and nothing had been stolen. The telephone lines had been cut. "This is apparently the case of a psychopathic killer," [[Sheriff]] Earl Robinson said. Mr. Clutter was founder of The Kansas Wheat Growers Association. In 1954, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] appointed him to the [[Federal Farm Credit Board]], but he never lived in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]... The Clutter farm and ranch cover almost 1,000 acres1000 acres is about 400 hectares or 4 km2 in one of the richest wheat areas. Mr. Clutter, his wife and daughter were clad in pajamas. The boy was wearing blue jeans and a T-shirt. The bodies were discovered by two of Nancy's classmates, Susan Kidwell and Nancy Ewalt... Two daughters were away. They are Beverly, a student at Kansas University, and Mrs. Donald G. Jarchow of Mount Carroll, Ill.
    +
    +
    +Fascinated by this brief news item, Capote traveled with Harper Lee to Holcomb and visited the scene of the massacre. Over the course of the next few years, he became acquainted with everyone involved in the investigation and most of the residents of the small town. Rather than taking notes during interviews, Capote committed conversations to memory and immediately wrote quotes as soon as an interview ended. He claimed his memory retention for verbatim conversations had been tested at 94%. Lee lent Capote considerable assistance during his research for ''In Cold Blood''. During the first few months of his investigation, she was able to make inroads into the community by befriending the wives of those Capote wanted to interview.
    +
    +''In Cold Blood'' was serialized in ''The New Yorker'' in 1965 and published in hardcover by Random House in 1966. The "non-fiction novel," as Capote labeled it, brought him literary acclaim and became an international bestseller. A feud between Capote and British arts critic [[Kenneth Tynan]] erupted in the pages of ''The Observer'' after Tynan's review of ''In Cold Blood'' implied that Capote wanted an execution so the book would have an effective ending. Tynan wrote:
    +:We are talking, in the long run, about responsibility; the debt that a writer arguably owes to those who provide him--down to the last autobiographical parentheses--with his subject matter and his livelihood... For the first time an influential writer of the front rank has been placed in a position of privileged intimacy with criminals about to die, and--in my view--done less than he might have to save them. The focus narrows sharply down on priorities: does the work come first, or does life? An attempt to help (by supplying new psychiatric testimony) might easily have failed: what one misses is any sign that it was ever contemplated.
    +
    +''In Cold Blood'' brought Capote much praise from the literary community, but there were some who questioned certain events as reported in the book. Writing in ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' in 1966, Phillip K. Tompkins noted factual discrepancies after he traveled to Kansas and talked to some of the same people interviewed by Capote. In a telephone interview with Tompkins, Mrs. Meier denied that she heard Perry cry and that she held his hand as described by Capote. ''In Cold Blood'' indicates that Meier and Perry became close, yet she told Tompkins she spent little time with Perry and did not talk much with him. Tompkins concluded:
    +:Capote has, in short, achieved a work of art. He has told exceedingly well a tale of high terror in his own way. But, despite the brilliance of his self-publicizing efforts, he has made both a tactical and a moral error that will hurt him in the short run. By insisting that “every word” of his book is true he has made himself vulnerable to those readers who are prepared to examine seriously such a sweeping claim.
    +
    +===Celebrity===
    +Capote stood at just over 5'2" (159 cm) and was openly [[homosexual|gay]] in a time when it was common among artists, but rarely talked about. One of his first serious lovers was [[Smith College]] literature professor [[Newton Arvin]], who won the [[National Book Award]] for his [[Herman Melville]] biography.
    +
    +Capote was well known for his distinctive, high-pitched voice and dentalised [[lisp]], his offbeat manner of dress and his fabrications. He claimed to know intimately people he had in fact never met, such as [[Greta Garbo]]. He professed to have had numerous liaisons with men thought to be [[heterosexuality|heterosexual]], including, he claimed, [[Errol Flynn]]. He traveled in eclectic circles, hobnobbing with authors, critics, business tycoons, [[philanthropy|philanthropists]], Hollywood and theatrical celebrities, royalty and members of [[high society]], both in the U.S. and abroad. Part of his public persona was a long-standing rivalry with writer [[Gore Vidal]]. Apart from his favorite authors ([[Willa Cather]], [[Karen Blixen|Isak Dinesen]]), Capote had faint praise for other writers. However, one who did get his favorable endorsement was journalist [[Lacey Fosburgh]], author of ''Closing Time: The True Story of the Goodbar Murder'' (1977).
    +[[Image:Capoteparty.jpg|thumb|200px]]
    +====Black & White Ball====
    +On [[November 28]], [[1966]], in honor of ''[[Washington Post]]'' publisher [[Katharine Graham]], Capote hosted a legendary masked ball, called the Black & White Ball, in the Grand [[Ballroom]] of [[New York City]]'s [[Plaza Hotel]]. It was considered the social event of not only that season but of many to follow. The ''New York Times'' and other publications gave it considerable coverage, and Deborah Davis wrote an entire book about the event, ''Party of the Century'' ([[2006 in literature|2006]]).
    +
    +Capote dangled the prized invitations for months, snubbing early supporters like [[Carson McCullers]] as he determined who was "in" and who was "out." In choosing his guest of honor, Capote eschewed glamorous "[[Society swan|swans]]" like [[Babe Paley]] and [[Fiat]] heiress [[Marella Agnelli]] in favor of Katharine Graham. Actress [[Candice Bergen]] was bored at the ball. Capote's elevator man danced the night away with a woman who didn't know his pedigree. [[Norman Mailer]] sounded off about [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], and [[Frank Sinatra]] danced with his young wife, [[Mia Farrow]].
    +
    +===Later life===
    +After the success of ''In Cold Blood'', Capote entrenched himself completely in the world of the [[jet set]], discreetly conducting research (unbeknownst to his friends and benefactors) for his tell-all ''Answered Prayers''. The book, which had been in the planning stages since 1958, was intended to be the American equivalent of [[Marcel Proust]]'s ''[[Remembrance of Things Past]]'' and a culmination of the "nonfiction novel" format. Initially scheduled for publication in 1968, the novel was eventually delayed at Capote's insistence to 1972. Because of the delay, he was forced to return money received for the film rights to [[20th Century Fox]].
    +
    +In the late 1960s, he became friendly with [[Lee Radziwill]], the sister of [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]. Radziwill was an aspiring actress and had appeared to deplorable reviews in an engagement of ''[[The Philadelphia Story]]'' in Chicago. Feeling that the part simply wasn't tailored to her abilities, Capote was commissioned to write the teleplay for a 1967 TV adaptation of the classic [[Otto Preminger]] film ''[[Laura]]'' starring Radziwill. The adaptation, and Radziwill's performance in particular, received indifferent reviews and poor ratings; arguably, it was the author's first major professional setback as a writer. Radziwill supplanted the older Babe Paley as Capote's primary female companion in public throughout the better part of the 1970s.
    +
    +Despite the assertion earlier in life that one "lost an IQ point for every year spent on the West Coast," he purchased a home in [[Palm Springs]] and began to use cocaine on a regular basis. This resulted in bitter quarreling with the socially retiring [[Jack Dunphy]] (with whom he shared a [[Open relationship|non-exclusive relationship]] from 1948 until his death). They were separated during much of the 1970s. In the absence of Dunphy, Capote began to frequent the [[bathhouse]] circuit in New York, often seducing working-class, sexually unsure men half his age. The dearth of new material and other failures (including a rejected screenplay for Paramount's 1974 adaptation of ''The Great Gatsby'') was counteracted by Capote's frequenting of the talk show circuit, where his inebriated, candid appearances became the stuff of cliché.
    +
    +In 1972, with Lee Radziwill in tow, Capote accompanied [[the Rolling Stones]] on their [[The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972|1972 American Tour]] as a ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' correspondent. While managing to take extensive notes for the project and visit old friends from the ''In Cold Blood'' days in [[Kansas City]], he feuded with [[Mick Jagger]] and ultimately refused to write the article. The magazine eventually recouped its interests by publishing a 1973 interview of the author conducted by [[Andy Warhol]]. A collection of earlier works appeared that year, yet the publication date of ''Answered Prayers'' was pushed back once more. In 1974 he was commissioned by Katharine Graham to cover a murder trial in the Washington area, but he exaggerated an illness and abandoned the project. In letters dating back as early as 1971, the publisher wrote of concern for Capote, who seemed content to her in his deteriorating and debauched state. Friends were appalled later that year when manipulative John O'Shea, his latest boyfriend, attempted to take total control of Capote's literary and business interests.
    +
    +By 1975, public demand for ''Answered Prayers'' had reached a critical mass, with many speculating that Capote had not even written a single word of the book. He permitted ''Esquire'' to publish three long chapters of the unfinished novel throughout 1975 and 1976, slightly surpassing ''Breakfast at Tiffany's'' in length if taken as one work. While the first part, "Mojave," was received favorably, "La Cote Basque 1965" and "Unspoiled Monsters" alienated Capote from his established base of middle aged, wealthy female friends, who were fearful that the intimate and often sordid details of their ostensibly glamorous and carefree lifestyles would be exposed to the public. Based upon the dysfunctional personal lives of William S. and [[Babe Paley]], arguably Capote's best friends, the issue featuring "La Cote Basque" sold out immediately upon publication. "Unspoiled Monsters" contained a thinly veiled attack against [[Tennessee Williams]], whose friendship with Capote had already been strained at this juncture.
    +
    +Capote was further demoralized in 1978 when Radziwill provided testimony on behalf of perpetual nemesis Gore Vidal in a defamation lawsuit stemming from a drunken interview Capote gave ''[[Playboy]]'' in 1976. In a retaliatory move, Capote appeared on Stanley Siegal's talk show in a talkative, inebriated mood and revealed salacious personal details about Radziwill and her sister. While the public ate up the gossip in spades, resulting in a sizeable ratings increase for the otherwise lowly Siegal program, the nature of the appearance only exacerbated Capote's reputation as a drunken caricature of his former self.
    +
    +In an ironic twist, Warhol (who had made a point of seeking out Capote when he first arrived in New York) took the author under his wing. He often partied with the author at [[Studio 54]] and gave him steady short feature work — the kind of assignments that Capote thrived upon — for ''[[Interview]]'' magazine. Out of this creative burst came the short pieces that would form the basis for the bestselling ''[[Music for Chameleons]]'' (1980). To celebrate this unexpected renaissance, he underwent a [[facelift]], lost weight and experimented with hair transplants. Nevertheless, Capote was unable to overcome his reliance upon drugs and liquor and had grown bored with New York by the turn of the 1980s.
    +
    +After the revocation of his driver's license (the result of speeding near his [[Long Island]] residence) and a hallucinatory seizure in 1980 that required hospitalization, Capote became fairly reclusive. These hallucinations continued unabated throughout the decade, and scans revealed that his brain mass had perceptibly shrunk. On the rare occasions when he was lucid, he continued to hype ''Answered Prayers'' as being nearly complete and was reportedly planning a reprise of the Black and White Ball to have been held either in Los Angeles or a more exotic locale in South America.
    +
    +Capote died, according to the coroner's report, of "liver disease complicated by [[phlebitis]] and multiple drug intoxication" at the age of 59 on [[August 25]], [[1984]], in the home of his old friend Joanne Carson, ex-wife of late-night TV host [[Johnny Carson]], on whose program Capote had been a frequent guest. He was interred in the [[Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery]] in Los Angeles, leaving behind his longtime companion, author [[Jack Dunphy]], with whom he had reconciled in the late 1970s. Dunphy died in 1992, and in 1994 both his and Capote's ashes were scattered at Crooked Pond, between [[Bridgehampton]] and [[Sag Harbor]] on [[Long Island]], close to where the two had maintained a property with individual houses for many years. Capote also maintained the property in [[Palm Springs]], a condominium in [[Switzerland]] that was mostly occupied by Dunphy seasonally, and a primary residence at the [[United Nations]] Plaza in New York City.
    +
    +Capote twice won the [[O. Henry Awards|O. Henry Memorial Short Story Prize]] and was a member of the [[National Institute of Arts and Letters]].
    +
    +==Capote on film==
    +Capote's childhood experiences are captured in the 1956 memoir "A Christmas Memory," which he adapted for television and narrated. Directed by [[Frank Perry]], it aired on [[December 21]], [[1966 in television|1966]], on ''[[ABC Stage 67]]'', and featured [[Geraldine Page]] in an [[Emmy Award]]-winning performance. The teleplay was later incorporated into Perry's 1969 anthology film ''Trilogy'' (aka ''Truman Capote's Trilogy''), which also includes adaptations of "Miriam" and "Among the Paths to Eden." The TV movie ''Truman Capote's A Christmas Memory'', with [[Patty Duke]] and [[Piper Laurie]], was a [[1997 in television|1997]] remake, directed by Glenn Jordan.
    +
    +In [[1961 in film|1961]] Capote's novel ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'' about a flamboyant New York party girl named Holly Golightly was filmed by director [[Blake Edwards]] and starred [[Audrey Hepburn]] in what many consider her defining role, though Capote never approved of the toning down of the story to appeal to mass audiences.
    +
    +Capote narrated his ''The Thanksgiving Visitor'' (1967), a sequel to ''A Christmas Memory'', filmed by Frank Perry in [[Pike Road, Alabama]]. Geraldine Page again won an Emmy for her performance in this hour-long [[teleplay]].
    +
    +''In Cold Blood'' was filmed twice: When [[Richard Brooks]] directed ''[[In Cold Blood (film)|In Cold Blood]]'', the [[1967 in film|1967]] adaptation with [[Robert Blake]] and [[Scott Wilson]], he filmed at the actual Clutter house and other Holcomb, Kansas, locations. [[Anthony Edwards]] and [[Eric Roberts]] headed the cast of the 1996 ''In Cold Blood'' miniseries, directed by [[Jonathan Kaplan]].
    +
    +[[Neil Simon]]'s 1976 murder mystery spoof ''[[Murder by Death]]'' provided Capote's main role as an actor, portraying reclusive millionaire Lionel Twain who invites the world's leading detectives together to a dinner party to have them solve a murder. The performance brought him a [[Golden Globe]] nomination (Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture). Early in the film it is alleged that Twain has "no pinkies." In truth, Capote's little fingers were unusually large.
    +
    +In [[Woody Allen]]'s ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977), there is a scene in which Alvy (Allen) and Annie ([[Diane Keaton]]) are observing passersby in the park. Alvy comments, "Oh, there goes the winner of the Truman Capote Look-Alike Contest." The passerby is actually Truman Capote (who appeared in the film uncredited).
    +
    +''Other Voices, Other Rooms'' came to theater screens in 1995 with David Speck in the lead role of Joel Sansom. Reviewing this atmospheric [[Southern Gothic]] film in the ''New York Times'', [[Stephen Holden]] wrote:
    +:One of the things the movie does best is transport you back in time and into nature. In the early scenes as Joel leaves his aunt's home to travel across the South by rickety bus and horse and carriage, you feel the strangeness, wonder and anxiety of a child abandoning everything that's familiar to go to a place so remote he has to ask directions along the way. The landscape over which he travels is so rich and fertile that you can almost smell the earth and sky. Later on, when Joel tussles with Idabell (Aubrey Dollar), a tomboyish neighbor who becomes his best friend (a character inspired by the author Harper Lee), the movie has a special force and clarity in its evocation of the physical immediacy of being a child playing outdoors.
    +
    +Capote's short story "Children on Their Birthdays", another look back at a small-town Alabama childhood, was brought to film by director Mark Medoff in [[2002 in film|2002]].
    +
    +==Capote in TV and Film==
    +''With Love from Truman'' ([[1966 in television|1966]]), a 29-minute documentary by David and Albert Maysles and Charlotte Zwerin, shows a ''Newsweek'' reporter interviewing Capote at his beachfront home in Long Island. Capote talks about ''In Cold Blood'', his relationship with the murderers and his coverage of the trial. He is also seen taking Alvin Dewey and his wife around New York City for the first time. Originally titled ''A Visit with Truman Capote'', this film was commissioned by National Educational Television and shown on the NET network.
    +
    +In 1990, [[Robert Morse]] received both a [[Tony Award]] and an [[Emmy Award|Emmy]] for his portrayal of Capote in the one-man show, ''Tru'', seen on the PBS series ''[[American Playhouse]]'' in [[1992 in television|1992]].
    +
    +Louis Negrin portrayed Capote in ''54'' (1998). A reference is made to Capote as just having had a face lift, and the song "Knock on Wood" is dedicated to him.
    +
    +Sam Street is seen briefly as Capote in ''Isn't She Great?'' ([[2000 in film|2000]]), a biographical comedy-drama about [[Jacqueline Susann]]. Michael J. Burg has appeared as Capote in two films, ''The Audrey Hepburn Story'' (2000) and ''The Hoax'' ([[2006 in film|2006]]), about [[Clifford Irving]].
    +
    +''Truman Capote: The Tiny Terror'' is a documentary that aired [[April 6]], [[2004 in television|2004]], as part of A&E's ''[[A&E Biography|Biography]]'' series, followed by a 2005 DVD release.
    +
    +In July [[2005 in literature|2005]], [[Oni Press]] published comic book artist and writer Ande Parks' ''Capote in Kansas: A Drawn Novel'', a fictionalized account of Capote and Lee researching ''In Cold Blood''.
    +
    +Director [[Bennett Miller]] made his dramatic feature debut with the [[biopic]] ''[[Capote (film)|Capote]]'' ([[2005 in film|2005]]). Spanning the years Truman Capote spent researching and writing ''In Cold Blood'', the film depicts Capote's conflict between his compassion for his subjects and self-absorbed obsession with finishing the book. ''Capote'' garnered much critical acclaim when it was released ([[September 30]], [[2005]] in the US and [[February 24]], [[2006]] in the UK). [[Dan Futterman]]'s screenplay was based on the book ''Capote: A Biography'' by Gerald Clarke. ''Capote'' received five [[Academy Award]] nominations: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress. [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]]'s performance earned him many awards, including a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] Award, a [[Golden Globe]], a [[Screen Actors Guild]] Award, an [[Independent Spirit Award]] and the 2006 [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role]].
    +
    +''[[Infamous (film)|Infamous]]'' (2006), which stars [[Toby Jones]] as Capote and [[Sandra Bullock]] as Harper Lee, is an adaptation of [[George Plimpton]]'s ''Capote: In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career'' ([[1997 in literature|1997]]). Writer-director Douglas McGrath offered a contrast of Capote in Kansas with his gossipy adventures amid the New York social set. The film's premiere at the [[Venice Film Festival]] in August 2006 was followed by a October 13 theatrical release. Reviewing in ''[[The Independent]]'', prior to the premiere, critic [[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]] wrote:
    +:The best new film I've seen this year is about the writer Truman Capote... I have no reason to attack ''Capote'', or diminish it. I thought it was a good picture. But this is better... So get ready for ''Infamous'' - unless someone has the wit to find a new title. Understand in advance that the leading arbiters of culture will tell you it's the same thing warmed up, a story you know, a curiosity even. It's none of those. We do not write off this year's ''Hamlet'' because we enjoyed last year's. We might listen to Mahler's ''Ninth'' tonight and in a few months' time. You do not really know this story in advance, for a very good reason: you have not been moved by it yet. You have been intrigued, entertained - all good things. In ''Infamous'', among other things, you have [[Gwyneth Paltrow]]'s breakdown and the fact that one of the killers took 30 minutes to die after he had been hanged. People collapse slowly. You will be surprised. [http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/film/features/article1096307.ece]
    +
    +More than 70 film critics wrote favorable reviews of ''Infamous'', but some were not impressed. [[Jim Emerson]], reviewing in ''[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]'', wrote:
    +:''Infamous'' never finds its proper tone, which should have been set by the peacock performances of Jones and Stevenson -- flaming creatures who are comically flamboyant, self-possessed and just enough over the top to be dazzling. As Capote's fellow author and investigative collaborator Nelle Harper Lee, Sandra Bullock is robotic. When she shifts her eyes at a key moment in a scene, you can almost read the programming code that dictates the maneuver. In the end, ''Infamous'' turns out to be the third-best movie built around the murders of the Clutter family of Holcomb, Kan., in 1959. [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/movies/94638,WKP-News-infamous13.article]
    +
    +Due to the numerous depictions of Capote on film, the satirical newspaper ''[[The Onion]]'' published a 2006 article: "Oscars Create New Truman Capote Biopic Category." [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/54569] "Oscars Create New Truman Capote Biopic Category"
    +
    +==Discography==
    +*''Capote'' (2005) film soundtrack by Mychael Danna. Reading by Capote.
    +*''A Christmas Memory'' LP. Reading by Capote.
    +*''Children on Their Birthdays'' Columbia Literary Series ML 4761 12" LP. Reading by Capote.
    +*''House of Flowers'' Columbia 10" LP. Reading by Capote.
    +*''House of Flowers'' Broadway production. Saint Subber presents Truman Capote and Harold Arlen’s ''House of Flowers'', starring Pearl Bailey. Directed by Peter Brook with musical numbers by Herbert Ross. Columbia 12" LP, Stereo-OS-2320. Electronically reprocessed for stereo.
    +*''In Cold Blood'' (1966) RCA Victor Red Seal monophonic LP, VDM-110. Reading by Capote.
    +*''In Cold Blood'' Random House unabridged on 12 CDs. Read by Scott Brick.
    +*''The Thanksgiving Visitor'' (1967) United Artists LP UAS 6682. Reading by Capote.
    +*''Capote in Kansas'' (2005) Oni Press, Graphic novel about Truman Capote and his time in Kansas researching ''In Cold Blood''.
    +
    +==Published and other works==
    +{| class="wikitable"
    +|-
    +! Year !! Title !! Type/Notes
    +|-
    +| [[1943|approx. 1943]]
    +| ''[[Summer Crossing]]''
    +| Novel; posthumously published 2005
    +|-
    +| [[1945]]
    +| [[Miriam]]
    +| Short story; published in ''[[Mademoiselle (magazine)]]''
    +|-
    +| [[1948]]
    +| ''[[Other Voices, Other Rooms]]''
    +| Novel
    +|-
    +| [[1949]]
    +| ''[[A Tree of Night and Other Stories]]''
    +| Collection of short stories
    +|-
    +| [[1951]]
    +| ''[[The Grass Harp]]''
    +| Novel
    +|-
    +| [[1952]]
    +| ''The Grass Harp''
    +| Play
    +|-
    +| [[1953]]
    +| ''[[Beat the Devil (1953 film)|Beat the Devil]]''
    +| Original screenplay
    +|-
    +| [[1954]]
    +| ''[[House of Flowers]]''
    +| Broadway musical
    +|-
    +| [[1956]]
    +| ''[[The Muses Are Heard]]''
    +| Non-fiction
    +|-
    +| [[1956]]
    +| "[[A Christmas Memory]]"
    +| Short story; published in ''Mademoiselle (magazine)''
    +|-
    +| [[1957]]
    +| "The Duke in His Domain"
    +| Portrait of [[Marlon Brando]]; published in ''[[The New Yorker]]''; Republished in ''Life Stories: Profiles from The New Yorker'' (2001)
    +|-
    +| [[1958]]
    +| ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (novella)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]''
    +| Novella
    +|-
    +| [[1960]]
    +| ''[[The Innocents (film)|The Innocents]]''
    +| Screenplay based on ''[[Turn of the Screw]]'' by [[Henry James]]; 1962 [[Edgar Award]], from the [[Mystery Writers of America]], to Capote and William Archibald for Best Motion Picture Screenplay
    +|-
    +| [[1963]]
    +|
    +| ''[[Selected Writings of Truman Capote]]''
    +|-
    +| [[1964]]
    +|
    +| A short story appeared in ''Seventeen'' magazine
    +|-
    +| [[1966]]
    +| ''[[In Cold Blood (book)|In Cold Blood]]''
    +| "Non-fiction novel"; Capote's second Edgar Award (1966), for Best Fact Crime book
    +|-
    +| [[1968]]
    +| ''[[The Thanksgiving Visitor]]''
    +| Novella
    +|-
    +| [[1971]]
    +| ''[[The Great Gatsby]]''
    +| Screenplay based on the novel by [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], rejected by [[Paramount Pictures]]
    +|-
    +| [[1973]]
    +| ''[[The Dogs Bark]]''
    +| Collection of travel articles and personal sketches
    +|-
    +| [[1975]]
    +| "Mojave" and "La Cote Basque, 1965"
    +| Short stories from ''Answered Prayers''; published in ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]''
    +|-
    +| [[1976]]
    +| "Unspoiled Monsters" and "Kate McCloud"
    +| Short stories from ''Answered Prayers''; published in ''Esquire (magazine)|Esquire''
    +|-
    +| [[1980]]
    +| ''[[Music for Chameleons]]''
    +| Collection of short fiction and nonfiction
    +|-
    +| [[1986]]
    +| ''[[Answered Prayers: The Unfinished Novel]]''
    +| Published posthumously
    +|-
    +| [[2005]]
    +| ''Summer Crossing''
    +| Previously lost first novel — excerpt published in the [[2005-10-24]] issue of ''The New Yorker''
    +|}
    +
    +==Watch==
    +*[http://images.apple.com/movies/warner_independent/infamous/infamous-tlr1-h.ref.mov ''Infamous'' trailer]
    +
    +==Listen to==
    +*[http://www.publicradio.org/tools/media/player/news/features/2004/12/16_extra_capote Capote reading "A Christmas Memory"]
    +*[http://www.wiredforbooks.org/geraldclarke/ Capote biographer Gerald Clarke interviewed by CBS Radio's [[Don Swaim]] (1988)]
    +
    +==References and Notes==
    +*Garson, Helen S. ''Truman Capote: A Study of the Short Fiction''. Boston ; Twayne, 1992.
    +*[http://theparisreview.org/viewinterview.php/prmMID/4867 Hill, Patti. "Truman Capote: The Art of Fiction No. 17," ''Paris Review'' 16, Spring-Summer 1957]
    +*Inge, M. Thomas (1987) ''Truman Capote Conversations''. University Press of Mississippi. Interviews with Capote by Gerald Clarke, [[David Frost]], Eric Norden, George Plimpton, [[Gloria Steinem]], Jerry Tallmer, [[Eugene Walter]], [[Andy Warhol]], [[Jann Wenner]] and others. ISBN 0-87805-274-7
    +*[http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/28/home/capote-obit.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Krebs, Albin. "Truman Capote Is Dead at 59; Novelist of Style and Clarity," ''New York Times'' (August 28, 1984)]
    +*Plimpton, George (1997) ''Truman Capote, In Which Various Friends, Enemies, Acquaintances, and Detractors Recall His Turbulent Career''. Published by Nan A. Talese (imprint of [[Doubleday]]). Collection of first-hand observations about the author. Basis for the film ''Infamous'' (2006).
    +*Walter, Eugene, as told to Katherine Clark, foreword by George Plimpton (2001) ''Milking the Moon: A Southerner's Story of Life on This Planet''. Crown. Actor-novelist-raconteur Walter, who first met Capote when they were children, recalled several anecdotes about Capote as an adult and as a child (when he was known as '''Bulldog Persons''').
    +
    +
    +
    +==External links==
    +{{wikiquote}}
    +{{commons|Truman Capote}}
    +*[http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0930.html Obituary, New York Times, August 26, 1984 (with some striking contradictions to this article about his early years)]
    +*[http://www.capotebio.com/ Abstract of Truman Capote]
    +*[http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/capote.htm Books and Writers]
    +*[http://www.sonyclassics.com/capote/main.html ''Capote'' (2005), film website]
    +*[http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1175&pt=Truman%20Capote Find A Grave]
    +*[http://www-tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_089/TECH_V089_S0501_P005.pdf Emanuel Goldman review of ''Trilogy'' in ''The Tech'' (December 3, 1969)]
    +*[http://www.geraldclarke.com/works.htm Gerald Clarke on Capote]
    +*[http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/2004/12/16_hemphills_xmasmemory/ Minnesota Public Radio: Public readings of "A Christmas Memory"]
    +*[http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/12/28/home/capote-dogs.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Review: ''The Dogs Bark'' (1973)]
    +*[http://www.ansoniadesign.com/capote/ Truman Capote: A Black + White Tribute]
    +*[http://www.nytimes.com/ads/capote/ Truman Capote: His Life & Works]
    +*[http://www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/rbk/faids/capote.pdf Truman Capote Papers]
    +*[http://www.davidclaudon.com/Mockingbird/capoteaunt.html "Truman's Aunt: A Bio in Cold Blood" by Dannye Romine]
    +* [http://wiredforbooks.org/geraldclarke/ Real Audio interview with Gerald Clark about Truman Capote] by [[Don Swaim]]
    +
    +{{Template:Capote}}
    +
    +[[Category:American novelists|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:American short story writers|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:American memoirists|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:American screenwriters|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:Non-fiction crime writers|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:Edgar Award winners|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:Gay writers|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:Louisiana writers|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:People from Alabama|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:People from Long Island|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:People from New Orleans|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:People from New York City|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:LGBT screenwriters|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:Drug-related deaths|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:1924 births|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:LGBT people from the United States|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:1984 deaths|Capote, Truman]]
    +[[Category:LGBT people from the United States|Capote, Truman]]
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    @@ -1,11 +1,17 @@\n
    -{{catmore}}
    +'''Synchronous conferencing''' is the formal term used in [[science]] to describe [[online chat|text chat]] technologies. Occasionally it is also extended to mean [[web conferencing|audio/video conferencing]] or [[instant messaging]] systems, given they provide a text-based chat function.

    -See also the related and potentially overlapping category [[:Category:Internet games|Internet games]].
    +Typical synchronous conferencing technologies include

    -[[Category:Computer and video game genres]]
    +* [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC)
    +* [[Jabber]] ([[XMPP]])
    +* [[PSYC|Protocol for SYnchronous Conferencing (PSYC)]]
    +* [[Webchat]]s
    +* [[MUD]]s

    -[[es:Categoría:Juegos online]]
    -[[it:Categoria:Giochi online]]
    -[[ko:분류:온라인 게임]]
    +== See also ==

    -Www.lifeofcrime is another online game.
    +* [[:Category:On-line chat|On-line chat]] category overview.
    +* [[Internet forum|Asynchronous conferencing]]
    +
    +[[Category:Teleconferencing]]
    +[[Category:On-line chat]] 2013-03-17 06:44:24 90584225 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q1029600]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,854 +1,123 @@\n
    -{{WPMILHIST Announcements}}
    -{{WPMILHIST Navigation}}

    -
    -
    Archives:
    [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history/Archive|Main list]]
    -

    -{{shortcut|[[WT:MILHIST]]}}
    -

    +[[Image:Powwow-chat-program-screens.png|thumb|300px|A screenshot of [[PowWow (chat program)|PowWow]], one of the first instant messengers with a [[graphical user interface]]]]
    +'''Instant messaging''' or '''IM''' is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text. The text is conveyed via computers connected over a network such as the [[Internet]].

    -== Project award upgrade ==
    -All this talk of future plans got me thinking about an upgrade of the projects award system. At the moment we have one award the '''Military history WikiProject Distinguished Service Award''' or WikiChevron, the award features three stripes with a gold barnstar above it. Seeing this is a military related project why not have several levels of award following a military rank system. I propose keeping the current design with three stripes but creating two lower grades of awards. The lowest would have 1 stripe and the barnstar, similar to the rank of private. The middle with 2 stripes and the barnstar and the highest being the current award. Also some guidlines would be created around each rank outlining the reasons why the awards should be given. This would allow a user to award someone an award for smaller contributions and increase the level of the award as their contributions increase. Any thoughts [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 10:41, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -: Rather than tiering the existing award, I was thinking about an additional set of medals for various things, leaving this one as a generic award. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 12:11, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==Overview==
    +Instant messaging requires the use of a [[client (computing)|client program]] that hooks up an instant messaging service and differs from [[e-mail]] in that conversations are then able to happen in [[realtime]]. Most services offer a [[presence information]] feature, indicating whether people on one's list of contacts are currently online and available to chat. This may be called a [[contact list]]. In early instant messaging programs, each letter appeared as it was typed, and when letters were deleted to correct typos this was also seen in real time. This made it more like a telephone conversation than exchanging letters. In modern instant messaging programs, the other party in the conversation generally only sees each line of text right after a new line is started. Most instant messaging applications also include the ability to set a [[Status message (IM)|status message]], roughly analogous to the message on a telephone answering machine.

    -It's an interesting idea - make everyone feel like part of a "family/organisation" where they know that their efforts will be recognised in some manner. Of course, one could "promoted" for actions above and beyond the call of duty as well as reaching a specified level of contributions to the Project. --[[User:Harlsbottom|Harlsbottom]] 12:23, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Popular instant messaging services on the public Internet include [[.NET Messenger Service]], [[AOL Instant Messenger]], [[Excite]]/Pal, [[Gadu-Gadu]], [[Google Talk]], [[iChat]], [[ICQ]], [[Jabber]], [[Qnext]], [[QQ]], [[Skype]], [[Trillian (instant messaging client)|Trillian]] and [[Yahoo! Messenger]]. These services owe many ideas to an older (and still popular) [[online chat]] medium known as [[Internet Relay Chat]] (IRC).

    -: Im all for creating additional awards for other reasons such as article creation, services to the project but I think it should run along side a tiered standard award. It would allow less active members to still recieve the main award along with the more specific but possibly less prestigious medals. The three main awards become increasingly harder to get as you progress. The top award would be like recieving the [[VC]] or [[Medal of Honour]] (Not meaning to trivialise those awards) the middle would be like winning the Bronze Star and the bottom like winning a [[DSO]] (lots of people have it but its still requires a large effort to get). Mixed in with specific less important medals (similar to campaign medals). Maybee im putting to much thought into this :) [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 12:35, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:: No you're not. The subject is ''very'' important. There is no project without a community feeling and there is no community feeling without such things (especially when we're talking about a military history project :)
    -:: However, I still stand by that Wikichevrons should be kept as an existing ''first-tier'' award. Such as:
    -::# WikiChevrons
    -::# WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves
    -::# WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves and Swords
    -::(Yeah I love the Ritterkreutz system :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 12:59, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Image:Unix_talk_example.gif|thumb|300px|In early instant messaging programs each character appeared as it was typed. The UNIX "talk" command shown in these screenshots was popular in the 1980s and early 1990s.]]

    -I can live with that but the higher awards must be hard to get, WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves and Swords would reqire committment like Krills. The more specific awards could be for things such as.
    -*Heavy contribution to a specific task force (So a medal for each task force)
    -*A medal for 6 months in the project (recieving a bar for each additional 6 month period)
    -*For number of contributions to the project (eg. 500 or 1000 edits)
    -*For number of articles created
    -*Minor edit medal (lowest on order of merit)
    -*Anti vandalism medal
    -*Coordinator and assistant coordinator medal
    -*Feature article medal
    -*Add more here
    +===Benefits===
    +Instant messaging typically boosts communication and allows easy collaboration. In contrast to e-mails, the parties know whether the peer is available. Most systems allow the user to set an ''online status'' or ''away message'' so peers get notified whenever the user is available, busy, or away from the computer. On the other hand, people are not forced to reply immediately to incoming messages. This way, communication via instant messaging can be less intrusive than communication via phone, which is partly a reason why instant messaging is becoming more and more important in corporate environments.It is possible to save a conversation, so as to refer to it later, which is not possible by telephone. Also, the fact that instant messages typically get logged in a local message history closes the gap to the persistent nature of e-mails, facilitating quick, safe, and persistent exchange of information such as URLs or document snippets, which can be unwieldy when done using inappropriate media such as phone. Instant messaging has been known to greatly improve (mostly) children's typing ability, a skill that is becoming increasingly important for the benefit of today's youth.

    -Each medal could come in a [[Wikipedia:Ribbons|Ribbon]] format and a medal so medals dont start to clutter user paged. There should also be a defined order of merit or something similar. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 13:14, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +===History===
    +Early on the Internet, when the number of users of ICQ became a threat to AOL instant messaging service, [[AOL]] acquired Mirabilis/[[ICQ]]. A few years later [[AOL]]/[[ICQ]] was awarded two patents from the U.S. patent office. After its introduction, a number of variations of instant messaging have arisen in parallel in many places such as ([[Yahoo]], [[MSN]], [[Excite]], [[Ubique]]), each with its own [[Protocol (computing)|protocol]]. More secure corporate and commercial oriented solutions for instant messaging were introduced by [[IBM]]/([[Lotus Sametime]]) and by others. This has led to users running many instant messaging applications simultaneously to be available on several networks. Multiprotocol clients such as [[Gaim]], [[Trillian (instant messenger)|Trillian]] and [[Miranda IM|Miranda]] reduce the need for independent clients for each protocol.

    -In order:
    -* No, not a medal for each task force. I would rather go for a clasp on an standard award.
    -* Yes.
    -* No, editcountitis is evil.
    -* I'm not convinced...
    -* There is already the minor barnstar
    -* Redundant with the Anti-vandalism barnstar
    -* What do you mean? -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 13:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Recently, many instant messaging services have begun to offer [[video conferencing]] features, Voice Over IP ([[VoIP]]) and [[web conferencing]] services. Web conferencing services integrate both video conferencing and instant messaging capabilities. Some newer instant messaging companies are offering desktop sharing, IP radio, and IPTV to the voice and video features.

    -Receive a medal if you get a good number of MILHIST articles up to FA standard, could be redundant with FA medal that already exists. Agree editcountitis can be very bad, how about a joint medal with based on both edit count in the project and articles created, simply a contribution medal (maybe several classes). I like the clasp idea. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 13:57, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -: Yes, that's what I'm thinking too (on FA thing) I already have a ribbon for that btw and using it :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 14:03, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +On [[December 19]], [[2002]], [[AOL Time Warner]] announced that ICQ had been issued a [[United States]] [[patent]] for instant messaging, but they also said that they had no plans on enforcing their patent at the present time.

    -Anybody else got an opinion on the Project award upgrade. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 13:58, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -: We should let this thread live for a few days. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 14:03, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +The term "instant messenger" is a [[service mark]] of Time Warner[http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/foia/ttab/decsum/2006/16jan06.pdf Summary of final decisions issued by the trademark trial and appeal board, [[January 16]]-20, 2006] and may not be used in software not affiliated with AOL in the [[United States]]. For this reason, the instant messaging client formerly known as GAIM or gAIM is now only to be referred to as Gaim or gaim.

    -::This award thing is suspicious to me, it can create tensions. While editcountitis is evil a human factor in distributing medals can not do without being biased. We have some decorated veterans, but other diligent editors have nothing on their userpage. In my opinion favoring articles every day on the mainpage is a better way to award. We could for example feature articles, task forces or editors on our project page once in a while. This way the contributing editor gets positive feedback and most important we should do this featuring to make contact with the featured person easier. The aim is to better integrate their know-how and ideas into the community and inspire others. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 15:03, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::: Well, we're not inventing anything here, as barnstars are already there and they can create some tensions, so by adding one or two more, that won't change anything... However, I agree that the thing is not to overdo it by adding a bunch of awards. Four of five versions of Wikichevrons should be plenty enough. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 16:12, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: I do think the level of tension from the project award ought to be miniscule, and should generally be worth it for the motivational factor it provides. Maybe one way of approaching this might be having two "lines" of awards:
    -::::* The multi-grade WikiChevrons (with shiny stuff tacked on!) for actual accomplishments (barnstars, in other words). Somebody needs to draw up some designs, though.
    -::::* One or more service awards that would be handed out based on time in the project or something like that; since these would be distributed very widely, it might help avoid the feeling that some people aren't getting anything.
    -::::I think that awards for specific tasks (vandal-fighting, etc.) would be too much work, and would overlap too much with existing barnstars; I don't really see the need to create our own versions of everything if something suitable already exists. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:40, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +What really characterizes instant messaging from other forms of text messaging applications is the use of "'''presence'''" which enables the user of an instant messaging applications to rendez-vous with his/her counterparties and see their status of availability.

    -::::One further comment: one idea bounced around when the award was first put in place as a possibility for higher-level awards would be to have them bestowed by the project as a whole—following a general consensus—rather than by individual members. This would, of course, potentially limit the number of recipients, but would also provide (a) the idea of an "official" recipient (we could, for example, keep a list on the project page without worrying about missing people) and (b) perhaps more impact to the award if it were seen as recognition from the entire community, rather than from one individual. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:06, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==Cooperation==
    +There have been several attempts to create a unified standard for instant messaging: [[IETF]]'s SIP ([[Session Initiation Protocol]]) and SIMPLE ([[SIMPLE|SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions]]), APEX ([[Application Exchange]]), Prim ([[Presence and Instant Messaging Protocol]]), the open XML-based XMPP ([[Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol]]), more commonly known as [[Jabber]] and OMA's ([[Open Mobile Alliance]]) IMPS ([[IMPS|Instant Messaging and Presence Service]]) created specifically for mobile devices.

    -:I thnk having a regimented hierachical order in what is basically an anarchic collaboration could be counterproductive. What if someones throws their weight around: "I'm a General on the MILHIST WikiProject, so I win this edit war. Blocked 24hrs!"? OK, we already do have this problem. But let's not make this any worse.
    -:But there is absolutely nothing wrong with a little something to shows some appreciation for one's work, so maybe we can have a "Editor(s) of the Month" thingy. -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 20:41, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Most attempts at creating a unified standard for the major IM providers ([[AOL]], [[Yahoo!]] and [[Microsoft]]) have failed and each continues to use its own proprietary protocol.

    -::Wait, I'm confused here. I was under the impression that we were merely discussing having a multiple grades of the project awards (which are essentially trinkets—nice morale-boosters, but not bestowing any rank, title, or priviledge on those receiving them) rather than any formal way of grading ''editors'' in general (which wouldn't be a good idea, for the reason you menton); is this not the case? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 20:49, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +However, while discussions at IETF were stalled, Reuters head of collaboration services, David Gurle (the founder of Microsoft's Real Time Communication and Collaboration business), surprised everybody by signing the first inter-service provider connectivity agreement on September 2003. This historic agreement enabled AIM, ICQ and MSN Messenger users to talk with Reuters Messaging counterparts and vice-versa against an access fee. Following this breakthrough agreement between networks Microsoft, Yahoo! and AOL came to a deal where Microsoft's Live Communication Server 2005 (which is interestingly also used by Reuters for its Reuters Messaging service) users would also have the possibility to talk to public instant messaging users. This deal settled once for all the protocol for interconnectivity in the market as SIP/SIMPLE and established a connectivity fee for accessing public instant messaging clouds. Separately, on [[October 13]], [[2005]] [[Microsoft]] and [[Yahoo!]] announced that by (the Northern Hemisphere) summer of 2006 they would interoperate using SIP/SIMPLE which is followed on December 2005 by the AOL and Google strategic partnership deal where Google Talk users would be to talk with AIM and ICQ users provided they have an identity at AOL.

    -:::OK then instead of general let's make it "I have the WikiChevron with oak leaves, swords and grand cordon, so I win this edit war". Military-style medals of any sort inherently confers rank and privilege. Actually, medals of any sort (including barnstars) confer a sense of privilege, but military ones are the worst. In my humble opinion. -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 21:01, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +There are two ways to combine the many disparate protocols:
    +# One way is to combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM ''client'' application. Examples include [[iChat]], [[Trillian (instant messenger)|Trillian]], [[Gaim]], [[Fire (instant messenger)|Fire]], [[Proteus (instant messenger)|Proteus]], [[Miranda IM]], [[Adium]], [[Everybuddy]], [[Ayttm]], [[Kopete]], [[Centericq]], [[BitlBee]], [[Windows Messenger]], and [[IMVITE]].
    +# The other way is to combine the many disparate protocols inside the IM ''server'' application. This approach moves the task of communicating to the other services to the server. Clients need not know or care about other IM protocols. For example, LCS 2005 Public IM Connectivity. This approach is popular in [[List of Jabber server software|Jabber/XMPP servers]] however the so-called transport projects suffer the same [[reverse engineering]] difficulties as any other project involved with closed protocols or formats.

    -::::Hmm, interesting perspective on that. The quesion that immediately occurs to me is this: is this actually a practical concern? Or, to put it another way: are the people being given these awards the type that would try to use them in an underhanded manner to win disputes? That certainly hasn't been my impression of the recipients of the current award; is there something specific that you have in mind? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 21:06, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Some approaches, such as that adopted by the [[Sonork]] enterprise IM software or the Jabber/XMPP network or [[Winpopup LAN Messenger]] or [[Softros LAN Messenger]], allow organizations to create their own private instant messaging network by enabling them to limit access to the server (often with the IM network entirely behind their firewall) and administer user permissions. Other corporate messaging systems, like the [[Medianet Innovations MIC]], allow registered users to also connect from outside the corporation LAN, by using a secure firewall-friendly HTTPS based protocol. Typically, a dedicated corporate IM server has several advantages such as pre-populated contact lists, integrated authentication, and better security and privacy.

    -:::::I agree with '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]'''. But I still didn´t encounter a tinselstallion showing it off here, on the other hand you should also outrule that admins misuse their powers. If we have these awards in a hall of fame for example it would put a hindrance for prestigious misuse, while we still honor who deserves honor. Defeat the beginnings. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 21:23, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Some networks have made changes to prevent them from being utilized by such multi-network IM clients. For example, [[Trillian (instant messenger)|Trillian]] had to release several revisions and [[Patch (computing)|patches]] to allow its users to access the MSN, AOL, and Yahoo! networks, after changes were made to these networks. The major IM providers typically cite the need for formal agreements as well as [[Computer security|security]] concerns as reasons for making these changes.

    -::::::By hall of fame, do you mean a listing of recipients on the project page? Or something else entirely? And would this approach (a) necessarily require that these awards be given out by project consensus, rather than by individual editors (b) necessarily preclude having a badge corresponding to the "award" that could be displayed by recipients? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 21:26, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==Mobile Instant Messaging==

    -:::: I disagree with Miborovsky. The point a lot of people miss is that you don't need any kind of awards or even barnstars to bully editors and to be disruptive. However, people that will be awarded high-ranked awards (above the current wikichevrons) are likely to be long-standing members respected by the project. We can even make the award a project consensus.
    -:::: Yes, I love ribbons. And I would like to see this system implemented. But I never said anything like that and probably won't regardless of whether it exists or not. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:42, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Mobile Instant Messaging is a presence enabled messaging service that aims to transpose the desktop messaging experience to the usage scenario of being on the move. While several of the core ideas of the desktop experience on one hand apply to a connected mobile device, others do not: Users usually only look at their phone's screen -- presence status changes might occur under different circumstances as happens at the desktop, and several functional limits exist based on the fact that the vast majority of mobile communication devices are chosen by their users to fit into the palm of their hand.

    -a) It contains no requirements who gives the award.
    +Some of the form factor and mobility related differences need to be taken into account in order to create a really adequate, powerful and yet convenient mobile experience: radio bandwidth, memory size, availability of media formats, keypad based input, screen output, CPU performance and battery power are core issues that desktop device users and even nomadic users with connected notebooks are usually not exposed to.

    -b) It supports to preclude a corresponding badge on the userpage.
    +Several formerly untackled issues have been identified and addressed within IMPS. This standard (IMPS) was developed as part of an early mobile telephone industry initiative to kick off a broader usage of mobile instant messaging . The [[Open Mobile Alliance]] has taken over this standard, formerly called [[Wireless Village]], as IMPS V1.0 in November 2002. Since then this standards has been further developed to IMPS V1.3, the latest candidate for release, and is expected to be released before the end of 2006.

    -c) An own page could be more suitable. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 21:32, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +A free IMPS-based service exists called [[Yamigo]] which allows instant messaging clients pre-installed on many modern wireless phones to connect using standard internet connectivity, even if your carrier doesn't provide his own mobile instant messaging service based on [[IMPS]]. Yamigo acts as a standalone mobile instant messaging network, while also holding additional accounts with ICQ, AIM, MSN and Yahoo!, aggregating instant messaging communication from all services into a single user interface. A common misconception is that it can also log-in with Jabber, but it does not do so (yet).

    -:In that case, what's the point (to put it somewhat bluntly)? It certainly wouldn't be an indication of prestige—since anyone could add names—and wouldn't even have the morale-boosting effect of giving people "awards". What exactly would anyone get out of this, other than a vague list of "nice people"? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 21:36, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +Several large scale mobile telephone industry companies are planning to jointly deliver a ubiquitous, interoperable presence enabled messaging service, built according to interoperability recommendations developed in the GSM Association[http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2006/press06_12.shtml Leading Mobile Operators to Deliver Ubiquitous Instant Messaging] Industry Press Release at 3GSM World Congress, [[12 February]] [[2006]]. Considering these organisations are jointly representing approximately 1.5 billion active Short Text Messaging (SMS) users, it remains to be seen if such an initiative may also help to drive the different industry factions to agree on a truly interoperable approach at least for Mobile Instant Messaging sometime in the not too far future.

    -::OK, we have two factions: the tinselsupporters and the tinselbanners. The tinselbanners see all the possible disadvanteges and dangers. To avoid them, awards are made a vague list of "nice people". The tinselsupporters want to give shiny stuff on the userpages to motivate the troops. This way a positive feedback is created, the user is always reminded about his achievements, hopefully inspiring him to even more, and it is a tool for community integration. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 21:46, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::I have an idea. What about [http://www.friendship-bracelets.de/ Friendship Bracelets] style? Nobody has ever been able to intimid someone else with this, no matter how many he had. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 21:58, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +In the meantime, other developments by several small companies like MXIT Lifestyle (Pty) Ltd in [[South Africa]] have proposed usage of downloadable applications with the intention to create their own approach to IM that runs on most [[mobile phones]] worldwide. Essentially, several of these clients are Java applications, such as [[MXit]], that are instantly downloaded and then connected to back-end servers through [[GPRS]]/[[3G]] Internet Channels. Some of the implementations can connect to other IM services like [[Jabber]], [[Google Talk]], [[MSN Messenger]] and AOL's [[AIM]] and [[ICQ]], aggregating all IM communication similar to the approach of [[Yamigo]].

    -:::So how do we create a system that can satisfy both parties (which seem to include about five people at the moment; I'm quite interested in what the remainder of the project thinks of all this)?
    -:::The current system combines (1b) informal, anyone-can-do-it awarding with (2a) award badges. The original proposal above was to have a secondary system with (1b) informal awarding and (2a) award badges. My proposal was (1a) formal, project-consensus-based awarding, (2a) award badges, and (3) list of recipients. Your proposal seems to be (1b) informal awarding, (2b) no award badges, and (3) list of recipients. I think we're going around in circles here. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 21:54, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==Decentralized instant messaging==
    +Some newer concepts of instant messaging try to make a decentralized instant messaging system via [[peer-to-peer]] technology. In such a system, a [[distributed hash table]] lookup is used to determine if buddies are online or not. This approach tries to make instant messaging independent of a central authority.

    -::::Bicycling, two different circles spinning around in one discussion. No, I never referred to informal awarding, I was simply not discussing this matter. It was arguing against award badges that pose the possibility to gain authority and proposing ways to avoid it. Badges are OK in my opinion, shiny big medals less. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 22:07, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==User base==
    +
    +* [[AOL Instant Messenger|AIM]]: 53 million active users (Nielsen//NetRatings, August 2005), 195 million total ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3031796.stm January 2003]).
    +* [[Windows Live Messenger]]: 29 million active (Nielsen//NetRatings, August 2005), 155 million total ([http://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=14365 April 2005]).
    +* [[Jabber]]: 13.5 million enterprise users (Osterman Research August 2005), this does not count users via ISPs and other service providers (estimated to be more than 7.5 million, for a total of at least 21 million)[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2005/08/25/2003269121 "Google launches IM and voice service"], New York Times, [[25 August]] [[2005]], retrieved [[9 June]] [[2006]].
    +* [[Yahoo! Messenger]]: 21 million active ([http://www.thestreet.com/_googlen/markets/jamesaltucher/10242834.html?cm_ven=GOOGLEN&cm_cat=FREE&cm_ite=NA September 2005]).
    +* [[ICQ]]: 20 million active world wide[http://www.corp.aol.com/products/brands_icq.shtml AOL product description: ICQ], retrieved [[9 June]] [[2006]], 400 million total.
    +* [[QQ]]: 20 million peak online users, 221 million active users [http://www.tencent.com/ir/pdf/news20060603a_e.pdf "Tencent QQ's Peak Simultaneous Online User Accounts Broke 20 Million"], Tencent press release, [[3 June]] [[2006]], retrieved [[14 July]] [[2006]]
    +* [[Skype]]: 7 million peak online users ([http://skypenumerology.blogspot.com/2006/08/users-birthday-present.html Skype Numerology blog, August 2006]), 100 million total ([http://share.skype.com/sites/en/2006/04/skype_hits_100_million_users_c.html Skype, April 2006]).
    +* [[Sametime]]: 15 million enterprise users.
    +* [[Gadu-Gadu]]: 5.6 million total ([http://www.itandtelecompoland.com/next.php?id=14643 IT & Telecoms in Poland, June 2006]).
    +* [[MXit]]: 2 million (majority in [[South Africa]] and more than 150,000 international) ([http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=553&fArticleId=3493277 Business Report, 19 October 2006])
    +* [[Meebo]]: 0.67 million unique users ([http://blog.meebo.com/?p=207 Meeblog, 5 October 2006])

    -:::::Hmm, do you think that the size or complexity of the "badge" really makes a difference? They're just pictures, after all (and can be resized as desired).
    -:::::I'm not convinced that this would a practical issue, though, as I have difficulty imagining that anyone to whom we might give a prestigious award would try to misuse it; or that it would make any difference even if they did. These are, again, mere pictures; unlike the admin metaphor, they don't come with any actual powers. Someone could just as easily try to "pull rank" using any number of other methods (editcount, length of time editing, etc.); I don't really see why awards would make things any more problematic than they would be anyways. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:17, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::: I agree with Kirill. The whole argument about "I am XXX, so I win the edit war" is kinda useless. People who are d*cks don't need awards to be d*cks, and will get blocked or banned anyway. OTOH, people that will recieve high awards are likely to be nice people and won't inflate their head... -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:33, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    -(unindent) I agree with Kirill and Grafikm_fr -- Sounds like we're creating a problem that doesn't exist, and if it did, the people doing it would be jerks without the award anyway. I can't see that anyone getting this would then all of a sudden, because they got this award, turn into a jerk. I say, if they're caught using it as a weapon, we take it away. But I feel like it's a non-issue in that the awards don't make already jerky people jerks. I think the benefit far outweighs any ''potential'' for this [[User:Plange|plange]] 22:59, 27 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==See also==
    +*[[List of Jabber server software]]
    +*[[List of instant messaging protocols]]
    +*[[Comparison of instant messaging clients]]
    +*[[Comparison of instant messaging protocols]]

    -OK, carry on. A jerk is a jerk. No more objections. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 14:39, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==Related Technologies==
    +*[[Desktop alerts]]: One-way instant messaging

    -Reading about, I set of distinctions for awards, somewhat like our own modern medals or badges; breaking up the awards into two types wich I loosly name Acheivement and Distinction. The first would encompass things that need not have a cadre of people discuss about. To take from exemples from [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]]'s original list, tenure: reaching 6 months of activity,coordinator and etc. The second group will be much like the current Wikicheverons given for a distinction. This later group would be voted, to give the weight of the project behind it, it could also go into what [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]]'s proposition of a list of recipients.
    -In short, one formal and one informal like [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] surmised above. As to what will be incorporated I'll ponder on that one and will post in good order. In either case I beleive that it could do some positive reinforcement and that like it has been concluded:"A jerk is a jerk."--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 15:26, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:Hmmm... I still think a tiered idea of Wikichevrons being the best :) I'll try to come up with some drafts to show you though, so I won't be just displacing air... :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 15:37, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::Hmmm, fine. If we're gonna have all these awards then might as well make it authentic. We'll need badges, devices, ribbons, clasps, award stars (let's avoid award numerals since they're US-only) and orders of precedence. Let's rock and roll. -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 15:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Grafikm_fr has a template for transposing award stars on ribbons (and with some tweaking could be used for medals too). [[User:Grafikm_fr/Ribbon]] -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 16:00, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: Just for clarity's sake: I stolecopied it from [[User:Cool cat]]. But the clasp rather than the barnstar is my idea, and I made the pic myself :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 16:06, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==Notes and references==
    +

    -::::Interesting. I'm not sure how useful it would be for medals; obviously they could be used for medal-with-ribbon setups, but superimposed badges wouldn't really work for larger award badge images.
    -::::A few ideas, off the top of my head:
    -::::* We could make the "achievement" award(s)—the ones for tenure and so forth—normal ribboned medals. These could then take the superimposed stars to indicate multiple/successive awards.
    -::::* Conversely, the "distinction" awards could have (as Grafikm suggested) several levels, which would have larger badges with added regalia (e.g. award, award with oak leaves, award with swords and oak leaves, etc.) to indicate the level.
    -::::Given that I'm not all that good with any kind of drawing work, I'll leave the actual drafting of the designs up to someone else ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:10, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.freewebs.com/telecomm/messaging.html SMS/MMS Messaging]
    +*[http://www.imforums.net The IM Forums] - forums about instant messaging

    -::::As a side point: it might be nice to use a common "WikiChevrons" element in all the awards, and add various items to the image to create specific ones, such as (large) ribbons for medals or various trinkets for more order-like awards. The main problem with this is that the original WikiChevrons are somewhat inconvenient, as the chevrons are detached from the star, preventing its natural use with other elements. I'm wondering if someone would like to take a stab at rearranging the chevrons; maybe emboss them onto the star? Or overlay them? In addition, retouching the image to some more metallic color than danger stripe yellow might be nice if we'd like to use it in other compositions.
    -::::All of this would require some image editing skills, obviously; hence, the call for volunteers ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::: I'm drawing this up right now, please wait a few minutes... :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 17:24, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::I'm at work right now, so can't help. -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 18:15, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::[[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] as expressed it quite succinctly , with regards to the "Achivements" and "Distinctions"' design. The implementaion of hte Wikichevrons as a mark of the award's origins its an excellent concept.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 18:27, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    +[[Category:Internet culture]]
    +[[Category:IRC]]
    +[[Category:Online social networking]]
    +[[Category:Instant messaging]]
    +[[Category:Deaf culture]]
    +[[Category:On-line chat]]

    -=== First sketch ===
    -
    -'''Disclaimer''': This is a quickly drawn sketch so we'll be able to get the idea. Don't hit me please (not on the head at least).
    -
    -
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandard.png
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardO.png
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardOD.png
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardOS.png
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardODR.png
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardOSW.png
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardODRW.png
    -
    -
    -It's pretty fast drawn but I think it's a start. Not all tiers will be used (four or five of them only). -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 18:35, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Very nice design!
    -:I don't really like the distinction between "dagger" and "swords", though, particularly as the rifles and swords occupy the same visual position; maybe we should go "oak leaves and sword" → "oak leaves, rifles, and sword" → "oak leaves, rifles, wings, and sword" (which also reduces the number of grades neatly)? Or maybe lengthen the swords and change the angle so they can be applied together with the rifles? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 18:49, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:: Like I said, I'm not planning to use them all. I'm personally for "plain" → "oak leaves" → "oak leaves and sword" → "oak leaves, sword and rifles" → "oak leaves, sword, rifle and wings". But rifles are not a standard heraldry symbol, and some people may not like them. So I made both so people can compare. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 18:56, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::: Ah, ok. A few other ideas:
    -:::* Flip the single sword so that the hilt can be seen in the gap at the top?
    -:::* Maybe change the regular image to move the star into the same position it occupies in the other ones?
    -:::* Could the images be recoloured/modified to look more like metal plaques? Or would that be too difficult?
    -:::(This may be moot if people don't like this design, of course; but I'm just throwing things out for comment at this point.) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 20:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::guns (cannons) and anchor are missing. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 20:18, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: Kirill: No prob to flip the sword. Regarding moving the image to its "usual" place, no prob but since you said you did not want a detached star... :) And as for recolouring, as I said, it is a first draft, so let's decide on design first :)
    -:::: Wandalstouring: do you suggest some more tiers or removing some existing? -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 20:25, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::No no, I meant moving the star in the ''original'' (first-level) image so that it's overlaid over the chevrons (as in the later images) ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 20:34, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Actually, slightly clever (maybe?) idea per Wandalstouring:
    -:::::* WikiChevrons
    -:::::* WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves
    -:::::* WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves and Sword(s)
    -:::::* WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves, Sword(s), and Anchors
    -:::::* WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves, Sword(s), Anchors, and Wings
    -:::::One design element for each major service? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 20:36, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::And one more (I promise I'll stop now...): if we adopt this, maybe we can use the central star + oak leaves as the pendant part of the medal for the achievement awards? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 20:38, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::: I'm actually more for Sword'''s''' and '''Anchor''' (à-là USMC logo). I'll see what I can do.
    -:::::: As for medals, sure thing, this is all (pseudo)vector, so no problem to add/remove things. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 20:41, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -(decreasing indent)
    -[[Image:WikiChevronsStandardSA.png|200px|right|thumb]] Well, you know what, drawing an anchor is hard. That's my best attempt... <_< -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 21:49, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:That's quite nice, actually. Two minor points, though:
    -:* The anchor (and the swords?) needs to show up through the hole in the barnstar.
    -:* Can the swords be made longer? It's difficult to see them when they're entirely contained within the area of the main chevron.
    -:[[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 21:52, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::I could try to make it show, but it's too small, so you see only gray... As for longer, I'll make a new version... -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:04, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Just gray would be fine; better than a strange white circle where the viewer expects to see ''something'' from behind the star, anyways. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:07, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: "For a nitpicker, you surely dress poorly" (c) Dilbert... :))) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:08, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::: OK, V4 done. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::: I can't draw, so all I can do is criticize. ;-)
    -::::: But now that the swords are rotated, they'd need to show through the gaps too. I wonder if it would not be better to simply fill the area behind the star (the gaps between its arms and the leaves) with a lighter shade of yellow, forming a solid disk "behind" the star image? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:22, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::: What kind of yellow, give an example please :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:29, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::: Entirely up to you; as I said, I can't draw. It just needs to be different enough from the yellow of the star & chevrons that both outlines are distinguishable. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:31, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::: If you think that '''I''' can draw, you're heavily mistaken... Anyway, V5's uploaded. Heh, a zero-grade color perception will always be my curse... -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:38, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::: Interesting. I'm not entirely sure if the filled-in version or the transparent version is better; would anyone else like to comment? :-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:46, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Anybody else think those are some very happy-looking chevrons or is it just me? --[[User:ScreaminEagle|ScreaminEagle]] 22:28, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::: What do you mean? *scratches head* -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:29, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::: The anchor makes it look like a smiley face and that's all I can see now. It's pretty stupid, so nevermind, just pretend I'm not here. ...Stop looking at me like that! --[[User:ScreaminEagle|ScreaminEagle]] 21:32, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::I suggest replacing the rifles with big guns for artillery (guns, siege engines). Cavalry has usually an iron fist as insignia (in Europe). The wings are for flying objects (rockets, planes, jets, starships), the crossed swords are the insignia of infantry, the anchor for naval things or amphibious forces. And mechanized troops get a bicycle (we need some kind of funny award, besides bicycles were used by several militaries, like SS-cavalry or Vietcong) and for nuclear troops a nuclear mushroom. For terrorists I suggest (I do not object if somebody has a better symbol) a derivate of the [http://perso.magic.fr/nac/international/images/raf.jpg gun of the Red Army Faction] (a German terrorist organization cooperating with several international terrorist groups, especially Palestinian and Libanon groups. fortunately they decided to disintegrate several years ago, so we do not support anybody doing terrorism now) Of course we can mix all of them and add some more signs of recognition. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 22:44, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::: I suggest we concentrate on the main 5 tier sequence at the moment. I already have enough stuff to draw :) Then we have to discuss what form would those additional awards take. :)))-- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 22:46, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::: Are we just trying to put in an image for everything, or are we trying to make this look like a "traditional" award badge? Some images make sense for one of these but not the other. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:49, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::: If you ask me, I would go for the following system.
    -:::::::::* A five-tiered WikiChevrons (plain/oak/swords/anchor/wings) That's the main Wikiproject award. And it's tiered, like [[Legion d'Honneur]] or [[Order of Glory]] are.
    -:::::::::* Then, if people want, some special award badges, for contribs to this or that. I'm not discussing their design here, as it is a separate matter, and their list must be decided beforehand. The idea, IMHO, is to not overdo it. I could go with a WikiProject military history medal with clasps on it. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 23:04, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::: I basically agree with that. My suggestion for the secondary badges would be to have two different "medals": one for tenure/length of activity and one for article-writing (with exact times at which these would be handed out to be determined). The first one would have only award stars to indicate multiple awards; but the second could have any number of specialized clasps to indicate the particular area/topic in which the contributions had occurred. Comments? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 23:08, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -[[Image:Wpmilhistmedaldraft.png|thumb|100px|left]]
    -::::::::::: That's what I had in mind too. Like a medal for contribs with clasps or little colored symbols to go on the ribbon (e.g. a lily for French TF and so on...) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 23:21, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::: Vide contra (sorry quality is real crap but I made it in a hurry. So you have a medal with devices on it. The lys stands for French TF and the plane for aviation TF. Just an example. :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 23:39, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::: Very neat. The clasps will probably need to be silver, and we can definitely lose the light yellow background here (since there's no missing elements to hide); but the general idea looks quite nice. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 23:42, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::::: Thinking about this some more: I actually prefer the design of the medal to the chevrons-based ones above. Might it be possible to have a set of medals with the oak leaves (and swords/anchors/whatnot crossed behind the disk) for the graded awards and then have a version ''without'' the oak leaves to use with clasps for achievement awards? We'd need to flip the star to allow it to be "attached" to the ribbon, but that doesn't seem too bad. Comments? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 23:46, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::::: I see two slight objections:
    -::::::::::::::* It means abandoning the traditional WikiChevrons design, which is something akin to a symbol by now :)
    -::::::::::::::* On the "anchor" version, the anchor sticks higher than the star, so you won't be able to attach the ribbon to the star. Unless of course you scrap the anchor and replace it with rifles :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 00:00, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::::::Or we could do a diagonal anchor, with a sword going the other way. As far as the chevrons: is there any way we could put the chevrons on the ribbon in place of the vertical stripes? Or would that be too tacky? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 00:02, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -[[Image:Wpmilhistmedaldraft_v2.png|100px|left]]
    -:::::::::::::::: You mean like that? -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 00:20, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::::::::: Yes, just like that. A few more suggestions (which you're no doubt getting tired of by now): change the ribbon background to a silver or steel color to make the chevrons & clasps more visible and remove the background color behind the star. Another thing to consider (which may be too bizarre) would be to use [[Ushakov Medal|this]] shape of ribbon? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 00:23, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -[[Image:Wpmilhistmedaldraft v3.png|right|120px|thumb|Version of Grafikm's last draft with blue ribbon, transparent background, and crossed swords behind.]]
    -:::::::::::::::::: My own rather pathetic attempt at implementing some of this can be seen at right. It obviously has many problems, but I think the general idea can be seen. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:05, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::Can't we simply change the color for minor awards and keep all the symbols? silver, bronze, iron, copper? Would be another of the slightly clever (maybe?) ideas from [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 23:11, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::I think that might be ''too'' complicated, if you mean doing it instead of the medals (with a five-tier "distinction" award, you'd have a minimum of 10 minor awards, each of which would need to have some meaning) or too plain if you mean the main levels (the colors may be too difficult to distinguish; bronze and gold don't look ''that'' different). [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 23:14, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::: Keep thinking simple. What about iron/steel award for duration? Perhaps with a H-iron instead of a star. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 23:16, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Wow you go away from the discussion for a couple days and look what happedens. I like where the designs are going, but seeing i cant draw and my photoshop skill are what they used to be ill stay out of the design side. I am for the five-tiered WikiChevrons (plain/oak/swords/anchor/wings) then the special award badges with TF and contrib clasps. Well keep up the good work [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 08:05, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -: Well, me too actually. I don't like the idea of a suspended thing for WikiChevrons. For the medal however, Kirill's design is very nice... :) I reckon we should take these two... -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 15:52, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -[[Image:WikiChevronsStandardSA.png|120px|thumb|right|WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Anchor]]
    -:: I have no objections to that; it would probably be a good idea to wait for some more comments. In the meantime, a few thoughts on Grafikm's last chevron design (at right):
    -::* As in the medal, removing the colored background seems to be a bit more natural.
    -::* Maybe lengthen the anchor, so that the horizontal elements at the top & bottom are visible outside the chevron background.
    -::* The swords should be visible through the gaps that result from the first step.
    -::* All of the elements should be cleaned up to give an impression of an actual badge, rather than a painted design. At a minimum, the color of the chevrons might be made a bit darker and more metallic, and the swords can be recolored to a simple gold/silver scheme. The wings can be filled in with a lighter grey for a silver look as well.
    -::All of these require actual image editing skills. Is anyone feeling up to it (as I'm really not) or do we need to find someone?
    -::Finally, what kind of things should the medal be awarded for? The most obvious ideas are tenure (at what intervals?) and article contributions of some sort (but how do we measure this)? We should probably come up with something that won't require a lot of subjective judgement, so that we can hand them out fairly liberally. (And do we want service star-like clasps, horizontal bar clasps, or both?) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:18, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::* I'll see what I can do for the design already.
    -:::* For the status of Wikichevrons: It is awarded for great contributions to military history related article and for running the project itself. They're awarded like Legion of Honor, meaning you start with the plain chevrons, then if you get a second award you have chevrons with oak leaves and so on... The first tier is awarded by any user just like a barnstar is. The two next... well we'll have to define some criteria sure. I also suggest that the last two tiers should be awarded through a project vote.
    -:::* For the medal, I prefer star-like clasps since they're easier to display on a ribbon bar (which will be prolly be twice a wide as a standard one). -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 16:30, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::WOW...I'm blinded by the beauty! Great work Kiril and Graf!--[[User:R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine)|R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine)]] 16:43, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -=== First Draft ===
    -Making a subsection considering the size at wich this discussion has grown.
    -
    -As [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] indicated ''what kind of things should the medal be awarded for?'' For a quick run down of what has been proposed so far:
    -
    -'''Reasons'''
    -*'''Tenure'''
    -:*Length of service (suggested time so far was 6 months)
    -:*Office held/holding
    -*'''Contributions'''
    -:*
    -
    -'''Types''':
    -
    -"Achievement":ribboned medals
    -:*''One or more service awards that would be handed out based on time in the project or something like that; since these would be distributed very widely, it might help avoid the feeling that some people aren't getting anything.''
    -"Distinction":Several levels with regalia
    -:*''The multi-grade WikiChevrons (with shiny stuff tacked on!) for actual accomplishments (barnstars, in other words). Somebody needs to draw up some designs, though. ''
    -
    -Feel free to add anythign I might of missed in my rapide resume --[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 18:21, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -A bit more:
    -
    -'''Award process''':
    -
    -"Achievement": awarded primarily at more-or-less objective points, can be given out as a routine matter.
    -
    -"Distinction": first level remains a pure barnstar (anyone can award at will). The next four levels are open to discussion; it has been suggested that the top two levels be awarded by the consensus of the project as a whole. The middle two can also follow this model, or perhaps just be awardable via some number of editors endorsing (e.g. the award is given out once three members endorse a nomination.
    -
    -[[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 18:30, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I object giving an award for simply holding an office. Let's turn it an election whether a former office holder should be awarded. We could make this while voting on new ones. This way we make sure no sloth-bear gets an award and it expresses more feelings of gratitude.
    -
    -:The award process sounds OK. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 20:57, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Just a brief note to indicate that if anyone posts one of those horrid yellow things on either my user page or user talk page I will personally hunt them down and choke them. :-) Carry on. [[User:Michael Dorosh|'''''Michael Dorosh''''']]'''''[[User talk:Michael Dorosh|Talk]]''''' 21:07, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::: [[Image:Smiley.svg|30px]] <-- Horrid yellow thing on your userpage? Are you talking about this? :)) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 21:22, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::The horror, the horror... --[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 14:48, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::[[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]], looks like all our runner ups have gotten some barnstars for trying. Normally should the participant have been given office he should already hold some measure of respect from his peers, but I concure that gratitude is the basis for all awards.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 14:48, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
    -"[[crickets]]"--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 13:10, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Hmm, was somebody drawing up more designs? Or do we want to go ahead with something like what's up now? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 13:56, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::I was expecting to get some more input from our comarades, as this still needs some hammering out of the details. I seem to have knack for being the last to post in discussions... --[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 15:38, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::So, anybody else have ideas for the images? :-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:37, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Many of us are too busy working on page space to worry much about how fancy an award looks, or who gets one. I'm glad someone does care about it; I just don't have anything useful to say. IMHO, pats on the back are cheap and always a good idea. Folks endorsed with community trust, their reward is responsibility (sometimes for discussing awards). Enjoy! [[User:BusterD|BusterD]] 02:01, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Hehe. ;-)
    -:::::(It turns out that our chief award designer is on break; we'll probably see some more concrete progress here once he's back.) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:05, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -=== Second draft ===
    -
    -Okay, it seems that the complicated discussion isn't going anywhere. So (without prejudice in regards to going with the full scheme if there's more interest in that), let me throw out a much simpler idea: a rudimentary two-level setup:
    -
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandard.png | WikiChevrons (Distinguished Service Award, 2nd Class)
    -Image:WikiChevronsStandardO.png | WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves (Distinguished Service Award, 1st Class)
    -
    -# WikiChevrons: as present, can be awarded by anyone for anything; encourage people to use this more liberally.
    -# WikiChevrons with Oak Leaves: to be awarded by the consensus of the project; will include an officially maintained list of recipients.
    -This has the advantage of being much simpler to implement, and doesn't require significant additional image work; but obviously loses a lot of the frills of the first draft. Thoughts? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 18:17, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -: Kirill, I know I've been neglecting my duties of designer and stuff, but I have some exams to prepare atm... I'll be back on Sept. 20, can we let it cook until than? :) -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 00:52, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Ah, ok; that's fine with me. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 01:35, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::It can wait. At worst this is a great fall back plan.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 18:54, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Proposal III: Featured article advice ==
    -
    -Based on a number of discussions at FAC, I would suggest putting together a ''short'' (10–20 items) list of common conventions, issues, and potential pitfalls that military history articles being moved into FAC can be checked against. Hopefully, this could provide editors with less FAC experience a good checklist to use before they nominate an article (even if they don't avail themselves of our general peer review process). It might also be helpful for Proposal II (above) as a list of common potential problems to check articles for. Comments on this idea would be very appreciated! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 01:47, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:This is an excellent idea. Having a "have you done ''these'' before you try for FAC status" checklist would be very helpful. Adapting this idea for various other "levels" such as A-class status, GA status, etc. would also be helpful - [[User:Vedexent|Vedexent]] 02:21, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::My guess would be that this list will be equally useful for the (more advanced) lower levels, since they're distinguished more by their permissiveness as to whether certain requirements are met than by having different requirements per se. Of course, this might not turn out to be the case; I suppose we should wait to see what kind of list we put together before debating whether secondary lists for other levels would be beneficial. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:55, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::A most sound proposal.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 13:47, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Maybe it's time to contact all the 1FA milhist editors and get them working? -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 22:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::I made sort of a list like that already on my user page. I definitely could benefit from the experiences of other editors in the FA process. [[User:Cla68|Cla68]] 17:21, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Okay, I've made a crude attempt at starting a section [[WP:MILHIST#Featured article advice|on the project page]]. Additions to the list, as well as general comments and suggestions, would be extremely welcome! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 19:07, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Is it worth mentioning the inclusion of maps and diagrams? While an article could still be FAC without these, articles about wars and battles especially benefit from these. - [[User:Vedexent|Vedexent]] 23:54, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Probably a good point to include, given that I've seen a number of articles objected to on the basis of not having maps. Maybe a general point on how to illustrate the article would be worthwhile, too. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 00:00, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Proposal IV: Categories for military units ==
    -
    -Okay, a (brief) summary of what seems to have been the last idea being worked on in the previous discussion, together with some other points that have been brought up since:
    -
    -The (extremely) high-level view:
    -* [[:Category:Military organization]] ← the top-level category for this entire tree
    -** [[:Category:Military units and formations]] ← renamed from [[:Category:Individual military units]]
    -** [[:Category:Military ranks]]
    -** [[:Category:Military branches]] ← the five categories (Army, Navy, Air force, Marines, Coast Guard) for the top-level system that seems to be prevalent in many countries. More could be added here if there are other branches or services used world-wide; I'm not sure what these would be, though.
    -** [[:Category:Types of forces]] ← not the best name, perhaps; intended to collect a few top-level categories (Artillery, Cavalry, Armour, etc.) that represent the various ''broad'' types of troops that have existed.
    -** A few other miscellaneous categories that will need to be looked at later
    -
    -Going down a level, military units are split by five different characteristics:
    -
    -* [[:Category:Military units and formations]]
    -** [[:Category:Military units and formations by country]] ← mostly from [[:Category:Military units by nationality]]; these can be broken down by branch as needed
    -** [[:Category:Military units and formations by war]] ← specific conflicts (e.g. WWII, ACW)
    -** [[:Category:Military units and formations by era]] ← broad periods (e.g. Ancient, Middle Ages)
    -** [[:Category:Military units and formations by type]] ← special forces units, armored units, airborne units, etc.; will be a child of [[:Category:Types of forces]]
    -** [[:Category:Military units and formations by size]] ← divisions, regiments, corps, etc.
    -
    -These would follow some naming conventions:
    -* "Military units of Foo" for "by country" (e.g. "Military units and formations of France" or "Military units and formations of the United States Army")
    -* "Military units of the Foo War" for "by war" (e.g. "Military units and formations of World War II")
    -* "Fooish units" for "by era" (e.g. "Ancient units and formations") and "by type" (e.g. "Airborne units and formations")
    -* "Foos" for "by size" (e.g. "Regiments")
    -
    -Various combinations of the five could then be done to create more specific sub-categories:
    -
    -* Country and war: "Military units and formations of France in World War I" (note that the second "of" changes to "in", to allow a more natural wording; this could alternately be left as "of")
    -* Size and type: "Airborne regiments"
    -* Size and war: "Regiments of World War II"
    -* Type, size, country (with branch), and war: "Airborne regiments of the United States Army in World War II"
    -* Era and country: "Medieval units and formations of France"
    -
    -The approach used for wars and battles could be followed in regard to general articles; for example, [[Regiment]] would be placed under [[:Category:Regiments]], while specific unit types that don't have their own categories would be directly under [[:Category:Military units and formations by type]].
    -
    -All of this is completely open to further discussion, of course; but I think this could serve as a suitable starting point. Any comments and suggestions would be extremely welcome! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 14:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:This all looks great to me. I would just like to poke my nose in here... One of my personal pet peeves, as one might have noticed, is the categorization of pre-modern warriors (knights, samurai, Vikings, what-have-you) under the same categories as proper military units and personnel. I'm very happy you've proposed including Era as one of the distinguishing characteristics for categories; I hope that whatever organization and structure we work on enforces these distinctions. [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 01:30, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I'm guessing that might be more of an issue when we move over to personnel, actually. In any case, my take on that is that we'll see some intersection in the country categories—groups of samurai and IJN fleets would both be ''somewhere'' under [[:Category:Military units and formations of Japan]], for example—but the categories will be kept mostly distinct by the other four types. Hence, we could have [[:Category:Medieval units and formations of Japan]] and [[:Category:Fleets of the Imperial Japanese Navy]]; aside from both being derived from the same "of Japan" tree, the low-level categories wouldn't really intersect, giving you the distinction you're looking for. Does that work? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 01:36, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Absolutely, that works exactly as I'd like. Thanks once again for a quick and thorough response. Craziness. Yeah. I just remember running into the problem of having, say, [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] (12th century), [[Oda Nobunaga]] (16th century), and [[Hideki Tojo]] or [[Isoroku Yamamoto]] all under "Category:Military leaders of Japan". Not cool. But with these nicely separated and delineated categories, I'm quite happy. [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 02:51, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Although it makes for a expansive arborescence, wich could trouble users, its extensive demeanor does enable use to better catalogue the veriaty of information to be placed herein. Like [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] I find that will be the better methode to follow.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 14:56, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Instead of [[:Category:Military units and formations by type]], I propose [[:Category:Military units and formations by branch]] with the sub-categories
    -::*[[:Category:Army units and formations by type]] (infantry units, armoured units, airborne units, etc.; will be children of this)
    -::*[[:Category:Air units and formations by type]]
    -::*[[:Category:Navy units and formations by type]]
    -::*[[:Category:Special Forces units and formations]]
    -
    -::I recognize that this may cause some confusion due to modern & historic inconstancies in following traditional branches, but as long as this matches the sub-structure given to [[:Category:Military branches]], the confusion will sort itself out.--[[User:MCG|MCG]] 29 August 2006
    -
    -:::Aside from introducing the sort of anachronistic usage LordAmeth was concerned about, this would also cause issues with cross-branch types. Special Forces, for example, aren't a separate branch in most militaries; you also have air units (often present in ''all'' branches), artillery units (present in multiple branches if the marines get their own "branch"; if not, their presence in the navy causes many overlaps as well), engineer units, mercenary units (often not even part of a branch), irregular units (ditto), and so forth. I think the better approach to branches would be something like this:
    -:::* [[:Category:Military branches]]
    -:::** [[:Category:Navies]]
    -:::*** [[:Category:United States Navy]]
    -:::**** [[:Category:Units and formations of the United States Navy]] (also a child of [[:Category:Units and formations of the United States]]
    -:::This keeps the "type" category much more flexible, which is necessary for the vast variety of more unusual historical situations. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:33, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Then could the cat be expanded to [[:Category:Military units and formations by type and branch]]? It adds a layer of complexity ("Infantry" can be found in the parent category & the subcategory of "Army") but it makes the logic convenient for both those with a deeper historical perspective & those working off a rudimentary understanding of contemporary force organizations.--[[User:MCG|MCG]] 29 August 2006
    -:::::Well, wouldn't simply creating a separate [[:Category:Military units and formations by branch]] be the better solution, in that case? Not all infantry units are part of (an/the) army, for example; we need to have a system for categorizing by branch that will allow us to collect the lower-level branch categories, rather than merely trying to clump the "type" categories into what seems to be the closest branch. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 09:33, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::I dont quite see the need to indicate branch since it seems to be creating more problems than solving them. Type responds to our needs and acts admirably in the face of ambiguous forces.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 13:58, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::Well, we're going to split by branches at a low level (inside the country categories; e.g. [[:Category:Regiments of the United States Army]] versus [[:Category:Regiments of the United States Marine Corps]]); the question is more one of whether we need to group branches across countries using some auxiliary categories. I don't really think it's a big deal either way; but I'm not really sure what problems we'd have one way or the other. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 14:02, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::Sorry to disrupt you, but it seems we Germans are still a creative nation in military aspects. Besides the traditional branches Luftwaffe (airforce), Marine (navy), Heer (army) the Sanitätsdienst (ambulance) und the [[Streitkräftebasis]] were created as independent branches, but overlapping with the existing traditional division of branches in the German army. Russia could also pose some fun with lots of units in between military and police forces. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 16:01, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::::The most practical way around that might be to create some sort of "non-standard branches" (the name being open to ideas) sub-category of [[:Category:Military branches]] in which all of the more unusual separate branches could be collected. This would allow us to be flexible with regards to more unique national circumstances while at the same time having all the specific national services (e.g. Streitkräftebasis, United States Army, Royal Navy, etc.) at the same level of nesting relative the root category. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:16, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::That would be desireble, keeping the branches as another delimitator while keeping the type as a main body, considering the broad ranges of troops that have existed.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 15:20, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::So then we could add it and have six, rather than five, possible category types:
    -:::::::::* [[:Category:Military units and formations]]
    -:::::::::** [[:Category:Military units and formations by country]] ("Military units and formations of Foo")
    -:::::::::** [[:Category:Military units and formations by war]] ("Military units and formations of the Foo War")
    -:::::::::** [[:Category:Military units and formations by era]] ("Fooish military units and formations")
    -:::::::::** [[:Category:Military units and formations by type]] ("Fooish military units and formations")
    -:::::::::** [[:Category:Military units and formations by size]] ("Foos")
    -:::::::::** [[:Category:Military units and formations by branch]] ("Military units and formations of bars" → "Military units and formations of the Fooish Bar", which is also a sub-category of "Military units and formations of Foo")
    -:::::::::Does that work? (And is my notation comprehensible?) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 15:45, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::::*I like it. .--[[User:MCG|MCG]] 30 August 2006
    -:::::::::*Looks good, anyone else?--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 17:21, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::::::So, any other thoughts on this? Should we start putting together a list of category deletions and renamings that need to be done? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 12:19, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::I guess I'll pipe in as categorization has been a pet peeve of mine since the day I created an account. I'm looking through this thread, and I'm still not quite clear where this is going. Is this to make a more inclusive categorization scheme, and if so, I worry that it might be, in some cases, pounding the square peg in the round whole (i.e. Lord Ameth's concern about ancient warriors), although I think it will definately improve upon what exists presently. My big concern is US military units, as this is what I know best, esp. US Army. Are we abandoning the current scheme (x branch units, with various unit sizes as subcategories), or maybe I should ask how far down the category tree are we going with this. I'm almost content with the US Army unit scheme (not quite yet though), and I don't want to mess with them too much until I'm sure there is a better way to do it. The categorization by war also might be troublesome - units as a whole don't always participate in a war - my battalion (2/22nd Infantry) didn't deploy to Desert Storm, but one company did as rear area defense. In a case like that, would it be listed as a unit in War X? Units can also stretch across eras, or even several eras. Do we put it in multiple categories?--[[User:Nobunaga24|Nobunaga24]] 12:41, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::: Broadly speaking:
    -::::::::::::* The current scheme is not being abandoned, but some changes in naming may occur. (I'm not sure what the current naming of US Army categories is, but there will be a lot of renaming of things like [[:Category:Soviet divisions]] → [[:Category:Divisions of the Soviet Union]], and so forth.) The scheme is more intended as a way to standardize the naming of potential sub-categories than to massively change the entire structure, and such structural changes as ''do'' occur will be mostly at a very high level (the immediate sub-categories of [[:Category:Military units and formations]]).
    -::::::::::::* Almost all the possible categorizations via this scheme are optional. We wouldn't require, for example, that you categorize every US Army unit by war, type, era, etc.; all we'll be doing is providing a guideline about how such categories should be named & nested ''if'' they are used. Which parts of the category tree are appropriate for particular countries, services, periods, and so forth would still be up to the editors working in that particular area.
    -::::::::::::* There would be a lot of "filler" categories that will be possible under the scheme (e.g. [[:Category:Regiments in World War II by country]]) which would be intended only to group related article-containing categories (e.g. [[:Category:Regiments of the United Kingdom in World War II]]). I'm assuming that the potential for some of these to actually be created wouldn't be a major problem?
    -::::::::::::[[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 12:53, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::::If it's more a naming convention thing, then I'm all for it - loooong overdue. I have successfully changed most of the army unit names, and an expanded tree can be found in my sandbox [[User:Nobunaga24/Sandbox]] (although due for an update). Is this fairly in line with what we are aiming at?--[[User:Nobunaga24|Nobunaga24]] 13:02, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::::::Looks fine, assuming a bunch of name order flips (e.g. [[:Category:United States Army units]] → [[:Category:Units of the United States Army]]); we may want to create a few intermediate categories (e.g. [[:Category:Units of the United States Army by size]] and [[:Category:Units of the United States Army by type]]), but that'll probably be a gradual process that takes place after we get some standard naming conventions in place. The full scheme will allow for many more categories, obviously, but there's no requirement to create any of them unless they're actually useful for the units in question.
    -::::::::::::::(On a side note: would we want to rename it to [[:Category:Units and formations of the United States Army]], or is everything considered a "unit"?) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 13:09, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::::::::::The proposed way seems fine to me. Units and formations would be fine as far as I can tell. My concern, to be honest, was more with the structure than anything else. As it stands for the US military categories, I think equipment/weapon categories should be the next major hurdle to jump.--[[User:Nobunaga24|Nobunaga24]] 13:18, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::::::::That's a possibility. There's also the long-standing personnel category conventions to sort out; but the US ones are probably a bit cleaner in this regard than some of the European trees. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 13:22, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -=== Moving forward with the new structure ===
    -
    -Okay, I've written up a [[WP:MILHIST#Units and formations|draft guideline]] that basically follows along with the last version above; comments would be very appreciated. If this structure is satisfactory, we can start putting together a list of categories that will need to be renamed. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 04:51, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Military operations ==
    -
    -[[:Category:Military operations]] is, quite frankly, a mess. Some of the things found within include:
    -* Regular battles/campaigns filed as "operations" because the article title is "Operation X" rather than the equivalent "Battle of Y" (e.g. [[Operation Cartwheel]]).
    -* Non-combat military operations (e.g. [[Operation Arc Light]]).
    -* Planned-but-never-executed military operations (e.g. [[Operation Felix]]).
    -* Non-military (usually law enforcement) operations (e.g. [[Operation Yellow Ribbon]]).
    -
    -I think we ought to clean this up. Hence, the following idea:
    -# Flip the relationship of [[:Category:Military operations]] and [[:Category:Military conflicts]]. In other words, [[:Category:Military conflicts]] would be a sub-category of [[:Category:Military operations]] rather than vice-versa. This will allow us to filter out all the combat operations into the regular "Battles of..." and "Wars of..." category tree.
    -# Introduce a [[:Category:Non-combat military operations]] as a child of [[:Category:Military operations]] and filter all the non-combat stuff down.
    -# Create a [[:Category:Operations]] as a parent of [[:Category:Military operations]] and filter all the non-military stuff up.
    -
    -The resulting tree would be:
    -* [[:Category:Operations]]
    -** Non-military operations filed directly here for the time being.
    -** [[:Category:Military operations]] (also a child of [[:Category:Military]])
    -*** [[:Category:Military conflicts]] (also a child of [[:Category:War]])
    -**** All combat operations go here, under the existing battle/war trees.
    -*** [[:Category:Canceled military operations]]
    -**** All planned-but-never-executed operations go here.
    -*** [[:Category:Non-combat military operations]]
    -*** [[:Category:Operations involving special forces]] (probably best placed here)
    -*** [[:Category:UN peacekeeping missions and operations]] (same thing)
    -
    -A few categories would need to be dealt with:
    -* [[:Category:Israel Defense Forces Operations]] → split into [[:Category:Battles of Israel]] and [[:Category:Non-combat military operations of Israel]], both children of [[:Category:Israel Defense Forces]] (why isn't this at [[:Category:Military of Israel]] like all the other countries, anyway?)
    -* [[:Category:Canadian military operations]] → split into [[:Category:Battles of Canada]] and [[:Category:Non-combat military operations of Canada]]
    -* [[:Category:Military operations in Saudi Arabia]] → most of these will go into either [[:Category:Battles of the United States]] or [[:Category:Non-combat military operations of the United States]]; but can we ''please'' delete this remaining vestige of the "Battles in Foo" scheme?
    -
    -This is all subject to change, of course, and any comments or suggestions would be extremely welcome. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:19, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Your ideas about how to reorganize it look good to me. [[User:Cla68|Cla68]] 02:38, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Okay, I've flipped the nesting of operations and conflicts and created [[:Category:Operations]] (for non-military stuff) and [[:Category:Non-combat military operations]]. Help with sorting out all the articles currently under [[:Category:Military operations]] into the right place would be very appreciated! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 22:59, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Another question to consider: would it be worth creating a [[:Category:Military operations by country]] to allow the following:
    -::* [[:Category:Military operations of Foo]] (also a child of [[:Category:Military history of Foo]] or [[:Category:Military of Foo]])
    -::** [[:Category:Wars of Foo]]
    -::*** [[:Category:Battles of Foo]]
    -::** [[:Category:Non-combat military operations of Foo]]
    -::** [[:Category:Canceled military operations of Foo]]
    -::This would allow us some flexibility in terms of placing more unusual combat operations that might not fit precisely under "Battles" or "Wars" in a national category. Obviously, the full chain would only be created for a handful of militarily-active modern countries; but would putting the basic structure into place be worthwhile? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 23:20, 3 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I would encourage the [[:Category:Military operations by country]]. I tend to think people typically look at military history by events or nationalities (at the very least the amateurs such as myself do this). This would facilitate the second of these groups. Major standing military alliances could probably also be included under this catagory, so you might have [[:Category:Military operations of NATO]] --- [[User talk:MCG|MCG]] 04 Sept 06
    -
    -::::Okay, I've written up what I think can serve as a good outline of this categorization scheme [[WP:MILHIST#Conflicts and operations|on the main project page]]. I'll try to flesh out some of the categories in question later today; but any assistance with them—as well as any other comments or suggestions—would be quite welcome! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:30, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== A-Class review process started ==
    -
    -Just to make sure it doesn't get lost in the churn of discussions here:
    -
    -The [[WP:MHA#Requests for A-Class status|A-Class review process]] has been started, and currently has four articles that need evaluation. The success of such a process obviously requires a certain level of wider input; hence, stopping by the assessment department and commenting on the articles undergoing review would be very appreciated! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 06:04, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:And just to stress the point: we ''really'' need at least a few people to actually take part in this for it to go anywhere! :-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:25, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::To play devil's advocate rather late in the game, I think this process may be unnecessarily cumbersome. Some editors may view it as additional bureaucratic red tape and be tempted to skip it and proceed directly to FAC instead.
    -
    -::I think it would be better to combine Peer Review and A-class review into a single step called "Peer Review and Article Assessment". In this process, any article can be submitted for peer review as normal. Reviewers, in turn, not only give their suggestions, they also rate the article on the quality scale. So, a reviewer might something like: "Nicely written article, but it needs more inline citations and is missing details about foo. '''B-class'''." That way, people will learn in a single step what they need to do to improve the article, and also where the article currently stands on the quality scale. After the PR&AA process is over, the article talk page is updated with the consensus rating. A-class articles will become apparent in this process.
    -
    -::Just an idea. • [[User:Kevin Myers|Kevin]] [[User talk:Kevin Myers|(complaints?)]] 05:16, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Well, I suggest no FAC without prior A class. This way things run smoother and we do not have so many requests of suboptimal quality articles. The A class review does by itself contain some elements of a peer review and we could integrate A class certification into the peer review process. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 06:20, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::The A class review helps ensure that editors resolve the issues raised during the peer review before nomination for FA. [[User:Cla68|Cla68]] 06:27, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I think the time element will break a simple combined process: an article may enter a three-week peer review as a Start-Class and leave as an A-Class, but, unless we force people to come back and check, the prior "ratings" won't make sense. The four-day period for the A-Class review, on the other hand, is short enough that only limited changes to the article should (usually) occur, so there is some assurance that the article the first reviewer is talking about somewhat resembles the one the last reviewer is talking about.
    -:::(Having said that, I have no idea whether this is the best setup possible. It would certainly be possible to combine the two processes to take an even closer form to FAC, with a longer time period involved and people supporting/objecting to A-Class status and providing suggestions for improvement implicit in their comments. This might simplify the procedure somewhat, but would also make the peer review a more confrontational process, which may discourage newer editors from submitting articles.) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 10:27, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Keep the peer review a friendly suggestion to improve certain elements. If an article receives a good peer review, the reviewers can agree to nominate it for classification review, etc. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 16:54, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::I suspect that some people will, if their article goes through peer review without having serious problems raised, go straight to FAC rather than bother with article assessment, which is essentially another peer review, this time with a grade. I know you (Wandalstouring) wrote "I suggest no FAC without prior A class", but WikiProjects don't have that sort of regulatory power. If people want to ignore this project (or parts thereof) when working on military history articles, they are free to do so. Members here could punish the mavericks for ignoring the process by opposing their articles on FAC, which would be a bad move. Better to make the process here so simple and helpful that they want to use it. Separate review and assessment procedures seem unnecessarily bureaucratic to me, and I wouldn't blame anyone who chooses to ignore the second step. Not that I oppose A-class review, but some sort of combined review & rating process seems a better way to ensure widespread participation. Your mileage may vary. • [[User:Kevin Myers|Kevin]] [[User talk:Kevin Myers|(complaints?)]] 02:21, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Given that it's only four extra days, I doubt people will be that reluctant to go through the process (particularly if it's brought up during the peer review). I'm open to ideas about how to integrate the reviews, though; I'm just not sure what the best approach is to simultaneously have a (semi-)rigorous review and also allow lower-quality articles to get ample (and kind) suggestions for improvement. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:44, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::It seems an excellent intermediate step toward FAC, one which I felt was previously missing. I missed the opening of A-class review by days for [[United States Marine Corps]] and would have put it through this first. --[[User:Mmx1|Mmx1]] 02:52, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -(unindent) What do we do about current A-class articles? I noticed LordAmeth removing this from [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Robert_E._Lee&curid=511674&diff=74256806&oldid=73890563 here] but the way it's worded it makes it sound like the person who added the A did something wrong, when it was simply added prior to the new process. My thinking is, instead of removing, we renominate. (I did that with the one article I edit that had a prior A rating) --[[User:Plange|plange]] 02:39, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Yes, that ''was'' the plan (hence the existence of [[:Category:Incomplete requests for military history A-Class status]]); I've been listing them (slowly, so as not to overwhelm the place) into the review. I'm not sure that simply removing these ratings was the best idea here. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:44, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I'm very sorry. Somehow it just didn't occur to me to nominate those articles myself. I apologize as well for my wording in the edit summaries - I thought it sounded a bit.. wrong. I was just trying to help out as an Asst Coordinator - I wasn't quite clear on how this new process was working, and I just really thought I was doing the right thing. 僕の背。申し訳ありません。[[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 02:59, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Ah, it's ok; it's really my fault for not clearly explaining how the incomplete request system was supposed to work. I'll go list a few more of them now, since we actually seem to be getting some good participation in the review process. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:08, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Yeah, on the Coordinators Talk page, it said "Process any articles..." I should have asked what that meant before simply going ahead and doing it. I hope I can turn this around and become a productive and beneficial Asst Coordinator... [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 03:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Regimental/battalion history issues ==
    -
    -I'm currently expanding [[The Royal Scots]] (where "currently" means "I've got to 1919 and then been sidetracked for two months, but I'll get back to it soon"), and I've run across an interesting problem.
    -
    -British infantry regiments, unlike most others, never operated as single units in the modern period - they were "administrative families" for a large number of battalions. When writing histories, what this means is that you usually have a couple of battalions in different places to keep track of, which isn't much of a problem. Then you hit WWI (and to a lesser extent WWII). A vast number of battalions are raised, and go off to fight all over the place, in entirely unrelated formations; you need to find some way of discussing them all. There are two solutions:
    -
    -* 1) Administratively organised - deal with each battalion in turn. "The ''n''th was raised in ---, and sent to the Western Front..."
    -* 2) Chronologically organised - "In 1914, the three battalions of the regiment..."
    -
    -[[The Royal Scots]] currently uses the first; [[The King's Regiment (Liverpool)]] (an excellent article) uses the second. The first is a lot simpler if you're wanting to find out what happened to a particular subunit ("what happened to the 16th?"); the second makes it a lot easier to discuss overall history ("In 1916, nine battalions of the regiment saw action at the Somme...")
    -
    -Which do people think is more useful for our readers, or more in keeping with standard practice? Thoughts appreciated. [[User:Shimgray|Shimgray]] | [[User talk:Shimgray|talk]] | 16:49, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I suggest a chronical overview with administrative organisation subdivision. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 16:56, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:A chronological overview of some sort is necessary; I suppose the question of whether a breakdown by battalion is worthwhile depends on whether there's anything significant to say about the individual batallions. In many cases, I would expect that this would not be the case; if four battalions were all sent to the Somme, they can be more coherently described in a single section. I'm sure, however, that there may be other cases where the separate battalions had notable careers in their own right, in which case separate sections (or even daughter articles!) for them would be the better approach. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:09, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I share [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]]'s sentiments on the subject. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]]'s comments on Batallions are also favoured.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 14:54, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Yeah, this makes sense. I'll rewrite it when I expand the rest of the article; I've already added footnotes dealing with the minutae of the territorial units, so adding a few more for individual battalions shouldn't be a problem.
    -::As to seperate articles... the thing is, the "notable" battalions of a line regiment are almost always the couple of regular battalions, and the article's basically about them. I'm not sure seperating by battalion would help much at this stage. [[User:Shimgray|Shimgray]] | [[User talk:Shimgray|talk]] | 18:15, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[War elephant]] on FAR ==
    -
    -The [[war elephant]] article has just been [[Wikipedia:Featured article review/War elephant|listed for featured article review]] with a number of complaints about accuracy and referencing. Anyone with knowledge of the topic—and I believe there are a number of people here with some experience in the area?—is encouraged to drop by! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:53, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It badly needs some real work and sourcing. Will take some time to iron it out. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 17:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Terrorism and counter-terrorism]] ==
    -
    -I recall there being an earlier debate about establishing a 'War on terrorism' task-force os something similar. If there are still editors looking for a way to collaborate on the topic, check out [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Terrorism and counter-terrorism]]. enjoy! [[User:Mike McGregor (Can)|Mike McGregor (Can)]] 19:35, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:If I recall correctly, it was created from the abortive task force, no? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 19:36, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Yup, there it is in the archives... oops! Anyhoo, it seems there is also a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Terrorism]] as well. [[User:Mike McGregor (Can)|Mike McGregor (Can)]] 19:47, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:It all looks a little GWOT-centric. Terrorism didn't only start in 2001, also I'd suggest you're likely to have a systemic POV problem....... [[User:ALR|ALR]] 19:49, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Not all that surprising, given that it was originally proposed as a GWOT task force. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 19:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Ah, that'll be it then. I keep forgetting that we haven't really lived with (modern) terrorism in the UK, and mainland Europe, since the 60s.[[User:ALR|ALR]] 20:00, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::I must deny for mainland Europe. We had some foreign bombers and our [[Red Army Faction]] in Germany. Fortunately since 2001 terrorists didn't do much damage here. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 20:52, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::We might have hit a language barrier. I should have added an irony tag above :) I was in a CONUS mil facility a year or so ago and had someone tell me I didn't understand terrorism...... Managed to avoid tearing them a new orifice and pointed out one or two instances of having first hand experience. I had to point out that there hadn't been a single year since the end of WWII when UK forces hadn't been involved in either CRW or CT somewhere in the world.[[User:ALR|ALR]] 20:59, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Which infobox to use? ==
    -
    -Which do we use if someone conceivably fits several infobox categories? Take [[Fitzhugh Lee]]? Does he get a {{tl|Infobox Military Person}} or {{tl|Infobox Governor}}? Or do we use the generic {{tl|Infobox Biography}} for cases like this? --[[User:Plange|plange]] 03:29, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Keep in mind the biography infoboxes are controversial. ({{tl|Infobox Biography}} has often been nominated for deletion.) Like many, I don't care for them except for special classes of people, like popes and kings and such, since the boxes often just repeat information contained in the opening paragraph of the article. So, it's probably better to handle on a case-by-case basis, asking interested editors on the article talk page what they think is appropriate. • [[User:Kevin Myers|Kevin]] [[User talk:Kevin Myers|(complaints?)]] 04:55, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::What Kevin said ;-)
    -::(I think one point to consider might be whether the individual is better known as a governor or a military officer; but even that breaks down when you get to people like Eisenhower.) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 11:38, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Then mix both to contain all information. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 16:49, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::The only place I've seen that happen is on articles about saints (since {{tl|Infobox Saint}} is sometimes placed in the section which talks about canonization). In other cases, the twin infoboxes would (a) contain a lot of redundant information, (b) be visually incompatible, and (c) still leave the problem of which is to be placed first. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:00, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Which to put first is simple, do it chronological and delete redundant info (reduced boxes). [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 17:16, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I agree in general with what Kevin says, but I consider politicians and military people being in that special class that benefit from infoboxes (collating offices and dates, etc) --[[User:Plange|plange]] 16:59, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Operation Mars ==
    -
    -From my talk page:
    -:Please take a look into a huge text added by an anon into [[Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive]]. I wanted to wikify it then it occurred to me that such a well-rounded text may be a copyvio. Can you bring an attention of other WWII experts, whether you and they recognize the text? `'[[user:mikkalai|mikka]] [[user talk:mikkalai|(t)]] 18:29, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I think mikkalai has justification for his suspicion (see [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Rzhev-Sychevka_Offensive&diff=72553339&oldid=68350676 Revision as of 06:25, 8 August 2006 to Revision as of 05:50, 29 August 2006 by 70.123.197.91]). I don't recognise the text (but then it is not an area of WWII I have read about in detail) and if it is original work them we should encourage 70.123.197.91 to acquire a user ID --[[User:Philip Baird Shearer|Philip Baird Shearer]] 09:09, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: Looks like copy-paste from Glantz's book (hardly surprising, it's one of the few sources on the subject). I'll try and check tonight. -- [[User:Grafikm_fr|'''Grafikm''']] [[User talk:Grafikm_fr|'''(AutoGRAF)''']] 09:58, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Sounds very professional. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 16:34, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Its a good read, but looks like a copyvio. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 04:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Wars by country categories - Egypt & Cyprus ==
    -
    -I've just created three sub-cats of [[:Category:Wars by country]] which were conspicuously absent. They are [[:Category:Wars of Cyprus]], [[:Category:Wars of Ancient Egypt]], and [[:Category:Wars of Egypt]].
    -#Can people please check my dates, that they are satisfactory as to what counts as "Ancient Egypt" and "Modern Egypt"? I'm no expert on the subject, and wasn't sure to what extent it would or would not be worthwhile to include Ptolemaic/Roman Egypt under "Ancient", or Ottoman and British Egypt under "Modern".
    -#There is the issue of [[:Category:Wars of Africa]]. I certainly see that there are not enough wars (thank god) in the modern history of most individual African nations to warrant their own separate categories, but where does this place Egypt? Right now it is under both "Wars of Africa" and "Wars by country", which is somewhat redundant, but at least grants it the same category rank as every other country. What do you all think? [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 02:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Seems fine to me. You might want to split up [[:Category:Battles of Egypt]] as well, though. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:33, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I've done all I'm going to do for now. In doing this, I came across the absence of categories for "Wars of Lebanon", "Wars of Jordan", and a few others, which I did not remedy. I have also not populated the [[:Category:Wars of Arab Egypt]].
    -:::I've created [[:Category:Wars of Ancient Egypt]] to cover Ancient, Ptolemaic, and Roman/Byzantine Egypt, [[:Category:Wars of Arab Egypt]] which covers Egypt under the Arab Empire (Islamic Conquests) and Ottoman Empire. This one could probably afford to be renamed, but I'm no expert in the field, and I simply do not have the energy or the inclination right now. Sorry. Also created [[:Category:Wars of Egypt]] which covers British-controlled and independent Egypt, and the according Battle categories for all three. I may return to this project; hopefully some editors more inclined towards Middle Eastern history will notice these changes and jump on it. I'm gonna go back to writing about Kabuki actors and ukiyo-e painters. Anyone needs anything, please just give a holler. [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 03:18, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::I changed [[6th century]] to [[639]] the year of the Arab invasion. Time to populate the Wars and Battles of "Arab Egypt"? As I move through the Crusades and Byzantine articles should I tag where I find Egyptian envolvement? --[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 18:28, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::Can't see why not. :-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 18:49, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Thanks, Dryzen, for finishing what I started. I'm glad that someone with more interest and expertise and patience than myself has seen this through. :) [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 18:59, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::::You should take all the credit, I just added a few details and put in some content. Speaking of wich I added the Crusades in wich the Fatamids, Ayyubids and Mameluks participated in. This can be found in the [[:Category:Wars of Arab Egypt]].--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 15:31, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
    -The following [[:Category:Battles of the Mamluk Sultanate]] should be merged with [[:Category:Wars of Arab Egypt]].--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 15:41, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Battles should be merged with Wars? I'm not sure if that's right, but if you think so, go right ahead. [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 16:53, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Sorry I ment [[:Category:battles of Arab Egypt]].--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 17:37, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Looksl iek there the [[:category:Battles of the Ayyubids]] too, since there capital was Cairo as well I'll send the battles towards [[:Category:battles of Arab Egypt]].--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 17:21, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -IMO, Ptolomaic and Pharonic Egypt are quite distinct from each other; in my mind, Cleopatras and Ptolemies don't really count as "Ancient Egyptians", let alone 6th-century North African Christians! Also, I don't know the exact historical state naming conventions for Egypt, I think that having just plain "Egypt" meaning just the modern state, without references to historical states in the category description, is quite confusing, considering that various states/administrative units throughout the past three millennia are referred to as "Egypt". Also, modern Egypt is way Arab. [[User:UnDeadGoat|UnDeadGoat]] 02:02, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Picking up loose ends ==
    -
    -It's been six months since the last time I brought this up, which I think is a long enough delay...
    -
    -I think the time has come to finally lay the long-catatonic [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Military|WikiProject Military]] to rest, and propose redirecting that page to this one. It has been a rump project from the very beginning, and has had absolutely no activity since last March; I see no reason to keep it around merely as a relic, nor to attempt to revive it as a separate group from this one.
    -
    -The objection—brought up the previous time I suggested this—that modern military affairs do not fall under the label of "history" is one that I believe to be entirely irrelevant in practice. While there may be a point of semantics to be argued here, there is little sense in making such a distinction on the WikiProject level, as the same community of editors tends to work on both newer and older topics; indeed, editors working on modern warfare have been doing so ''here'' since the beginning. Trying to artificially fracture the project along such lines would, in my opinion, be entirely unproductive and quite harmful to actual progress in article work. Beyond this, our more recent wording of the scope as "historical or modern-day warfare or military affairs" has made "military history" more of a convenient label for the broad topic area than a rigorously exact definition of what is and isn't included.
    -
    -I cannot, therefore, see any real potential for a "Military" project covering topics that we do not already include here. The only major area—fictional militaries—already tends to be subsumed by the relevant fiction WikiProjects. If it does not have any future as a different project, though, is there any practical reason to retain a "separate" project that has become entirely redundant to this one?
    -
    -(Incidentally, before anyone suggests this: I do not believe that trying to rename ''this'' project to "Military" would be either feasible—the scale of our project is rather too large for that—or beneficial, as we would lose the considerable name recognition and goodwill in the wider community that we have built up under the label of "Military history.")
    -
    -Thoughts? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 02:39, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::The only concern I might have would be that in theory, we may not draw members who wish to participate in Military areas but not historical areas. Seeing as how those editors have been coming here anyway, I think it's a moot point. I support the motion. --[[User:Mmx1|Mmx1]] 02:49, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I would support this as well, as the arguments against such a move seem to more theoretical than practical. [[User:Carom|Carom]] 03:08, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I Support the move, had the same problem with [[Wikipedia:WikiProject ADF|WikiProject ADF]] and the Australian taskforce, overlap and coverage its still not sorted out. I dont support any name change there is no real benefit form a change that I can see. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 04:10, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Hmm, thanks for reminding me; we'll need to try and sort that out. Maybe [[WP:AUS]] will be able to help this time around. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 10:00, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::OK [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 06:55, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I'd support. What ever happens in Bagdad today is still history tomorrow... But, if scaring off non-historians is a concern, why not just drop the "history" from the title? [[User:Mike McGregor (Can)|Mike McGregor (Can)]] 07:59, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Agree whatever happens today is still history tomorrow but the name should remain as it is. One possibility would be to have a modern day taskforce whose job it would be to correct new information as it comes to life (eg. Number of US casualties in Iraq/War on terror) and also to improve Wikipedia's coverage of new military happenings. Probably not my best idea but a possibility. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 08:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::Interesting idea; that might be worth doing in the future. Personally, I very much doubt the "history" will scare anybody off, and (as I mentioned) don't think it's a good idea to change the title at this point anyways. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 10:00, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Drop the history and kick me. No, military taskforce is the wrong way as the mentioned example has clearly shown. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 10:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I think they should be merged, and the name kept the same. I don't think new people will be turned off by "history" being in the project name. If they happen upon an article they are interested in, and see the project banner, I think if they already have an interest in military affairs, then they probably will be interested in the work going on here. I've never met some one interested in the military who wasn't also intrigued by military history in some regard. As the other project is pretty inactive (I wasn't even aware of its existence until now), and this one is vibrant, and the immense amount of overlap between the two (virtually every article), I don't see why we shouldn't. There is a wide range of interests here, so I think most ground will be covered adquately. --[[User:Nobunaga24|Nobunaga24]] 09:42, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I (still) do not think that they should be merged, for the reasons I gave previously (see [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military#Merging with Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history]]). --[[User:Philip Baird Shearer|Philip Baird Shearer]] 09:49, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::We need some people to collect all data and pics about these recent military equipments, so they are welcome :P [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 10:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::Merge the projects under history. I htink the reasons are self evident and have already been enumerated several times already. As for the name, my opinion mirrors [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]]'s. For a short return: Current event are going to be history, structures and organisations are records and important for the understanding of events and its concequences. --[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 13:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Support merger. PBS, I honestly don't understand your reasoning, since today's operations are making history every minute that passes. --[[User:Plange|plange]] 18:31, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: To me, this is one of those cases where [[WP:IAR]] applies; there are plenty of good arguments to have two projects, but unless there is someone working to keep that project alive, we're just indulging in needless philosophizing & conformance to process not to put an end to that dead Wikiproject. Simplicity is a virtue; taking responsibility for subjects & things needing to be done is what makes Wikipedia work. As long as we admit that this WikiProject could be restarted should there be sufficient enthusiasm in the future for it, just make the changes. -- [[User:Llywrch|llywrch]] 20:27, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::I agree with the merge. Military history is a much larger study than that of current militaries; the study of current militaries is just a small part of the overall history of militaries worldwide and I think that's what most people here see as well. The current state of militaries today is a mere footnote, albeit essential, to the grander picture of militaries throughout the last several millenia. So the argument that Military comes first and Military History is a subset of that is pretty silly. That they have nothing to do with one another to the point that they need to be separate disciplines is even sillier. The past directly affects the present (and the future), so how could you effectively divide the two? Every current military unit has its own history, let alone how it came to be based upon what happened in the past. They belong in one project.
    -
    -::However, I loved the idea of task forces. Admittedly, a Current Military Task Force, taking on every aspect of militaries around the world, seems a bit overwhelming. I thought perhaps dividing them up at least into eastern and western hemispheres might take some of the pressure off, but I think Current Military task forces by continent would be perfect. Considering just how much North America alone would constitute, that is more than enough to keep whomever is a part of those T.F.'s busy for a long, long time. I would love to join one of those T.F.'s. But as I think we're all agreeing, something like that would have to be incorporated first (well, officially anyway since we're already doing it semi-officially). --[[User:ScreaminEagle|ScreaminEagle]] 22:57, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::I'm not sure it would be overwhelming, actually. Suppose we limit it to, say, topics active in the last five years; we'll then get:
    -:::* A whole bunch of units; possibly a substantial portion, for those countries with continuous lineages.
    -:::* A decent number of weapons & equipment.
    -:::* Some general topics, political bodies, doctrines, etc.
    -:::* Relatively few people; our coverage of personnel is disproportionately towards those already dead. (Indeed, our largest single group is probably posthumous recipients of various awards for valor.)
    -:::* Extremely few events.
    -:::While this wouldn't be a small task force, it may not even be the largest; some of the broader ones (WWII, Maritime, Weaponry) likely have even more articles under their purview. Hence, we could probably get away with just a single "current affairs" task force; the question, of course, is whether anyone would be interested in participating (or even approaching topics from such a starting point). [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 00:35, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::I endorse this annexation move. But not without some hesistation. While the above arguements are sound and convincing, there is still a risk of "contaminating" the past with the present. Controversial and ongoing issues are sure to creep in which would have to be delt with and, even if they are effectively resolved, could draw our efforts away from areas in need of a lot more work and which have waited far longer than the latest "War of the week". Our interest is to generate light, not heat ;>. Also, as one of the inventors of the Task Force concept, I remind our members that TF's, especially the larger ones, may find it useful to break down into Task Groups, to better deal with sub-topics or large/important articles. This offers the benefit not only of greater efficiency but of avoiding the dred "Task Force bloat" as well.--[[User:R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine)|R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine)]] 02:58, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Ah, Task Groups, that's what I'm thinking about! And I, for one, would definitely join such a task force. I'm in the middle of a large, time-consuming project for the German TF, but once that's pretty much done a lot of my time will be freed up for current affairs stuff. I find myself more drawn to current military topics anyway; sure, there's not a whole lot of information out there to write them--usually just what the military itself releases at times--but there's enough and it just makes the challenge that much more fun. So if anyone else would join me so I'm not a task force of one, that would be great. --[[User:ScreaminEagle|ScreaminEagle]] 19:55, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Projects and forces and groups, oh my! ;-)
    -::::::Personally, I don't see the need to complicate the terminology any further at this point; considering the overall levels of activity throughout the project, anything narrower than the task force level is probably best done ''informally'' (within the existing task force framework).
    -::::::Having said that, I do think some sort of "current affairs" task force will be feasible; are there other editors who would be interested in working on it? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 20:23, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Based on the comments, I've gone ahead and redirected the page. Hopefully this will save us from some potential confusion in the future. :-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:10, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Just some quick thoughts. I agree that a current affairs task force is a sound idea. I just wanted to throw a few thoughts into the ring before anything went ahead. I will go out on a limb and say that because this is the English wikipedia most of the current affairs will involve western nations. Thus I think it maybe safe to say that alot of these events may involve Iraq and Afghanistan. These are very contentious issues on Wikipedia and could serve to drag the project into alot more arguments with editors who really are not to keen on military affairs or who just have completely opposite views. I realize that this happens everyday on Wikipedia but this time many editors will be envoking the task force as there reason for making the changes that they did. Almost like we are trying to hijack articles. I know that everyone here is very good at maintaining neutral articles but perception is a very big word. May be a good idea to lay out some good groundrules, scope, etc.....before wallowing into the current events mire. --[[User:Looper5920|Looper5920]] 20:45, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Yeah, that's a potential concern. My hope is that, as the task force would cover ''all'' current affairs, there would be enough editors working on non-controversial topics to avoid giving the impression that this is necessarily a task force tied to any particular conflict. But obviously we'll need to make sure that it doesn't become a focal point for outside political debate. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 21:04, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==[[National Security Council]]==
    -
    -I wonder if anybody knows that this article DOESN'T EVEN HAVE A TALK PAGE!
    -
    -It's not even listed in your project at all!
    -
    -Mind telling me why, and is it possible to get anyone on over there? (I would do it myself, but I am not an expert. I tend to refrain from editing information I'm not familiar with).
    -
    -[[User:Colonel Marksman|Colonel Marksman]] 16:54, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Tagged it; thanks for bringing it to our attention. For what it's worth, there are a ''lot'' of articles that haven't been tagged yet, mostly because we haven't done much systematic tagging outside of the military conflict categories; this is why bot-tagging is our friend! ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:11, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Copyright issues==
    -If a web site displays no copyright status, does this mean we are free to use certain images from that site eg: [http://www.snowshoemen.com/], specifically these images:[http://www.snowshoemen.com/Muskets.htm]. If I am allowed to download an image from a site like this, what licensing tag should I use? Thanks for your help. [[User:Raymond Palmer|Raymond Palmer]] 18:08, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Nope. Under U.S. law, all creative works are automatically protected by copyright even if they do not display an explicit copyright notice. Depending on the context, you might be able to make a [[WP:FU|fair-use]] claim for the images; but, as a general rule, images from the majority of websites can't be used. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 18:13, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::Ok, thanks for clearing that up [[User:Raymond Palmer|Raymond Palmer]] 18:24, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Battles of Belarus? ==
    -
    -Someone just created [[:Category:Battles of Belarus]]. What's in there now appears to be misfiled—Belarus didn't exist as an independent entity during the Middle Ages—but I'm curious: does anyone know of any actual battles in which an independent Belarus was a participant? Does this category have some potential, in other words, or is it going to be entirely empty? Comments at [[Category talk:Battles of Belarus]] would be highly appreciated! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 11:16, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Belarus was part of the Commonwealth, but I think they dislike being integrated into the Polish history taskforce, while they have exactly the same scope for the Middle Ages + Great-Lithuvia history. [[User:Wandalstouring|Wandalstouring]] 15:10, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Article showcase? ==
    -
    -An idea that occurred to me: would it be worthwhile to have a list of high-quality articles (primarily FAs, and perhaps A-Class once we get them all reviewed) directly on the project page? While they can be found through the assessment categories, it's not, perhaps, immediately obvious that one can do so; and I think having such a list easily available might be helpful in terms of giving editors a place to look for ideas they may wish to emulate in their own articles. [[User:Kirill Lokshin/Sandbox/Proposal|'''Here''']] is a mockup of the list as it might appear.
    -
    -Thoughts? Would this be a good idea? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 12:25, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:*I have no problems with the idea it can be hard to find FA's (well anything) if you dont know where to look. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 12:39, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:: I would say a prominently featured link to a list of quality articles is a great idea. As someone who is currently wallowing through the assessment pages I realize they can be hard to find. It would be a good resource for newcomers.--[[User:Looper5920|Looper5920]] 12:43, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Support--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 13:14, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::Good idea, although the list contains some older featured articles which are not up to current standards, such as [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Horatio Nelson]] -- Nelson might not even qualify as "A-class" by current standards. Putting those on a list of "high-quality articles" would work against the purpose of the list. • [[User:Kevin Myers|Kevin]] [[User talk:Kevin Myers|(complaints?)]] 14:09, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::Meh. I'm not sure how we would determine which are "up to current standards" objectively except by putting the older ones through FAR and seeing which ones make it through. Do we want to do something like that (with the likely consequence of having many of those articles de-featured)? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 14:14, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::Either put the old ones through FAR, or just de-list old ones that members here suggest aren't quite up to current standards. If the purpose of the list is to give folks a selection of high-quality articles for guidelines, the list does not need to show every featured article in order to serve its purpose. Listing those which don't meet current standards, like [[Mark Antony]], will in fact defeat the purpose, since whoever emulates that featured article will meet with disappoinment come FAC time. Now, if the purpose of the list is to simply list featured articles regardless of quality, nevermind. ;-) • [[User:Kevin Myers|Kevin]] [[User talk:Kevin Myers|(complaints?)]] 14:47, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::Sort of both, actually. ;-) The main point is to provide a selection for editors to consult, but there's obviously a side benefit to having an accessible list of ''all'' the high-quality stuff listed in an obvious place. (This aside from the point that we don't want to provoke fights about which articles are "better" by only listing ''some'' [current] FAs.)
    -:::::::One way to combine your two ideas, incidentally, would be to put up the list but comment out all the articles, and then let everyone go through the list and (a) uncomment the article if it's up to current standards or (b) make a (short) note as to its problems otherwise. Once we've gone through the whole list, we can feed the articles that are commented out to FAR. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 14:52, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::I like this idea-- we're having to do that over at WP:WPBIO -- we use the comment feature in our project banner to note which ones are candidates for FAR and am feeding them through 1 by 1 I agree with Kevin, though, in that I wouldn't want FAs listed there that wouldn't meet today's standards --[[User:Plange|plange]] 15:33, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::::Okay, how about we try it? I've added a commented-out list to the project page [[WP:MILHIST#Showcase|here]]; please go forth and check up on our FAs! :-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 16:22, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::::::::To start us off, I've uncommented everything promoted in the last three months, as those should clearly be up to modern standards; that's 21 articles done. 94 still need someone to look at them! ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 23:23, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -(unindent) - Abe Lincoln was already on my hit list for Bio and I just had my previous nom finally move to FARC so I'm able to nom another so just did Abe so we can kill 2 birds with one stone... --[[User:Plange|plange]] 16:37, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:Yeah, the lack of citations is probably going to be the major issue for most of these. In many cases, the original writer(s), who may have had some idea of where statements were taken from, are no longer editing; and uninvolved editors usually aren't going to be able to make up for that in any reasonable time. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:14, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Perhaps the Portal-page be a better place to collect these articles or to link from? Isin't the purpose of the portals to act as an intorduction to a given subjet on the 'pedia? [[User:Mike McGregor (Can)|Mike McGregor (Can)]] 00:50, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Many (most?) of them can be found through the portal; but the listing here is intended more for the benefit of editors—in terms of giving them examples to consider when working on articles—than for the casual readers towards whom portals are primarily directed. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 00:52, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Military History template==
    -I have noticed that several Featured Articles have recently been sporting "in house" FA templates for there respective wikiprojects, such as the one below.
    -{| class="messagebox standard-talk"
    -|-
    -|[[Image:CVG-featured.png|40px|Wikiproject Computer and video games]]
    -|'''{{PAGENAME}}''' is a '''''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_and_video_games/Featured_articles|selected article]]''''' of the [[Portal:Computer and video games|WikiProject Computer and video games]].
    -|}
    -Perhaps we should consider a similar template for articles within the scope of our project. Thoughts? [[User:TomStar81|TomStar81]] ([[User talk:TomStar81|Talk]]) 05:05, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Our portal has enough real FAs that there's no separate selection process, so an entirely new template would be pretty useless; but see [[:Category:Wikipedia featured articles used on the War Portal]]. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 05:11, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Adding Images==
    -
    -I have tried to put some photos that I have taken on some articles but it doesn't seem to work. How can I place those photos onto Wikipedia? {{unsigned|Kyriakos}}
    -
    -:See [[Wikipedia:Uploading images]]. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 00:24, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Thanks. [[User:Kyriakos|Kyriakos]] 00:49, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== {{tl|mil-bio-stub}} tree category names ==
    -
    -As both the permanent parents have been renamed at CFD, and the root of the hierarchy renamed from {{cl|military biographical stubs}} to {{cl|military personnel stubs}} at SFD, I'm going to do likewise for the rest without bothering to tag them for a separate discussion, unless there any objections here. (BTW, the {{tl|mil-stub}} is also oversized, should anyone feel a fit of organisation coming on.) [[User:Alai|Alai]] 17:20, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Seems fine to me. While that category tree still has some naming issues to be considered, I think the use of "personnel" is going to stick, so converting all the stubs to it shouldn't run into any problems. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:59, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::You mean the likes of "Canadian" vs. "Canada"? Or what? There's not a lot of point in moving them in two goes if they can be got right in one (though admittedly it's not a vast number of edits either way). [[User:Alai|Alai]] 02:50, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::No, I meant the actual full [[:Category:Military personnel]] tree, not the (more limited) by-nationality stub tree; the naming of the stub categories isn't an issue either way, so please feel free to take whatever the standard approach is for those. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:07, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::If there's a standard approach (and at times that's a big "if") it's to follow the naming of the permcats. Given that {{cl|miilitary personnel}} has been very recently renamed to that title, just how many issues remaining can there be? Or more to the point, what are they? (Or are we speaking about non "personnel" subcats, like {{cl|military writers}}, which on the face of it shouldn't be included there at all?) [[User:Alai|Alai]] 03:21, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::There's a lot more to categorizing military personnel than just the countries involved. (If you're truly curious, there's some older discussion of how the overall structure should look [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history/Archive 29#Military people categorization|here]].) Just follow the current names for by-country categories for the time being; I doubt there will be any changes to that branch considered in the forseeable future. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:27, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::I'd have thought not, since as far as (to be more precise) {{cl|military personnel by nation}} is concerned, the issues raised in the earlier discussion appear to be precisely the "people" vs "personnel" and "ish" vs "of land" considered at the CFR, so I'd have thought that "time being" would mean at least "a decent interval". (The latter consideration might or might not affect the name of the stub categories, depending on whom you ask.) Since I doubt there's any real need for "by war" stub types (though you lot would know better than I), or at any rate, none that exist as present, if there's outstanding business for those that's indeed not a live issue, as you say. [[User:Alai|Alai]] 04:08, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::::::Yep. Unless there are some plans to create absurdly complicated stubs (e.g. {{tl|France-WWII-admiral-stub}} or things of that sort), there shouldn't be any issues with standardizing everything on the current (new) setup for {{cl|military personnel by nation}}. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 04:20, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::::::::There's not so much as a {{tl|WWII-bio-stub}} at the momeny, and if there are plans on creating same, I don't recall having seen them mentioned anywhere. (Though spookily enough, someone seems to have created a redlink to that about an hour ago at {{cl|World War II stubs}}.) [[User:Alai|Alai]] 04:31, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -BTW, I tripped across [[Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Military people]], which references these en bloc. Should the Wikiproject field refer back to (some task force subpage of) here? [[User:Alai|Alai]] 05:08, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:That page was never actually active, as far as I know; but [[Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Military]] (which is transcluded onto [[WP:MHREQ]]) has some relevant stuff. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 09:47, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::They're both transcluded onto [[WP:PNA]], which may not be getting regularly bot-updated at the moment, but is certainly fairly heavily linked to as a cleanup resource. OTOH, since they're transcluded ''together'' (which I've only just noticed, despite editting both pages a while ago...), the "missing" wikiproject is probably be clear enough from context. I might add a link to [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography]]'s military sub-page for cross-referencing purposes. [[User:Alai|Alai]] 10:39, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Nomenclature for British naval guns==
    -I was interested in starting some articles on British naval guns, so took a quick inventory of what is already out there. So far we have;
    -* [[15 inch (381 mm) /42 calibre Mark I naval gun]]
    -* [[13.5 inch (343 mm) /45 calibre naval gun]]
    -* [[4.5 inch (114 mm) gun]]
    -* [[2-pounder gun]]
    -
    -Obviously, there seems to be no systematic method for naming articles. The official designation of these guns is;
    -* BL 15 inch Mark I
    -* BL 13.5 inch (various marks)
    -* QF 4.5 inch (various marks), until 1950s, when surviving guns became simply 4.5 inch Mark 5, Mark 6, Mark 8.
    -* QF 2 pounder (various marks)
    -
    -I would like to propose some agreed method to name the articles. There is already a fairly systematic naming system for (British) Army guns, e.g [[Ordnance QF 2 pounder]] and [[Ordnance QF 6 pounder]], this simply follows the official designation (but drops the gun weight in hundredweights). The Royal Navy designation system is unique as far as I know, I therefore do not think that titles need disambiguated with the word "British". I also think including the mark is over-specific, as apart from the 15 inch and 16 inch guns, most guns went through a large number of marks. For this reason, and the fact that the Royal Navy does not include it in the official designation, I also do not think the calibre should be included; there are, for instance, L/55 and L/45 guns on the page [[4.5 inch (114 mm) gun]], which should we use? I personally amn't keen either on including millimetres in the title. These guns were never reported with a metric equivalent, or known by such (the sole exception being the foreign Oerlikon 20 mm (QF 20 mm) and Bofors 40 mm (QF 40 mm)). We do not have a page [[Oerlikon 20 mm (0.79 inch) cannon]], likewise we do not include millimetre and inches in the title of the 2 pounder gun article. It also just makes the title that bit more complicated than it really needs to be.
    -
    -My preferred choice for a titling system would therefore be [[designation, calibre in inches / shell weight in pounds, naval gun]], e.g. . The only shortcoming I can see with this system is where we have a case where a modern, unrelated weapon, is added into a page for historic guns due to a shared calibre - this is the case with the [[4.5 inch (114 mm) gun]] page. However it would be my intention to move this to a page of it's own anyway.
    -
    -Your thoughts would be appreciated, please do pick holes in my case as there is probably a lot I have missed. I know this is probably an obscure subject for many project members, but I think it is best just to have as many fine wikipedians that are part of this project as possible add their 2 cents. [[User:Emoscopes|Emoscopes]] [[User_Talk:Emoscopes|Talk]] 12:49, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:The [[WP:WEAPON|Weaponry task force]] might be a better place to work out the details of this; I recall there was another naming discussion there not too long ago. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 12:52, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::righto, thanks, I'll pose that over there too. [[User:Emoscopes|Emoscopes]] [[User_Talk:Emoscopes|Talk]] 13:00, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Okay, great. If anyone else has comments, please make them '''[[WT:WEAPON#Nomenclature for British naval guns|here]]''' so that we can keep the discussion in one place. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 13:06, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Sources ==
    -
    -Can anyone recommend any good online resources for researching articles? I am interested in contributing, but I find that most of my knowledge is just floating around in my head but I don't have any actual citations. I have access to some online library resources like LexisNexis but those are mostly just news and journal articles. --[[User:Undead1|Undead1]] 17:32, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Depending on your interests, you can check the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history#Task_forces|various task force pages]]. Several of them have online resources and recommended reading listed on their pages - [[User:Vedexent|Vedexent]] 06:00, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:You probably know this, but also keep in mind that for many military history topics (particularly old topics rather than recent history), most online sources don't really qualify as reliable sources for our purposes. Alas, we have to drag ourselves away from the computer and go to the library to do the bulk of serious research. Although Dr. [[Egon Spengler]] would disagree, print is not quite dead yet. —[[User talk:Kevin Myers|Kevin]] 07:00, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== The last ''ever'' cavalry charge? ==
    -Not quite sure where to put the following anecdote, but I believe it's worth use somewhere in the creation of an encyclopedia.
    -
    -In reading Anthony Mockler's ''Haile Selassie's War'', which details the military maneuvers in East Africa between the Allies & the Italians between 1935-1942, I encountered a description of what Mockler described as what "must have been the last great European-led cavalry charge in Africa." During an engagement Mockler entitles "The Battle of the Lowlands", which happened as British forces invaded what is modern Eritrea from the west on or shortly after 19 January 1941, the advancing British were attacked by a detachment of men on horses, part of a larger group of African cavalry, firing from their saddles & throwing grenades, who nearly overran the British units as they set up their artillery pieces. As might be expected, the entire group of cavalry suffered horrendous losses: out of a unit of 500 men, Mockler states 179 horsemen were killed & 260 wounded, & 89 horses killed & 68 wounded. (Mockler, p.321)
    -
    -Frankly, I think Mockler is understating the significance of this event. Although I have heard of Turkish cavalry being used successfully to repulse a Chinese infantry attack in the Korean War (sorry, although I trust my source, this is clearly a case of information coming from "a friend of a friend", so I can't add it to any article), I think this is the last time cavalry -- in the strict definition of men fighting on horseback -- were used in a major combat engagement. Can anyone confirm or deny my supposition? (Or even better, can someone use this in an article?) -- [[User:Llywrch|llywrch]] 04:21, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:This definitely isn't the case, as cavalry units were widely used on the Eastern Front. The last "cavalry charge" I could find in a half-hour's searching was on [[August 24]], [[1942]], when elements of the ''3a Reggimento "Savoia Cavalleria"'' attached to the Italian 8th Army successfuly attacked entrenched Soviet infantry with sabres and grenades (Fowler, ''Axis Cavalry in World War II,'' 45), but I wouldn't be surprised if units like the [[37th SS Volunteer Cavalry Division Lützow]] continued to fight on horseback all the way to the end of the war. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 04:50, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Apparently five years ago! - [http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/571498/posts][http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2002/Feb/Special_Ops_Equipment.htm], but it's not entirely conventional so it probably doesn't count. --[[User:Loopy|Loopy]] [[WP:EA|e]] 22:13, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Awesome. I'm a traditionalist, and it warms my heart to know that such things are never fully eliminated... even in today's world of modern warfare, tactics and weapons that have served man well for thousands of years continue to serve a purpose. [[User:LordAmeth|LordAmeth]] 00:53, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== A-Class reviews ==
    -
    -Given that we seem to have a lot of 2-to-1 and 3-to-1 splits in the A-Class reviews, I'm wondering if it would be acceptable to tighten the passing criteria a bit, from the current:
    Articles will generally be promoted to A-Class if (a) they have garnered at least three endorsements from uninvolved editors, and (b) there is at most one substantive objection. Please note that, in particularly egregious cases, even a single objection may cause a nomination to fail if it points out a critical flaw in the article.
    to
    An article will generally be promoted to A-Class if (a) it has garnered at least three endorsements from uninvolved editors, and (b) there are no substantive objections. Please note, however, that a nomination with a single isolated objection may pass if the objection does not point out a major flaw in the article.
    This would avoid basing the pass-or-fail decision on the third reviewer, and perhaps make the process a bit more rigorous (which might prove of value, as there are some discussions about giving A-Class status greater prominence within Wikipedia as a whole). Thoughs? Does anyone have problems with making such a change? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 14:30, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:No problems here. [[User:Hossen27|Hossen27]] 14:50, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:As we are not currently limiting good-faith renominations, I see no reason not to tighten the criteria. [[User:Carom|Carom]] 16:26, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:'''Support''', could be good to have more people in the assesment, for exemple some have gotten no opposition and two supports and fail.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 18:40, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Okay, I've updated the instructions on the assessment page. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 09:52, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Showcase wrap-up ==
    -
    -I've nearly finished going through the existing stock of featured articles for the showcase section. The result I've arrived at is that, out of 115 FAs, only 45 generally meet current criteria, while ~70 do not (primarily because of inadequate or non-existent citations).
    -
    -There are three articles that still need to be tossed in one pile or the other; I'd really appreciate it if someone could take a look at them and uncomment them in the list or note what the major issue is if they no longer meet the criteria:
    -
    -* [[Battle of Badr]]
    -* [[Sino-German cooperation (1911-1941)]]
    -* [[War of the League of Cambrai]]
    -
    -We may also be able to add in a section for A-Class articles now that we have some that have gone through the new review process. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:00, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Not sure about the rest, but since Sino-German cooperation was FA'ed relatively recently (ok, half a year or so), I would say it still meets FA standards, unless someone can spot a particular issue needing some work? As for War of the League of Cambrai, I think you should know it best since you wrote it. :p -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 03:33, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Exactly; I'd prefer not to be in the position of approving my own articles! ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:36, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Meh. To avoid delaying this too much, I've cleared the last three FAs; I've also added a list (unfortunately quite short, at this point) of A-Class articles that have gone through the review process. The showcase should now be more-or-less usable; comments are welcome!
    -:On a related note, we should probably start thinking about how to deal with the huge backlog of old FAs with major citation problems. It might be worthwhile to gradually flow them onto [[WP:FAR]], to avoid having lump nominations of them when someone else notices their condition. Ideas on how best to approach this would be appreciated! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 03:32, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Flow them into WP:FAR as you say, starting from the most ancient ones. FAs and FA standards ''are'' dynamic, they definitely do change over time, so we should be prepared to lose a few (or a lot) if we do it.
    -::We might also start a FA-resuscitation taskforce/department, to ensure that old FAs remain up to current standards... -- '''[[User talk:Miborovsky|Миборо]][[User:Miborovsky/B|в]][[User talk:Miborovsky|ский]]''' 06:26, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Project page length? ==
    -
    -I had to do a bit of scrolling today, so I thought I might as well ask (particularly for the benefit of anyone with a slower connection): is the overall length of the main project page (which has been steadily growing) a problem for anyone? If it's getting too long, there are several (very large) transcluded subpages that could be turned into links, substantially reducing the overall size; but I'd like to know if anyone is actually bothered by it before I go off and start proposing useless changes. ;-) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 01:11, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I am not bothered by the length of the page(s), although if you decide to break them up so much the better. [[User:TomStar81|TomStar81]] ([[User talk:TomStar81|Talk]]) 04:37, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::I dont have any problems, but then again I only use the project page when I consult it for infoboxes and guide lines.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 14:55, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::Hehe. Well, good to know that this doesn't seem to be a major problem for people, anyways; I suppose we can leave things as they are until somebody starts complaining. ;-)
    -:::(Incidentally, would anyone object if we moved the full list of archives at the top of this page to its own subpage and linked to it? The double sets of collapsing boxes are wreaking havoc with links to sections at times.) [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 15:08, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -::::No objection, we could link it in the Shorcut box.--[[User:Dryzen|Dryzen]] 17:13, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:::::I've added a link in the navigation bar, and a more prominent one below the shortcut next to it. Does that work? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 17:50, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Category naming ==
    -
    -What exactly is the convention for naming a category of wars of a nonstate? I would appreciate if someone could let me know. Cheers, '''[[User:Tewfik|Tewfik]]'''[[User Talk:Tewfik|Talk]] 07:15, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Same as that for a state: "Wars of [the] X", where X is a common (ideally the most common) name of the group in question. Is there some particular case you have in mind? [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 09:46, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Well [[:Category:Wars of Hezbollah]] seemed a bit odd next to "Wars of Lebanon" and "Wars of Israel," and so I considered renaming, but if this is the convention in use with other militant groups, then so be it. Cheers, '''[[User:Tewfik|Tewfik]]'''[[User Talk:Tewfik|Talk]] 15:03, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:::That seems the most practical solution (as I don't think creating a "Wars by not-quite-country" category is a good idea). There's plenty of groups that aren't countries under [[:Category:Battles by country]] that follow this scheme (e.g. "Battles of the Normans", "Battles of the Vikings", etc.); I'm not sure if we have any other categories for "militant groups" per se, but following the existing convention across the board seems best here. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 15:07, 15 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Need a little help (please)==
    -I thought about asking this at the reference desk, but figured this would be a better place to pose this question: I have been working on a rewrite of Fort Bliss that I recently transfered into [[User:TomStar81/Sandbox|my sandbox]] from its previously offline page. I am still working on some of the history details, but I have hit a road block with regards to Fort Bliss and the 1988 BRAC round. According to [http://www.gdi-solutions.com/directory/brac_2005.htm this website] (scroll about 3/4ths of the way down the page; Fort Bliss is listed under the section "United States - South Central Region") Fort Bliss was realigned, or slated to be relaingned in 1988. Subsequent checks of the Government Accountability Office website turn up references to Fort Bliss in the 1988 BRAC round, but I can not find any information on what left or what came in (I am assuming that the base was unable to get around the realignment). Any ideas on where I should go from here? [[User:TomStar81|TomStar81]] ([[User talk:TomStar81|Talk]]) 05:18, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:There's numbers given [http://www.oea.gov/OEAWeb.nsf/FB95BB31560AC45285256E830044415B/$File/BRAC88in-out.pdf here] of around a few hundred people moving in or out of Fort Bliss for the 1988 realignment; but I'm not sure if these are actual numbers or just plans. [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 06:14, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Probably actual numbers; it does say final at the top and is dated December ’88. The numbers seem low, but then BRAC in the begining was influenced alot at the top by guys whose political lives were intertwined with the health and status of the bases in their region, or so my research says. Although its low it may be enough to have warrented an article either in the El Paso Herald Post or the El Paso Times. Thanks for the help, with this I can go back to the lab again with some idea of where to go from here. [[User:TomStar81|TomStar81]] ([[User talk:TomStar81|Talk]]) 08:25, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Changes to {{tl|WPMILHIST}} text ==
    -
    -There's apparently some sort of mass attempt to shorten the various talk page header banners going on, and {{tl|WPMILHIST}} seems to have caught someone's eye. I've tried to shorten the main blurb enough to satisfy them without losing too much of the meaning or useful links, but I'd appreciate it if someone could look over the new text and comment on whether it's satisfactory. Thanks! [[User:Kirill Lokshin|Kirill Lokshin]] 18:11, 16 September 2006 (UTC)
    -:If you only have one verb that people can do by clicking a link, I prefer "participate" to "join us" . . . [[User:UnDeadGoat|UnDeadGoat]] 02:31, 17 September 2006 (UTC)
    +[[zh-min-nan:Chek-sî thong-sìn]]
    +[[ca:Missatgeria instantània]]
    +[[cs:Instant messaging]]
    +[[da:Instant messenger]]
    +[[de:Instant Messaging]]
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    +[[eo:Tujmesaĝilo]]
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    +[[ko:인스턴트 메신저]]
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    +[[he:מסרים מידיים]]
    +[[lt:Interneto pokalbių programa]]
    +[[hu:Azonnali üzenetküldő alkalmazás]]
    +[[nl:Instant messaging]]
    +[[ja:インスタントメッセンジャー]]
    +[[no:Direktemelding]]
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    +[[pt:Mensageiro instantâneo]]
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    +[[fi:Pikaviestin]]
    +[[sv:Snabbmeddelanden]]
    +[[th:Instant messaging]]
    +[[vi:Trò chuyện trực tuyến]]
    +[[tr:Anında mesajlaşma]]
    +[[uk:Чатлики]]
    +[[zh:即時通訊]] 2013-03-18 07:52:28 90746373 Addbot VolkovBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3127122]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,109 +1,465 @@\n
    -'''FuturePlay''' is the international academic conference that focuses on the future of game design and technology.
    -
    -==Overview==
    -FuturePlay evolved from the former Computer Game Technology (CGT) Conference initiated and run by [[Algoma University College]] since 2002. The conference is held annually at various locations in North America. FuturePlay is hosted by academic institutes each year and alternates from the [[United States]] to [[Canada]]. FuturePlay brings together academics, industry, government and students to advance game design and technology.
    -
    -The [[:wikt:conference|conference]] focuses on three themes: future game development, future game impacts and application, and future game talent. Future game development addresses academic research and emerging industry trends in the area of game technology and game design. Future game impacts and applications includes academic research and emerging industry trends focused on designing games for learning, for gender, serious purposes, and to impact society. Future game talent is designed to provide a number of industry and academic perspectives on the knowledge, skills, and attitude it takes to succeed in the games industry. These issues are addressed through interesting and exciting keynotes from the leaders in academia and industry, peer-reviewed paper sessions, panel sessions, workshops, and exhibitions of posters, games, and the latest game technologies and supports from industry-leading vendors.
    -
    -==Academic Competitions==
    -===Games Competition===
    -The FuturePlay Game [[Exhibition]] and Competition allows academic, independent, experimental, and/or student developers to gain recognition for their game-related work in a peer-reviewed setting.
    -[[Developers]] can submit to the exhibition in the following categories:
    -* Future Games - this category is for games that experiment with new game technologies or design concepts.
    -* Future Game Impacts and Applications - this category is for games that are built not necessarily for pure entertainment purposes (ie. Serious games), such as games that are for learning purposes.
    -* Future Game Talent - this category is primarily for students who have built an original, entertainment game title and wish to show off your talents, earn publicity for your school, gain personal recognition, and perhaps even find a publisher for that game.
    -
    -===Academic papers===
    -Paper submissions for the conference are present original, unpublished research or experiences. Papers often include late-breaking advances and work-in-progress reports from ongoing research. All submissions are peer reviewed and evaluated based on originality, technical and/or research content/depth, correctness, relevance to conference, contributions, and readability.
    -
    -==Committees==
    -===Conference Chairs===
    -* Mike Katchabaw, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
    -* Jay Rajnovich, Algoma University College, Canada
    -* Brian Winn, Michigan State University, Canada
    -===Advisory Committee===
    -* Emil M. Petriu, University of Ottawa, Canada
    -* Carrie Heeter, Michigan State University, USA
    -* Louis Natanson, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland
    -* Jim Parker, University of Calgary, Canada
    -* Andrew Phelps, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
    -* Ben Sawyer, Digital Mill, USA
    -* Josh Druckman, Digital Extremes, Canada
    -* Victor Lucas, Electric Playground, Canada
    -* Trevor Fencott, Groove Games, Canada
    -* Guillaume Provost, Pseudo Interactive, Canada
    -===Program Committee===
    -* Katrin Becker, University of Calgary, Canada
    -* Drew Davidson, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
    -* Suzanne de Castell, Simon Fraser University, Canada
    -* Abdennour El Rhalibi, Liverpool John Moores University, England
    -* James Paul Gee, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
    -* Susan Gold, Sierra Nevada College, USA
    -* Scott Goodwin, University of Windsor, Canada
    -* Nicholas Graham, Queens University, Canada
    -* Kim Gregson, Ithaca College, USA
    -* Kathleen Harmeyer, University of Baltimore, USA
    -* Carrie Heeter, Michigan State University, USA
    -* Jennifer Jenson, York University, Canada
    -* Chris Joslin, Carleton University, Canada
    -* Jesper Juul, Centre for Computer Game Research, Sweden
    -* Mike Katchabaw, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
    -* Jeorg Kienzle, McGill University, Canada
    -* WonSook Lee, University of Ottawa, Canada
    -* Martin Masek, Edith Cowan University, Australia
    -* Bruce Maxim, University of Michigan, USA
    -* Frans Mayra, University of Tampere, Finland
    -* Janet Murray, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
    -* Louis Natanson, University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland
    -* Michael Nitsche, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
    -* Ian Palmer, University of Bradford, England
    -* Ian Parberry, University of North Texas, USA
    -* Jim Parker, University of Calgary, Canada
    -* Emil Petriu, University of Ottawa, Canada
    -* Andy Phelps, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
    -* Bary Pollack, Sierra Nevada College, USA
    -* Jay Rajnovich, Algoma University College, Canada
    -* Magy Seif El-Nasr, Penn State University, USA
    -* Duane Szafron, University of Alberta, Canada
    -* Brian Winn, Michigan State University, USA
    -
    -==2005 Highlights==
    -FuturePlay 2005 was hosted by [[Michigan State University]] at the lovely MSU Union Building in [[East Lansing]], [[Michigan]], USA.
    -
    -===Speakers===
    -''Ernest W. Adams'', Game Design Consulant - '''Emerging Issues in Game Design'''
    -
    -''James Paul Gee'', Professor of Learning Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison - '''Why Video Games Are Good For You'''
    -
    -''Henry Jenkins'', Professor of Literature and Comparative Meida Studies & Director Comparative Media Studies Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology - '''Why Video Games Are Good For You'''
    -
    -''Michael Mateas'', Assistant Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology & Director of Experimental Game Lab - '''Artificial Intelligence is the Future of Games
    -
    -''Brenda Bakker Harger'' - Professor of Entertainment Technology, Entertainment Technology Center, Carnegie Mellon University
    -
    -''Greg Costikyan'' - CEO of Manifesto Games
    -
    -'' Trevor Fencott'' - President of Groove Games
    -
    -'' Chris Hecker'' - Technical & Art Director, definition six inc., Lead programmer for Maxis
    -
    -''Guillaume Provost'' - Director of Development, pseudo interactive
    -
    -'' Brian Robbins'' - Director Online Gaming, Fuel Industries, Inc.
    -
    -'' Emilie 'Tobi' Sauinier'' - DEO, 1st Playable Productions
    -
    -===Content Archive===
    -''Archived 2005 streaming video'' http://www.futureplay.org/news.php?ID=28 - Digital video of a few of the sessions that made up Future Play 2005.
    -
    -''Archived 2005 conference proceedings'' http://www.futureplay.org/news.php?ID=27 - Peer-reviewed paper presentations presented at Future Play 2005.
    -
    -''Archived Games Exhibition winners'' http://www.futureplay.org/news.php?ID=25 - Game Exhibition and Competition Results.
    -
    -==External links==
    -* [http://www.futureplay.org/ FuturePlay website]
    -* [http://www.auc.ca/ Algoma University]
    -* [http://www.mastersingaming.com/ Masters in Gaming]
    -* [http://www.uwo.ca/ University of Western Ontario]
    -
    -[[Category:International conferences]]
    +{{current sport}}
    +{{Year in baseball |
    + this year = 2006 |
    +}}
    +
    +==Calendar==
    +
    +===December===
    +*[[December 4|4]]-[[December 7]] - Winter meetings, [[Lake Buena Vista, Florida]]
    +*[[December 4|4]]-[[December 8]] - [[Major League Baseball Players Association|MLB Players Association]] executive board meeting, [[Bonita Springs, Florida]]
    +*[[December 7]] - Last day for teams to offer salary arbitration to their former players who became free agents
    +*[[December 19]] - Last day for free agents offered salary arbitration to accept or reject the offers
    +*[[December 20]] - Last day for teams to offer [[2007 in baseball|2007]] contracts to unsigned players
    +
    +==Champions==
    +===Major League Baseball===
    +*Regular Season Champions
    +
    +{| class="wikitable"
    +|-
    +! League
    +! Eastern Division Champion
    +! Central Division Champion
    +! Western Division Champion
    +! Wild Card Qualifier
    +|-
    +| [[American League]]
    +| [[New York Yankees]]
    +| [[Minnesota Twins]]
    +| [[Oakland Athletics]]
    +| [[Detroit Tigers]]
    +|-
    +| [[National League]]
    +| [[New York Mets]]
    +| [[St. Louis Cardinals]]
    +| [[San Diego Padres]]
    +| [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]
    +|}
    +*World Series Champion - [[St. Louis Cardinals]]
    +*Postseason - [[October 3]] to [[October 27]]
    +
    +{{Baseballplayoffsbracket
    +| RD1=Division Series
    TV: [[ESPN]]/[[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
    +| RD2=League Championship Series
    TV: [[Fox Broadcasting Company|FOX]]
    +| RD3=World Series
    TV: [[Fox Broadcasting|FOX]]
    +| group1='''American League'''
    +| group2='''National League'''
    +
    +| RD1-seed1=1
    +| RD1-team1=New York Yankees
    +| RD1-score1=[[2006 American League Division Series|1]]
    +| RD1-seed2=4
    +| RD1-team2='''Detroit Tigers'''
    +| RD1-score2=[[2006 American League Division Series|'''3''']]
    +
    +| RD1-seed3=2
    +| RD1-team3=Minnesota Twins
    +| RD1-score3=[[2006 American League Division Series|0]]
    +| RD1-seed4=3
    +| RD1-team4='''Oakland Athletics'''
    +| RD1-score4=[[2006 American League Division Series|'''3''']]
    +
    +| RD1-seed5=1
    +| RD1-team5='''New York Mets'''
    +| RD1-score5=[[2006 National League Division Series|'''3''']]
    +| RD1-seed6=4
    +| RD1-team6=Los Angeles Dodgers
    +| RD1-score6=[[2006 National League Division Series|0]]
    +
    +| RD1-seed7=2
    +| RD1-team7=San Diego Padres
    +| RD1-score7=[[2006 National League Division Series|1]]
    +| RD1-seed8=3
    +| RD1-team8='''St. Louis Cardinals'''
    +| RD1-score8=[[2006 National League Division Series|'''3''']]
    +
    +| RD2-seed1=4
    +| RD2-team1='''Detroit Tigers'''
    +| RD2-score1=[[2006 American League Championship Series|'''4''']]
    +| RD2-seed2=3
    +| RD2-team2=Oakland Athletics
    +| RD2-score2=[[2006 American League Championship Series|0]]
    +
    +| RD2-seed3=1
    +| RD2-team3=New York Mets
    +| RD2-score3=[[2006 National League Championship Series|3]]
    +| RD2-seed4=3
    +| RD2-team4='''St. Louis Cardinals'''
    +| RD2-score4=[[2006 National League Championship Series|'''4''']]
    +
    +| RD3-seed1=AL4
    +| RD3-team1=Detroit Tigers
    +| RD3-score1=[[2006 World Series|1]]
    +| RD3-seed2=NL3
    +| RD3-team2='''St. Louis Cardinals'''
    +| RD3-score2=[[2006 World Series|'''4''']]
    +}}
    +Click on any series score to link to that series' page.

    +Higher seed had home field advantage during Division Series and League Championship Series.

    +The American League champion had home field advantage during the World Series as a result of the AL victory in the 2006 All-Star Game.
    +
    +
    +
    +*Postseason MVPs
    +**[[2006 World Series|World Series]] MVP - [[David Eckstein]]
    +**[[2006 American League Championship Series|ALCS]] MVP - [[Plácido Polanco]]
    +**[[2006 National League Championship Series|NLCS]] MVP - [[Jeff Suppan]]
    +*[[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]], [[July 11]] at [[PNC Park]] - American League, 3-2; [[Michael Young (baseball player)|Michael Young]], MVP
    +**[[Home Run Derby|Century 21 Home Run Derby]], [[July 10]] - [[Ryan Howard]], [[Philadelphia Phillies]]
    +
    +===Other champions===
    +*[[Minor League Baseball]]
    +**[[Triple-A World Series#Return of the Triple-A World Series|Triple-A Championship]]: [[Tucson Sidewinders]] ([[Arizona Diamondbacks|Diamondbacks]]) def. [[Toledo Mud Hens]] ([[Detroit Tigers|Tigers]])
    +***[[International League]]: Toledo Mud Hens (Tigers) def. [[Rochester Red Wings]] ([[Minnesota Twins|Twins]])
    +***[[Pacific Coast League]]: Tucson Sidewinders (Diamondbacks) def. [[Round Rock Express]] ([[Houston Astros|Astros]])
    +***[[Mexican League]]: [[Leones de Yucatan]]
    +**AA
    +***[[Eastern League (U.S. baseball)|Eastern League]]: [[Portland Sea Dogs]]
    +***[[Southern League (baseball)|Southern League]]: [[Montgomery Biscuits]]
    +***[[Texas League]]: [[Corpus Christi Hooks]]
    +**A
    +***[[California League]]: [[Inland Empire 66ers]]
    +***[[Carolina League]]: [[Kinston Indians]]
    +***[[Florida State League]]: [[St. Lucie Mets]]
    +***[[Midwest League]]: [[West Michigan Whitecaps]]
    +***[[South Atlantic League]]: [[Lakewood BlueClaws]]
    +***[[New York-Penn League]]: [[Staten Island Yankees]]
    +***[[Northwest League]]: [[Salem-Keizer Volcanoes]]
    +**Rookie
    +***[[Appalachian League]]: [[Danville Braves]]
    +***[[Gulf Coast League]]: [[GCL Red Sox]]
    +***[[Pioneer League]]: [[Missoula Osprey]]
    +*[[Independent baseball|Independent baseball leagues]]
    +**[[Alaska Baseball League]]: [[Peninsula Oilers]]
    +**[[American Association (21st century)|American Association]]: [[Fort Worth Cats]]
    +**[[Atlantic League of Professional Baseball|Atlantic League]]: [[Lancaster Barnstormers]]
    +**[[Canadian-American Association of Professional Baseball|Canadian-American Association]]: [[Quebec Capitales]]
    +**[[Frontier League]]: [[Evansville Otters]]
    +**[[Golden Baseball League]]: [[Reno Silver Sox]]
    +**[[Northern League (baseball)|Northern League]]: [[Fargo-Moorhead Redhawks]]
    +**[[United League Baseball]]: [[Alexandria Aces]]
    +
    +*Amateur
    +**[[2006 College World Series|College World Series]]
    +***Division I: [[Oregon State University|Oregon State]] def. [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|North Carolina]]
    +***Division II: [[University of Tampa|Tampa]] def. [[California State University, Chico|Cal State Chico]]
    +***Division III: [[Marietta College|Marietta]] def. [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton (MA)]]
    +***NAIA: [[Lewis-Clark State College|Lewis-Clark State]] def. [[Cumberland University|Cumberland]]
    +**[[2006 Little League World Series|Little League World Series]]: Columbus National, [[Columbus, Georgia]]
    +
    +*International
    +**[[2006 World Baseball Classic|World Baseball Classic]]: [[Japan national baseball team|Japan]]; [[Daisuke Matsuzaka]], MVP
    +**[[2006 Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[Cuba national baseball team|Cuba]]
    +
    +**[[Caribbean World Series]]: [[Leones del Caracas|Caracas Lions]] ([[Venezuela]])
    +**[[European Cup (baseball)|European Cup]]: [[San Marino (baseball team)|San Marino]]
    +**[[Konami Cup Asia Series 2006|Konami Cup Asia Series]]: [[Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters]]
    +
    +**[[China Baseball Association]]: [[Tianjin Lions]]
    +**[[2005-06 Cuban National Series|Cuban National Series]]: [[Industriales]] def. [[Santiago de Cuba (baseball team)|Santiago de Cuba]]
    +**[[Dominican Winter League]]: [[Tigres del Licey]] def. [[Águilas Cibaeñas]]
    +**[[2006 Holland Series|Holland Series]]: [[Kinheim|Corendon Kinheim]]
    +**[[Serie A1 (baseball)|Italian Serie A1 ''Scudetto'']]: [[Telemarket Rimini]]
    +**[[Japan Series]]: [[Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters]]
    +**[[Korean Baseball Organization]]: [[Samsung Lions]]
    +**[[Taiwan Series]]: [[La New Bears]]
    +
    +==Awards and honors==
    +*[[Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 2006|Baseball Hall of Fame elections]]
    +**[[Bruce Sutter]] is selected by the BBWAA.
    +**In a special election by the Committee on African-American Baseball, seventeen [[Negro league baseball|Negro League]] figures are elected (all posthumously): [[Ray Brown (baseball player)|Ray Brown]], [[Willard Brown]], [[Andy Cooper]], [[Frank Grant]], [[Pete Hill]], [[Biz Mackey]], [[Effa Manley]], [[José Méndez]], [[Alex Pompez]], [[Cumberland Posey|Cum Posey]], [[Louis Santop]], [[Mule Suttles]], [[Ben Taylor (Negro Leagues)|Ben Taylor]], [[Cristóbal Torriente]], [[Sol White]], [[J.L. Wilkinson]], and [[Jud Wilson]]. Manley is the first woman ever elected to the Hall. Including Sutter, the 18 inductees are the largest class in the Hall's history.
    +**[[Gene Elston]] is selected to receive the [[Ford C. Frick Award]]. During his 47 years in the broadcast booth, the former Astros announcer brought a no-nonsense approach to reporting the happenings on the diamond.
    +
    +{| class="wikitable"
    +|-
    +! Award
    +! [[National League]]
    +! [[American League]]
    +|-
    +|[[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player]]
    +|[[Ryan Howard]], [[Philadelphia Phillies|PHI]]
    +|[[Justin Morneau]], [[Minnesota Twins|MIN]]
    +|-
    +|[[Cy Young Award|Cy Young]]
    +|[[Brandon Webb]], [[Arizona Diamondbacks|ARI]]
    +|[[Johan Santana]], [[Minnesota Twins|MIN]]
    +|-
    +|[[Manager of the Year Award|Manager of the Year]]
    +|[[Joe Girardi]], [[Florida Marlins|FLA]]
    +|[[Jim Leyland]], [[Detroit Tigers|DET]]
    +|-
    +|[[MLB Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]]
    +|[[Hanley Ramirez]], [[Florida Marlins|FLA]]
    +|[[Justin Verlander]], [[Detroit Tigers|DET]]
    +|-
    +|[[Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award|Relief Man of the Year]]
    +|[[Trevor Hoffman]], [[San Diego Padres|SD]]
    +|[[Francisco Rodríguez (baseball player)|Francisco Rodríguez]], [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim|LAA]]
    +|-
    +|[[MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award|Comeback Player of the Year]]
    +|[[Nomar Garciaparra]], [[Los Angeles Dodgers|LAD]]
    +|[[Jim Thome]], [[Chicago White Sox|CWS]]
    +|-
    +|[[Hank Aaron Award]]
    +|[[Ryan Howard]], [[Philadelphia Phillies|PHI]]
    +|[[Derek Jeter]], [[New York Yankees|NYY]]
    +|-
    +|[[Roberto Clemente Award]]
    +|colspan=2|
    [[Carlos Delgado]], [[New York Mets|NYM]]

    +|-
    +|}
    +
    +*[[Gold Glove Award]]s:
    +**AL: [[Kenny Rogers (baseball player)|Kenny Rogers]] (P), [[Iván Rodríguez]] (C), [[Mark Teixeira]] (1B), [[Mark Grudzielanek]] (2B), [[Eric Chavez]] (3B), [[Derek Jeter]] (SS), [[Torii Hunter]] (OF), [[Ichiro Suzuki]] (OF), [[Vernon Wells (baseball player)|Vernon Wells]] (OF)
    +**NL: [[Greg Maddux]] (P), [[Brad Ausmus]] (C), [[Albert Pujols]] (1B), [[Orlando Hudson]] (2B), [[Scott Rolen]] (3B), [[Omar Vizquel]] (SS), [[Carlos Beltrán]] (OF), [[Mike Cameron]] (OF), [[Andruw Jones]] (OF)
    +
    +==MLB statistical leaders==
    +
    +{| cellpadding="10"
    +|- align="left" style="vertical-align: top"
    +|
    +|
    +{| cellpadding="1" width="350px" style="font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid gray;"
    +|- align="center" style="font-size: larger;"
    +|   || colspan=2 | '''[[American League]]''' || '''[[National League]]'''
    +|- style="background:lightblue;"
    +| Type || Name || Stat || Name || Stat
    +|- align="center" style="vertical-align: middle;" style="background:lightblue;"
    +|-
    +
    +| [[Batting average|AVG]] || [[Joe Mauer]], [[Minnesota Twins|MIN]] || .347 || [[Freddy Sanchez]], [[Pittsburgh Pirates|PIT]] || .344
    +|-
    +| [[Home run|HR]] || [[David Ortiz]], [[Boston Red Sox|BOS]] || 54 || [[Ryan Howard]], [[Philadelphia Phillies|PHI]] || 58
    +|-
    +| [[Run batted in|RBI]] || [[David Ortiz]], [[Boston Red Sox|BOS]] || 137 || [[Ryan Howard]], [[Philadelphia Phillies|PHI]] || 149
    +|-
    +| [[Win (baseball)|Wins]] || [[Johan Santana]], [[Minnesota Twins|MIN]]
    [[Chien-Ming Wang]], [[New York Yankees|NYY]] || 19 || [[Aaron Harang]], [[Cincinnati Reds|CIN]]
    [[Derek Lowe]], [[Los Angeles Dodgers|LAD]]
    [[Brad Penny]], [[Los Angeles Dodgers|LAD]]
    [[John Smoltz]], [[Atlanta Braves|ATL]]
    [[Brandon Webb]], [[Arizona Diamondbacks|ARI]]
    [[Carlos Zambrano]], [[Chicago Cubs|CHC]] || 16
    +|-
    +| [[Earned run average|ERA]] || [[Johan Santana]], [[Minnesota Twins|MIN]] || 2.77 || [[Roy Oswalt]], [[Houston Astros|HOU]] || 2.98
    +|-
    +| [[Strikeout|SO]] || [[Johan Santana]], [[Minnesota Twins|MIN]] || 245 || [[Aaron Harang]], [[Cincinnati Reds|CIN]] || 216
    +|-
    +| [[Save (sport)|SV]] || [[Francisco Rodríguez (baseball player)|Francisco Rodríguez]], [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim|LAA]] || 47 || [[Trevor Hoffman]], [[San Diego Padres|SD]] || 46
    +|}
    +|}
    +
    +==Major League Baseball final standings==
    +{{MLB2006final}}
    +
    +==Events==
    +===January-March===
    +*[[February 7]] - [[Venezuela]] wins its first [[Caribbean World Series]] championship since 1989 by rallying for two runs in the bottom of the ninth inning to beat the [[Dominican Republic]] 5–4. [[Alex González]] singles in the tying run off [[Jorge Sosa]] and scores the game-winning run on [[Henry Blanco]]'s pop-fly double. Series MVP [[Ramón Hernández]] also hits a home run for Venezuela's [[Leones del Caracas|Caracas Lions]], who finish 6-0 in the Series.
    +
    +*[[March 3]] - In the first-ever [[World Baseball Classic]] game, [[Jae Weong Seo]] pitches two-hit ball and [[Chan Ho Park]] works three effective innings for a save to lead [[South Korea]] past [[Taiwan]] 2–0. The first game of the 16-nation tournament starts at 11:30 a.m. local time and is played before a sparse crowd of 5,193 at [[Tokyo Dome]]. In the second game, playing before a crowd of 15,869, [[Tsuyoshi Nishioka]] and [[Kosuke Fukudome]] hit back-to-back home runs in the fifth inning to lead [[Japan]] to an 18–2 rout of China.
    +
    +*[[March 10]] - In the World Baseball Classic, Giants minor leaguer [[Shairon Martis]] pitches a [[no-hitter]] for the [[Netherlands national baseball team|Netherlands]] in a 10-0 victory over [[Panama national baseball team|Panama]] that ends after seven innings because of the [[mercy rule]].
    +
    +*[[March 19]] - After 19 seasons, two-time NL All-Star pitcher [[Al Leiter]] retires after his first 2006 spring training appearance for the Yankees.
    +
    +*[[March 20]] - [[Japan national baseball team|Japan]] defeats [[Cuba national baseball team|Cuba]] 10-6 in the championship game of the [[2006 World Baseball Classic]]. After falling behind 6-1 early in the game, Cuba pulls back to within one run entering the ninth inning before Japan closes the door. The championship game of the first international baseball tournament open to players from [[Major League Baseball]] features teams that, combined, have only two players on a Major League roster.
    +
    +*[[March 28]] - [[Marquis Grissom]] announces his retirement after a 17-year career. The MVP of the 1997 ALCS, a four-time Gold Glove winner and two-time All-Star, Grissom retires as one of seven players with 2,000 hits, 200 home runs and 400 stolen bases.
    +
    +*[[March 30]] - Commissioner [[Bud Selig]] appoints [[Boston Red Sox|Red Sox]] director and former U.S. [[United States Senate Majority Leader|Senate Majority Leader]] [[George J. Mitchell]] to head a probe into the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs in the major leagues. The investigation is initially limited to events since September 2002, when such drugs were banned in the majors, but Mitchell has the authority to expand its scope.
    +
    +===April-June===
    +*[[April 6]]:
    +**In the Phillies' 4-2 loss to the Cardinals, [[Jimmy Rollins]] goes 0-4, ending his multi-season hitting streak at 38 games.
    +**[[R.A. Dickey]] of the Rangers ties a post-1900 major league record by giving up six home runs in 3 1/3 innings in Texas' 10-6 loss to the Tigers. Dickey had converted to throwing [[knuckleball]]s the previous season, and after this game he was sent to the Rangers' [[Minor league baseball#Today's Farm System|AAA]] team to work on it. [[Chris Shelton (baseball player)|Chris Shelton]] led the charge with two home runs. [[Magglio Ordóñez]] also hit two home runs, but only one off Dickey.
    +
    +*[[April 9]] - [[Cory Sullivan]] of the Rockies becomes only the eleventh player in major league history to triple twice in the same inning. It is the first time the feat had been accomplished in over fifty years. The two triples came against Padres pitchers [[Jake Peavy]] and [[Chan Ho Park]].
    +
    +*[[April 10]] - The Cardinals play their first official game at the [[New Busch Stadium]], a 6-4 victory over the Brewers.
    +
    +*[[April 17]] - [[Pedro Martínez]] of the Mets becomes the 103rd major league pitcher in the modern era (and the 131st overall, including the pre-1900 era) to win 200 games in his career with a 4-3 victory over the Braves at [[Shea Stadium]].
    +
    +*[[April 22]] - The Brewers hit a record-tying five home runs in the fourth inning, scoring seven runs, as they defeat the Reds 11-0. [[Bill Hall]], [[Damian Miller]], [[Brady Clark]] and [[J.J. Hardy]] all hit their home runs off of [[Brandon Claussen]] before the first out is recorded in the inning. [[Prince Fielder]] hits the fifth homer off of [[Chris Hammond]] with two out. Miller's and Clark's are two-run homers, while the rest are solo.
    +
    +*[[April 28]]:
    +**In a 6-2 victory over the Brewers, Cubs pitcher [[Greg Maddux]] earns the victory with 6 strikeouts and 2 ER over 6.0 IP, earning the first 5-0 start of his career.
    +**Two home run records are tied or broken: [[Kevin Mench]] of the Rangers becomes the first right-handed batter in major league history to hit home runs in seven consecutive games, and [[Albert Pujols]] of the Cardinals ties a record with his 13th home run in the month of April. Mench failed to homer in his next game, falling short of tying the all-time record of eight consecutive games with a homer. Pujols would go on to break the record with 14 homers in April.
    +
    +*[[May 3]]-[[May 4|4]] - The [[Washington Nationals]] are bought by [[Theodore N. Lerner]], who has agreed to pay Major League Baseball's price of $450 million for the franchise; the following day, they break ground on their [[Nationals Ballpark|new ballpark]].
    +
    +*[[May 15]] - The annual Hall of Fame Game between the Reds and the Pirates is cancelled due to rain with the Reds leading 3-0 in the third inning; it is the fifth rainout in the game's history, and the first since 1993.
    +
    +*[[May 20]] — [[Barry Bonds]] ties [[Babe Ruth]] for second place on the career list, and first place among left-handed hitters, with his 714th home run during the Giants' road game against the Athletics.
    +
    +*[[May 21]] - The [[Minnesota Legislature]], on the last full day of the 2006 session, approves a new [[Twins Ballpark|ballpark]] for the [[Minnesota Twins]], scheduled to open for the [[2010 in baseball|2010]] season. Under the bill, the Twins are prohibited from being folded by Major League Baseball or moved from the state of Minnesota for the 30-year duration of the initial lease. The bill was signed into law by Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]] at the Twins' May 23 home game vs. the Indians.
    +
    +*[[May 24]] - In the Cardinals' 10-4 victory at San Francisco, pitcher [[Adam Wainwright]] becomes the seventh player in history to hit a home run on the first major league pitch he sees.
    +
    +*[[May 27]] - [[Curt Schilling]] of the Red Sox becomes the 104th major league pitcher in the modern era (and the 132nd overall, including the pre-1900 era) to win 200 games in his career with a 6-4 victory over the Devil Rays at [[Fenway Park]].
    +
    +*[[May 28]] - Barry Bonds hits his 715th career home run off Rockies pitcher [[Byung-Hyun Kim]] in a 6-3 loss at [[AT&T Park]]. With the home run, Bonds passes Babe Ruth for second place on the career list and sets a new record for home runs by a left-handed hitter.
    +
    +*[[June 6]] - It is reported that U.S. federal officials have raided Diamondbacks pitcher [[Jason Grimsley]]'s home looking for evidence that he was a distributor of [[human growth hormone]] and other performance-enhancing drugs. They found he had received a package. A day later he quits the Diamondbacks, and it is announced that he has given authorities names of people he knew that took [[steroids]] and HGH.
    +
    +*[[June 18]] - [[Kenny Rogers (baseball player)|Kenny Rogers]] of the Tigers becomes the 105th major league pitcher in the modern era (and the 133rd overall, including the pre-1900 era) to win 200 games in his career with a 12-3 victory over the Cubs at [[Wrigley Field]].
    +
    +*[[June 21]] - Mets shortstop [[José Reyes]] becomes the ninth player in team history to [[Hitting for the cycle|hit for the cycle]].
    +
    +*[[June 30]] - [[Adam Dunn]] hits a [[walk-off home run|walk-off grand slam]] with 2 outs in the ninth for a 9-8 Reds victory over the Indians, becoming only the 14th player ever to hit a walk-off grand slam for a 1-run win with two out in the ninth inning.
    +
    +===July===
    +*[[July 1]] - Baltimore's [[Miguel Tejada]] plays in his 1,000th consecutive game in a 7-4 win over the Braves.
    +
    +*[[July 2]]
    +**Cubs outfielder [[Angel Pagan]] becomes the first player in major league history to hit his first two career home runs on his birthday with a pair of homers in a game against the White Sox at [[Wrigley Field]].
    +**The Twins become the first team in baseball history to collect all three monthly player awards as [[Joe Mauer]] is named Player of Month, [[Johan Santana]] earns Pitcher of the Month and [[Francisco Liriano]] is selected as Rookie of the Month for June [http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060702&content_id=1535971&vkey=news_min&fext=.jsp&c_id=min].
    +
    +*[[July 5]] - In an 11-3 win over the Indians, Yankees starting pitcher [[Mike Mussina]] becomes the first pitcher in AL history to win 10 or more games for 15 consecutive seasons [http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060705&content_id=1541253&vkey=news_nyy&fext=.jsp&c_id=nyy].
    +
    +*[[July 7]] - Cleveland designated hitter [[Travis Hafner]] hits his fifth grand slam of the season in the Indians' 9-0 win over the Orioles. Hafner becomes the first player in major league history to hit five grand slams before the All-Star break [http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/gameday_recap.jsp?ymd=20060707&content_id=1545484&vkey=recap&fext=.jsp&c_id=cle].
    +
    +*[[July 9]] - The White Sox and the Red Sox play a 19-inning game spanning 6 hours and 19 minutes at [[U.S. Cellular Field]] in Chicago. The teams use a combined 16 pitchers, who throw a combined 570 pitches. The White Sox win 6-5.
    +
    +*[[July 10]] - Phillies first baseman [[Ryan Howard]] hits 23 home runs on his way to winning the [[Home Run Derby]], beating Mets third baseman [[David Wright (baseball player)|David Wright]] [http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060710&content_id=1551363&vkey=allstar2006&fext=.jsp].
    +
    +*[[July 11]]
    +**Major League Baseball announces that [[FOX Sports]] has signed on to a new seven-year contract to continue airing ''[[MLB on FOX]]'', ensuring that the World Series will air on FOX through the [[2013 in baseball|2013]] season. They will also be airing their Saturday [[Major League Baseball Game of the Week|Game of the Week]] and alternating League Championship Series throughout the contract. [[Turner Broadcasting System|TBS Sports]] also signs a contract that will give them 28 nationwide MLB games a year beginning in [[2008 in baseball|2008]], all Division Series and wild-card tiebreaker games beginning this year, and a reduction in their nationwide contract on [[Atlanta Braves]] games from 70 a year to 45 a year starting in 2008. The other LCS contract is still being negotiated at this date.
    +**The American League wins the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star Game]] 3-2 when [[Michael Young (baseball player)|Michael Young]] hits a 2-RBI triple against [[Trevor Hoffman]] with two outs in the top of the ninth to secure the AL's ninth consecutive victory; Young also makes a fine catch of a short fly ball to end the game with the tying run on second base. [[Vladimir Guerrero]] and [[David Wright (baseball player)|David Wright]] had exchanged home runs early in the game, with [[Carlos Beltrán]] later scoring for the NL on a wild pitch.
    +**[[Jim Eriotes]] of the [[Sioux Falls Canaries]] becomes, at age 83, the oldest player ever to bat in a professional baseball game. A former minor league outfielder, he strikes out as the leadoff hitter, fouling off one pitch.
    +
    +*[[July 15]] - For the first time since 1978, all major league games in a single day finish without a single [[save (baseball)|save]] being recorded [http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2520914&campaign=rss&source=MLBHeadlines].
    +
    +*[[July 16]]
    +**[[Cliff Floyd]] and [[Carlos Beltrán]] of the Mets both hit [[grand slam (baseball)|grand slams]] during a club-record 11-run sixth inning in a 13-7 victory over the Cubs; eight of the 11 runs are unearned following a pair of errors by [[Todd Walker]]. It is also the first time the Mets have hit two grand slams in one inning, or even an entire game. It is the first time that two grand slams were hit in one inning by a team since [[Fernando Tatis]] hit two in one inning for the Cardinals on [[April 23]], [[1999 in baseball|1999]].
    +**With a two-run home run against the Padres at [[Petco Park]], [[Chipper Jones]] of the Braves ties a major league record with an extra base hit in his 14th straight game. The record was set in [[1927 in baseball|1927]] by the Pirates' [[Paul Waner]].
    +**[[Mariano Rivera]] of the Yankees becomes the fourth pitcher ever to record 400 saves when he pitches two shutout innings. The Yankees beat the White Sox 6-4.
    +
    +*[[July 18]] - At the age of 94, former [[Negro league baseball|Negro League]] legend [[Buck O'Neil]] becomes the oldest player to play in a professional baseball game, leading off for both teams (by means of an unorthodox mid-game "trade") in the [[Northern League]] All-Star Game in [[Kansas City, Kansas]]. He is intentionally walked in both plate appearances.
    +
    +*[[July 20]] - The [[Brooklyn Cyclones]] and [[Oneonta Tigers]] play the longest game in the history of the [[New York-Penn League]] with a 26-inning match, beating the previous record set in [[1981 in baseball|1981]] when the [[Batavia Muckdogs]] and [[Auburn Doubledays]] played for 22 innings. The Tigers defeated the Cyclones, 6-1, thanks to scoring five runs in the top of the 26th inning off Brooklyn outfielder Mark Wright, who had entered the game to pitch despite having not pitched in any games during his college career. Oneonta center fielder and leadoff hitter Deik Scram was hitless in his first 11 at-bats, but his single in the 26th inning scored the go-ahead run for the Tigers. Brooklyn manager George Greer was ejected in the first inning for arguing a call and watched the rest of the game from the clubhouse. The two teams combined used 14 pitchers, struck out 38 batters, issued 14 walks, and got 34 hits [http://www.minorleaguebaseball.com/app/milb/stats/stats.jsp?sid=milb&t=g_box&gid=2006_07_20_oneasx_broasx_1] [http://www.minorleaguebaseball.com/app/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060720&content_id=108122&vkey=news_milb&fext=.jsp].
    +
    +*[[July 28]] - [[Luke Scott]] becomes the first Houston rookie to [[hitting for the cycle|hit for the cycle]] in the Astros' 11-inning 8-7 loss to the Diamondbacks.
    +
    +===August===
    +*[[August 1]] - Tigers shortstop [[Carlos Guillén]] [[Hitting for the cycle|hits for the cycle]] against the Devil Rays at [[Tropicana Field]], becoming the first Tigers player to do so since [[Damion Easley]] in [[2001 in baseball|2001]].
    +
    +*[[August 3]] - In his Dodgers debut, [[Greg Maddux]] pitches six hitless innings before departing due to a rain delay in a 3-0 win at Cincinnati.
    +
    +*[[August 13]] - Indians designated hitter [[Travis Hafner]] hits his sixth [[grand slam (baseball)|grand slam]] of the season, tying [[Don Mattingly]] for the major league season record.
    +
    +*[[August 14]] - Yankees pitcher [[Randy Johnson]] tallies his 4,500 career strikeout, retiring Angels designated hitter [[Tim Salmon]] in the 4th inning.
    +
    +*[[August 15]] - Braves outfielder [[Matt Diaz]] tallies his tenth hit in ten plate appearances, tying the NL record for consecutive hits in consecutive appearances. A ninth inning ground out against Washington reliever [[Chris Schroder]] ends Diaz's streak two hits away from the major league record of twelve.
    +
    +*[[August 18]] to [[August 19]] - The Yankees and Red Sox play two games lasting for a total of eight hours and 40 minutes and set the record for the longest major league game by time for a 9-inning game (4 hours and 45 minutes). The record for longest [[Doubleheader (baseball)|doubleheader]] consisting of two 9-inning games of 7 hours and thirty-nine minutes was not considered to be broken because separate admission was required to each of the day's two games [http://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/recap?gid=260818302].
    +
    +*[[August 22]] - [[Carlos Delgado]] of the Mets hits two home runs against the Cardinals. The second, a grand slam, is the 400th of his career. The Mets came back from 7-1 to win 8-7, thanks to a [[Carlos Beltran]] [[walk-off home run]].
    +
    +*[[August 29]] - Mariners relief pitcher [[Rafael Soriano]] receives a [[concussion of the brain|concussion]] after being struck by a line drive hit by [[Vladimir Guerrero]] of the Angels. There is no fracture, however, and the injury is not serious. The ball caroms off Soriano's head behind his left ear, and goes into the Mariners dugout. It is ruled a base hit because it touched a player before going foul. The Mariners win the game 6-4.
    +
    +*[[August 30]] - [[Curt Schilling]] of the Red Sox becomes the 14th pitcher to record [[3000 strikeout club|3000 strikeouts]] with a first-inning strikeout of Oakland's [[Nick Swisher]]. He is only the third pitcher to record his 3,000th strikeout with fewer than 1,000 walks.
    +
    +*[[August 31]] - [[Ryan Howard]] hits his 49th home run of the season in the [[Philadelphia Phillies]]' 6-5 10-inning loss at Washington, breaking [[Mike Schmidt]]'s [[1980 in baseball|1980]] team record.
    +
    +===September===
    +*[[September 4]] - [[Ramon Ortiz]] of the Nationals pitches 8 no-hit innings and hits his first career home run before an [[Aaron Miles]] hit breaks up the no-hit bid in the ninth inning. Washington tops St. Louis 4-1.
    +*[[September 6]] - Rookie [[Aníbal Sánchez]] of the Marlins pitches the first [[no-hitter]] since [[May 18]], [[2004 in baseball|2004]]. He beats the Diamondbacks 2-0, ending one of the longest streaks without a no-hitter since the [[World War II]] era.
    +*[[September 12]] - The Mets' 6-4 win over the Marlins mathematically eliminates the [[Atlanta Braves]] from winning the NL East, finally ending the Braves' record streak of consecutive division titles at 14.
    +*[[September 18]]
    +**The [[New York Mets]] become the first team to clinch a playoff spot for the 2006 postseason by clinching the NL East with a 4-0 win over the Marlins.
    +**[[Jeff Kent]], [[J.D. Drew]], [[Russell Martin]], and [[Marlon Anderson]] of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs in the 9th inning of their game against the Padres. It is only the fourth time in history that four players homer consecutively, and the first such occurrence in over forty years.
    +*[[September 20]] - Despite a 3-2 loss in Toronto, the [[New York Yankees]] clinch their ninth straight AL East title when the Twins defeat the Red Sox 8-2.
    +*[[September 21]] - [[David Ortiz]] hits his 51st home run, breaking the Red Sox single-season record set by [[Jimmie Foxx]] in [[1938 in baseball|1938]]. Later in the game he hits his 52nd.
    +*[[September 22]] - [[Alfonso Soriano]] hits his 40th double, and becomes the first person ever to reach 40 home runs, 40 stolen bases and 40 doubles all in one season. Six days earlier, he stole his 40th base, to become the fourth player to join the 40-40 Club joining [[Jose Canseco]], [[Barry Bonds]], and [[Alex Rodriguez]].
    +*[[September 23]] - [[Barry Bonds]] hits his 734th home run, breaking the NL record set by [[Hank Aaron]]. He still trails Aaron in total career home runs.
    +*[[September 24]]
    +**The [[Detroit Tigers]] beat the Royals on the road by a score of 11-4 to clinch a spot in the postseason for the first time since 1987.
    +**Padres closer [[Trevor Hoffman]] records his 479th career [[save (sport)|save]], breaking the record held by [[Lee Smith (baseball)|Lee Smith]] since 1993.
    +*[[September 25]] - The [[Minnesota Twins]] beat the Royals by a score of 8-1 to clinch a spot in the playoffs for the fourth time in five seasons. Incidentally, the Royals are witness to opposing teams' celebrations in consecutive games after watching the Tigers clinch against them the previous day.
    +*[[September 26]] - A 12-3 victory by the [[Oakland Athletics]] in Seattle coupled with a loss by the Angels gives Oakland its first [[AL West]] title and playoff spot since [[2003 in baseball|2003]].
    +*[[September 27]] - [[Aníbal Sánchez]] recorded his tenth win of the year for the Marlins, joining [[Josh Johnson]], [[Scott Olson]], and [[Ricky Nolasco]] to give the Marlins four rookie pitchers with ten or more wins, the first such occurrence major-league history [http://florida.marlins.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060927&content_id=1686605&vkey=news_fla&fext=.jsp&c_id=fla]. With [[Dontrelle Willis]]' win total, this also marked Florida's first-ever set of five ten-game winners [http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=260927128].
    +*[[September 30]] - Both the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] and [[San Diego Padres]] clinch playoff berths by winning their respective games.
    +
    +===October===
    +*[[October 1]]
    +**A loss by the Astros on the season's final day allows the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] to clinch their third straight [[National League Central]] title, despite St. Louis losing nine of their last twelve games after leading the division by seven games.
    +**The [[Detroit Tigers]]' fifth consecutive loss allows the [[Minnesota Twins]] to overtake them for the [[American League Central]] title. The Tigers earn the Wild Card berth instead.
    +**Though both teams win their final games to finish with identical records, the [[San Diego Padres]] win the [[National League West]] by virtue of a tiebreaker, and the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] become the Wild Card qualifier.
    +**[[Joe Mauer]] of the Twins becomes the first catcher to win the AL batting championship, with a .347 average.
    +**The [[Toronto Blue Jays]] defeat the [[New York Yankees]] 7-5 to finish with a final record of 87-75, good enough for second place in the American League East. Up until this point, the Yankees and [[Boston Red Sox]] had finished 1-2 in the AL East each year since [[1998 in baseball|1998]].
    +**[[Kinheim|Corendon Kinheim]] claims the [[2006 Holland Series]] title after winning the fifth and final match 13-5. Kinheim was trailing opponents [[Pioniers|Konica Minolta Pioniers]] 1-0 and 2-1 in the best-of-five series, but managed to come back twice and clinch the victory at home, ending a seven-year reign by [[Neptunus]].
    +*[[October 3]] - [[Frank Thomas (AL baseball player)|Frank Thomas]], 38, becomes the oldest player to have a multi-homer game in the postseason, hitting two home runs to lead the Athletics past the Twins by a score of 3-2 in Game 1 of the [[2006 American League Division Series|AL Division Series]]. Additionally, he becomes the player to go the longest between postseason home runs, having spanned 13 years since his previous postseason home run with the White Sox in [[1993 in baseball|1993]].
    +*[[October 6]] - The [[Oakland Athletics]] complete a three-game sweep of the [[Minnesota Twins]] in the ALDS, ending a run of six consecutive postseason series defeats.
    +*[[October 7]]
    +** The [[Detroit Tigers]] defeat the [[New York Yankees]] winning the ALDS three games to one. The Yankees have now lost three consecutive postseason series.
    +** The [[New York Mets]] complete a three-game sweep of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] in the NLDS despite losing two of their top starting pitchers to injury less than a week before the start of the postseason.
    +*[[October 8]] - The [[St. Louis Cardinals]] defeat the [[San Diego Padres]], winning the NLDS three games to one and reaching the NLCS for the third consecutive season.
    +*[[October 11]] - Days after his Yankees are eliminated from the baseball postseason, pitcher [[Cory Lidle]] is killed when the plane he is piloting [[October 11 2006 New York City plane crash|crashes]] into a Manhattan apartment building.
    +*[[October 14]] - The [[Detroit Tigers]] complete a 4-game sweep of the [[Oakland Athletics]] and head to the [[World Series]] for the first time since [[1984 World Series|1984]]. Detroit's [[Magglio Ordóñez]] hits a three-run [[walk-off home run]] in the bottom of the ninth of Game 4 for the win and the AL pennant.
    +*[[October 19]] - The [[St. Louis Cardinals]] clinch the National League pennant, defeating the [[New York Mets]] four games to three. [[Yadier Molina|Yadier Molina's]] two-run home run in the top of ninth inning ends a heart wrenching seven game series. The Cardinals, returning to the World Series after last appearing in [[2004 World Series|2004]], will face the [[Detroit Tigers]] in the [[2006 World Series|World Series]]; a rematch of the [[1934 World Series|1934]] and [[1968 World Series|1968]] series.
    +*[[October 26]] - The [[Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters]] win their fourth straight game over the [[Chunichi Dragons]], winning the [[Japan Series]] 4-1.
    +*[[October 27]] - The [[St. Louis Cardinals]] defeat the [[Detroit Tigers]] 4-2, winning the [[2006 World Series|World Series]] 4-1. Their 83 regular-season victories is a new record for the fewest by a Series champion.
    +
    +===November===
    +*[[November 15]] - The [[Boston Red Sox]] win the rights to negotiate with [[Seibu Lions]] pitcher [[Daisuke Matsuzaka]]. Matsuzaka was put up for bid in the Japanese posting system, with the Red Sox filing the highest bid of US$51.1 million. The Red Sox have until [[December 15]] to successfully negotiate a contract with Matsuzaka (who is represented by [[Scott Boras]]). Matsuzaka is most notable for having a [[gyroball]] among his arsenal of pitches. Matsuzaka was also MVP of the 2006 [[World Baseball Classic]].
    +*[[November 19]] - The [[Chicago Cubs]] reportedly sign [[free agent]] Outfielder/Second Baseman [[Alfonso Soriano]] to an 8-year, $136 million deal. The signing is the largest in Cubs' history.
    +
    +
    +
    +==Movies==
    +* ''[[The Benchwarmers]]''
    +*''[[Up For Grabs]]''
    +*''[[Everyone's Hero]]''
    +
    +==Deaths==
    +===January-March===
    +*[[January 1]] - [[Paul Lindblad]], 64, relief pitcher for the Athletics who retired with the seventh most appearances (655) among lefthanders
    +*[[January 5]] - [[Rod Dedeaux]], 91, baseball coach at the University of Southern California from 1942 to 1986 who won a record 11 College World Series titles, twice as many as any other coach, and 1,332 games, a record until 1994; played major role in baseball's acceptance in the Olympics, and coached the U.S. team in 1964 and 1984
    +*[[January 14]] - [[Bubba Morton]], 74, right fielder, mainly with the Tigers, Angels and Japanese Toei Flyers, who in 1972 became the first black head coach in any sport at the University of Washington
    +*[[January 16]] - [[Willie Smith (baseball)|Willie Smith]], 66, left fielder and pitcher for five major league clubs and Japanese Nankai Hawks
    +*[[January 17]] - [[Seth Morehead]], 71, relief pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and Milwaukee Braves between 1957 and 1961
    +*[[January 24]] - [[Carlos Martínez (baseball infielder)|Carlos (Café) Martínez]], 41, infielder for three AL teams who batted .300 for the 1989 White Sox
    +*[[February 1]] - [[Jake Wade (baseball)|Jake Wade]], 93, pitcher for six AL teams who had been the oldest living Chicago White Sox player
    +*[[February 4]] - [[Joe McGuff]], 79, sportswriter and editor for ''The Kansas City Star'' from 1948 to 1992 who covered the Athletics and later the Royals, playing an instrumental role in the latter franchise being awarded in 1969 and retained in the 1990s
    +*[[February 11]] - [[Robert W. Peterson (historian)|Robert W. Peterson]], 80, author of the 1970 book ''Only the Ball Was White'', which focused attention on the Negro Leagues; member of the 2006 Hall of Fame committee responsible for electing Negro Leaguers
    +*[[February 20]] - [[Curt Gowdy]], 86, broadcaster whose voice was the soundtrack of 13 World Series and 16 All-Star games, as well as the Red Sox from 1951-1966 and ten years with NBC
    +*[[February 26]] - [[Ace Adams]], 94, All-Star pitcher for the New York Giants who led the National League in saves in 1944 and 1945
    +*[[March 6]] - [[Kirby Puckett]], 45, Hall of Fame center fielder for the Twins who batted .318 lifetime and won six Gold Gloves; 1989 batting champion; led AL in hits four times, total bases twice and RBI once; MVP of 1991 ALCS, his 11th-inning [[walk-off home run]] won Game 6 of the [[1991 World Series]]
    +*[[March 29]] - [[Thornton Kipper]], 77, a standout pitcher in college and an All-American in 1950, who also pitched for the Phillies from 1953-55
    +
    +===April-June===
    +*[[April 9]] - [[Billy Hitchcock]], 89, infielder for five AL teams who later managed Orioles and Braves, was minor league executive
    +*[[April 9]] - [[Jimmy Outlaw]], 93, outfielder and third baseman, primarily for the Tigers, who was the left fielder on the 1945 World Series champions
    +*[[April 24]] - [[Sibby Sisti]], 85, who spent 13 seasons with the Braves and also appeared in the film ''[[The Natural]]''
    +*[[April 26]] - [[Russ Swan]], 42, relief pitcher from 1989-94, primarily for the Seattle Mariners
    +*[[April 28]] - [[Steve Howe (baseball player)|Steve Howe]], 48, All-Star relief pitcher, mainly with the Dodgers and Yankees, who was the 1980 NL Rookie of the Year but was suspended from baseball seven times and eventually barred from the sport due to drug abuse
    +*[[May 4]] - [[Jim Delsing]], 80, outfielder for five AL teams best remembered as the pinch runner for [[Eddie Gaedel]]
    +*[[May 14]] - [[Jim Lemon]], 78, All-Star outfielder for the Senators/Twins who led AL in triples in 1956, had two seasons of 30 HR and 100 RBI; later a coach
    +*[[June 4]] - [[Bill Fleming]], 92, pitcher for Red Sox and Cubs from 1940 to 1946; led 1940 Pacific Coast League in strikeouts with Hollywood
    +*[[June 4]] - [[Ron Jones (baseball)|Ron Jones]], 41, outfielder for the Phillies from 1988 to 1991
    +*[[June 5]] - [[Eric Gregg]], 55, NL umpire from 1975 to 1999 who worked in the 1989 World Series and four NLCS, noted for weight problems and a wide strike zone
    +*[[June 10]] - [[Moe Drabowsky]], 70, Polish-American relief pitcher for several teams from 1955 to 1972 who won Game 1 of the 1966 World Series with the Orioles
    +*[[June 22]] - [[Paul Campbell (baseball)|Paul Campbell]], 88, a pitcher for the Red Sox and Tigers and later a coach with Cincinnati
    +
    +===July-September===
    +*[[July 15]] - [[Howdy Groskloss]], 100, second baseman for the Pirates from 1930 through 1932; had been the oldest living major league player
    +*[[August 4]] - [[Elden Auker]], 95, submarine pitcher who won 130 games, mainly with Tigers and Browns; led AL in winning percentage for 1935 Detroit champions
    +*[[August 24]] - [[Gene Thompson]], 89, pitcher for the Reds and Giants who later spent 40 years as a scout; was 13-5 as rookie for 1939 NL champion Reds
    +*[[August 30]] - [[Charlie Wagner]], 93, pitcher who won 32 games for the Red Sox from 1938 to 1946, later a scout and minor league instructor
    +*[[September 17]] - [[Jack Banta (baseball)|Jack Banta]], 81, pitcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1947 to 1950 who won the 1949 pennant-clincher
    +*[[September 18]] - [[Syd Thrift]], 77, general manager of the Pirates, Yankees and Orioles, also a longtime scout
    +*[[September 27]] - [[Craig Kusick]], 57, first baseman for the Twins from 1973 to 1979; high school coach for 22 years
    +
    +===October-December===
    +*[[October 2]] - [[Clyde Vollmer]], 85, an outfielder for the Boston Red Sox and Washington Senators between 1942 and 1951
    +*[[October 5]] - [[Dick Wagner (baseball)|Dick Wagner]], 78, general manager who helped build Cincinnati's "Big Red Machine" dynasty of the 1970s and also Houston's 1986 NL West champions
    +*[[October 6]] - [[Buck O'Neil]], 94, first baseman and manager who won two Negro League batting titles and led the [[Kansas City Monarchs]] to two championships; became first black coach in the major leagues, and a goodwill ambassador for the sport in his later years
    +*[[October 8]] - [[Ivan Murrell]], 63, [[Panama]]nian outfielder for the Houston Colt .45s/Astros, San Diego Padres and Atlanta Braves between 1963 and 1974
    +*[[October 11]]- [[Cory Lidle]], 34, pitcher for the Yankees and six other major league teams since 1997, won 13 games for 2001 A's and 2005 Phillies
    +*[[October 11]] - [[Eddie Pellagrini]], 88, infielder for five teams from 1946 to 1954; coached Boston College to three College World Series
    +*[[October 12]] - [[Johnny Callison]], 67, All-Star outfielder for the Phillies who won the 1964 All-Star Game with a 3-run home run; led NL in triples twice and assists four times
    +*[[October 16]] - [[Tony Curry]], 67, outfielder for the Phillies and Indians, and the second [[Bahamas]] native, behind [[Andre Rodgers]], to play in the major leagues
    +*[[October 27]] - [[Joe Niekro]], 61, All-Star pitcher who won 221 games and was the Astros' all-time leader with 144 victories; brother of [[Phil Niekro]] and father of [[Lance Niekro]]
    +*[[October 29]] - [[Silas Simmons]], 109 or 111, Negro League player of the 1920s, believed to be the longest-lived professional baseball player in history
    +*[[November 7]] - [[Buddy Kerr]], 84, All-Star shortstop for the New York Giants and Boston Braves who played 68 consecutive errorless games over the 1946-47 seasons, then a ML record
    +*[[November 7]] - [[Johnny Sain]], 89, All-Star pitcher who was the 1948 MVP runnerup for the pennant-winning Boston Braves; later a respected pitching coach
    +*[[November 9]] - [[Garton del Savio]], 92, shortstop who played four games for the 1943 Phillies
    +*[[November 17]] - [[Bo Schembechler]], 77, Hall of Fame college football coach and president of the Detroit Tigers from 1990-92; widely criticized for the firing of legendary Tigers radio announcer [[Ernie Harwell]]
    +*[[November 22]] - [[Pat Dobson]], 64, All-Star pitcher who won 20 games for the 1971 Orioles; later a scout and assistant to the general manager with the Giants
    +
    +[[ja:2006年の野球]] 2013-03-18 03:10:43 90720444 Addbot MystBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3228624]] NaN 2013-04-21 01:40:39 92304586 KLBot2 EmausBot Bot: Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[:d:Q2450095]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,20 +1,142 @@\n
    -This is a '''list of Michigan covered bridges'''. There are nine historic wooden [[covered bridge]]s in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]].
    -
    -* [[Ackley, Michigan|Ackley]] covered bridge
    -* [[Ada, Michigan|Ada]] covered bridge
    -* [[Augusta, Michigan|Augusta]] covered bridge
    -* [[Black River, Michigan|Black River]] covered bridge
    -* [[Fallasburg, Michigan|Fallasburg]] covered bridge
    -* [[Fishers, Michigan|Fishers]] covered bridge
    -* [[Langley, Michigan|Langley]] covered bridge
    -* [[Whites, Michigan|Whites]] covered bridge
    -* [[Zehnder's Holz Brucke]]
    -
    -==External links==
    -
    -*[http://my.net-link.net/~michaelf/covered.htm The Covered Bridges of Michigan]
    -*[http://michsite.state.mi.us/Results.cfm?ParentID=5304 Michigan's Historic Sites Online: Bridge Tour]
    -
    -[[Category:Bridges in Michigan|*]]
    -[[Category:Michigan|*]]
    -[[Category:Covered bridges|Michigan]]
    +

    +{| width = "100%"
    +|-
    +! width="50%" align="left" | < [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2006 December 4|December 4]]
    +! width="50%" align="right" | [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2006 December 6|December 6]] >
    +|}
    +

    +
    '''[[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion|Guide to deletion]]'''

    +{{Cent}}
    +{{purge|Purge server cache}}
    +__TOC__
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    +{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Of Darkness}}
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    +{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lyle in Cube Sector}} 2013-03-12 16:54:53 89812915 Addbot PixelBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2493125]] NaN 2013-03-19 03:32:19 90820745 Addbot MastiBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2953487]] --- \n
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    @@ -1,32 +1,208 @@\n
    -'''William Jefferson Blythe, Jr.''' ([[February 27]], [[1918]]–[[May 17]], [[1946]]) was the father of [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Bill Clinton]], [[Sharon Lee Blythe]], and [[Leon Ritzenhaler]].
    -
    -He was born as one of nine children to a poor farmer, in [[Sherman, Texas]]. In December [[1935]], shortly before his eighteenth birthday, he first married to Virginia Adele Gash. They had one son, Henry Leon, who took the surname of his stepfather Charles Ritzenhaler, after Gash and Blythe divorced.
    -
    -On [[29 December]][[1940]] Blythe married his first wife's sister, (Minnie) Faye Gash. This second marriage produced [[Sharon Lee Blythe]] (later Pettijohn) who was born on [[11 May]] [[1941]].
    -
    -On [[03 May]] [[1941]] he married for a third time in [[Jackson County, Missouri]] to Wanetta Ellen Alexander of [[Kansas City]]. Their divorce was final on [[13 April]] [[1944]].
    -
    -He married for the fourth time on [[3 September]] [[1943]], to [[Virginia Dell Cassidy]]. His last wife would not learn of his previous marriages until 50 years later.
    -
    -He soon shipped out for military service during the [[Second World War]], and was stationed in [[Egypt]]. By [[December]] [[1945]] he was posted in [[Italy]]. After the war, he got his old job back as a traveling salesman for the 'Manbee Equipment Company' which repaired heavy machinery.
    -
    -On [[May 17]], [[1946]] while traveling from [[Chicago, Illinois]] to [[Hope, Arkansas]], Blythe lost control of his [[1942]] [[Buick]] on [[U.S. Highway 60]] outside of [[Sikeston, Missouri]]. He [[drown]]ed in 3 feet of water in a drainage ditch.
    -
    -Three months later on [[August 19]], [[1946]] his wife gave birth to their son [[Bill Clinton|William Jefferson Blythe, III]]. In [[1950]] his widow remarried to [[Roger Clinton, Sr.|Roger Clinton]], and the future President later took his stepfather's surname, and is familiarily known to us as Bill Clinton.
    -
    -Blythe was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Hope, Hempstead County, [[Arkansas]]. In [[1994]] his last wife, by then known as Virginia Kelley, was laid to rest beside him.
    -
    -==References==
    -* Weingarten Gene (June 1993). Father's Day article. ''[[The Washington Post]]'';
    -
    -* Maraniss, David (1996). "First in His Class: Biography of Bill Clinton". Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684818906;
    -
    -* Clinton, William Jefferson (2004). "My Life". Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-179527-3. pp. 4-7.
    -
    -==External links ==
    -* [http://www.thecemeteryproject.com/Graves%202/blythe-III-william%20jefferson.htm William Jefferson Blythe, Jr. Gravesite] - from [http://www.thecemeteryproject.com/index.htm The Cemetery Project]
    -
    -
    -[[Category:1918 births|Blythe, William Jefferson, Jr.]]
    -[[Category:1946 deaths|Blythe, William Jefferson, Jr.]]
    -[[Category:Bill Clinton|Blythe, William Jefferson, Jr.]]
    +{{Infobox Military Conflict
    +|conflict=Cambodian Civil War
    +|partof=the [[Second Indochina War]]
    +|image=[[Image:Cambodia sm04.png|250px]]
    +|caption=Cambodia
    +|date=1967-1975
    +|place=[[Cambodia]]/[[Khmer Republic]]
    +|result=Fall of the Khmer Republic to the Khmer Rouge; creation of [[Democratic Kampuchea]]
    +|combatant1 =[[Image:Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg|22px]][[Khmer Republic]],
    [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|22px]][[United States]],
    [[Image:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]][[Republic of Vietnam]]
    +|combatant2=[[Image:Flag_of_Democratic_Kampuchea.svg|22px]][[Khmer Rouge]],
    [[Image:Flag of North Vietnam.svg|22px]][[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]],
    [[Image:FNL Flag.svg|22px]][[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]] (NLF)
    +|strength1= ~250,000 FANK troops
    +|strength2= ~100,000 (60,000) Khmer Rouge
    +|casualties3=~600,000 dead, 1,000,000+ woundedThis estimate was given by Prince Sihanouk after the conclusion of the conflict. The true numbers will never be known. William Shawcross, ''Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia''. New York: Washington Square Books, 1979, p. 379.
    +}}
    +{{History of Cambodia}}
    +The '''Cambodian Civil War''' was a conflict that pitted the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (known as the [[Khmer Rouge]]) and their allies the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] and the [[National Liberation Front]] (NLF) against the government forces of [[Cambodia]] (after October 1970, the [[Khmer Republic]]), which were supported by the [[United States]] (U.S.) and the [[Republic of Vietnam]].
    +
    +The struggle was exacerbated by the influence and actions of allies of the two warring sides. North Vietnamese involvement was designed to protect its base areas and sanctuaries in eastern Cambodia, without which the prosecution of it's military effort in South Vietnam would have been more difficult. The U.S. was motivated by the need to buy time for its withdrawal from [[Southeast Asia]] and to protect its ally, South Vietnam. American, South Vietnamese, and North Vietnamese forces directly participated (at one time or another) in the fighting. The central government was mainly assisted by the application of massive U.S. aerial bombing campaigns and direct material and financial aid.
    +
    +The Republican government, after five years of savage fighting (and after suffering massive casualties, the destruction of its economy, the starvation of its population, and grevious atrocities committed by it's enemy), was defeated on 17 April 1975. The victorious Khmer Rouge proclaimed the establishment of [[Democratic Kampuchea]]. This conflict, although an indigenous civil war, was considered to be part of the larger [[Second Indochina War]] (1960-1975) that also consumed the neighboring [[Kingdom of Laos]] and [[Republic of Vietnam]].
    +==Setting the Stage, 1965-1970==
    +===Background===
    +{{main|Norodom Sihanouk|Sihanouk Trail|Vietnam War}}
    +During the early to mid-1960s, Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]]'s leftist policies had protected his nation from the turmoil that engulfed Laos and South Vietnam.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, pps. 54-58. Neither the [[People's Republic of China]] nor the North Vietnamese disputed Sihanouk's claim to represent "progressive" political policies and the leadership of the prince's domestic leftist opposition, the Prachea Chon Party, had been integrated into the government.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 83. On 3 May 1965, Sihanouk broke diplomatic relations with the U.S., ended the flow of American aid, and turned to China and the [[Soviet Union]] to make up the difference.Arnold Isaacs, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown et al, ''Pawns of War''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987, p. 83.
    +
    +By the late 1960s, Sihanouk's delicate domestic and foreign policy balancing act was beginning to go awry. In 1966 an agreement had been struck between the prince and the Chinese, allowing the presence of large-scale [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) and NLF troop deployments and loigistical bases in the eastern border regions.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 127. He had also agreed to allow the use of the port of [[Sihanoukville]] by communist-flagged vessels delivering supplies and materiel to support the PAVN/NLF military effort in South Vietnam.Military History Institute of Vietnam, ''Victory in Vietnam''. Trans. by Merle Pribbenow, Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 465, fn24. These concessions had made a sham of Cambodia's [[neutrality]], guaranteed by the [[Geneva Accords]] of 1954.
    +
    +Sihanouk was convinced that China, not the U.S., would eventually control the Indochinese Peninsula and that "our interests are best served by dealing with the camp that one day will dominate the whole of Asia - and coming to terms before its victory - in order to obtain the best terms possible."Samuel Lipsman, Edward Doyle, et al, ''Fighting for Time''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1983, p. 127.
    +[[Image:Sihan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Meeting in Beijing: Mao Zedong (l), Prince Sihanouk (c), and Le Duc Tho (r)]]
    +During the same year, however, he allowed his pro-American Minister of Defense, General [[Lon Nol]] to crack down on leftist activities, crushing the Prachea Chon by accusing its members of subversion and subservience to North Vietnam.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 85. Simultaneously, Sihanouk lost the support of the conservatives by his failure to come to grips with the deteriorating economic situation (exacerbated by the loss of rice exports, most of which went to the PAVN/NLF) and with the growing PAVN/NLF military presence.Beginning in 1966, Cambodians sold 100,000 tons of Cambodian rice to PAVN, who offered the world price and paid in U.S. dollars. The government paid only a low fixed price and thereby, lost the taxes and profits that would have been gained. The drop in rice for export (from 583,700 tons in 1965 to 199,049 tons in 1966) elevated an economic crises that grew worse with each passing year. Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 85.
    +
    +On 11 September, Cambodia held its first open election. Open did not mean fair however. Through manipulation and harassment (and to Sihanouk's surprise) the conservatives won 75 percent of the seats in the National Assembly.Chandler, pps. 153-156. Lon Nol was chosen by the right as prime minister and, as his deputy they named [[Sirik Matak]], an ultraconservative member of the Sisowath branch of the royal clan and long-time enemy of Sihanouk. In addition to these developments and the clash of interests among [[Phnom Penh]]'s politicized elite, social tensions created a favorable environment for the growth of a domestic communist insurgency in the rural areas.Chandler, p.157.
    +
    +===Revolt in Battambang===
    +{{main|Lon Nol}}
    +The prince now found himself in a political bind. To maintain the political balance against the rising tide of the conservatives, he named the leaders of the very group he had been oppressing as members of a "counter-government" that would monitor and criticize Lon Nol's government.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 86.
    +
    +One of Lon Nol's first priorities was to fix the ailing economy by halting the illegal sale of rice to the communists. Soldiers were dispatched to the rice-growing areas to forcably collect the harvests at gunpoint, and they paid only the low government price. There was wide-spread unrest, especially in rice-rich [[Battambang Province]], an area long-noted for the presence of large landowners great disparity in wealth, and where the communists still had some influence.Country File.
    +[[Image:GenLonNol.jpg|thumb|right|200px|General Lon Nol]]
    +On 11 March 1967, while Sihanouk was out of the country in France, a rebellion broke out in the area around Samlaut in Battambang, when enraged villagers attacked a tax collection brigade. With the probable encouragement of local communist cadres, the insurrection quickly spread throughout the whole region.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 130. Lon Nol, acting in the prince's absence (but with his approval), responded by declaring martial law.Isscs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 86. Hundreds of peasants were killed and whole villages were laid waste during the repression.Country File. After returning home in March, Sihanouk abandoned his centrist position and personally ordered the arrest of [[Khieu Samphan]], [[Hou Yuon]], and Hu Nim, the leaders of the "countergovernment", all of whom escaped into the northeast.Chandler, p. 166.
    +
    +Simultaneously, Sihanouk ordered the arrest of Chinese middlemen involved in the illegal rice trade, thereby raising government revenues and placating the conservatives. Lon Nol was forced to resign, and, in a typical move, the prince named new leftists to the government to balance the conservatives.Chandler, p. 166. The crisis passed, but it engendered two tragic consequences. First, it drove thousands of new recruits into the arms of the hard-line ''maquis'' of the Cambodian Communist Party - which Sihanouk labelled the [[Khmer Rouge]]. Second, for the peasantry, the name of Lon Nol became associated with ruthless repression throughout Cambodia.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, P. 87.
    +
    +===Communist Regroupment===
    +{{main|Khmer Rouge}}
    +While the 1967 insurgency had been unplanned, the Khmer Rouge tried, without much success, to organize a more serious revolt during the following year. The prince's decimation of the Prachea Chon and the urban communists had, however, cleared the field of competition for Saloth Sar (also known as [[Pol Pot]], Ieng Sary, and Son Sen, the Maoist leadership of the ''maquisards''.Chandler, p. 128. They led their followers into the highlands of the northeast and into the lands of the [[Khmer Loeu]], a primitive people who were hostile to both the lowland Khmers and the central government. For the Khmer Rouge, who still lacked assistance from the North Vietnamese, it was a period of regroupment, organization, and training. [[Hanoi]] basically ignored its Chinese-sponsored allies, and the indifference of their "fraternal comrades" to their insurgency from 1967 to 1969 would make an indelible impression on the Khmer Rouge leadership.Deac, p. 55 and Chandler, p. 141.
    +[[Image:Pol=pot.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pol Pot (Saloth Sar), commander of Khmer Rouge forces]]
    +On 17 January 1968, the Khmer Rouge launched their first offensive. It was aimed more at gathering weapons and spreading propaganda than in seizing territory since, at that time, the adherents of the insurgency numbered no more than 4-5,000.Sak, p. 32 and Chandler, pps 174-176. During the same month, the communists established the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea as the military wing of the party.
    +
    +As early as the end of the Battambang revolt, Sihanouk had begun to reevaluate his relationship with the communists.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 89. His earlier agreement with the Chinese had availed him nothing. They had not only failed to restrain the North Vietnamese, but they had actually involved themselves (through the Khmer Rouge) in active subversion within his country.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 130. Besides, PAVN and the NLF would make very convenient scapegoats for Cambodia's ills, much more so than the miniscule Khmer Rouge, and ridding Cambodia of their presence would solve many problems simultaneously.Issacs, Hardy & Brown, p. 88.
    +
    +At the suggestion of Lon Nol and other conservative politicians, on 11 May 1969, the prince welcomed the restoration of normal diplomatic relations with the U.S. and created a new Government of National Salvation with Lon Nol as his prime minister.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 90. He did so "in order to play a new card, since the Asian communists are already attacking us before the end of the Vietnam War."Lipsman & Doyle, p. 140. The Americans took advantage of this same opportunity to solve some of their own problems in Southeast Asia.
    +
    +===Operation ''Menu''===
    +{{main|Operation Menu}}
    +Although the US had been aware of the PAVN/NLF sanctuaries in Cambodia since 1966, President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] had chosen not to attack them due to possible international repercussions and his belief that Sihanouk could be convinced to alter his policies.Stanley Karnow, ''Vietnam: A History''. New York: Viking, 1983, p. 590. Johnson did, however, authorize the reconnaissance teams of the highly-classified [[Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group]] (SOG) to enter Cambodia and gather intelligence on the Base Areas in 1967.Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, ''Command History 1967'', Annex F, Saigon, 1968, p. 4. The election of [[Richard M. Nixon]] in 1968 and the introduction of his policies of gradual U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam and the [[Vietnamization]] of the conflict there, changed everything.
    +[[Image:B-522.jpg|thumb|right|300px|B-52s over Cambodia]]
    +On 18 March 1969, on secret orders from Nixon, the [[U.S. Air Force]] carried out the bombing of Base Area 353 (in the Fishhook region opposite South Vietnam's Tay Ninh Province) by 59 [[B-52]] bombers. This strike was the first in a series of attacks on the sanctuaries that lasted until May 1970. During [[Operation Menu]], the Air Force conducted 3,875 sorties and dropped more than 108,000 tons of ordnance on the eastern border areas.Bernard C. Nalty, ''The Air War over South Vietnam''. Washington DC: Air Force Museums and History Program, 2000, pps. 127-133. During this operation, Sihanouk remained quiet about the whole affair, possibly hoping that the U.S. would be able to drive the North Vietnamese and NLF from his country. Hanoi too, remained quiet, not wishing to advertise the presence of its forces in "neutral" Cambodia. The ''Menu'' bombings remained secret from the US Congress and people until 1973.
    +
    +==The Overthrow of Sihanouk, 1970==
    +===The Lon Nol "Coup"===
    +{{main|Cambodian coup of 1970}}
    +While Sihanouk was out of the country on a trip to France, anti-Vietnamese rioting (which was semi-sponsored by the government) took place in Phnom Penh, during which the North Vietnamese and NLF embassies were sacked.Shawcross, p. 118 & Deac, p. 56-57. In the prince's absence, Lon Nol did nothing to halt these activities.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 142. On the 12th, the prime minister closed the port of Sihanoukville to the North Vietnamese and issued an impossible ultimatum to them. All PAVN/NLF forces were to withdraw from Cambodian soil within 72 hours or face military action.Sak, p. 42.
    +
    +Sihanouk, hearing of the turmoil, headed for [[Moscow]] and [[Beijing]] in order to demand that the patrons of PAVN and the NLF exert more control over their clients.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 90. On 18 March 1970, Lon Nol requested that the National Assembly vote on the future of the prince's leadership of the nation. Sihanouk was ousted from power by a vote of 92-0.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 143. Heng Cheng became president of the National Assembly, while Prime Minister Lon Nol was granted emergency powers. Sirik Matak retained his post as deputy prime minister. The new government emphasized that the transfer of power had been totally legal and constitutional, and it received the recognition of most foreign governments. There have been, and continue to be, accusations that the U.S. government played some role in the overthrow of Sihanouk, but conclusive evidence has never been found to support them.Shawcross, pps. 112-122.
    +
    +The majority of middle-class and educated Khmers had grown weary of the prince and apparently welcomed the change of government.Shawcross, p. 126. They were joined by the military, for whom the prospect of the return of American military and financial aid was a cause for celebration.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 144. Within days of his deposition, Sihanouk, now in Beijing, broadcast an appeal to the people to resist the usurpers.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 90. Demonstrations and riots occurred (mainly in areas contiguous to PAVN/NLF controlled areas), but no nationwide groundswell threatened the government.Deac, p. 69. In one incident at Kompong Cham on 29 March, however, an enraged crowd killed Lon Nol's brother, Lon Nil, tore out his liver, and cooked and ate it.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 144. An estimated 40,000 peasants then began to march on the capital to demand Sihanouk's reinstatement. They were dispersed, with many casualties, by contingents of the armed forces.
    +[[Image:NixKis.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Power brokers: President Nixon and his National Security Advisor, Dr. Henry Kissinger]]
    +
    +===The Vietnamese Massacres===
    +Most of the population, urban and rural, took out their anger and frustrations on the North Vietnamese. Lon Nol's call for 10,000 volunteers to boost the manpower of Cambodia's poorly-equipped, 30,000-man army, managed to swamp the military with over 70,000 recruits.Deac, p. 71. Rumours abounded concerning a possible PAVN offensive aimed at Phnom Penh itself. Paranoia flourished and this set off a violent reaction against the nation's 400,000 ethnic Vietnamese.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 144.
    +
    +Lon Nol hoped to use the Vietnamese as hostages against PAVN/NLF activities, and the military set about rounding them up into detention camps.Lipsman & Doyle p. 144. That was when the killing began. In towns and villages all over Cambodia, soldiers and civilians sought out their Vietnamese neighbors in order to murder them.Deac, p. 75. On 15 April, the bodies of 800 Vietnamese floated down the [[Mekong River]] and into South Vietnam.
    +
    +The South Vietnamese, North Vietnamese, and the NLF harshly denounced these actions.Lipsman & Doyle, p. 145. Significantly, no Cambodians - not even those of the Bhuddist community - condemned the killings. In his apology to the South Vietnamese government, Lon Nol replied that
    "it was difficult to distinguish between Vietnamese citizens who were Viet Cong and those who were not. So it is quite normal that the reaction of Cambodian troops, who feel themselves betrayed, is difficult to control."Lipsman & Doyle, p. 146.

    +
    +===FUNK and GRUNK===
    +From Beijing, Sihanouk proclaimed that the government in Phnom Penh was dissolved and his intention to create the ''Front Uni National du Kampuchea'' or FUNK (National United Front of Kampuchea). Sihanouk later said "I had chosen not to be with either the Americans or the communists, because I considered that there were two dangers, American imperialism and Asian communism. It was Lon Nol who obliged me to choose between them."Lipsman & Brown, p. 144.
    +
    +The prince then allied himself with the Khmer Rouge, the North Vietnamese, the Laotian [[Pathet Lao]], and the NLF, throwing his personal prestige behind the communists.Lipsman & Doyle, p. p. 144. On 5 May the actual establishment of FUNK and of the ''Government Royal d'Union Nationale du Kampuchea'' or GRUNK (Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea), was proclaimed. Sihanouk assumed the post of head of state, appointing Penn Nouth, one of his most loyal supporters, as prime minister.
    +
    +Khieu Samphan was designated deputy prime minister, minister of defense, and commander in chief of the GRUNK armed forces (though actual military operations were directed by Saloth Sar [aka [[Pol Pot]]]). Hu Nim became minister of information, and Hou Yuon assumed multiple responsibilities as minister of the interior, communal reforms, and cooperatives. GRUNK claimed that it was not a government-in-exile since Khieu Samphan and the insurgents remained inside Cambodia. Sihanouk and his loyalists remained in China, although the prince did make a visit to the "liberated areas" of Cambodia, including [[Angkor Wat]], in March 1973. These visits were used mainly for propaganda purposes and had no real influence on political affairs.?
    +
    +For Sihanouk, this was a short-sighted marriage of convenience.Chandler, p. 200. For the Khmer Rouge, it was a means to greatly expand the appeal of their movement. Peasants, motivated by loyalty to the monarchy, gradually rallied to the FUNK cause.? The personal appeal of Sihanouk, the overall better behavior of the communist troops, and widespread allied bombardments facilitated recruitment. This task was made even easier for the communists after 9 October 1970, when Lon Nol abolished the loosely federalist monarchy and proclaimed the establishment of a centralized [[Khmer Republic]].Chandler, p. 202.
    +
    +==The Widening War, 1970-1971==
    +===The Opposing Sides===
    +In the wake of the coup, Lon Nol did not immediately launch Cambodia into war. He appealed to the international community and to the [[United Nations]] in an attempt to gain support for the new government and condemned violations of Cambodia's neutrality "by foreign forces, whatever camp they come from."Lipsman & Brown, p. 146. His hope for continued neutralism availed him no more than it had Sihanouk.
    +[[Image:CamGen.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cambodian officers and US officials, 1971]]
    +As combat operations quickly disclosed, the two sides were badly mismatched. Government troops, were now renamed the ''Forces Armees Nationales Khemeres'' or FANK (Khmer National Armed Forces) and thousands of young urban Cambodians flocked to join it in the months following the removal of Sihanouk. With the surge of recruits, however, FANK expanded well beyond its capacity to absorb the new inductees.Sak, p. 48. Later, given the press of tactical operations and the need to replace combat casualties, there was insufficient time to impart needed skills to individuals or to units, and lack of training remained the bane of FANK's existence until its collapse.Country File.
    +
    +During the 1974-1975 period, FANK forces would grow from 100,000 to approximately 250,000 men (probably one-third of whom either did not exist or had deserted).Lt. Gen. Sak Sutsakhan, ''The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse''. Washington DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1984, p. 39. U.S. military aid (ammunition, supplies, and equipment) was funneled to FANK through the Military Equipment Delivery Team, Cambodia (MEDTC). Authorized a total of 113 officers and men, the team arrived in Phnom Penh in 1971.Nalty, p. 276. The attitude of the Nixon administration could be summed up by the advice given by Henry Kissinger to the first head of the liaison team, Colonel Jonathan Ladd: "Don't think of victory; just keep it alive."Shawcross, p. 169.
    +
    +There were other problems. The officer corps of FANK was generally corrupt and greedy.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 108. The inclusion of "ghost" soldiers allowed payroll-padding; ration allowences were kept by the officers while their men starved; and the sale of arms and ammunition on the black market (or to the enemy) was common.Shawcross, pps 313-315 and Chandler, p. 205. Worse, the tactical ineptitude among the officers was as common as their greed.General Abrams dispatched General Conroy to Phnom Penh to observe the situation and report back. Conroy's conclusions were that the Cambodian officer corps "had no combat experience...did not know how to run an army nor were they seemingly concerned about their ignorance in the face of the mortal threats that they faced." John M. Shaw, ''The Cambodian Campaign''. Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005, p. 137. Lon Nol frequently bypassed the general staff and directed operations down to battalion level while also forbidding any real coordination between the army, navy, and air force.?
    +
    +The common soldiers fought bravely at first, but they were saddled with low pay, (with which they had to buy purchase their own food and medical care) ammunition shortages, and mixed equipment. Due to the pay system, there were no allotments for their families, who were, therefore, forced to follow their husband/son into the battle zones. These problems (exacerbated by continuously declining morale) would only increase over time.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 108.
    +
    +Initially arrayed against an armed force of such limited capability was arguably the best light infantry army in the world at the time - PAVN and the NLF.Country File. When their forces were supplanted, it was by the tough, rigidly indoctrinated peasant army of the Khmer Rouge with its core of seasoned leaders, who now received the full support of the North Vietnamese. Khmer Rouge forces, which had been reorganized at an Indochinese summit held in Conghua, China in April 1970, would grow from 12-15,000 in 1970 to 35-40,000 by 1972, when the so-called "Khmerization" of the conflict took place and combat operations against the Republic were handed over completely to the insurgents.Sak, pps. 26-27.
    +
    +The development of these forces took place in three stages. 1970 to 1972 was a period of organization and recruitment, during which Khmer Rouge units served as auxiliaries to PAVN. From 1972 to mid-1974, the insurgents formed units of battalion and regimental size. It was during this period that the Khmer Rouge began to break away from Sihanouk and his supporters and the collectivization of agriculture was begun in the liberated areas. Divisional-size units were being fielded by 1974-1975, when the party was on its own and began the radical transformation of the country.The evolution of the communist forces is described in Sak, pps. 78-82.
    +[[Image:Cambo.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The Cambodian Incursion, April-May, 1970]]
    +With the fall of Sihanouk, Hanoi became alarmed at the prospect of a pro-Western regime that might allow the Americans to establish a military presence on their western flank.? To prevent that from happening, they began transferring their military installations away from the border area to locations deeper within Cambodian territory. A new command center was established at the city of [[Kratié]] and the timing of the move was propitious. President Nixon was of the opinion that:
    "We need a bold move in Cambodia to show that we stand with Lon Nol...something symbolic...for the only Cambodian regime that had the guts to take a pro-Western and pro-American stand."Karnow, p. 608.

    +
    +===The Cambodian Incursion===
    +{{main|Cambodian Incursion}}
    +On 29 April 1970, South Vietnamese and U.S. units (also alarmed by the prospect of Cambodia being overrun) unleashed a limited, multi-pronged [[Cambodian Incursion]] that Washington hoped would solve three other problems: First, it would provide a shield for the American withdrawal (by destroying the PAVN logistical system and killing enemy troops); Second, it would provide a test for the policy of Vietnamization; Third, it would serve as a signal to Hanoi that Nixon meant business.Karnow, p. 607. Despite Nixon's appreciation of Lon Nol's position, the Cambodian leader was not even informed in advance of the decision to invade his country. He learned about it only after it had begun from the head of the U.S. mission, who had himself learned about it from a radio broadcast.Karnow, p. 608.
    +
    +Extensive logistical installations and large amounts of supplies were found and destroyed, but as reporting from the American command in Saigon disclosed, still larger amounts of materiel had already been moved deeper into the countryside.Deac, p. 79. According to Republican General Sak Sutsakhan, the withdrawal of U.S. forces, after only a 30-day campaign, created "a void so great on the allied side that neither the Cambodian nor the South Vietnamese armies were ever able to fill it."Sak, p. 174.
    +
    +On the day the incursion was launced, PAVN reacted by launching an offensive (Campaign ''X'') of its own against FANK forces in order to protect and expand their Base Areas and logistical
    +system.Deac, p. 72. PAVN units invilved included the ''1st'', ''5th'', ''7th'', and ''9th'' Infantry Divisions and the PAVN/NLF ''C40'' Division. Artillery support was provided by the ''69th PAVN Artillery Division''. By June, three months after the removal of Sihanouk, they had swept government forces from the entire northeastern third of the country. After defeating those forces, PAVN turned the newly won territories over to the local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established liberated areas in the south and the southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the North Vietnamese.Country File
    +
    +===''Chenla II''===
    +{{main|Operation Chenla I|Operation Chenla II}}
    +On the night of January 21-22 1971, a force of 100 PAVN/NLF commandos attacked Pochentong airfield, the main base of the Republican Air Force. In this one action, the raiders destroyed almost the entire inventory of government aircraft, including all of its fighter planes. This may, however, have been a blessing in disguise, since the air force was composed of old (even obsolete) Soviet aircraft.? The Americans would soon replace the airplanes with newer models. The attack did, however, stall a proposed FANK offensive.
    +[[Image:0870.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Areas under government control, August 1970]]
    +It was not until 20 August that FANK launched Operation ''Chenla II'', its first offensive of the year. The objective of the campaign was to clear Route 6 of enemy forces and thereby reopen communications with [[Kompong Thom]], the Republic's second largest city, which had been isolated from the capital for more than a year. The operation was initially successful, and the city was relieved. The PAVN and Khmer Rouge counterattacked in November and December, annhilating government forces in the process. There was never an accurate count of the losses, but the estimate was "on the order of ten battalions of personnel and equipment lost plus the equipment of an additional ten battalions."Sak, p. 79 The strategic result of the failure of ''Chenla II'' was that the offensive initiative passed completely into the hands of PAVN and the Khmer Rouge.
    +
    +==The Agony of the Khmer Republic, 1972-1975==
    +===Same War, Different Year===
    +{{main|Operation Patio|Operation Freedom Deal}}
    +From 1972 through 1974, the war was conducted along FANK's lines of communications north and south of the capital in order to maintain contact with the rice-growing regions of the northwest and along Route 5 and the Mekong River, the Republic's overland connections to the south. The strategy of the Khmer Rouge was to gradually cut those lines and squeeze Phnom Penh. As a result of these operations, FANK forces became fragmented, isolated, and unable to lend one another mutual support.
    +
    +The main U.S. contributions to the FANK effort came in the form of the bombers and tactical aircraft of the U.S. Air Force. When President Nixon launched the incursion in 1970, American and South Vietnamese troops operated under an umbrella of air cover that was designated Operation''Freedom Deal''. When those troops were withdrawn, the air operation continued, ostensibly to interdict PAVN/NLF troop movements and logistics.Nalty, p. 199. In reality (and unknown to the American Congress and public), they were utilized to provide tactical air support to FANK.? As a former U.S. military attache in Phnom Penh reported, "the areas around the Mekong River were so full of bomb craters from B-52 strikes that, by 1973, they looked like the valleys of the moon."The Editors of the Boston Publishing Company, ''War in the Shadows''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1988, p. 149.
    +
    +On 10 March 1972, Cheng Heng, the chief of state since Sihanouk's deposition, surrendered his authority to Marshal Lon Nol (as of 21 April 1971). On 4 June, Lon Nol was elected as the first president of the Khmer Republic. As per the new constitution (ratified on 30 April), political parties formed in the new nation and they soon became a source of political factionalism that the Republic would have been better off without. As General Sak has stated: "the seeds of democratization, which had been thrown into the wind with such goodwill by the Khmer leaders, returned for the Khmer Republic nothing but a poor harvest."Sak, p. 89.
    +
    +In January 1973, hope sprang into the breasts of the Republic's government, army, and population when the [[Paris Peace Accord]] was signed, ending the conflict (for the time being) in South Vietnam and Laos.? On 29 January, Lon Nol proclaimed a unilateral cease-fire throughout the nation. All U.S. bombing operations were halted in hopes of securing a chance for peace. It was not to be. The Khmer Rouge simply ignored the proclamation and carried on fighting. By March, heavy casualties, desertions, and low recruitment had forced Lon Nol to introduce conscription. In April, insurgent forces launched an offensive that pushed into the suburbs of the capital. The U.S. Air Force then launched an intense bombing operation that forced the communists back into the countryside after being decimated by the airstrikes.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 100.
    +
    +By the last day of ''Freedom Deal'' (15 August 1973), 250,000 tons of bombs had been dropped on the Khmer Republic, 82,000 tons of which had been released in the last 45 days of the operation.John Morocco, ''Rain of Fire''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985, p. 172. Since the inception of Operation ''Menu'' in 1969, the U.S. Air Force had dropped 539,129 tons of ordnance on Cambodia/Khmer Republic.Shawcross, p. 297.
    +
    +===Whispers in the Night===
    +As late as 1972-1973, it was a commonly held belief, both within and outside Cambodia, that the war was essentially a foreign conflict that had not fundamentally altered the nature of the Khmer people.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 106. By late 1973, there was a growing awareness among the government and population of the fanaticism, total lack of concern over casualties, and complete rejection of any offer of peace talks which "began to suggest that Khmer Rouge fanaticism and capacity for violence were deeper than anyone had suspected."Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 106.
    +
    +Reports of the brutal policies of the organization soon made their way to Phnom Penh and into the population - like whispers in the night - foretelling a violent madness that was about to consume the nation. There were tales of the forced relocations of entire villages, of the summary execution of any who disobeyed or even asked questions, the forbidding of religious practices, of monks who were defrocked or murdered, and where traditional sexual and marital habits were foresworn.? War was one thing, the offhand manner in which the Khmer Rouge dealt out death, so contrary to the Khmer character, was quite another.?
    +
    +The reports of these atrocities began to surface during the same period in which the North Vietnamese were withdrawing from the Cambodian battlefields. This was no coincidence. The concentration of the North Vietnmaese effort on South Vietnam allowed the Khmer Rouge to apply their doctrine and policies without restraint for the first time.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 107.
    +
    +The Khmer Rouge leadership was almost completely unknown by the public. They were referred to by their fellow countrymen as ''peap prey'' - the forest army. Previously, the very existance of the communist party as a component of GRUNK was hidden.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, pps. 106-107. Within the liberated zones it was simply referred to as "Angka" - the organization. During 1973, the communist party fell under the control of it's most fanatical members, Pol Pot and Son Sen, who believed that "Cambodia was to go through a total social revolution and that everything that had preceded it was anathema and must be destroyed."Issacs, Hary, & Brown, p. 107.
    +
    +Also hidden from scrutiny was the growing antagonism between the Khmer Rouge and their North Vietnamese allies.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 107 and Chandler, p. 216. The radical leadership of the party could never escape the suspicion that [[Hanoi]] had designs on building an Indochinese federation with themselves as its master.Ideology was not all that separated the two communist groups. Many Cambodian communists shared racially-based views about the Vietnamese with their countrymen. Deac, p. 230 & p. 216. The Khmer Rouge were ideologically tied to the Chinese, while North Vietnam's chief supporters, the Soviet Union, still recognized the Lon Nol government as legitimate.Deac, p. 68. After the signing of the Paris Peace Accords, PAVN cut off the supply of arms, hoping to force the Khmer Rouge into a cease-fire.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 107. When the Americans were freed by the signing of the accords to turn their air power completely on the Khmer Rouge, this too was blamed on Hanoi.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 107 During the year, these suspicions and attitudes led the party leadership to carry out purges within their ranks. Most of the Hanoi-trained party members were executed on the orders of Pol Pot.Chandler, p. 211.
    +
    +The need of the Khmer Rouge for the sinecure of Prince Sihanouk lessened. The organization demonstrated to the people of the liberated areas in no uncertain terms that open expressions of support for Sihanouk would result in their liquidation.Chandler, p. 231. Although the prince still enjoyed the protection of the Chinese, when he appeared in public overseas to publicize the GRUNK cause, he was treated with almost open contempt by Ministers [[Ieng Sary]] and Khieu Samphan.Library of Congress Country Studies[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field/SOCID+kh0032] In June, the prince told Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci that when "they [the Khmer Rouge] have sucked me dry, they will spit me out like a cherry stone."Shawcross, p. 321.
    +
    +By the end of the year, Sihanouk loyalists had been purged from all of GRUNK's ministries and all of the prince's supporters within the insurgent ranks were also eliminated.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 107. Shortly after Christmas, as the insurgents were gearing up for their final offensive, Sihanouk spoke with the French diplomat Etienne Manac'h. He said that his hopes for a moderate socialism akin to Yugoslavia's must now be totally dismissed. Stalinist Albania he said, would be the model.Shawcross, p. 343.
    +
    +===The Fall of Phnom Penh===
    +By the time the Khmer Rouge initiated their dry-season offensive to capture the beleaguered Cambodian capital on 1 January 1975, the Republic was in chaos. The economy had been gutted, the transportation network had been reduced to air and water systems, the rice harvest had been reduced by one-quarter, and the supply of freshwater fish (the chief source of protien) had declined drastically. The cost of food was 20 times greater than pre-war levels and unemployment was not even measured anymore.Samuel Lipsman, Stephen Weiss, et al, ''The False Peace: 1972-74''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985, p. 119.
    +[[Image:0475.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The final offensive against Phnom Penh, April, 1975]]
    +
    +Phnom Penh, which had a pre-war population of around 600,000, was overwhelmed by refugees (who continued to flood in from the steadily collapsing defense perimeter) to a size of around two million.? These helpless and desperate civilians had no jobs and little in the way of food, shelter, or medical care. Their condition (and the government's) only worsened when Khmer Rouge forces gradually gained control of the banks of the Mekong. From the riverbanks, their mines and gunfire steadily reduced the river convoys bringing relief supplies of food, fuel, and ammunition to the slowly starving city. After the river was effectively blocked in early February, the US began an airlift of supplies. This became increasingly risky, however, due to communist rocket and artillery fire, which constantly rained down on the airfields and city.
    +
    +Desperate yet determined units of Republican soldiers, many of whom had run out of ammunition, dug in around the capital and fought until they were overrun as the Khmer Rouge advanced.? American observers, who generally had little but disparagement for the FANK officer corps, were impressed by the determination of the Khmer enlisted men to fight to the end.? By the last week of March, approximately 40,000 communist troops had surrounded the capital and began preparing to deliver the ''coup de grace'' to about half as many Republican forces.Frank Snepp, ''Decent Interval''. New York: Random House, 1977, p. 279.
    +
    +Lon Nol resigned and left the country on 1 April, hoping that a negotiated settlement might still be possible if he was absent from the political scene.Deac, p. 218. Saukham Khoy became acting president of a government that had less than three weeks to live. Last-minute efforts on the part of the U.S. to arrange a peace agreement involving Sihanouk ended in failure. When a vote in the U.S. Congress for a resumption of American air support failed, panic and a sense of doom pervaded the capital. The situation was best described by General Sak Sutsakhan (now commander-in-chief of FANK):
    +
    "The picture of the Khmer Republic which came to mind at that time was one of a sick man who survived only by outside means and that, in its condition, the administration of medication, however efficient it might be, was probably of no further value."Sak, p. 155.

    +
    +On 12 April, concluding that all was lost (and without notifying the Khmer government), the U.S. evacuated its embassy personnel by helicopter in Operation ''Eagle Pull''. The 276 evacuees included U.S. Ambassador [[John Gunther Dean]], other American diplomatic personnel, the acting president of Cambodia, senior Khmer Republic government officials and their families, and members of the news media. In all, 82 U.S., 159 Cambodian, and 35 third-country nationals were evacuated.The Republic's five-year war cost the U.S. about a million dollars a day - a total of $1.8 billion ($1.18 billion in military aid). Operation ''Freedom Deal'' added another $7 billion. Deac, p. 221. Although invited by Ambassador Dean to join the evacuation (and much to the Americans surprise), Sirik Matak, Long Boret, [[Lon Non]] (Lon Nol's brother), and most members of Lon Nol's cabinet declined the offer.Issacs, Hardy, & Brown, p. 111. They chose to share the fate of their people (and all of whom were later executed by the Khmer Rouge).
    +
    +After the Americans (and the president) had departed, a seven-member Supreme Committee, headed by General Sak, assumed authority over the collapsing Republic. Around 10:00 on the morning of 17 April, the voice of General Mey Si Chan of the FANK general staff came on the radio and ordered all FANK forces to cease firing, since "negotiations were in progress" for the surrender of Phnom Penh.Francois Ponchaud, ''Cambodia: Year Zero.'' New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1978, p. 7. The war was over. The terrible dreams of the Khmer Rouge were about to come to fruition in the newly-proclaimed [[Democratic Kampuchea]]. The Year Zero had begun.
    +
    +==Notes==
    +
    +
    +== Sources ==
    +
    +'''Published Government Documents'''
    +*Military Institue of Vietnam, ''Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954-1975''. Trans. by Merle Pribbenow. Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002.
    +
    +*Nalty, Bernard C. ''Air War over South Vietnam: 1968-1975''. Washington DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2000.
    +
    +*Sak, Sutsakhan, Lt. Gen. ''The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse''. Washington DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1984.
    +
    +'''Biographies'''
    +*Osborne, Milton, ''Sihanouk: Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness''. Honolulu HA: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
    +
    +'''Secondary Sources'''
    +*Chandler, David P. ''The Tragedy of Cambodian History''. New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 1991.
    +
    +*Deac, Wilfred P. ''Road to the Killing Fields: the Cambodian Civil War of 1970-1975''. College Station TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1997.
    +
    +*Dougan, Clark, David Fulghum, et al, ''The Fall of the South''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
    +
    +*The Editors of the Boston Publishing Company, ''War in the Shadows''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1988.
    +
    +*Issacs, Arnold R., Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al, ''Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987.
    +
    +*Karnow, Stanley, ''Vietnam: A History''. New York: Viking Books, 1983.
    +
    +*Lipsman, Samuel, Edward Doyle, et al, ''Fighting for Time''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1983.
    +
    +*Lipsman, Samuel, Stephen Weiss, et al, ''The False Peace: 1972-74''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
    +
    +*Morocco, John, ''Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969-1975''. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
    +
    +*Osborne, Merle, ''Before Kampuchea: Preludes to Tragedy''. Boston: George Allen & Unwin, 1979.
    +
    +*Ponchaud, Francois, ''Cambodia: Year Zero''. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1978.
    +
    +*Shaw, John M., ''The Cambodian Campaign: The 1970 offensive and America's Vietnam War''. Lawrence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005.
    +
    +*Shawcross, William, ''Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia''. New York: Washington Square Books, 1979.
    +
    +*Snepp, Frank, ''Decent Interval''. New York: Random House, 1977.
    +
    +[[Category:History of Cambodia]]
    +[[Category:Second Indochina War]]
    +[[Category:Cold War]] 2013-03-17 06:15:37 90581219 Addbot YFdyh-bot Retrait de 3 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3404122]] NaN 2013-03-16 21:45:32 90527168 Addbot Thijs!bot Retrait de 2 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q934146]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,194 +1,206 @@\n
    -How can one write an article about Moldovans and not write about the Moldovans of Romania? Tsk, tsk.
    -
    -BTW, it's interesting that:
    -* the heart of the Principality of Moldova was in what is now [[Suceava County]], [[Romania]]
    -* the name itself stems from the river of [[Moldova River|Moldova]] in Romania...
    -* ...along which [[Aurochs]] roamed, now depicted on the Coat of Arms of Moldova
    -* its greatest ruler was [[Ştefan cel Mare]], born in [[Bacău County]], [[Romania]]. ;-)
    -[[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] | [[User talk:Bogdangiusca|Talk]] 21:49, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -:From a Moldovenist view of history, the modern Republic of Moldova is a direct continuation of the principality of Moldavia, and those parts of the principality now lying in Romania were "stolen" or "occupied" by Romanians. I think that both views (Moldovenist and Romanianist) are really daft, and that historical facts should be taken at face value -- Rep. Moldova used to be part of a united territory with the rest of "Moldavia" for a really long time, now part belongs to the modern country called "Romania", and part belongs to teh country called "Moldova".
    -
    -:Thus, Moldovenists consider Stefan cel Mare to be born in "Moldova"-- just like Romanian irredentists consider all of Rep. Moldova to rightfully belong to Romania, Moldovenist irredentists consider all of "Moldavia" currently part of Romania to rightfully belong to Rep Moldova.
    -
    -:I think there's a good deal of logic in the consideration of these people (Shtefan Vody, Mihai Eminescu, etc.) as "Moldovans" -- after all, they were born before the advent of the Romanian nation, and the nation they were born to was called in their native language "Moldova".
    -
    -:: Not entirely correct. The "Romanian nation" already had its goals for unity long before Eminescu's birth. Remember that Eminescu was only nine when the union of Moldavia with Wallachia was accomplished. The ideas of unity began to be considered in the 18th century in Transylvania and by the beginning of the 19th century, the cultural elite of [[Iaşi]] and Bucharest already had it as a goal.
    -:: And let me remind you that the Moldavians had a more important role in making union than the Wallachians, especially through great personalities like [[Vasile Alecsandri]] and [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]].
    -:: The "moldoveni" of Bessarabia were not inspired by the Iaşi cultural life, as Bessarabia lost its links due to the Russian occupation. There was little Romanian-language cultural elite in Chişinău, but it is clear that this elite was completely pro-Romanian.
    -:: I've done a search in the articles written by Eminescu: he always used "moldovean" either in historical contexts (refering to the Principality of Moldavia), either to the region from which a person came (usually in the same context with "munteni" and "ardeleni"). For the ethnicity, he always used "români". [[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 22:41, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -: Eminescu died "a Romanian", and certainly he suported pan-romanianism, but he was born a Moldavian, which any Romanian will tell you is just another way of saying "Moldovan". --[[User:Node ue|Node]] 06:43, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -::Using the same logic we could say Eminescu was half-Austrian, because his father was born to Austria, not Moldova. [[User:Anonimu|Anonimu]] 18:12, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -:::Yes, we could. --[[User:Node ue|Node]] 23:44, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
    -::::And this is misleading and inaccurate.--[[User:Bonaparte| Bonaparte ]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|talk]] 12:20, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
    -:::::Not really. --[[User:Node ue|Node]] 18:36, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -Despite writing that short article about the Moldavians a decade ago, and my continued interest since then, I do not consider myself an expert on that subject by any means. But I quoted experts.
    -
    -Yours
    -
    -Attla Demko
    -
    -
    -
    -==1% of population from Ukraine are romanians==
    -
    -There are about 1% of Ukraine. This includes all (so called moldovans), being the third largest minority group in Ukraine.
    -
    -:in '''Ukraine''': [[http://www.romanii.ro/english/romanii%20de%20langa%20noi.htm]] The former Soviet regime still uses, unfortunately, the artificial division created before 1990, that accredited the idea that in Ukraine exist two different nations: the Romanian and the “Moldavians”. Nowadays, the official statistics shows that in Ukraine exist 324.500 “Moldavians” and 134.800 Romanians. Adding this two officials data, results that the Romanian community represents the''' third minority group''' from Ukraine, after Ukrainians and Russians. On the other hand, the Romanian cultural organizations from Ukraine are estimating up to '''800.000''' the number of the Romanian community.
    -
    -So please correct the data. [[User:Bonaparte| Bonaparte ]] [[User talk:Bonaparte|talk]] 08:35, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:The data used here are from the Official Ukrainian Census Website.
    -
    -== Very interesting article ==
    -
    -I wonder who came up with the wonderful idea for this topic. Nevertheless, if you want to propagate this bizare theory at least proceed thus in a logical manner. Why would the ethnic boundary of the "Moldovan people" be at the Prut? Is the river such an important ethnic barrier. At least if you want to talk about the Moldovan people inlcude those currently living in Romania, as they also consider themeseleves to be "moldoveni" although they do not view this as an ethnic distinction but rather as a subdivision of the Romanian ethnicity. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 21:36, 4 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Tso1d, umm, hello... did you consider that the history of RM/Basarabia/whatever you want to call it has been separate since the early 1800s? Such a long time (nearly 2 centuries now) of political and historical separation creates some ethnic differences. Also check that this is a "disambiguation pagE". It includes definition of "Moldovan" as someone from Moldova, and also as someone from Moldavia (or as racist Romanians would say, Basarabia and Moldova). --[[User:Node ue|Node]] 06:42, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::"historical separation creates some ethnic differences"??? With all my respect for you, I sincerly doubt the validity of this statement. The minute differences that exist among the inhabitants of the two sides of the Prut do not constitute different ethnicities, by any reasonable standards. BTW, Nonde, may I ask where your interest in Romanian topics stems from?[[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 23:56, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Ok ==
    -
    -I agree with [[User:Node ue]]'s version because it sort of puts you in the mind of someone other than a Romanian. The other version just shows how Romanians see who Moldovans are. Wikipedia has [[WP:NPOV|Neutral Point of View]] policy and articles '''cannnot''' be slanted towards one side or the other. --[[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 19:18, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I'm a Moldovan, I don't see how Node_ue's version is NPOV, by posing Romanians as occupants. --[[User:Just a tag|Just a tag]] 20:30, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::Where does it say that? --[[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 21:14, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -::: If the Moldovans are not of Romanian ethnicity, then were during the period of [[Greater Romania]] under the occupation of the Romanians. [[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 21:47, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Weasel words ==
    -
    -Khoikhoi, the version you are supporting is full of [[Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words|weasel words]]. Please make a version without such expression:
    -
    -: ''are considered by some Pan-Romanianists...''
    -: ''they allege that such a classification...''
    -: ''they allege a new identity...''
    -
    -Thank you, [[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 21:46, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Ok, I'll try, how would I be able to change the weasel words? Do you have any suggestions? --[[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 21:57, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:: See that link, [[Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words]], for some explanations. [[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 09:29, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -: BTW, ''are considered by some advocates of [[Greater Romania]]'' is just as weaselish as the other expression.[[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 09:29, 8 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -This article in its current form is really dubious. Besides the controversies and weasel words, there are also extreemly dubious statements like the comparison with the [[Azeris]]. I would like to see a scholarly article on that. Otherwise, that little section has to go. Personal research is not accepted by Wikipedia. [[User:Constantzeanu|Constantzeanu]] 00:24, 14 January 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Official censuses data ==
    -* Moldovans comprise 76.1 % in [[Republic of Moldova]] [http://www.statistica.md/recensamint/Rezultatele_prel_recens_ro.zip]
    -* Moldovans comprise 258,619 out of 48,457,000 = 0.53 % in [[Ukraine]] [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=60&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1] [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/estimate/]
    -** Moldovans comprise 67,225 out of 922,800 = 7.28 % in [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=73&p=60&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1]
    -** Moldovans comprise 123,751 out of 2,469,000 = 5.01 % in [[Odessa Oblast]] [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=51&p=60&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1]
    -
    -This information is taken from the official censuses held in Moldova in 2004 and in Ukraine in 2001. Other numbers shouldn't be invented. --[[User:Zserghei|Zserghei]] 18:26, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -And where are the romanians? Moldovans are romanians don't invent your own sovietic theory. {{unsigned|Chisinau|18:48, 1 March 2006 (UTC)}}
    -
    -== Ethnic group? See the definition of "ethnic group". ==
    -
    -1. The term "Moldovans" is another name of Romanians. Ethnicaly, "Moldovans" are Romanians.
    -
    -2. There is a second meaning of this term. It means "citizens of the Republic of Moldova" (regardless of their ethnicity). Which is: Russians, Ukrainians, Gagauzs etc. who live in Republic of Moldova are also Moldovans, as they are all citizens of the Republic of Moldova ).
    -
    -P.S. This article creates a big confusion (between citizenship and ethnicity), coused by a logic error. Please, use your logic, when writing on Wikipedia. Don't make fools of yourselves. :) --[[User:82.170.2.111|82.170.2.111]] 20:41, 7 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Since many moldovans consider themselves romanians, I am going to change the phrase "Moldovans are an ethnic group" to "Moldovans are a sub-ethnic group of romanians", one of the reasons for that, is that a very large part of moldovans live in Romania (the historical region of Moldova), and many more in the Rep. of Moldova consider themselves romanians(according to the 2004 census), if anyone has any objections feel free to make any changes and discuss with me if possible.
    -
    -[[User:68.32.214.27|68.32.214.27]] 06:10, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:Many, yes. But not all Moldovans consider themselves Romanians, so it would be POV to label them as a sub-group of Romanians. —[[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 06:33, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
    -::All Moldovans from Romania consider themselves Romanians. Now, maybe not all Moldovans from Moldova consider Romanians but most of them admit that they speak [[romanian language]].
    ---[[User:Andrei George|Andrei George]] 14:51, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Neutrality ==
    -Since we (the editors) have not been able to reach consensus I have added a NPOV tag to this article.

    -I hope everybody agrees that we have rather divergent personal views, and we cannot use Wikipedia
    -for such disputes.

    -[[User:Sufitul|Sufitul]] 01:49, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:A consensus on what? The dispute was months ago. —[[User:Khoikhoi|Khoikhoi]] 02:51, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -::I don't know either. I will remove the tag until a specific neutrality dispute will be presented. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 03:11, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -== Romanian census ==
    -
    -:''in Romania, despite its proximity to Moldova, no Moldovan ethnicity has been reported in the 2002 census''
    -I am questioning the validity of this sentence. Given the controversy of the issue, I would like to know exactly:
    -*Whether the census format provided the possibility to declare oneself as "Moldovan"/"Moldavian", whatever.
    -*If the prev. question was a "yes", then it is quite possible the a handful of self-declared "moldovans" could have been lumped into the "Other" record. Therefore I would like to know if there is a complete table that lists '''all''' responses and whether there are any "moldovans" in it. `'[[user:mikkalai|mikka]] [[user talk:mikkalai|(t)]] 19:02, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
    -::From what I understand, the census had no preset choices. People had a free choice in declaring themselves. However, if someone said that they were "moldovean", they were obviously placed in the Romanian category. I suppose this was the case for other regions too, if someone stated that they were "ardelean", or "oltean", or other numerous subgroupings they were probably all marked as Romanians as all of these denominations are subgroupings of the Romanian ethnos. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 20:19, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
    -:::I know that this merging happened for people who declared themselves "Russians" and "[[Lipovans]]". [[User:Bogdangiusca|bogdan]] 20:27, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:: I would agree with Mikka. I have heard of no claim to Moldovan ethnicity in Romania. The claim I have indeed heard quite often is that Moldovans have contributed and renounced more than the Wallachians did to allow the creation of Romania (and that the main leaders of the period were Moldavian).
    -:: The correct statement should be "Romanian/Moldovan speakers of Romanian Moldova consider themselves, and are considered by others as ethnic Romanians. No cultural or political rights movement claims the contrary." To clarify the situation, a statement should be put somewhere saying that "The Moldovan ethnicity was created by the Soviet authorities by promoting a regional denomination (such as "Californian") to the status of ethnic name." [[User:Dpotop|Dpotop]] 12:28, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -I presume no "Siberian" ethnicity exists in Russia.
    -:Badly mistaken. There are quite a few indigenous siberian ethnicities in russia. BUt I understand what you mean. Still, there does exist a regional term "Siberians" (siberian russians). `'[[user:mikkalai|mikka]] [[user talk:mikkalai|(t)]] 20:30, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Eminescu==
    -I have a question for the guys here that believe Moldovan!=Romanian. Is the claim of Moldovenists that Eminescu is Moldovan correct? If yes, why? Eminescu never lived in a unified Moldova, and was only 9 years old when Romania was formed. Moreover, he was a Romanian nationalist. :) The same for Creanga. [[User:Dpotop|Dpotop]] 12:35, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==POV in article==
    -This is POV - Most Romanians, as well as a large part of the Moldovan populace, claim that external interference led to Moldova's increasingly separate identity rather than any actual differences [citation needed].
    -Where reference for that? Also the no.4 reference at the bottom of page isn't a ref at all. Cheers -- [[User:max rspct|max rspct]] [[User_talk:max rspct|leave a message]] 19:44, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    -:Well, if you would like, the word most can be replaced with numerous. However, I don't believe that any sources will be found to back the statement as it appears obvious to anyone familiar with the situation. The idea of conducting a study to determine the views of Romanian citizens subject is anologous to having asked West Germans whether a German from East Berlin was German during the Cold War. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 20:05, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -==Table==
    -
    -Article is better with this table and I do not see a good reason that somebody should remove it. Moldovans are one of the large European nations and they deserve good article about them (including table). [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 14:31, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -:Since they are romanians there is a contradiction of terms. It's redundant to have your table. It's also incorrect since there are more romanians than 3 millions...--[[User:147.102.222.220|147.102.222.220]] 14:39, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -::I don't think that this table is an adequate representation of the situation. The status of Moldovans as a separate ethnos is controversial at best and the table not only oversimplifies the situation but also provides misleading information. If one were to assume that Moldovans are an ethnicity different from other Romanian subgroups, then the Moldovans from Romania should also be counted, as well as those of "Moldovan" origin who are counted as Romainian in other region. I doubt that this data can be found though, and without it the table can never present the full picture. I don't believe that this table is well-suited to the present situation and shoul be discarded. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 16:03, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -How they can be Romanians if they did not declared themselves as such? On the last census in Moldova there were 76.1% Moldovans and 2.1% Romanians. They are clearly listed as separate nations in census results, so your claim that Moldovans are Romanians is only your opinion that cannot be proven by official statistics. Furthermore, the status of Moldovans as a separate ethnos is controversial only among Romanian nationalists who want to assimilate Moldovans and to "unite" Moldova with Romania. Such opinion can be clearly labeled as irredentist one and I do not think that it should be a base for one scientific article.
    -[[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 20:54, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -:From your comments I can understand that you are not fully familiar with the problem at hand. Technically you are right, the last census indicates that many citizens of Moldova declared themselves as Moldovan rather than Romanian. However, that does not actually mean that the two groups are distinct. The Principality of Moldavia (where the autochtonous population was by all means homogeneous) existed as an entity for several centuries until Bessarabia was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1812. Moldavia then united with Wallachia to form Romania and the predominant group of people living in the two regions was called Romanian (based on the common language). Bessarabia was not part of the initial union, it only joined Romania in 1917. Nevertheless, one cannot seriously claim that an ethnic break occured between the two populations in that brief period. After the USSR forcefully re-annexed Bessarabia, the intense policy of de-Ruminifaction and Moldovanization tried to instill the people of Bessarabia a distinct identity. Nevertheless, the shared language and culture have not changed greatly in that period.
    -:As for your comments calling me a nationalistic irredentist, I do not appreciate such rhetoric. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 21:18, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -Well, here is the problem: it is not about history but about official state recognition. Since both, Moldovans and Romanians are listed separatelly in the census results, it is clear that state of Moldova recognized them as two separate nations. If the state recognized them as one single nation it then would listed them under only one name (whether this name is Moldovan or Romanian). But, since they are listed separately, it is clear that they are recognized as separate groups by the state of Moldova. Also, I did not said that you are a nationalist, but that opinion that Moldovans are not Moldovans but Romanians come from nationalistic sources, it is not same thing. [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 21:36, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -And now about distinction between Moldovans and Romanians, I do not claim that culture and language of these two peoples are distinct but national consciousness. The difference between Moldovans and Romanians is same as difference betwen Serbs and Montenegrins. There are Montenegrins who consider that they are Serbs, but there are those who do not. So, can you prove that ALL Moldovans consider that they are also Romanians or you cannot? It is all about what they consider. If some Moldovans think that they are only Moldovans and not Romanians then they are not Romanians. It is simple as that. It is all about their human right to be what they want. So, I understand this issue very well, and it is not about what was in 1917, but what is now in 2006. [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 21:47, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -I understand that there is the matter of self-identification, however look at the Austrian example. Some Austrians prefer to view themselves as Austrian, others as German, but this is a matter of small nuances no one truly maintains that Austrians are not German-speakers and thus constitute a separate ethnos. For this reason the [[Austrians]] ethnic group page does not include a table similar to the one that currently exists on this page. They also had a long discussion regarding what to include in the table and finally came to the conclusion that is served no constructive goal. That is the maximum extent of my argument, I am against the table not the idea of some Moldovans declaring themselves as such in terms of their nationality.
    -[[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 21:53, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -Well, the [[Montenegrins]] article have a table, and, as I said, the example is similar. Some Montenegrins consider that they are also Serbs, but some consider that they are not, and table is there because of that Montenegrins that do not consider themselves as Serbs. If some Serb who do not recognize Montenegrin nation (same as some Romanian that does not recognize Moldovans) would want to remove table from Montenegrins article, I would object to that too. Also, the [[Szekely]] article also have table, and most of the Szekely declare themselves as Hungarians. Of course, there are those who declare themselves as Szekely, and it was me who posted that table there anyway. The point is, even if one ethnic ethnic group is part of another larger group there is no reason not to have table in its Wikipedia article. Every article about ethnic groups is better with table (by my opinion only, but there are people who would agree with me here). Why you do not improve this table if you think that something should be changed in it instead simply to remove it? Of course, if you want, we can start voting whether to include table into article or not. [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 00:17, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -First of all, I myself am from Moldova (Bessarabia) and am part of the population discussed (I am as Moldovan as you can get), I am not a Romanian citizen who wants to infiltrate nationalistic propaganda here. I also want to add that it will be very difficult to assess the actual number of "Moldovans" as several countries do not count Moldovan as a separate ethnicity (ex. Romania) whereas in other places people are encouraged to declare themselves as Moldovans (in Moldova). This of course just proves the absurdity of creating this artificial difference, but that's another topic. I am not fully familiar with the Montengrian situation, but the inclusion of a table in that category might be just as bad an idea as it is here. I only gave the Austrian example to show that after a long discussion editors concluded that the table does more harm than good and only brings more problems than solutions. It is the same here. I am not questioning the logic of having a "Moldovan ethnos" (at least not in relation to this table), I just don't believe that the table will help anyone. The article presents the information in a superior manner. 01:43, 23 April 2006 (UTC) [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 01:43, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -One more thing, [[Austrians]] is an disambiguation kind of article. Even if one want to post table there, he would not know about what that table should be. On the contrary, the "Moldovans" article clearly say that it is about Moldovan ethnic group, while for other uses we have [[Moldovans (disambiguation)]]. [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 00:24, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -::Not really, the Austrian disambig site is [[Austrian]]
    -[[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 01:43, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -Regardles the controversial status, they are officially counted and the table represents official data. You have no right do delete it. You have right to comment it, providing reputable references. `'[[user:mikkalai|mikka]] [[user talk:mikkalai|(t)]] 02:33, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -
    -:I did not base my argument on the status of the ethnos. At least read the discussion. I simply stated that the data will be a mass of non-sense outside of the context provided in the text and the box will bring more conusion than clarity. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 03:27, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -You based your arguments on history, which have nothing to do with the present situation. Your argument is that if Moldovans were Romanians 100 years ago that they should be Romanians today too, but is that mean that if humans lived in caves 30,000 years ago that they should live in caves today too? As for Austrians article, I did not said that it is disambiguatian, but "kind of it", here is a quote from [[Austrians]] article:
    -
    -Austrians is used in reference to:
    -*the citizens of the Republic of Austria
    -*people of Austrian descent or origin
    -
    -Historically also:
    -*native German speakers of the multiethnic state of Austria-Hungary, the population of Inner Austria or First Austrian Republic
    -*old Austrians are citizens of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy, who lived outside the territory of Inner Austria and did not speak German
    -
    -So, if somebody want to post table there, about which of these four meaning that table should be? We do not have this problem in the article about Moldovans. [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 10:58, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -==Keep it simple==
    -
    -I reverted edits of PANONIAN since his edits are missleading. The best example is given by TSO1D when he said he is a [[Moldovan]] and also a [[Romanian]]. --[[User:147.102.222.220|147.102.222.220]] 11:16, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -Maybe you should to learn that there is a whole World outside of Romania. I wonder whose sockpupet you are... [[User:PANONIAN|'''PANONIAN''']] [[User talk:PANONIAN|'''(talk)''']] 11:20, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    -----
    -
    -== Table ==
    -
    -Pannonian, I don't think you saw my comments above, I added some below each of your paragraphs. I am not basing my argument on the historical link between Bessarabia and the Principality of Moldavia and Romania. I am simply stating that the table will present misleading factual information. Outside of the context provided in the article the numbers don't really make any sense. Again I am not challanging the basis of the Moldovan ethnicity in regards to the table, I just don't think that the table will aid anyone in this case. And about the Austrian page, it has some disambig info at the top however the main disambiguation page is [[Austrian]]. [[User:TSO1D|TSO1D]] 13:12, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
    +{{Otheruses4|the CBS television drama|the ITV drama|Jericho (2005 TV series)}}
    +{{Infobox Television
    +| bgcolour = #BBDCFF
    +| show_name = Jericho
    +| image = [[Image:Jericho.tvseries.jpg|250px]]
    +| caption = ''Jericho'' intro.
    +| format = [[Drama]]
    +| runtime = 43 minutes
    +| first_aired = [[September 20]], [[2006]]
    +| last_aired = Present
    +| producers = [[Jon Turteltaub]], [[Stephen Chbosky]], Carol Barbee
    +| starring = [[Skeet Ulrich]]
    [[Ashley Scott]]
    [[Sprague Grayden]]
    [[Kenneth Mitchell]]
    [[Lennie James]]
    [[Michael Gaston]]
    [[Erik Knudsen]]
    [[Gerald McRaney]]
    [[Pamela Reed]]
    +| country = {{USA}}
    +| network = [[CBS]]
    +| num_episodes = [[List of Jericho episodes|10]]
    +| website = http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/
    +| imdb_id = 0805663
    +| tv_com_id = 58068
    +}}
    +'''''Jericho''''' is a [[serial drama]] produced by [[CBS Paramount Television|CBS Paramount Network Television]], with executive producers [[Jon Turteltaub]], [[Stephen Chbosky]] and [[Carol Barbee]]. The show premiered on Wednesday, [[September 20]] [[2006]] on [[CBS]].
    +
    +On [[October 12]], CBS issued a statement that it had ordered a full season of ''Jericho''.[http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20061012cbs03 CBS gives "Jericho" a full-season order] On November 8, CBS announced that the show would split its season, going on hiatus after the episode of [[November 29]], with its return set for [[February 21]], after an episode recapping the first 11 programs on [[February 14]].[http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-cbssplitsjerichoseason,0,4835149.story?coll=zap-tv-mainheadline CBS Will Split "Jericho" Season]
    +
    +== Synopsis ==
    +{{spoiler}}
    +The storyline revolves about the residents of [[Jericho, Kansas|Jericho]], a small rural [[Kansas]] town, in the aftermath of a series of nuclear explosions across the continental United States. The series begins with a visible nuclear explosion of unknown origin in nearby [[Denver, Colorado]], and a loss of power and modern communications, effectively isolating Jericho. Later, power is restored to Jericho by what is alluded to as the efforts of the U.S. government, but soon after an [[Electromagnetic pulse|EMP]] disables all electronics. Several themes addressed in the show regularly are the gathering of information, community identity, public order, limited resources, and external and internal threats. The show features several mysteries involving the backgrounds of major characters, the unknown perpetrators of the attack, and the extent of damage to the United States and its government.
    +
    +The pivotal character is [[Jake Green]], a 32-year-old [[Parable of the Prodigal Son|prodigal son]], who returns home to briefly visit his family before becoming stranded as a result of the catastrophe. After a tense reunion with his father, [[Johnston Green|Mayor Johnston Green]], Jake becomes a hero to Jericho by helping protect it and its residents.
    +
    +== Aftermath ==
    +=== Reported attacks ===
    +[[Image:Cities destroyed in Jericho TV series.svg|thumb|right|500px|Cities where attacks may have happened]]
    +
    +*A mushroom cloud is seen rising west of Jericho in the first episode; it is presumed to be from an explosion in [[Denver, Colorado]]. This is later confirmed by the Chinese news broadcast (marked: 丹佛) and on the recovered cockpit voice recorder tape a pilot reports that he sees the mushroom cloud from Denver. In the second episode, fallout from this explosion reaches Jericho during a rainstorm.
    +
    +*[[Atlanta, Georgia]], is presumed to have been attacked based on an answering machine message left for [[Dale Turner]] by his mother during the first episode. The message ends abruptly as we hear voices react to an explosion. This attack is later confirmed by the Chinese news broadcast (亞特蘭大).
    +
    +*[[Chicago, Illinois]], is confirmed to have been attacked by the Chinese news broadcast (芝加哥) and Robert Hawkins' map.
    +
    +*[[Los Angeles, California]], is confirmed to have been attacked by the Chinese news broadcast (洛杉矶) and Hawkins' map.
    +
    +*An attack on [[Dallas, Texas]], is confirmed by the Chinese news broadcast (达拉斯); a pilot is heard saying that he sees a mushroom cloud "somewhere in Texas" on the [[cockpit voice recorder]].
    +
    +*[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], is on Robert Hawkins' map; the copy that his son draws in crayon has '''two''' red dots.
    +
    +*[[San Diego, California]], is marked on Robert Hawkins' map.
    +
    +*[[San Francisco, California]], (旧金山) is identified in the Chinese news broadcast.
    +
    +*[[Seattle, Washington]], is confirmed to have been attacked by the Chinese news broadcast; its marking is occasionally visible through the static.
    +
    +*[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], is on Robert Hawkins' map; it also appears on the bar map, although it is unclear as to how the patrons knew Minneapolis had been attacked.
    +
    +*[[Detroit, Michigan]], is marked on Robert Hawkins' map.
    +
    +*[[Washington, D.C.]], was attacked and is 'gone' as reported by Gray Anderson, one of the 'horsemen' who returned from exploring outlying areas.
    +
    +*[[Kansas City, Missouri]], was presumed to have been destroyed based on the cockpit voice recorder tape and Robert Hawkins' map. Upon his return, Gray Anderson reports that [[Lawrence, Kansas]], had been attacked; given the proximity of the two cities, it is possible that this explosion could have been mistaken for Kansas City by the pilot heard on the cockpit voice recorder. Also, leaflets found in Rogue River, Kansas, by Jake and Eric Green report a nuclear explosion in Lawrence, Kansas, had contaminated the groundwater in that region of Kansas.
    +
    +*[[New Orleans, Louisiana]], is identified on Robert Hawkins' map. (It is not visible from all angles because of continuity issues.)
    +
    +*[[Cincinnati, Ohio]], is listed as ''possibly'' having been attacked when [[Eric Green (Jericho character)|Eric]] suggests that it may have been Cincinnati's skyline seen in a looped reel of news footage. This is not supported by any other source.
    +
    +=== Reported survivors ===
    +
    +*[[Topeka, Kansas]], is described as the source of the Homeland Security telephone calls in the fifth episode, indicating that Topeka has at least partly survived. Gray Anderson reported that [[FEMA]] had set up just outside of Topeka and was attacked as they were leaving the city in a FEMA truck.
    +
    +*[[New York City]] was originally reported as attacked in the Chinese broadcast (marked: 紐約), but was later reported as spared by Gray Anderson. Gray reports the capture of three men in a rental truck who were in possession of a 20-kiloton nuclear device in a steel drum, moments before the device could be detonated. (The New York arrests are credited to heightened security following the [[September 11]], [[2001]] [[September 11, 2001 attacks|World Trade Center attacks]].)
    +
    +*[[Rogue River, Kansas]] was evacuated by Ravenwood Security to a FEMA tent city about a month after the explosion in Denver. A FEMA flyer cited contaminated groundwater as a result of the nuclear fallout from [[Lawrence, Kansas]], as the reason for the evacuation.
    +
    +*[[Las Vegas, Nevada]] at least partially survived, based on information from Dr. Dhuwalia in episode 9.
    +
    +=== Federal government response ===
    +{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; font-size: 85%;margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
    +|- valign="top"
    +! width="21%" | First referenced || Agency || Unit or division || Description
    +|- valign="top"
    +| rowspan="2" | Episode 3 ("[[Four Horsemen (Jericho episode)|Four Horsemen]]") || Defense Department || 131st Missouri Air National Guard || F-16s spotted over Kansas, as described by two pilots during the attacks, on a recovered cockpit voice recorder. One of the pilots believes that the F-16s are from the 131st Missouri Air National Guard unit, originating at Lambert International Airport in St. Louis. In real life, the 131st Missouri Air National Guard Fighter Wing flies the F-15, not the F-16.
    +|- valign="top"
    +| Kansas Army National Guard || Unknown || Stanley reveals he saw five tanks on I-70 heading west. It's not known where they came from, but it is suspected that they're from a National Guard unit in [[Goodland, Kansas]].
    +|- valign="top"
    +| rowspan="3" | Episode 5 ("[[Federal Response (Jericho episode)|Federal Response]]") || rowspan="2" | Department of Homeland Security || FEMA || Reverse-911 phone call from the Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security, asking everyone not to leave, and assuring that help and further information is on the way.
    +|- valign="top"
    +|| FCC/FEMA/NWS || The Emergency Alert System is seen on the television feed and is later replaced with a podium bearing a [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] agency seal, but the signal is lost before anyone comes into view to speak.
    +|- valign="top"
    +|| Defense Department || Air Force || At the end of the fifth episode, there is a rumbling and people rush outside to see [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles]] (ICBMs) rocketing upward.
    +|- valign="top"
    +| Episode 7 ("[[Long Live the Mayor (Jericho episode)|Long Live the Mayor]]") || Department of Homeland Security || FEMA || Gray Anderson reports that FEMA is operating refugee camps and that FEMA is running water to these camps, including one at Rogue River.
    +|- valign="top"
    +| rowspan="2" | Episode 8 ("[[Rogue River (Jericho episode)|Rogue River]]") || rowspan="2" | Department of Homeland Security || FEMA || As Jake and Eric enter Rogue River they see FEMA evacuation symbols on the doors of houses indicating the date of evacuation and the number of alive/dead found. They also see leaflets scattered about the town from FEMA warning of the contamination of groundwater from the nuclear explosion in Lawrence, Kansas.
    +|- valign="top"
    +|| Unknown || When Jake and Eric meet a Ravenwood mercenary at the top of the County Hospital in Rogue River, he says that Ravenwood were hired by Homeland Security because there weren't enough National Guard in Kansas.
    +|- valign="top"
    +| Episode 10 ("[[Red Flag (Jericho episode)|Red Flag]]") || Unknown || United States Air Force (equipment) || Chinese air drops are conducted over Kansas air space by Russian planes from the 1970s (2 Antonov transports and 2 MIG-19 fighter escorts) using parachutes that utilize a modern U.S. Air Force RFID tracking technology.
    +|}
    +
    +== Episodes ==
    +{{main|List of Jericho episodes}}
    +Clips from the pilot episode became free to watch on [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! TV]] several weeks before the episode actually aired on television.{{cite web|url=http://tv.yahoo.com/feature/fall06/?d=200|title=Yahoo! TV Fall 2006 Preview|accessdate=2006-10-11}} CBS is also showing the episodes on their website{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/innertube/|title=CBS.com Innertube|accessdate=2006-10-11}} after they air, although they cannot be accessed from outside the U.S. This is expected to continue throughout the season. CBS repeated the first three episodes on the Saturday nights following their original airings, as did Australia's Network Ten.
    +
    +Each episode's opening title sequence is accompanied by an audio message in [[Morse code]]. The messages vary from generic references to cryptic clues, and are always related to the current episode in some way. In addition to these messages, in the [[Fallout (Jericho episode)|second episode]], Robert Hawkins received several additional Morse code messages through a radio that he was fixing.
    +
    +On [[November 8]], [[2006]], CBS announced that a [[cliffhanger]] would air [[November 29]], and no further episodes will air until [[February 21]], [[2007]]. A recap episode will be shown February 14, 2007..{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20061108cbs01 | title="Jericho" to be Presented in Two Distinct Seasons with No Repeats }}
    +
    +=== Episode observations ===
    +*''Episode 3, [[Four Horsemen (Jericho episode)|Four Horsemen]]'':
    +**Jericho has been established in the series as being on [[Interstate 70]] and northeast of [[Goodland, Kansas]]. This would place it near [[Colby, Kansas]], (the only location on I-70 northeast of Goodland), but this has not yet been definitively established. Despite the similarities in numbered routes, the map shown by CBS does not exactly conform to any known actual road configuration.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/map.shtml|title=Jericho Map|accessdate=2006-10-11}}
    See also ''Mapping observations'' below.
    +**The [[Air Traffic Control]] system collapsed during the attacks, and thousands of planes were forced to land with no assistance, on highways and in fields. With "10,000 planes in the air, and no place to land" (according to the Robert Hawkins character), some would have crashed, while others may have made emergency landings. The fate of most flights is still unknown, but the airplane carrying Emily's fiancé apparently landed safely in a Nebraska field.
    +*''Episode 4, [[Walls of Jericho (Jericho episode)|Walls of Jericho]]'':
    +**Hawkins learns from a co-conspirator that there is a traitor among their group -- people who seem to have known about the nuclear attacks in advance and prepared for them. He then warns other members of his group though a secure computer in his basement that "WE HAVE A TRAITOR. THE RALLY POINT IS NO LONGER SECURE."
    +*''Episode 5, [[Federal Response]]'':
    +**It is highly probable, based on the trajectory, that the ICBMs were launched from somewhere nearby, although it is not known if this is a retaliation for the initial attacks, for the EMP, or for some other purpose. (In reality, the closest ICBM sites are [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman]] silos in western Nebraska and eastern Colorado, less than 150 miles northwest of the supposed location of Jericho and controlled by [[F. E. Warren Air Force Base]].) Judging from the video and using the [http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/map.shtml Jericho Map] provided by CBS, the missiles are headed eastward, since the people viewing the missiles are looking northward down Main Street and the missiles are headed to the right.
    +**Hawkins accesses an information repository with the seal of the U.S. Department of State and a reference to the NSA. He looks at an "America Express" credit card before typing in his access code, "87oij9r". Hawkins learns Jake's passport has been flagged and that he made several trips between 2003 and 2004 to Central America, South America, and the Middle East; destinations visible on screen include Honduras, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Qatar, Colombia (again), Peru, and Guatemala.
    +**The first three [[octet (computing)|octet]]s of the [[IP address]] that Hawkins types are "29.203.39". The 29 network is assigned to the United States Department of Defense.{{cite web|url=http://ws.arin.net/cgi-bin/whois.pl?queryinput=29.203.39.1|title=Output from ARIN WHOIS|accessdate=2006-10-29}}
    +*''Episode 6, [[9:02]]'':
    +**An [[electromagnetic pulse]] at the start of the episode damages most electronic devices in the town (as well as in neighboring Rogue River). Hawkins' laptop computer survives; he later tells his daughter that it is [[Faraday cage|"ruggedized"]] for protection from such pulses, a design issued by the government. (Hawkins never specifically says he works for the U.S., or any other, government.)
    +**Hawkins is told by a co-conspirator using the secure connection that the conspirator has been "compromised."
    +*''Episode 8, [[Rogue River (Jericho episode)|Rogue River]]'':
    +**On Eric Green's license as shown in this episode, Jericho, Kansas' ZIP code is 67290. According to the USPS Website, 67290 is not assigned to any city. The 672- prefix is used for western Kansas, though.
    +*''Episode 10, [[Red Flag (Jericho episode)|Red Flag]]'':
    +** 1970s-era Russian aircraft overflew Jericho, dropping food, supplies, and medicine from China. The parachutes used for the drop were later discovered to be modern US Air Force issue, prompting questions as to who would be using such a combination of equipment. The aid packages contained leaflets with slogans like "DO NOT FIGHT" and "CHINA IS YOUR FRIEND", as well as a picture of a smiling Chinese family. Their purpose is unknown.
    +
    +=== Mapping observations ===
    +* According to an "official" map of Jericho shown on the CBS website, Interstate 70, State Route 83, and State Route 40 converge in Jericho; but in the real world, [[Interstate 70]], [[U.S. Route 83]], and [[U.S. Route 40]] converge in [[Oakley, Kansas]], which is 70 miles from the Colorado border. Although the people of Jericho witness a nuclear explosion "from the west," which is believed to have occurred at Denver and is clearly visible over a nearby mountain range, in the real world the Rocky Mountains are not visible from Kansas -- or even from most of eastern Colorado.
    +* The roads on the CBS map that are depicted as interstate highways do not appear to be limited access highways. This situation is not allowed on the [[Interstate Highway System]].
    +
    +
    +
    +== Characters ==
    +{{main|List of Jericho characters}}
    +
    +*[[Michael Gaston]] as [[Gray Anderson]]
    +*[[Kenneth Mitchell]] as [[Eric Green (Jericho character)|Eric Green]]
    +*[[Pamela Reed]] as [[Gail Green]]
    +*[[Skeet Ulrich]] as [[Jake Green]]
    +*[[Gerald McRaney]] as [[Johnston Green|Mayor Johnston Green]]
    +*[[Lennie James]] as [[Robert Hawkins (Jericho character)|Robert Hawkins]]
    +*[[Sprague Grayden]] as [[Heather Lisinski]]
    +*[[Brad Beyer]] as [[Stanley Richmond]]
    +*[[Ashley Scott]] as [[Emily Sullivan]]
    +*[[Erik Knudsen]] as [[Dale Turner]]
    +
    +== Web-based tie-ins ==
    +
    +Carol Barbee, in an online interview, announced that there would be a "digital connection" to Jericho through an online companion (at Jericho's official site) called ''[[Beyond Jericho]]''. The television program gave the web address for the online companion. ''Beyond Jericho'' was to feature the "other survivors" of the nuclear attacks. According to Barbee, the story was intended to be unique to the site, but as the season of Jericho progressed, the online story would dovetail into the episodes themselves. However, the site and "webisode" have since disappeared from the CBS website; they were removed before the second episode of the TV show was broadcast. Now everything concerning the "other survivors" story, including the site itself is unavailable.
    +
    +However, according to a report on the [[Hollywood North Report]], the [[Writers Guild of America]] is apparently petitioning its members to refuse to work on "webisode" projects due to a dispute between the WGA and many studios and networks regarding payments and royalties for such projects. In one specific case, [[NBC Universal]] has filed a counter-grievance against the WGA with the [[National Labor Relations Board]], arguing that webisodes are already covered under current guild contract. Although a settlement was reached between NBC Universal and the WGA - part of which included blocking viewers outside the [[United States]] from viewing the webisodes - there are reports that other webisode projects are either on hold or outright cancelled out of fears of further disputes and potential strikes by the WGA and other industry collective bargaining representative organizations.
    +
    +[[CBS]] has since decided to scrap the current webisode storyline and instead release a new series of "prequel" webisodes named "Countdown" that take place before the first explosion. Each of these new webisodes will appear weekly and show Robert Hawkins gathering information before the attack. While the webisodes coinciding with TV episodes 1-5 will hopefully be released on the site eventually, they have yet to appear.
    +
    +=== ''Beyond Jericho'' ===
    +{{main|Beyond Jericho}}
    +The first installment of Beyond Jericho began with an unknown man calling someone on a cell phone, requesting a ransom of $1.2 million for a woman he kidnapped. He then disappears underground through a metal trap door. While climbing down, he hears and feels a bang, but thinks nothing of it. After conversing with an associate about their next plans, he picks the woman up and climbs back up to the roof. When he opens the door, it's surrounded by rubble. The entire city around them has been destroyed. Shortly after, rubble falls through the trap door. With the cell phone (apparently actually the victim's cell phone) dead, and assuming that the man's associate is dead as well in the collapse, they start to climb through the rubble to find out what happened. Nearby, a hand with a surgical glove on emerges from the rubble as the vignette ends.
    +
    +===''Countdown''===
    +As of [[October 26]], ''Beyond Jericho'' has been replaced by [http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/digital.php ''Countdown''], which documents Robert Hawkins' efforts to learn as much as possible about the effects of nuclear bombs before he moved to Jericho. Rather than featuring any of the regular characters it consists primarily of Hawkins, draped in shadows, watching interviews with experts about the effects of a nuclear attack. By using clips from non-actors, ''Countdown'' is not affected by decisions made by the Writer's Guild, [[Screen Actor's Guild]], or other unions. Due to copyright restrictions, the web-based programming is not accessible from outside of the United States.
    +
    +==International Broadcasters==
    +{| class="wikitable"
    +|-
    +! Country !! Network(s) !! Series Premiere !! Weekly Schedule
    +|-
    +|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] || [[CBS|CBS Televison]] ''(broadcast)''|| [[September 20]] [[2006]] || Wednesdays 8:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|ET]]/[[Pacific Time Zone|PT]]
    +|-
    +|{{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]] || [[A-Channel]]/[[CKAL-TV]] ''(broadcast)''
    [[Space: The Imagination Station]] ''(cable)'' || [[September 20]] [[2006]] || Wednesdays 8:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|ET]]
    +|-
    +|{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]] || [[Network Ten]] || [[September 21]] [[2006]] || Thursdays 8:30pm (various timezones)
    +|-
    +|{{Flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]] || [[Hallmark Channel (UK)|Hallmark Channel]] ''(first run)''
    [[ITV1]] ''(re-runs)'' || ||
    +|-
    +|{{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] || [[AXN]] || [[December 10]] [[2006]][http://www.cinemagia.ro/news.php?news_id=3601&wnd=_default&hist=1 Jericho in Romania]
    +|}
    +
    +== See also ==
    +* ''[[Alas, Babylon]]'', a 1959 novel about a small Florida town dealing with the aftermath of a nuclear attack.
    +* ''[[The Day After]]'', a 1983 television movie set in Kansas following a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union.
    +
    +== References ==
    +

    +
    +== External links ==
    +
    +*[http://www.cbs.com/primetime/jericho/ Official site]
    +*[http://www.tv.com/jericho/show/58068/summary.html Jericho] at [[TV.com]]
    +
    +{{jerichonav}}
    +
    +[[Category:2000s TV shows in the United States]]
    +[[Category:2006 television program debuts]]
    +[[Category:CBS network shows]]
    +[[Category:Citytv network shows]]
    +[[Category:Jericho (TV series)| ]]
    +[[Category:Post-apocalyptic fiction]]
    +[[Category:Science fiction television series]]
    +[[Category:Space: The Imagination Station network shows]]
    +[[Category:Television series by CBS Paramount Television]]
    +[[Category:Television shows set in Kansas]]
    +[[Category:Drama television series]]
    +[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
    +
    +[[it:Jericho]]
    +[[pl:Jericho (serial)]]
    +[[ro:Jericho]]
    +[[ru:Иерихон (телесериал)]]
    +[[sv:Jericho (TV-serie)]] 2013-03-15 02:41:45 90232503 Addbot HRoestBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q3536318]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,56 +1,163 @@\n
    -{{Infobox_Company |
    - company_name = Applied Media Technologies Corp. |
    - company_logo = [[Image:amtclogo-120.jpg]]|
    - company_type = [[Private company|Private]] |
    - company_slogan = Marketing challenges. Technology solutions.|
    - foundation = [[1991]] [[Tampa, Florida]]|
    - location = [[Clearwater, FL]]|
    - key_people = [[Clayton B. Burton]], VP Sales/Marketing|
    - industry = [[Music]], [[Music on hold]]|
    - num_employees = 50|
    - products = Business background music, "on hold" messaging|
    - homepage = [http://www.amtc.com AMTC Corporate Site]|
    - revenue = {{profit}}$3.6 million [[United States dollar|USD]] ([[2005]])|
    +{{SW Character|
    +image=[[Image:Mace2.jpg]]
    +|
    +surpassed by=[[Yoda]]|
    +name=Mace Windu|
    +bgcolor=#BA55D3|
    +fgcolor=#fff
    +position=[[Jedi Master]], Council Member, Republic High General|
    +species=[[Humans (Star Wars)|Human]]|
    +gender=[[Male]]|
    +height= 1.88 meters (6 ft 2 in)|
    +hair= Black (Shaved bald)|
    +eyes= Brown|
    +weapon= [[Lightsaber|Electrum Lightsaber (Amethyst Blade)]]|
    +vehicle= [[Jedi Starfighter]]|
    +planet= [[List of Star Wars planets (H-J)#Haruun Kal|Haruun Kal]]|
    +affiliation= [[Jedi Order]], [[Galactic Republic (Star Wars)|Galactic Republic]]|
    +portrayer=[[Samuel L. Jackson]]
    }}
    +'''Mace Windu''' (''72 [[BBY]] - 19 [[BBY]]'') is a fictional character in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' [[fictional universe|universe]]. He was 53 years old in [[ROTS|Episode III]]. He was portrayed by [[actor]] [[Samuel L. Jackson]] throughout the ''Star Wars'' [[prequel trilogy]].

    -'''Applied Media Technologies Corporation''' was founded in [[1991]] in [[Tampa, Florida]] as a provider of [[music on hold|"on hold" messaging]] to US and Canadian businesses under the brand name '''TelAdvantage'''. In 1995, they released their first proprietary "on hold" message player, the [[Optical Disk Repeater 1000]]. Since then, AMTC has released several newer players. In [[2003]], AMTC entered into a partnership with [[SIRIUS Satellite Radio]] to become the exclusive provider of Sirius' commercial-free music streams to American businesses.
    +Windu is a [[Jedi]] Master of legendary status and one of the last members of the [[Jedi Council]] before the [[Great Jedi Purge]]. He possesses extensive knowledge of Jedi history and [[philosophy]]. A [[diplomacy|diplomat]] by nature, Master Windu is the Council's primary liaison to the [[Supreme Chancellor|Chancellor]], although the [[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]] caused him to question his firmest held beliefs, and engage more in combat.

    -They relocated to a new 10,000 square foot headquarters in [[Clearwater, Florida]] in [[2000]].
    +Considered a respected Jedi like the venerable Master [[Yoda]], though eight centuries his junior, Windu is a senior member of the Jedi Council, second only to Yoda himself in authority. His wisdom and power are legendary, as is the weight of his words. Though if Yoda is said to be the compassionate heart of the order, then Windu is its chivalrous mailed fist.

    -=== "On Hold" player timeline ===
    +Mace Windu is the Grand Master of all major forms of Swordsmanship in the Galaxy, as well as [[Martial Arts]] such as [[Teräs Käsi]]. He easily rivals master Yoda in terms of skill and mettle in combat, and is the Greatest Warrior of his generation. Windu is also an excellent chief mentor and considered a wise and powerful Jedi Guardian Master of the Jedi Order.

    -* [[1995]] - AMTC releases the [[Optical Disk Repeater 1000]]. The device was the first [[compact disc]]-based "on hold" player on the market.
    -* [[1998]] - AMTC revamps the ODR-1000 with its [[TraxMaster]], and added the [[iQueue]] (the industry's first removable memory card player) and the [[RemoteLink td64]], which permitted remote-initiated downloading of messages via a [[modem]].
    -* [[2003]] - AMTC again updates their CD-based technology with the [[TraxMaster II]] and releases the [[iQueue II]], a [[CompactFlash]]-based [[MP3]] player for "on hold" messaging. The iQueue II works in conjunction with [http://www.holddirect.com HoldDirect.com], the first web-based distribution system for "on hold" messages.
    +==History==

    -=== SIRIUS Business ===
    +{{spoiler}}

    -AMTC has been offering the music streams of [[SIRIUS Satellite Radio]] to businesses since 2003. The subscription rate, while higher than the standard consumer subscription ($24.95 per month), includes all royalties required to be paid to performing rights organizations [[ASCAP]], [[BMI]], and [[SESAC]]. Utilizing SIRIUS' roof-mounted commercial antennae in conjunction with the unique orbital pattern of SIRIUS' satellites, the service does not suffer from [[rain fade]] as do competitors such as [[Muzak]] and [[DMX Music]] which rely on older satellite technology. The service provides all of SIRIUS' commercial-free music streams (currently 67) and does not require a contract.
    +The story goes that Mace Windu was once ambushed by fourteen [[Gank]]-killers, who surrounded him with weapons drawn. Not even a Jedi Master could deflect that many blaster bolts at once, but Windu slowly turned to make eye contact with each one, placed one hand on the lightsaber hanging at his hip, and spoke only three words: "It's your decision." One by one, the Ganks lay their weapons on the ground. —[[Shatterpoint|''Star Wars: Shatterpoint'']]

    -AMTC also provides [[amplifiers]], [[speakers]], and other sound equipment to businesses in conjunction with the SIRIUS service.
    +Mace Windu is originally from the planet [[List of Star Wars planets (H-J)#Haruun|Haruun Kal]] as revealed in [[Matthew Stover]]'s novel ''[[Shatterpoint]]''. After the [[death]] of his parents when he was a mere six months old, he was turned over to the Jedi Order. He was appointed to the Jedi Council at the age of 28, at the time the youngest Jedi ever to be promoted to the Council (Although, years later, the unorthodox promotion of [[Anakin Skywalker]], then about 23, broke the record.) Throughout his Jedi career, Windu trained Jedi-Purge survivor [[Echuu Shen-Jon]], fellow Council member [[Depa Billaba#Billaba.2C Depa|Depa Billaba]], and many more, though the aforementioned two were the most notable of his [[padawan]]s.

    -== Clientele ==
    +In [[Dates in Star Wars#32 BBY|32 BBY]], [[Qui-Gon Jinn]] and [[Obi-Wan Kenobi]] appear before the Council with Anakin Skywalker, a young [[slavery|slave]] from [[Tatooine]], whom they claim is the [[Messiahs in fiction and fantasy#Chosen One|Chosen One]], foretold of in Jedi [[prophecy]], who will bring balance to [[Force (Star Wars)|the Force]] by destroying the [[Sith]]. Along with Yoda, Windu has grave misgivings, sensing a dark cloud around the boy's future, and reject Qui-Gon's request that the boy be trained. They relent, however, when Jinn is killed by [[Darth Maul]] during the [[Battle of Naboo]], and Kenobi says that he would train the boy with or without the Council's permission. Yoda and Windu are greatly disturbed by the resurgence of a [[Sith Lord]], an enemy who had not troubled the [[Star Wars Galaxy|galaxy]] in a millennium.

    -AMTC's on-hold messaging is heavily utilized in automotive dealerships such as [[Daimler-Chrysler]] and [[Ford Motor Company]], as well as insurance agencies such as [[Nationwide Insurance]] and [[Allstate]]. The RemoteLink td64 is installed in every [[Bally Total Fitness]] gym and [[Continental Airlines]] office.
    +During the 10-year period in between ''[[The Phantom Menace]]'' and ''[[Attack of the Clones]]'', Windu constructs a special [[electrum]] [[lightsaber]], which only a senior member of the High Council could possess, with a rare [[amethyst]]-colored crystal.

    -SIRIUS Business is the brand standard in restaurant chains [[Big Boy Restaurants]], [[Huddle House]], and numerous others. In [[2006]], [[UFPC]], the franchisee organization for [[Yum Brands]], entered into an agreement with AMTC to install SIRIUS Business in [[A&W]], [[Long John Silver's]], [[KFC]], [[Pizza Hut]] and [[Taco Bell]] locations. Also in 2006, [[Wendy's]] contracted to the installation of SIRIUS in 700 of their company-owned stores and began recommending it to their franchisees.
    +In the events leading up to the [[Battle of Geonosis]], Windu discovers, to his great dismay, that his former mentor and friend, [[Count Dooku]], has turned against the Jedi and [[kidnap]]ped Kenobi, the now-grown Anakin Skywalker, and [[Padmé Amidala]], the former Queen of Naboo turned [[Galactic Senate|senator]]. Windu leads about 200 Jedi coming to rescue them from a Geonosian style execution administered by Count Dooku. Windu confronts Dooku on a balcony overlooking the arena, but is driven off by his bodyguard, the bounty hunter [[Jango Fett]]. During the ensuing battle however, Windu decapitates Fett, who had already killed several Jedi, including [[List of minor Star Wars Jedi masters#Trebor, Coleman|Coleman Trebor]]. Windu goes on to lead the [[Army of the Republic|Clone army]] in the [[Battle of Geonosis]].

    -AMTC also has business relationships with several professional sports teams, including the [[Tampa Bay Devil Rays]], [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], [[Minnesota Vikings]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]].
    +With the Clone Wars in full swing, Master Windu returns to his homeworld of Haruun Kal to track down his missing former Padawan, Depa Billaba. There, he experiences firsthand the horrors of war, and is pitted against the deadly [[Kar Vastor]]. His experiences open his eyes to the true reality of war and the Jedi's place in it. Although Windu survives the jungles of his homeworld, the memories of his return to Haruun Kal haunt him for a long time afterward. The loss of Depa Billeba to the dark side also troubled Windu during the three long years of the war.

    -== See also ==
    -* [[SIRIUS Satellite Radio]]
    -* [[Muzak]]
    -* [[DMX Music]]
    -* [[Trusonic]]
    -* [[XM Satellite Radio]]
    +During the early months of the war, a small dissident Jedi group, led by [[Sora Bulq]], asks Windu to talk with them alone on the planet Ruul. Members of this group think that acting as generals in the war is against the Jedi Code. However, both Windu and the renegade Jedi are betrayed by Bulq, who has joined Count Dooku already. Windu confronts both Bulq and [[Asajj Ventress]] on Ruul, but fails to destroy or stop either of them. Several schismatic Jedi agree to return to the Order afterwards.

    -== External links ==
    -* [http://www.amtc.com Applied Media Technologies Corporation's official site]
    -* [http://www.sirius.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Sirius/Page&c=FlexContent&cid=1059597407488 SIRIUS Business]
    +[[Image:Clonewars3GF.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mace Windu during the [[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]] (in [[Star Wars: Clone Wars]])]]

    -[[Category:Music genres]]
    -[[Category:Telephony]]
    -[[Category:Clearwater, Florida]]
    -[[Category:Tampa, Florida]]
    -[[Category:Companies based in Florida]]
    -[[Category:1991 establishments]]
    +As a Jedi General in charge of [[Clone troopers|clone forces]] of the [[Army of the Republic|Grand Army of the Republic]], he also fights against and defeated many [[Confederacy of Independent Systems|Separatist]] incursions, including a powerful [[seismic tank]] during the [[Battle of Dantooine]], and foiled the [[Dark Reaper Project]] of Count Dooku alongside Skywalker and Kenobi.
    +
    +Another event which haunted Windu during the war was the loss of [[Quinlan Vos]] to the dark side and to the Confederacy. Windu approved Vos for an undercover mission proposed by [[Tholme|Master Tholme]]. When Vos became a [[Dark Jedi]], Windu again doubted his decision and judgement. Eventually, Master [[T'Ra Saa]] helped Windu to overcome those doubts.
    +
    +A year and a half into the war, Crimson Nova of the Bounty Hunters' Guild accepted Bounties on Jedi. Windu led Masters [[Saesee Tiin]], [[Agen Kolar]] and [[Kit Fisto]] to storm [[The Rig]] and halt the contract after a show of force.
    +
    +A year later, Windu was part of the Republic forces fighting on [[List of Star Wars planets (A-B)#Boz Pity|Boz Pity]]. After [[General Grievous]] killed [[Adi Gallia]], he lifted a STAP with the Force to crush the cyborg general, harming Grievous badly. Afterwards he engaged [[Count Dooku]] blade-to-blade. The two grand duelists fought briefly to no advantage until two IG-100 MagnaGuards interrupted and dragged Windu over a cliff into a large crater.
    +
    +In the closing months of the Clone Wars, the Jedi begin investigating the mysterious and elusive Sith Lord [[Palpatine|Darth Sidious]]. This investigation leads Windu to believe that the Sith Lord is in fact a member of Chancelor Palpatine's inner circle.
    +
    +Eventually, Windu engaged General Grievous again during the [[Battle of Coruscant]]. In ''[[Labyrinth of Evil|Star Wars: Labyrinth of Evil]]'', Windu battled Grievous blade-to-blade on top of a train, a duel that ends in a [[stalemate]]; Windu then briefly encountered Grievous in the second season of ''[[Star Wars: Clone Wars]]'' (The [[George Lucas]]/[[Cartoon Network]] animated series) when the general and his forces overpower the Jedi and capture Palpatine. Windu crushes Grievous' chest with a powerful Force push, leaving the general with the [[asthma]]tic cough that plagues him for the rest of his life.
    +
    +In the novelization ''Labyrinth of Evil'', wherein events also take place just prior to ''[[Revenge of the Sith]]'', Windu leads a squad of Jedi, Republic Intelligence and Clone Troopers to storm Sidious' lair in The Works, finding [[military intelligence|intelligence]] on the Sith Lord that the squad traces back to 500 Republica, residence of the most powerful people in [[Star Wars Galaxy|the galaxy]]. Windu left the search team when the Battle of Coruscant began. Had he not, he might have confronted Darth Sidious in the underground of 500 Republica, who revealed himself and killed the hunting squad. It is also possible that if he had won he might have been able to save his comrades as well. He has survived but under a painful condition he will have to have robotic lungs and his knowledge is transmitted to a machine he is recovering well in about 2 years after 19 ABY
    +
    +===''Episode III: Revenge of the Sith''===
    +
    +At Palpatine's insistence, Anakin Skywalker is placed on the Jedi Council as his representative. The Council orders Skywalker to spy on Palpatine and denied him the rank of Master, which greatly angers and embitters the young Jedi. This perceived snub makes him more susceptible to Palpatine's denunciations of the Jedi philosophy.
    +
    +Palpatine also manipulates Skywalker's fear for Senator [[Padmé Amidala]], who is now his wife and [[pregnant]], by hinting that embracing the dark side is the only way to cheat death; Anakin was having prophetic nightmares about Padmé dying in [[labour (childbirth)|childbirth]].\t
    +When Skywalker returns to the Council and reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, Windu decides to take action and arrest the Chancellor along with Masters [[Kit Fisto]], [[Saesee Tiin]], and [[List of minor Star Wars Jedi masters#Kolar, Agen|Agen Kolar]].
    +
    +[[Image:ouchthatsgottahurtmace.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Mace Windu being struck by Force lightning in ''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith|Revenge of the Sith]]'']]
    +
    +Resisting arrest, Palpatine ignites his red lightsaber and engages the Jedi in battle, and quickly kills all but Windu. As their battle progresses, Windu disarms him with a kick to the hand holding his lightsaber.
    +
    +Just at his apparent moment of victory, Anakin Skywalker arrives and insists that Windu not destroy the seemingly defeated Sith Lord. Using this distraction as an opportunity, Palpatine blasts Windu with a torrent of [[Force lightning]]. Windu deflects the bolts with his lightsaber, and redirects the energy back at Palpatine, weakening him and twisting and contorting his features into a mask of grayed, wrinkled skin. Realizing that Palpatine is too dangerous to be kept alive, Windu decides to kill him and destroy the Sith once and for all. However, before he can deal the killing blow, Skywalker cuts off the Jedi Master's lightsaber hand. With Windu howling in pain, Palpatine regains his energy and, using a full blast of Force Lightning, [[defenestrate]]s Windu, hurtling the Jedi Master out the window to his apparent death.
    +
    +== Windu's controversial death ==
    +===Mace Windu vs. Palpatine===
    +
    +There has also been much debate in the ''Star Wars'' fan community about whether Mace Windu or Palpatine was winning the duel in ''Revenge of the Sith'' before Anakin Skywalker intervened. Some fans believe that Windu had in fact gained the upper hand against Palpatine before Skywalker arrived. On the other hand, some fans believe that Palpatine counted on Skywalker showing up at a crucial moment in time to witness the Sith Lord begging for mercy, and therefore allowed Windu to subdue him.
    +
    +In the DVD commentaries of ''Revenge of the Sith'', George Lucas indicates that Palpatine's claim of weakness during the lightning struggle was indeed a facade, in order to gain Skywalker's sympathy. Regarding the duel itself, there is contradictory evidence on both sides of the debate. The official character descriptions for [http://www.starwars.com/databank/character/macewindu/ Windu] and [http://www.starwars.com/databank/character/palpatine/ Palptine] on the official Star Wars website describe Windu as gaining the upper hand and make no mention of Palpatine throwing the fight. The profile for Palpatine's alter ego [http://www.starwars.com/databank/character/darthsidious/ Darth Sidious] simply states that Palpatine was able to ultimately defeat Windu through Anakin's help and makes no mention of a thrown fight either. On the other hand, the Episode III novelization suggests that Windu's Vaapad swordfighting skills alone may not have been enough to outfight Palpatine, and so Windu needed to try to use his ability to read an opponent's [http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Shatterpoint shatterpoint] to even have a chance in gaining some sort of advantage on Palpatine. Fight coordinator Nick Gillard's description of Palpatine's combat style was that "his style is one in which you'll never get the better of him. It is ambiguous --- he'll fight less than you and draw you in; you're a sucker if you think you're going to better him." Lucasfilm officials are not aware of the correct answer to the debate. Pablo Hidalgo once addressed the matter in a special Homing Beacon article on the Star Wars website, coming to the conclusion that only George Lucas has the answer.
    +
    +Also causing much fan speculation is whether or not Windu actually died after being thrown from the window. A popular theory suggests Windu might have used the force to avoid impacting fatally with the ground and instead levitating to safety.
    +
    +==Lightsaber combat style==
    +
    +In addition to his reputation for wisdom and power, Windu is the greatest swordsman in the Jedi Order. He is responsible for creating [[Lightsaber combat#Form VII: Juyo / Vaapad|Vaapad]], the seventh form of lightsaber combat used by the Jedi Order in Yoda's time. Named after the predator animal Vaapad on one of the moons of [[List of Star Wars planets (R-S)#Sarapin|Sarapin]], Windu's personal variation of Form VII can enable the user to move so fast that they become invisible to the naked eye, if properly trained. Vaapad requires the user to enjoy the thrill of combat, which may be considered the path to darkness. A Jedi who masters Vaapad can channel this near-darkness into an effective offense.
    +
    +In order to harness Vaapad without falling to the dark side, the user must have a pure mind and act as selflessly as possible. This is why the form is so difficult to master for even experienced Jedi. Only Windu has mastered this form. His padawan, Depa Bilaba can use this form with some skill. The legendary lightsaber instructor [[List of minor Star Wars Jedi knights#Bulq, Sora|Sora Bulq]] claimed to have mastered it, though his fall to darkness challenges this claim. There is speculation by some, however, that Windu may have been outsparred as a teenager by his older and more experienced Jedi friends, like [[Ki-Adi-Mundi]], [[Qui-Gon Jinn]], and [[Plo Koon]]. Windu considered Kenobi the absolute master of Soresu.
    +
    +== Trivia ==
    +
    +*According to an interview on ''[[The Late Show with David Letterman]]'' on [[May 13]] [[2005]] (as well as other interviews dating back to the promotion of ''Episode I'') Windu's purple lightsaber was a personal request from Jackson to Lucas as a [[quid pro quo]] for appearing in the films, as well as a way of making the character unique and easily distinguishable. Jackson, a huge ''Star Wars'' fan, especially wanted his own color so that his character could be easily spotted and recognizable in the final battle scene of ''Attack of the Clones'' amidst all of the other Jedi. Another condition, found by several fans freeze-framing the lightsaber scenes, was to have "BMF" (For "Bad MotherFucker", a reference to Jackson's role in ''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]'') stamped on the bottom of the lightsaber.--[http://www.longislandpress.com/?cp=142&show=article&a_id=3977 Source].
    +
    +*According to the commentary on the DVD Release of ''Revenge of the Sith'', Jackson also wanted to have a rather spectacular death, rather than be killed off like "some sucker."
    +
    +*According to the Star Wars Galaxy Guide #7: Mos Eisley (published by West End Games, 1993), Windu is also the name of the [[Minor races in Star Wars#Squib|Squib]] who works at Jawa Traders, a second hand droid shop located in the town of [[Mos Eisley]] on [[Tatooine]] around the era of ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope]]''. Known for occasionally striking convoluted bargains in lieu of credits, he is something of a headache to the [[List of Star Wars races#Jawa|Jawa]] proprietress, Aguilae. The name was reportedly borrowed by the author of the Guide from an early draft of the original ''Star Wars'' script by Lucas.
    +
    +*Windu had a special ability to find "shatterpoints", crucial junctions that could affect all events after it. This ability is mentioned in ''[[Clone Wars Volume 4: Light and Dark|Clone Wars Volume 4]]'', as well as in ''[[Shatterpoint]]'' and the [[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (novel)|novelization]] of Revenge of the Sith, both by [[Matthew Stover]].
    +
    +*[[James Whitlark]], [[Ph.D.]], has suggested that the name "Windu" appears to come from the word "Window"; An early draft of the original ''Star Wars'' script had Mace Windu serving as narrator, and thus the "window" through which the action was viewed.--[http://human-threshold-systems.whitlarks.com/bpchp1p10.html Source].
    +**Compare, of course, the manner of his death: by [[defenestration]].
    +
    +*In the prequel films, Mace Windu is never referred to by his full name. In ''The Phantom Menace'' his name is not mentioned at all by any character, and in ''Attack of the Clones'', and ''Revenge of the Sith'' he is referred to as "Master Windu."
    +
    +*Rapper Mr. Eon refers to Mace in a collaboration track entitled "B-Boy Document" on [[Rawkus Records]]' [[Soundbombing II]]. He raps: "I'm Jedi Master, Mace Windu, what you been through?"
    +
    +==Memorable quotes==
    +* "You refer to the prophecy about the One who'll bring balance to The Force. You believe it's this... boy?" (Windu to Qui-Gon Jinn in ''The Phantom Menace'')
    +* "We're keepers of the peace, not soldiers." (Windu to Palpatine in ''Attack Of The Clones'')
    +* "This party's over." (Windu to Count Dooku in ''Attack of the Clones'')
    +* "Anakin Skywalker, we have approved your appointment to the Jedi Council as the Chancellor's personal representative. You are on this Council, but we do not grant you the rank of Master." (Windu to Skywalker, in ''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "It's very dangerous, putting them [Anakin and Palpatine] together. I don't think the boy can handle it. I don't trust him" (''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "In the name of the Galactic Senate of the Republic, you're under arrest, Chancellor." (Windu to Palpatine in ''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "The Senate will decide your fate." (Windu to Palpatine in ''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "'''You''' are under '''arrest''', my lord." (Windu's sarcasm towards Palpatine in ''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "The oppression of the Sith will never return. Your plot to gain control of the Republic has failed. You have LOST." (Windu to Palpatine in ''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "He has control of the Senate and the courts! He's too dangerous to be left alive!" (Windu to Anakin, referring to Palpatine, in ''Revenge of the Sith'')
    +* "Whether or not he is the Chosen One is still to be determined." (Windu to Jedi Council about Skywalker, in reply to [[Ki-Adi-Mundi]]'s ''"In this time of need, why do we hold back the chosen one?"'' in ''Star Wars: Clone Wars: Micro-series'')
    +* "Jedi do not fight for peace; that is a [[slogan]] and is misleading as slogans naturally are. Jedi fight for ''[[civilization]]'', as civilization creates peace." (Windu in diary in ''Shatterpoint'')
    +
    +==References==
    +
    +*''[[Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith#Novelization|Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith Novelization]] - Novelization'', 1st edition hardcover, 2005. Matthew Woodring Stover, George Lucas, ISBN 0-7126-8427-1
    +*''[[Shatterpoint]]'', 1st edition, 2003. Matthew Woodring Stover, ISBN 0-345-45573-8
    +*''The New Essential Guide to Characters'', 1st edition, 2002. Daniel Wallace, Michael Sutfin, ISBN 0-345-44900-2
    +*''Star Wars: The Phantom Menace: The Visual Dictionary'', hardcover, 1999. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-4701-0
    +*''Star Wars: Attack of the Clones: The Visual Dictionary'', hardcover, 2002. David West Reynolds, ISBN 0-7894-8588-5
    +*''Revised Core Rulebook (Star Wars Roleplaying Game)'', 1st edition, 2002. Bill Slavicsek, Andy Collins, J.D. Wiker, Steve Sansweet, ISBN 0-7869-2876-X
    +*''Star Wars Roleplaying Game: Power of the Jedi Sourcebook'', hardcover, 2002. Michael Mikaelian, Jeff Grubb, Owen K.C. Stephens, James Maliszewski, ISBN 0-7869-2781-X
    +*''Star Wars Galaxy Guide 7: Mos Eisley'', softcover, 1993. Martin Wixted, ISBN 0-87431-187-X
    +
    +==External links==
    +*[http://www.starwars.com/databank/character/macewindu/ Star Wars: Databank: Mace Windu]
    +*{{sww|Mace Windu}}
    +
    +{{Episode I}}
    +{{Episode II}}
    +{{Episode III}}
    +
    +[[Category:Fictional generals|Windu, Mace]]
    +[[Category:Fictional martial artists|Windu, Mace]]
    +[[Category:Film supporting characters|Windu, Mace]]
    +[[Category:Jedi masters|Windu, Mace]]
    +[[Category:Star Wars Old Republic characters|Windu, Mace]]
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    +[[sv:Mace Windu]] 2013-03-19 04:48:19 90827940 Addbot ZéroBot Retrait de 1 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q2859463]] --- \n
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    -{{Infobox musical artist 2
    -|Name = '''Jessie Daniels'''
    -|Img = JessieDaniels.jpg
    -|Img_capt = Jessie Daniels in a promotional photo.
    -|Genre = [[Christian]] [[Pop]]
    [[Christian Rock]]
    -|Years_active = [[2003]]-present
    -|Label = Midas Records Nashville
    -}}
    +{{linkless|November 2006}}
    +{{cleanup-date|April 2006}}
    +{{unreferenced||date=June 2006}}
    +'''TO GA''' is a switch or setting activated on the [[autothrottle]] of an [[autopilot]] of a modern [[aircraft]]. It has two modes, one is the TO (takeoff) mode. Once an aircraft has lined up, the pilots can select the TO GA switch and the engines will increase to approximately 50% power (this is done to ensure that an uneven application of power does not happen when the take off starts) and then to their computed take off power. There are common misconceptions that all aircraft pilots push forward the throttles to full power to take off. This is untrue. Modern aircraft flight management computers will determine the power needed by the engines to take off based on a number of factors such as [[runway]] length, wind speed, temperature, and most importantly the weight of the aircraft. The advantage of having such a system is the ability to reduce wear and tear on the engines by only using as much power as is actually required to ensure the aircraft reaches a safe take off speed. The most obvious example of such a take off would be in a commuter jet such as an [[Embraer 145]]. On this aircraft, it is common to use this method of take off by using the whole runway available and not to use 100% engine available power. Passengers often comment on how long a small jet like this takes to reach take off speed, but it is all part of the flight management system to ensure minimum wear on the engines.

    -'''Jessie Daniels''' (born in [[New York]] in 1988) is an [[United States|American]] actress, songwriter, and [[Christian]] [[musician]]. She has been acting since she was eight, appearing in independent films and commercials for [[Lifetime Television]] and [[MTV]]. She has also appeared in musical theater and off-Broadway plays.[http://www.cmspin.com/newsmanager/anmviewer.asp?a=3847&z=26]
    +The GA switch is used when a landing is taking place. If a pilot finds that they are unable to land at the last minute by activating this switch everything is taken care of. The power will increase to maximum on the engines, the aircraft will automatically pull up to a climb attitude, and the autopilot will route the aircraft into the designated missed approach pattern that the airport insists aircraft must fly if missing a landing. The GA switch can be used even when touched down if, for example, there is a sudden blocking of the runway towards the end, the switch can be activated and the aircraft will lift off again into the missed approach pattern.

    -{{singer-stub}}
    -
    -== Discography & Appearances ==
    -
    -In [[2003]], Jessie recorded an EP which she released independently via her website. Soon afterward, she performed at [[Radio Disney]] concerts and concerts with bands such as Across the Sky, [[Kutless]], and [[Seventh Day Slumber]]. She was also part of the the [[World News Tonight]] [[9/11]] tribute special.[http://www.stylinzine.com/jessie.htm]
    -
    -Jessie Daniels's first major-label album ''[[Jessie Daniels (album)|Jessie Daniels]]'' was released on June 6, 2006. Two singles from the album appeared on [[music charts]]:
    -
    -*"The Noise" — #2 Christian Radio Charts
    -*"Everyday" — #1 Top5Live Chart
    -
    -== External links ==
    -* [http://www.jessiedaniels.com Official Site]
    -* [http://www.midasrecords.net Midas Records Nashville]
    -
    -[[Category:Singer stubs]]
    +The switch is the same for both TO and GA modes, the autopilot & throttles knows what stage of flight you are in by how the autopilot is set. Usually on approach to land the autopilot will be set to approach mode on the autopilot therefore if you press the switch it will activate the GA mode. 2013-03-14 19:53:15 90184383 Addbot Escarbot Retrait de 6 liens interlangues, désormais fournis par [[d:|Wikidata]] sur la page [[d:q411567]] --- \n
    +++ \n
    @@ -1,29 +1,420 @@\n
    -===[[Salt Lake City, Utah]]===
    -[[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Salt Lake City, Utah/Achive1|Previous FA nomination]]
    -
    -* Good article. Support. [[User:70.57.85.74|70.57.85.74]] 17:38, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Support''', Excellent article. [[User:LordViD|LordViD]] 17:54, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Weak Object''': Why is the Main article of Law and government, [[Law and government of Salt Lake City]], a red link? If there is more that they are talking about that is missing, can we at least see it? Beyond that, this is a great article, and I look forward to lending my support. [[User:Trevdna|Trevdna]] 23:33, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -:'''Abstain''': Had planned to give full support, as this really is a great article. However, Carnildo and Wacky bring up some good points about fair use tags, and "acceptable copyright status" is a prerequsite for [[Wikipedia:What is a featured article|what a featured article is]]. [[User:Trevdna|Trevdna]] 18:59, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Support''': Thought it has deserved it for a while now. It is a very well-written article, better even than some featured artcles I've seen, with very informative information. By the way, I removed the red link because there really isn't anything else to say about the law and government of the city. If anybody can come in and create more info on it, I commend them. [[User:Bob rulz|bob rulz]] 00:23, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Abstain''': This article has caused me alot of heartache and frustration, but I think I've moved on. I would be happy if it became a FA, but the mangled bits of me in the article do not allow me to vote. Good luck. [[User:JonMoore|Jon]] 00:44, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Mild object'''. There are a number of lists that should be turned to prose. Also, can the references linked to the Salt Lake City government explicitly say that the links are found at that site? I have also seen several external links throughout the main portion of the article. Such links should be within the "external link" section or placed as footnotes. [[User:Pentawing|Pentawing]] 04:55, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*''''Object''' – the article needs to be summarised, list be converted to prose and units should follow the Manual of Style (&nbsp;) [[user:Nichalp|=Nichalp]] [[User Talk:Nichalp|«Talk»=]] 05:35, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Object''':
    -*#I can find no information indicating that [[:Image:Saltlakecitydowntown2002.jpg]] is in the public domain.
    -*#The image [[:commons:Image:Saltlaketornado.jpeg]] appears to be copyrighted by KTVX News 4 Utah, not by NOAA, so it is not in the public domain.
    -*#The images [[:Image:Iceskatersdowntownslc.jpg]], [[:Image:Slcinternationalairport.jpg]] do not appear to be in the public domain. The website they are on has a copyright statement of "Copyright © 2005 Salt Lake City Corporation. All Rights Reserved."
    -*#The image [[:Image:Gayutah2004.jpg]] is claimed as "fair use". However, it is quite possible for a Wikipedian to make a replacement, so it does not qualify under [[Wikipedia:Fair use]].
    -*#The image [[:Image:Cityweekly.jpg]] has no fair-use rationale.
    -*#The image [[:Image:UTmap.GIF]] (used in [[Template:Utah]]) is licensed for educational use only. This is an unacceptable license for Wikipedia.
    -*:--[[User:Carnildo|Carnildo]] 09:20, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    -
    -*'''Object'''. Though a very good attempt, and very close, it has some minor problems that need fixing. The Culture section is incredibly messy, featuring a few lists that should be converted to prose, and a lot of red links. Several images have incorrect copyright status and the fair use images are missing fair use rationales. — [[User:Wackymacs|Wackymacs]] 10:14, 3 December 2005 (UTC)
    +{{yearbox|
    +| in?=
    +| cp=19th century
    +| c=20th century
    +| cf=21st century
    +
    +| yp1=1934
    +| yp2=1935
    +| yp3=1936
    +| year=1937
    +| ya1=1938
    +| ya2=1939
    +| ya3=1940
    +
    +| dp3=1900s
    +| dp2=1910s
    +| dp1=1920s
    +| d=1930s
    +| dn1=1940s
    +| dn2=1950s
    +| dn3=1960s
    +}}
    +{{C20YearInTopic}}
    +{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Shōwa]] 12}}
    +
    +'''1937''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCMXXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] (link will take you to calendar).
    +
    +==Events==
    +===January===
    +* [[January 1]] - [[Anastasio Somoza]] becomes [[President of Nicaragua]]
    +* [[January 11]] - The first issue of ''[[Look (American magazine)|LOOK]]'' magazine goes on sale in the United States.
    +* [[January 19]] - [[Howard Hughes]] sets a new air record by flying from [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] to [[New York City]] in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
    +* [[January 20]] - [[President of the United States|US. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] begins second term.
    +* [[January 23]] - In [[Moscow]], 17 leading [[Communist]]s go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by [[Leon Trotsky]] to overthrow [[Joseph Stalin]]'s regime and assassinate its leaders.
    +* [[January 31]] - [[Ohio River]] floods
    +* [[January 31]] - 31 people executed in the [[Soviet Union]] for "[[Trotskyism]]"
    +
    +===February===
    +* [[February 2]] - Airliner VH-UHH, Stinson, goes down over Lamington National Park, Bound for Sydney, killing five.
    +* [[February 5]] - [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] proposes a plan to enlarge the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].
    +* [[February 8]] - Falangist troops take [[Málaga]]
    +* [[February 11]] - A sit-down strike ends when [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] recognizes the [[United Auto Workers|United Automobile Workers Union]]
    +* [[February 16]] - [[Wallace H. Carothers]] receives a [[patent]] for [[nylon]].
    +* [[February 19]] - During a public ceremony at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) in [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]], two [[Eritrea]]n nationalists attempt to kill viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]] with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fire into the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers, and over the passing weeks indiscriminately slaughter native Ethiopians in reprisal.
    +* [[February 21]] - Initial flight of the first successful [[flying car]], [[Waldo Waterman|Waldo Waterman's]] [[Waterman Arrowbile|Arrowbile]]; the [[League of Nations]] Non-Intervention Committee ban on foreign national "[[Unlawful combatant|volunteers]]" in the [[Spanish Civil War]].
    +
    +===March-April===
    +* March - The first issue of the [[comic book]] ''[[Detective Comics]]'' is published in the United States. Twenty-seven issues later, ''Detective Comics'' would introduce [[Batman]]. The comic would go on to become the longest continually-published comic magazine in American history; it is still published as of 2006.
    +* [[March 10]] - The Encyclical [[Mit Brennender Sorge]] of pope [[Pius XI]] is published in Nazi Germany
    +* [[March 17]] - [[Atherton Report]] released. Private investigator [[Edwin Atherton]]'s report detailing vice and police corruption in San Francisco.
    +* [[March 18]] - In the worst school disaster in American history in terms of lives lost, the [[New London School explosion|New London School]] in [[New London, Texas]] suffers a catastrophic [[natural gas]] explosion, killing in excess of three hundred students and teachers.
    +* [[March 26]] - In [[Crystal City, Texas]] [[spinach growers]] erect a statue of the [[cartoon character]] [[Popeye]].
    +* [[March 26]] - [[William Henry Hastie]] becomes the first African-American appointed to federal judgeship.
    +* [[April 1]] - [[Aden]] becomes a British [[crown colony]].
    +* [[April 9]] - The ''[[Kamikaze (1937 aircraft)|Kamikaze]]'' arrives at [[Croydon Airport]] in [[London]] - it is the first [[Japan]]ese-built aircraft to fly to [[Europe]].
    +*[[April 17]] - Release of the animated short ''[[Porky's Duck Hunt]]'', directed by [[Tex Avery]] for the [[Merrie Melodies]] series, featuring the debut of [[Daffy Duck]].
    +* [[April 26]] - [[Spanish Civil War]]: [[Guernica]], [[Spain]] is bombed by [[Germany|German]] [[Luftwaffe]].
    +* [[April 26]] - In his report of the [[Falangist]] attack on [[Guernica]], British journalist [[George Steer]] reports that he had found [[Germany|German]] bomb casing; that means that [[Luftwaffe]] planes were connected with the attack
    +
    +===May===
    +* [[May 1]] - [[General strike]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]
    +* [[May 6]] - In United States, the German airship [[Hindenburg]] bursts into flame when mooring to a mast in [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]].
    +* [[May 7]] - [[Spanish Civil War]]: The [[Germany|German]] [[Condor Legion|Condor Legion Fighter Group]], equipped with [[Heinkel He 51]] biplanes, arrives in [[Spain]] to assist [[Francisco Franco]]'s forces.
    +* [[May 12]] - Coronation of [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] and [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Elizabeth]] takes place at [[Westminster Abbey]], [[London]].
    +* [[May 21]] - As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of [[Italy|Italian]] viceroy [[Rodolfo Graziani]], a detachment of Italian troops massacre the entire community of [[Debre Libanos]]. 297 monks and 23 laymen are killed.
    +* [[May 27]] - In [[California]], the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] opens to pedestrian traffic creating a vital link between [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] and [[Marin County, California|Marin County]]. The next day, President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] pushes a button in [[Washington, DC]] signaling the start of vehicle traffic over the Golden Gate Bridge.
    +* [[May 28]] - [[Neville Chamberlain]] becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.
    +* May - [[Dáil Éireann]] passes the Executive Authority (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937, which retrospectively abolishes the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State. The abolition is retrospectively dated to December 1936.
    +
    +===June-August===
    +* [[June 8]] - First total [[solar eclipse]] to exceed 7 minutes of totality in over 800 years; visible in the Pacific and Peru.
    +* [[June 14]] - [[Pennsylvania]] becomes the first (and only) of the [[United States]] to celebrate [[Flag Day]] officially as a [[national holiday|state holiday]].
    +* [[June 21]] - [[Coalition government]] of [[Léon Blum]] resigns in [[France]].
    +*June/July - Dáil Éireann debates and passes the draft new constitution of Éire, to be called [[Bunreacht na hÉireann]]. The new constitution is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.
    +* [[July 1]] - [[Gestapo]] arrests priest [[Martin Niemöller]].
    +* [[July 1]] - In a referendum the people of the [[Irish Free State]] accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.
    +* [[July 2]] - [[Amelia Earhart]] and navigator [[Fred Noonan]] disappear over [[New Guinea]] during Earhart's attempt to become the first woman to fly around the world.
    +* [[July 5]] - Highest recorded temperature in [[Canada]], at [[Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan]]: 45°C.
    +* [[July 7]] - [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of Lugou Bridge]] - [[Japan]]ese forces invade [[China]].Often seen as the beginning of [[World War II]] in [[Asia]]
    +* [[July 21]] - [[Eamon de Valera]] elected president of [[Eire]]
    +* [[July 22]] - [[New Deal]]: The [[United States Senate]] votes down President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s proposal to add more justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].
    +* [[July 24]] - [[Alabama]] drops [[rape]] charges against the so-called "[[Scottsboro Boys]]."
    +* [[July 28]] - [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] attempts bombing assassination against [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] in [[Belfast]].
    +* [[August 6]] - Falangist artillery bombards [[Madrid]].
    +* [[August 26]] - [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] - Japanese aircraft attack the car carrying the ambassador of [[Great Britain]] during a raid on [[Shanghai]].
    +
    +===September-November===
    +* [[September 5]] - [[Spanish Civil War]]: The fall of [[Llanes]].
    +* [[September 16]] - birth of [[Keith Bosley]], broadcaster (retired), poet and translator.
    +* [[September 21]] - George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. of London published the first edition of [[J. R. R. Tolkien|J. R. R. Tolkien's]] ''[[The Hobbit]]''.
    +* [[September 25]] - [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]]: [[Battle of Pingxingguan]].
    +* [[September 27]] - last [[Bali tiger]] died.
    +* [[October 1]] - [[Marijuana Tax Act]] in USA.
    +* [[October 1]] - [[U.S. Supreme Court]] associate justice [[Hugo Black]], in a nationwide radio broadcast, refutes allegations of past involvement in the [[Ku Klux Klan]].
    +* [[October 3]] - Japanese troops advance toward [[Nanking]].
    +* [[October 5]] - [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] gives his famous [["Quarantine Speech"]] in [[Chicago]].
    +* [[October 21]] - The whole Spanish northern seaboard in the Falangists' hands.
    +* [[October 21]] - [[Roberto Ortiz]] elected president of [[Argentina]].
    +* [[October 27]] - [[Spanish Civil War]] - [[Spanish Republic|Republican]] forces in [[Gijon]], [[Spain]], set fire to petrol reserves before they retreat before the advancing [[Falangists]].
    +* [[November 5]] - [[Spanish Civil War]] - Massacre of Republican supporters in [[Piedrafita de Babia]], near [[León, León|León]]. Possibly 35,000 executed.
    +* [[November 5]] - [[World War II]]: In the [[Reich Chancellery]], [[Adolf Hitler]] holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring "living space" for the [[Germany|German]] people.
    +* [[November 9]] - [[Japan]]ese troops take [[Shanghai]].
    +
    +===December===
    +* [[December 4]] - [[The Dandy]], the world's longest running [[comic strip]], is first published.
    +* [[December 12]] - [[Panay incident]]
    +* [[December 12]] - [[Mae West]] makes a risque guest appearance on the [[NBC]] ''Chase and Sanborn Hour'' that eventually results in her being banned from radio.
    +* [[December 13]] - [[Battle of Nanjing]] ends and the [[Nanjing Massacre]] begins. Japanese troops would slaughter over 250,000 civilians and prisoners over three months.
    +* [[December 21]] - [[Walt Disney]]'s ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs]]'', the first feature-length [[animated cartoon]], opens and becomes a smash hit.
    +* [[December 25]] - [[Arturo Toscanini]] conducts the [[NBC Symphony Orchestra]] on [[radio]] for the first time, beginning his successful 17-year tenure with that orchestra. Millions tune in to listen, including U.S. President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].
    +* [[December 29]] - New Irish Constitution, [[Bunreacht na hÉireann]] comes into force. The [[Irish Free State]] becomes [[Éire]]. [[Eamon de Valera]] becomes the first [[Taoiseach]] (prime minister) of the new state. A [[Presidential Commission (Ireland)|Presidential Commission]] (made up the Irish Chief Justice, the Speaker of Dáil Éireann and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency of Ireland pending the election of the first president in June 1938.
    +* December - The [[Marijuana Tax Act]] is signed, ending the US [[hemp]] industry just as it was about to benefit from a mechanised brake and compete with [[cotton]] and wood pulp.
    +
    +===Unknown dates===
    +* New [[Ireland|Irish]] constitution bans [[divorce]].
    +* First [[science fiction convention]] in [[Leeds]], [[United Kingdom]].
    +* [[Italy]] joins [[Anti-Comintern Pact]].
    +* The [[National House Builders Registration Council]] (now the NHBC) was formed in the [[United Kingdom]].
    +* [[Donald Goines]] (1937 - [[1973]])
    +* [[Jimmie Angel]] lands his plane on top of Devil's Mountain however the plane gets damaged and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.
    +
    +==Ongoing events==
    +* [[Spanish Civil War]] ([[1936]]-[[1939]])
    +* [[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] (1937-[[1945]])
    +* [[Harlem Renaissance]] ([[1920]]-[[1940]]) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance]
    +
    +==Births==
    +===January===
    +* [[January 1]] - [[Anne Aubrey]], British actor
    +* [[January 4]] - [[Dyan Cannon]], American actress
    +* [[January 6]] - [[Underwood Dudley]], American mathematician
    +* [[January 8]] - [[Shirley Bassey]], Welsh singer
    +* [[January 14]] - [[Ken Higgs]], English cricketer
    +* [[January 15]] - [[Margaret O'Brien]], American actress
    +* [[January 18]] - [[John Hume]], Northern Irish politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in [[1998]]
    +* [[January 21]] - [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria]], heir to Bavarian Royal House
    +* [[January 27]] - [[John Ogdon]], English pianist (d. [[1989]])
    +* [[January 30]] - [[Vanessa Redgrave]], English actress
    +*[[January 30]] - [[Boris Spassky]], Russian chess player
    +* [[January 31]] - [[Suzanne Pleshette]], American actress
    +* [[January 31]] - [[Philip Glass]], American composer
    +
    +===February===
    +*[[February 1]] - [[Garrett Morris]], American comedian
    +*[[February 1]] - [[Don Everly]], American musician
    +*[[February 2]] - [[Tom Smothers]], American musician and comedian
    +*[[February 2]] - [[Magic Sam]], American musician (d. [[1969]])
    +*[[February 8]] - [[Manfred Krug]], German actor and singer
    +*[[February 10]] - [[Roberta Flack]], American soul singer
    +*[[February 11]] - [[Bill Lawry]], Australian cricketer
    +*[[February 12]] - [[Charles Dumas]], American athlete
    +*[[February 20]] - [[Robert Huber]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
    +*[[February 20]] - [[Roger Penske]], American race car driver
    +*[[February 20]] - [[Nancy Wilson (singer)|Nancy Wilson]], American singer and actress
    +*[[February 21]] - King [[Harald V of Norway]]
    +*[[February 25]] - [[Tom Courtenay]], English actor
    +
    +===March-April===
    +*[[March 2]] - [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], [[President of Algeria]]
    +*[[March 4]] - [[Graham Dowling]], New Zealand cricketer
    +*[[March 4]] - [[Leslie Gelb]], American President of the Council on Foreign Relations
    +*[[March 4]] - [[Yuri Senkevich]], Russian cosmonaut (d. [[2003]])
    +*[[March 6]] - [[Valentina Tereshkova]], cosmonaut
    +*[[March 8]] - [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], [[President of Rwanda]] (d. [[1994]])
    +*[[March 9]] - [[Mickey Gilly]], American musician
    +*[[March 17]] - [[Rudy Ray Moore]], American comedian
    +*[[March 20]] - [[Jerry Reed]], American musician
    +*[[March 22]] - [[Armin Hary]], German athlete
    +*[[March 23]] - [[Craig Breedlove]], American race car driver
    +*[[March 30]] - [[Warren Beatty]], American actor and director
    +*[[April 5]] - [[Colin Powell]], [[U.S. Secretary of State]]
    +*[[April 6]] - [[Merle Haggard]], American musician
    +*[[April 6]] - [[Billy Dee Williams]], American actor
    +*[[April 10]] - [[Bella Akhmadulina]], Russian poet
    +*[[April 16]] - [[Joseph Whipp]], American actor
    +*[[April 22]] - [[Jack Nicholson]], American actor
    +*[[April 27]] - [[Robin Eames]], Northern Irish clergyman
    +*[[April 28]] - [[Saddam Hussein]], Former Iraqi leader
    +*[[April 29]] - [[Jill Paton Walsh]], English novelist
    +
    +===May===
    +* [[May 1]] - [[Una Stubbs]], British actor
    +* [[May 6]] - [[Rubin Carter|Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter]], American boxer
    +* [[May 8]] - [[Thomas Pynchon]], American writer
    +* May 8 - [[Carlos Gaviria Díaz]], Colombian justice and politician.
    +* [[May 12]] - [[George Carlin]], American comedian
    +* [[May 13]] - [[Roch Carrier]], Canadian writer
    +* [[May 13]] - [[Roger Zelazny]], American writer (d. [[1995]])
    +* [[May 13]] - [[Trevor Baylis]], English inventor
    +* [[May 15]] - [[Madeleine Albright]], [[U.S. Secretary of State]]
    +* [[May 15]] - [[Trini Lopez|Trini López]], American musician
    +* [[May 17]] - [[Hazel R. O'Leary]], [[U.S. Secretary of Energy]]
    +* [[May 18]] - [[Brooks Robinson]], baseball player
    +*[[May 18]] - [[Jacques Santer]], Luxembourg politician, [[President of the European Council]]
    +
    +===June===
    +* [[June 1]] - [[Morgan Freeman]], American actor
    +* [[June 3]] - [[Solomon P. Ortiz]], U.S. Congressman from Texas
    +* [[June 4]] - [[Gorilla Monsoon]], American professional wrestler and announcer
    +* [[June 7]] - [[Neemi Järvi]], Estonian conductor
    +* [[June 9]] - [[Harald Rosenthal]], German biologist
    +*[[June 11]] - [[Robin Warren]], Australian pathologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
    +* [[June 18]] - [[Wray Carlton]], American football player
    +*[[June 18]] - [[Vitali Zholobov]], cosmonaut
    +* [[June 23]] - [[Martti Ahtisaari]], [[President of Finland]]
    +* [[June 25]] - [[Keizo Obuchi]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[2000]])
    +* [[June 26]] - [[Robert Coleman Richardson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
    +* [[June 28]] - [[Ron Luciano]], baseball umpire and writer (d. [[1995]])
    +
    +===July===
    +*[[July 6]] - [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]], Russian pianist
    +*[[July 6]] - [[Ned Beatty]], American actor
    +*[[July 7]] - [[Tung Chee-Hwa]], Hong Kong administrator
    +*[[July 9]] - [[David Hockney]], English-born artist
    +*[[July 12]] - [[Lionel Jospin]], [[Prime Minister of France]]
    +*[[July 12]] - [[Bill Cosby]], American actor and comedian
    +*[[July 14]] - [[Yoshiro Mori]], Japanese politician
    +*[[July 18]] - [[Roald Hoffmann]], Polish-born chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
    +*[[July 18]] - [[Hunter S. Thompson]], American author and journalist (d. [[2005]])
    +*[[July 20]] - [[Ken Ogata ]], Japanese actor
    +*[[July 29]] - [[Daniel McFadden]], American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
    +
    +===August===
    +*[[August 4]] - [[David Bedford]], American musician
    +*[[August 5]] - [[Herb Brooks]], American hockey coach (d. [[2003]])
    +*[[August 6]] - [[Barbara Windsor]], English actress
    +*[[August 8]] - [[Dustin Hoffman]], American actor
    +*[[August 16]] - [[David Anderson]], Canadian politician
    +*[[August 18]] - [[Robert Redford]], American actor
    +*[[August 18]] - [[Willie Rushton]], English comedian and cartoonist (d. [[1996]])
    +*[[August 21]] - [[Donald Dewar]], [[First Minister of Scotland]] (d. [[2000]])
    +*[[August 21]] - [[Robert Stone]], American novelist
    +*[[August 29]] - [[James Florio]], Governor of New Jersey
    +*[[August 31]] - [[Bobby Parker]], American [[blues music]]ian/[[blues rock|guitarist]]
    +
    +===September-November===
    +*[[September 4]] - [[Dawn Fraser]], Australian swimmer
    +*[[September 4]] - [[Mikk Mikiver]], Estonian actor and director (d. [[2006]])
    +*[[September 15]] - [[Robert Lucas, Jr.]], American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
    +*[[September 15]] - [[Fernando de la Rúa]], [[President of Argentina]]
    +*[[September 19]] - [[Abner Haynes]], American football player
    +*[[September 28]] - [[Rod Roddy]], American television announcer (d. [[2003]])
    +*[[October 2]] - [[Johnnie Cochran]], American attorney (d. [[2005]])
    +*[[October 5]] - [[Barry Switzer]], American football coach
    +*[[October 10]] - [[Bobby Charlton]], English footballer
    +*[[November 4]] - [[Michael Wilson (politician)|Michael Wilson]], Canadian politician and diplomat
    +*[[November 6]] - [[Joe Warfield]], American actor
    +*[[November 8]] - [[Paul Foot|Paul Mackintosh Foot]], British journalist
    +*[[November 11]] - [[Stephen Lewis]], Canadian politician and diplomat
    +*[[November 15]] - [[Yaphet Kotto]], American actor
    +*[[November 17]] - [[Peter Cook]], English comedian and writer
    +*[[November 26]] - [[Boris Yegorov]], cosmonaut
    +
    +===December===
    +*[[December 1]] - [[Chuck Low]], American actor
    +*[[December 3]] - [[Bobby Allison]], American race car driver
    +*[[December 8]] - [[Arne Næss Jr.]], Norwegian mountaineer and businessman (d. [[2004]])
    +*[[December 9]] - [[Darwin Joston]], American actor (d. [[1998]])
    +*[[December 17]] - [[Kerry Packer]], Australian businessman (d. [[2005]])
    +*[[December 21]] - [[Jane Fonda]], American actress and social activist
    +*[[December 26]] - [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]], [[President of Togo]] (d. [[2005]])
    +*[[December 28]] - [[Ratan Tata]], Indian industrialist
    +*[[December 29]] - [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]], [[President of the Maldives]]
    +*[[30 December]] - [[Gordon Banks]], English footballer
    +*[[December 30]] - [[John Hartford]], American musician and composer (d. [[2001]])
    +*[[December 30]] - [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]], American football player
    +*[[December 30]] - [[Noel Paul Stookey]], American singer
    +*[[December 31]] - [[Avram Hershko]], Israeli biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]]
    +*[[December 31]] - [[Anthony Hopkins]], Welsh actor
    +
    +==Deaths==
    +===January-April===
    +* [[January 6]] - [[André Besette]], Canadian religious leader (b. [[1845]])
    +* [[January 23]] - [[Marie Prevost]], Canadian actress (b. [[1898]])
    +* [[February 5]] - [[Lou Andreas-Salome]], Russian-born writer (b. [[1861]])
    +*[[February 7]] - [[Elihu Root]], American statesman and diplomat, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1845]])
    +* [[February 11]] - [[Walter Burley Griffin]], American architect and town planner (b. [[1876]])
    +* [[March 9]] - [[Paul Elmer More]], American critic and essayist (b. [[1864]])
    +* [[March 12]] - [[Charles-Marie Widor]], French organist and composer (b. [[1840]])
    +* [[March 15]] - [[H. P. Lovecraft]], American writer (b. [[1890]])
    +*[[March 17]] - [[Austen Chamberlain]], English statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1863]])
    +* [[March 29]] - [[Karol Szymanowski]], Polish composer (b. [[1882]])
    +* [[April 19]] - [[William Martin Conway]], British art critic and mountaineer (b. [[1856]])
    +* [[April 21]] - [[Saima Harmaja]], Finnish poet (b. [[1913]])
    +* [[April 25]] - [[Michał Drzymała]], Polish rebel (b. [[1857]])
    +
    +===May-August===
    +* [[May 23]] - [[John D. Rockefeller]], American industrialist and philanthropist (b. [[1839]])
    +* [[May 28]] - [[Alfred Adler]], Austrian psychologist (b. [[1870]])
    +* [[June 7]] - [[Jean Harlow]], American film actress (b. [[1911]])
    +* [[June 10]] - [[Robert Laird Borden]], eighth [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (b. [[1854]])
    +* [[June 19]] - [[J. M. Barrie]], Scottish novelist and dramatist (b. [[1860]])
    +* [[July 9]] - [[Oliver Law]], American labor organizer and Army officer (killed in battle) (b. [[1899]])
    +* [[July 11]] - [[George Gershwin]], American composer (b. [[1898]])
    +* [[July 20]] - [[Guglielmo Marconi]], Italian inventor (b. [[1874]])
    +* [[July 21]] - [[Louis Vierne]], French composer (b. [[1870]])
    +* [[August 11]] - [[Edith Wharton]], American writer (b. [[1862]])
    +
    +===September-December===
    +*[[September 2]] - [[Pierre de Coubertin]], French founder of the modern Olympic Games (b. [[1863]])
    +*[[September 26]] - [[Bessie Smith]], American singer (b. [[1894]])
    +*[[September 29]] - [[Ray Ewry]], American athlete (b. [[1873]])
    +*[[October 16]] - [[Jean de Brunhoff]], French writer (b. [[1899]])
    +*[[October 19]] - [[Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson]], New Zealand physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (b. [[1871]])
    +*[[October 26]] - [[Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki]], Polish general (b. [[1867]])
    +*[[November 9]] - [[Ramsay MacDonald]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1866]])
    +*[[November 17]] - [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer and coach (b. [[1860]])
    +*[[November 23]] - [[Jagdish Chandra Bose]], Indian physicist (b. [[1858]])
    +*[[November 23]] - [[George Albert Boulenger]], Belgian naturalist (b. [[1858]])
    +*[[December 9]] - [[Gustaf Dalén]], Swedish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1869]])
    +*[[December 20]] - [[Erich Ludendorff]], German general (b. [[1865]])
    +*[[December 21]] - [[Frank B. Kellogg]], [[United States Secretary of State]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1856]])
    +*[[December 28]] - [[Maurice Ravel]], French composer (b. [[1875]])
    +
    +===Unknown dates===
    +*[[Charles Donnelly]], Irish poet (b. [[1914]])
    +
    +==Nobel prizes==
    +* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - [[Clinton Joseph Davisson]], [[George Paget Thomson]]
    +* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Walter Haworth]], [[Paul Karrer]]
    +* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] - [[Albert Szent-Györgyi|Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt]]
    +* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] - [[Roger Martin du Gard]]
    +* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] - [[Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood|Robert Cecil]]
    +
    +== Ship events ==
    +
    +* [[List of ship launches in 1937]]
    +* [[List of ship commissionings in 1937]]
    +
    +{{commonscat}}
    +
    +[[Category:1937]]
    +
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    +[[de:1937]]
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    +[[fy:1937]]
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    +[[ko:1937년]]
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    +[[sw:1937]]
    +[[ht:1937 (almanak gregoryen)]]
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    +[[ja:1937年]]
    +[[nap:1937]]
    +[[no:1937]]
    +[[nn:1937]]
    +[[nrm:1937]]
    +[[nov:1937]]
    +[[oc:1937]]
    +[[pl:1937]]
    +[[pt:1937]]
    +[[ksh:Joohr 1937]]
    +[[ro:1937]]
    +[[ru:1937 год]]
    +[[se:1937]]
    +[[sq:1937]]
    +[[ru-sib:1937]]
    +[[scn:1937]]
    +[[simple:1937]]
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    +[[tt:1937]]
    +[[te:1937]]
    +[[th:พ.ศ. 2480]]
    +[[tr:1937]]
    +[[uk:1937]]
    +[[uz:1937]]
    +[[vec:1937]]
    +[[wa:1937]]
    +[[zh:1937年]]